Class 8

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions Chapter 1 Value of Money Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 8th English Solutions Chapter 1 Value of Money Question Answers

Value of Money Class 8 Questions and Answers

Activity 1.

Look up the following words in a dictionary. You should seek the following information about the words and put them in your WORDS notebook.

1. Meaning of the word as used in the lesson (adjective/noun/verb. etc.)
2. Pronunciation (The teacher may refer to the dictionary or a mobile phone for correct pronunciation.)
3. Spellings.

नोटः

1. विद्यार्थी Lesson के आरंभ मे दिए गएा Word – Meaning पढे
2. Pronunciation के लिए अपने अध्यापक से निर्देश लें।
3. दिए गए शब्दों की Spellings याद करें और इन्हें बार-बार सीखने का अभ्यास करें।

processor	intrigue	review	feature	ultimate
limitations	consumerist	obsessed	storage	investing

Activity 2.

Given below are a few words. Write them in the order as they appear in a dictionary.

1. Market
2. realized
3. decided
4. value
5. money
6. ultimate
7. moment
8. storage
9. arrange
10. machine
11. technology
12. consumerist
13. excited
14. faster
15. account
16. investing
17. pollution
18. disaster
19. persuade
20. prepare
Answer:
1. account
2. arrange
3. consumerist
4. decided
5. disaster
6. excited
7. faster
8. investing
9. machine
10. market
11. moment
12. money
13. persuade
14. pollution
15. prepare
16. realized
17. storage
18. technology
19. ultimate
20. value.

Activity 3.

Learning to Read and Comprehend

Answer the following questions.
a. What made the narrator unhappy ?
वक्ता किस बात से नाखुश थी ?
Answer:
The limitations of her computer against Bell computer made the narrator unhappy.

b. What was the narrator obessed with ?
वक्ता पर किस बात की सनक सवार थी ?
Answer:
The narrator was obessed with doing more work and earning more money.

c. What were the two features of Bell Computer that were being advertised on TV?
टी.वी. पर बेल कम्प्यूटर की किन विशेषताओं का विज्ञापन आ रहा था ?
Answer:
(i) It has the fastest processor.
(ii) It has very high storage.

d. What offer did the parents give to the narrator ?
वक्ता को माता-पिता ने क्या पेशकश दी ?
Answer:
The parents offered her to earn money by doing house jobs.

e. Which two things did the narrator do to complete the chores ?.
काम पूरे करने के लिए वक्ता ने क्या दो काम किए ?
Answer:
(i) She started getting up early. :
(ii) She started doing her work quickly.

f. What happened when the narrator went to the store to order the computer she wanted ?
जब अपनी पसंद के कम्प्यूटर का ऑर्डर देने के लिए वक्ता स्टोर पर गई तो क्या हुआ ?
Answer:
She found that a new model was coming out soon. It was even faster and had double the storage.

g. Why did she decide against buying the computer she was obessed with ?
वक्ता ने अपनी सनक का कम्प्यूटर न खरीदने का फ़ैसला क्यों किया ?
Answer:
She decided not to buy that computer because she had learned the value of money. Buying the computer she wanted meant the waste of money because of the fast changing technology.

h. Why did the Bell employee advise the narrator to wait for a few more days ?
बेल कम्पनी के कर्मचारियों ने वक्ता को कुछ और दिन इन्तज़ार करने की सलाह क्यों दी ?
Answer:
They advised the narrator to wait for a few days because a new model of the computer was coming out soon.

Activity 4.

Identify the speaker and the listener.

(a) “Oh, you don’t need to buy that one. We have another one coming out soon. It is even faster and has double the storage.”
Answer:
Speaker : employee at the Bell center.
Listener : the narrator.

(b) “Please dad ! Is there anything else you need help with ?”
Answer:
Speaker : the narrator
Listener : narrator’s father.

(c) “Give me more chores !”
Answer:
Speaker : the narrator
Listener : the narrator’s father.

Activity 5.

Think and discuss with your partner the given scenario.
“Oh you don’t need to buy that one. We have another one coming out soon. It is even faster and has double the storage.”

Do you think

(a) It was wise of the narrator to put her money in a savings account ? Why/why not?
Answer:
Yes, it was really wise of her because it enabled her to save her hard earned money.

(b) It would have been wiser of the narrator to work for two more months and buy the newer model of the computer ? Why/Why not?
Answer:
No, it was not wise. The models of machine go on changing with fast changing technology

(c) It is advisable for fourteen year old to overwork herself/himself as the narrator did ? Why/Why not?
Answer:
Doing overwork is bad as it tells upon ( बुरा प्रभाव डालता है) one’s health.

Learning Language

The Sentence

A sentence to a group of words which makes complete sense. Here are some examples :
पूरा अर्थ देने वाला शब्द-समूह वाक्य कहलाता है। यहां कुछ उदाहरण दिए हैं :
(a) Ram is going to school.
(b) Do not spit on the floor.
(c) What is your name?
(d) May God bless you !
(e) What a fine morning!
The examples above are complete sentences because each of these makes complete sense.

Forms of Sentences.
Sentences can be classified (वर्गीकरण) into five important types according to the functions they perform.
They are :

• Assertive Sentence
• Interrogative Sentence
• Imperative Sentence
• Exclamatory Sentence
• Optative Sentence

Assertive Sentence : An Assertive sentence is the one that makes a statement or assertion. It may be affirmative (positive) or negative. An Assertive sentence ends with a period (full stop).
कथन वाला वाक्य Assertive Sentence कहलाता है| यह Positive या Negative कोई भी हो सकता है।
Examples :

• We love our country. (Affirmative)
• She speaks the truth. (Affirmative)
• I do not like this picture. (Negative)
• Rakesh does not smoke. (Negative)

An Assertive sentence is sometimes also called a Declarative sentence or a statement.

Interrogative Sentence : An Interrogative sentence is the one which asks a question.
(प्नरन पूछने वाला वाक्य)
Examples :

• Where is my book ?
• Why do you scold the child ?
• Did he learn his lesson ?

Imperative Sentence : An Imperative sentence is the one which expresses a command, a request, an advice or an entreaty.
Examples :
(a) Shut the front door. — (command)
(b) Find my leather jacket. — (command)
(c) Clean your room. — (command)
(d) Wait for me. — (entreaty)
(e) Get out! — (command)
(f) Make sure you pack warm clothes. — (advice)
(g) Please be quiet. — (request/entreaty)
(h) Be nice to your friends. — (advice)
(i) Sit down. — (command)
(j) Please help. — (request)
(k) Help the poor. — (advice)
(l) Do pay us a visit some time. — (entreaty)

Exclamatory Sentence: An Exclamatory sentence makes a statement that conveys some sudden strong emotion or excitement. मन के अकस्मात् भाव व्यक्त करने वाला वाक्य
Examples :
(a) Hey! I have got the film tickets.
(b) What a fine hit!
(c) How beautiful the flower is !
(d) Happy birthday, Amit !
(e) Thank you, Shashi !
(f) I hate you !
(g) Ice cream and sundaes are my favourite !

Optative Sentence : An Optative sentence expresses a prayer, keen wish, curse etc. This kind of sentence generally starts with ‘may’ or ‘wish’. Sometimes, ‘may remains hidden. (प्रार्थना, मनोकामना, श्राप, आदि भाव व्यक्त करने वाला वाक्य)
Examples :
(a) May you live long !
(b) Long live the king !
(c) May you live long enough to see your grandchildren prosper!
(d) May God bless us all!
(e) May you all succeed !
(f) May God give you good health !
(g) Wish you a very successful married life !
(h) Wish you a happy journey together!
(i) May you win the race !

Activity 6.

Read the sentences given below and state which type of sentences they are in the given space.

Answer:
(a) He plays fooball —- (Affirmative)
(b) She does not live here. —- (Assertive)
(e) Please help me. —- (Imperative)
(ci) May you grow wiser! —- (Optative)
(e) Do you play? —- (Interrogative)
(J) How brave he is! —- (Exclamatory)
(ç) Always speak the truth. —- (Imperative)
(h) Who does not love his country? —- (Interrogative)
(1) How ugly the camel is! —- (Exclamatory)
(i) Does he come here daily? —- (Interrogative)
(k) Leave his place. —- (Imperative)
(1) May you live long! —- (Optative)
(m) Has he come here ? —- (Interrogative)
(n) May you succeed! —- (Optative)
(o) The earth moves round the sun. —- (Assertive)
(p) I wish you were rich! —- (Optative)
(q) Where is your pen ? —- (Interrogative)
(r) I wish I were a King! —- (Optative)
(s) What a pity ! You missed your chance. —- (Exclamatory)

Assertive and Interrogative Sentences

Study the give ahead sentences carefully and note how Declarative sentences have been changed into Interrogative sentences.

Assertive (Declarative)	Interrogative (Question)
1. The cow is eating grass.	Is the cow eating grass ?
2. I am writing a book.	Am I writing a book ?
3. The Germans were merching into Belgium.	Were the Germans marching into Belgium ?
4. Meena was writing a letter.	Was Meena writing a letter ?
5. They were being questioned.	Were they being questioned ?
6. The train started at ten.	Did the train start at ten ?
7. I got an e-mail from my son in New York.	Did I get an e-mail from my son in New  York ?
8. She sings well.	Does she sing well ?
9. They have studied very hard.	Have they studied very hard ?
10. They play a match.	Do they play a match ?
11. I shall leave for Mumbai tomorrow.	Shall I leave for Mumbai tomorrow ?
12. You should speak the truth.	Should you speak the truth ?
13. He can run a mile in four minutes.	Can he run a mile in four minutes ?
14. We shall discuss the matter with the Principal.	Shall we discuss the matter with the Principal ?
15. He should pay the fee in time.	Should he pay the fee in time ?
16. The mother looks after her child.	Does the mother look after her child ?
17. Idle boys shirk work.	Do idle boys shirk work ?
18. We go to the fair with our friends.	Do we go to the fair with our friends ?
19. A goat grazes in the field.	Does a goat graze in field ?
20. We do not quarrel with our class fellows.	Do we not quarrel with our class fellows ?

Activity 7.

Change the following Affirmative (Declarative) sentences into Interrogative sentences.

1. He is clever. — Is he clever ?
2. He was simple. — Was he simple ?
3. Ram was feeling tired. — Was Ram feeling tired ?
4. Sita was angry. — Was Sita angry?
5. They were good friends. — Were they good friends?
6. He painted the door blue. — Did he paint the door blue ?
7. He has three pencils. — Has he three pencils ?
8. We had a good time there. — Had we a good time there?
9. I have to do it. — Have I to do it?
10. Sohan had finished his work. — Had Sohan finished his work ?
11. I shall go there tomorrow — Shall I go there tomorrow ?
12. He will play a match. — Will he play a match ?
13. I can do it. — A Can I do it?
14. He may help you. — May he help you ?
15. The sun does not shine at night. — Does the sun not shine at night?

Activity 8.

Convert the following Interrogative sentences into Assertive (Declarative) sentences.

1. Are you on leave today? — You are on leave today.
2. Was the train late ? — The train was late.
3. Were the boys not lazy? — The boys were not lazy.
4. Am I strong? — I am strong
5. Is your sister ill ? — You sister is ill.
6. Has it been raining since morning ? — It has been raining since morning.
7. Have you fulfilled your promise ? — You have fulfilled your promise.
8. Has he taken the test ? — She has taken the test.
9. Had you seen this picture ? — You had seen the picture.
10. Did he come by train yesterday? — He came by train yesterday.
11. Can you travel fifty miles a day? — You can travel fifty miles a day.
12. Should I stick to my promise ? — I should stick to my promise.
13. Does the watchman keep watch over — The watchman keeps watch over the house? the house.
14. Do you pray to God everyday? — You pray to God everyday.

Positive and Negative Sentences

Study the following sentences and note how Positive sentences have been changed into Negative sentences :

Positive	Negative
1. I am a student.	I am not a student.
2. It is a garland.	It is not a garland.
3. We are tourists.	We are not tourists.
4. The mango was sweet.	The mango was not sweet.
5. The knives were sharp.	The knives were not sharp.
6. You can win the game.	You cannot (can’t) win the game.
7. We must help him.	We must not help him.
8. She may resign from her post.	She may not resign from her post.
9. You should follow this path.	You should not follow this path.
10. I may be dropped out of the team.	I may not be dropped out of the team.
11. I have learnt my lesson.	I have not learnt my lesson.
12. They had reached there.	They had not reached there.
13. He has written a book.	He has not written a book.
14. We had a dog.	We did not (didn’t) have a dog.
15. I have a book.	I do not (don’t) have a book.

Activity 9.

Change the following Positive sentences into their Negative form.

1. This dress is very costly. — This dress is not very costly.
2. His neighbour was quite well yesterday. — His neighbour was not quite well yesterday.
3. Your friends were good to me. — Your friends were not good to me.
4. Shyam has a lotus in his hand. — Shyam does not have lotus in his hand.
5. I have a horse. — I have no horse.
6. I have seen this picture. — I have not seen this picture.
7. You have corrected me. — You have not corrected me.
8. The cattle graze in the pasture. — The cattle don’t graze in the pasture.
9. I get up early in the morning. — I don’t get up early in the morning.
10. We saw a snake in the grass.— We saw no snake in the grass.

Note : You can also use the shortened forms as ‘weren’t’ in place of ‘were not’, ‘isn’t’ in place of‘is not’, ‘wasn’t’ in place of‘was not’, ‘don’t’ in place of‘do not’, ‘didn’t’ in place of‘did not’, ‘doesn’t’ in place of‘does not’, ‘can’t’ in place of‘cannot’, etc. These shortened forms are generally used in conversation i.e. Spoken English.

Activity 10.

Convert the following Negative sentences into their Positive form.

1. Sohan is not an idle boy. — Sohan is an idle boy
2. I do not have an umbrella with me. — I have an umbrella with me.
3. He may not play well today. — He may play well today.
4. She cannot tell a lie. — She can tell a lie.
5. I must not take this medicine. — I must take this medicine
6. He does not take this risk. — He takes this risk.
7. Do not strike the match. — Strike the match.
8. Do not let him go. — Let him go.
9. Do not keep my book. — Keep my book
10. They did not catch the evening train. — They caught the evening train.

Exclamatory and Assertive Sentences

Study the following sentences carefully and note how Exclamatory sentences have been changed into Assertive sentences :

Exclamatory	Assertive
1. What a lovely scene !	It is a very lovely scene.
2. Long live our leader !	We wish that our leader may live long.
3. Alas ! I shall never be able to see him again.	It is very sad that I shall never be able to see him again.
4. Hurrah ! We have won the match.	We are very happy that we have won the match.
5. What a pity ! You have been wasting opportunities.	It is very sad that you have been wasting opportunities.
6. Alas ! The soldier died fighting.	It is sad that the soldier died fighting.
7. How hot it is today !	It is very hot today.
8. Death to the traitors !	The traitors must be punished with death.
9. How glad I am that you have come !	I am very glad that you have come.
10. What a disgrace for the family !	It is a big disgrace for the family.

Activity 11:

Change the following Exclamatory sentences into Assertive sentences

1. Bravo! You have done well. — It is brave of you to do the well.
2. Alas! The soldiers died at Galwan — It is sad that the soldiers died at Galwan Valley.
3. How beautiful the scenery is ! — The scenery is very beautiful.
4. How foolish I had been ! — I have been very foolish.
5. What a disaster the earthquake is ! — The earthquake is a big disaster.
6. How stiff the paper is ! — The paper is very stiff.
7. May God reward this act of yours ! — We wish that God may reward this act of yours.
8. What a terrible storm it is! — It is a very terrible storm.
9. Wonderful! I have never seen anything like this earlier — It is really wonderful to see such a thing.
10. May God pardon this sinner — We very much wish that God may pardon this sinner.

Activity 12:

Change the following Assertive sentences into Exclamatory sentences.
Answer:
1. He is truly noble. — 1. How noble he is !
2. This is indeed a great pleasure. — 2. What a pleasure !
3. It is very kind of you to help him — 3. What a kindness to help him like that. like it!
4. I wish I were young again. — 4. Oh! I were young again.
5. It is a very wonderful opportunity. — 5. What a wonderful opportunity!
6. It is a bitterly cold morning. — 6. What a cold morning!
7. It was an extremely delightful — 7. How delightful the party was ! party.
8. She danced very beautifully. — 8. How beautifully she danced !
9. I wish I had never met you. — 9. Would that I had never met you.
10. It is stupid of me to forget your name. — 10. How stupid ! I have forgotten your name.

Activity 13:

Listen to your teacher-talking about birds. Your teacher will read the text twice. Complete the following table and answer the question that follows while listening to the passage the second time.

First Listening

Answer:

Second Listening Question :
Why are birds referred to as the friends of farmers’?
Answer:
They are friends of farmers because they eat the unuseful insects from the fields. If they don’t eat them they will spoil their crops.

Learning to Speak (Pairwork)

Activity 14.

Work with your partner. You will play the roles of a shop owner and a customer. Both of you will ask and answer the questions asked during the conversation. The beginning of the conversation is given. You will start with the given conversation and then continue.

Shop owner : How may I help you ?
Customer : I need to buy some biscuits and ice cream.
Shop owner : Which biscuits do you want ?
Customer : I want good cream biscuits. Which ones do you have ?
Shop owner : I have Little Magic biscuits.
Customer : Little Magic ? Never heard of them!
Shop owner : Oh, they are chocolate biscuits with vanilla and strawberry cream.
Customer : That sounds interesting! I think I will buy some.
Shop owner : …………………………..
Customer : …………………………..
Shop owner : …………………………..
Customer : …………………………..
Shop owner : …………………………..
Customer : …………………………..
Shop owner : …………………………..
Customer : …………………………..
Shop owner : …………………………..
Shop owner : …………………………..
Customer : …………………………..
Shop owner : …………………………..
Answer:
Shop owner : How may I help you ?
Customer : I need to buy some biscuits and ice cream.
Shop owner : Which biscuits do you want ?
Customer : I want good cream biscuits. Which ones do you have ?
Shop owner : I have Little Magic biscuits.
Customer : Little Magic ? Never heard of them!
Shop owner : Oh, they are chocolate biscuits with vanilla and strawberry cream.
Customer : That sounds interesting! I think I will buy some.
Shop owner : How much do you want to buy?
Customer : Two or three packets.
Shop owner : Don’t worry. They are not very costly.
Customer : What is the price of one packet after all ?
Shop owner : We sell it ten rupees per packet !
Customer : Is there any scheme?
Shop owner : Why not, if you buy five packets, one is free.
Customer : Then pack me the five packets.
Shop owner : Buy more. The rates are going up next week.
Customer : What about the free scheme?
Shop owner : It will continue for about two months.
Customer : Please pack me ten packets soon. The weather is going bad.
Shop owner : Hurry up, boys ! The customer must not get wet.

Learning to Write

Learning to write is an art. Whenever we plan to write, we find it difficult to start. Let us try and make it a little less difficult. Think of a story or an advertisement or any other form of writing. You will need to understand four things about it. They are :

• Setting — It answers the questions ‘where’ and ‘when’ (the place and time) the C story or the action taken place.
• Characters — It answers the question ‘who’ (the people) is involved in the action.
• Problem — It answers the question ‘what the issue is or the problem that needs to be solved.
• Solution — It answers the question ‘how the problem is solved.

Activity 15:

Think of a story that you have read in this book. Identify the setting, characters, problem and the solution.

Name of the Story	The Value of Money
Setting	An Urban Area
Characters	Narrator, Bell center employees
Problem	Buying the Latest Computer, Changing Models with the fast changing technology.
Solution	Go on with your current computer. Save Money. Honour its value.

Activity 16

Write about a real incident that happened with you in the form of a story keeping the components of the story in your mind. First make your notes and then write the incident in the space given.

Setting	City Market, A Book Shop
Characters	I, my friend, my uncle.
Problem	Buying new school books. Pocket picked.
Solution	Got money from my uncle and bought books.
Incident/story	Yesterday I went to the city market to buy new school books. My friend was with me. But to our surprise, someone had picked my pocket. Suddenly I saw my uncle passing by the Book shop. I told him my problem. We bought two new books after he gave me the money, I needed.

Activity 17

Narrate a situation when your parents offered you money in exchange for doing something in the box given below.
Answer:
Money for Mobile
I wanted to buy a new mobile. But my parents refused to buy it to me. I was sad. But in the evening, I got an offer to work in the home garden for money. I did digging job and watered the plants for a month. I got twenty thousand rupees for this. How happy I was ! I bought a mobile worth five thousand only and saved the rest of money.

Learning to Use the Language
The ground water in Punjab is declining. We need to do something to stop this. You would certainly have seen awareness campaigns on TV advising the citizens to save water. Hos

Activity 18.

Prepare a list of Do’s and Don’ts that will help us to save water. You can start thinking of your everyday routine when you use water. You will put up this list at a prominent place in your home where everybody can see it and make efforts to save water. You must write complete sentences.
Answer:

S.No.	Dos	Don’ts
1.	Save water at all costs.	Don’t waste water in any way.
2.	Use less water while bathing.	Don’t wash your car with a pipe.
3.	Use dirty water for flush.	Don’t let the tap run while brushing teeth.
4.	Use a bucket to wash your car.	Don’t fill your cooler tank to the brim.
5.	Stop the leakage of water through taps.	Don’t do over-watering of your plants.
6.	Put a plastic bottle in your toilet tank                                      ’	Don’t use a tub for a bath.
7.	Turn off water while brushing your teeth.	Don’t (Never) keep drinking water uncovered.
8.	Turn off water while shaving.	Don’t fill the bucket full for bathing.

Comprehension of Passages

Read the following passage and answer the questions given below each :

(1) It was summer break and I had been watching a lot of T.V. There was this one advertisement that would pop up on screen all the time. It was for the latest Bell Computer. It had ‘the fastest processor’ and ‘unbelievably high storage’among many other new features. Every time I saw it, I was intrigued. I would go online and watch people reviewing the computer just to find out more about its features. I would read articles about its features in tech magazines. It appeared to be an ultimate computer while the limitations of my own computer made me unhappy. But my parents refused to buy me the computer when I asked them about it.

1. What was the advertisement for ?
विज्ञापन किस बात के लिए था ?

2. What did the narrator want to buy and why?
वक्ता क्या खरीदना चाहती थी और क्यों ?

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) The narrator had been watching a lot of T.V. during summer break.
(b) The narrator’s a parents bought her the latest Bell Computer.

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) It appeared to be an …..
(b) The narrator’s computer made her unhappy because of …………..
Or
Match the words with their meaning :

(i) find out	emerge
(ii) pop up	go out
	know

Answer:
1. The advertisement was for the latest Bell Computer.
2. The narrator wanted to buy to latest Bell Computer because it had many new features over her computer.
3. (a) True, (b) False.
4.
(a) It appeared to be an ultimate computer.
(b) The narrator’s computer made her unhappy because of its limitations.
Or :
(i) find out — know
(ii) pop up – emerge

(2) Looking back now, I probably did not even need all those extra features. I could do everything. I wanted to do on my own computer without running into any issues but the consumerist in me seemed to think otherwise.

After a while, my parents noticed how obsessed I was with this new computer so they decided to give me a chance to earn it. They told me if I started doing house chores they would give me money for it and I could save up until I had enough to buy the computer on my own. It seemed like a good idea and I jumped at the opportunity. The very next day, I started waking up early to make extra time to be able to do more chores.

1. Why did the narrator need money?
वक्ता को पैसे की ज़रूरत क्यों थी ?

2. How could the narrator earn it ?
वक्ता पैसे कैसे कमा सकती थी ?

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) The narrator was very happy with her computer.
(b) The narrator jumped at the opportunity of earning money.

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) I probably did not need all ……………..
(b) The consumerist in the narrator seemed …
Or
Write the meanings of the following words in english : (Any two)
features, opportunity, chores
Answer:
1. The narrator needed money to buy a new computer.
2. The narrator could earn it buy doing house chores.
3. (a) False, (b) True.
4. (a) I probably did not need all those extra features.
(b) The consumerist in the narrator seemed to think otherwise.
Or
features — qualities, opportunity-chance, Chores — jobs.

(3) As I got quicker, I started having more free time and didn’t really know what to do with it. “Please dad! Is there anything else you need help with ? I’m willing to do anything; just lay it on me. Give me more chores !” I remember pleading with dad.

I was obsessed. Any free time I had, I wanted to fill it with more work and more money. Since the summer break was almost over and I knew I would have less time once I started going to school again. So, I wanted to work as much as possible during the break.

It took me a few months but I eventually saved up enough to buy myself the Bell Computer. It was a week before my birthday and I went to the Bell Center to place an order. I knew it would take at least a week for the store to get it in case it was out of stock.

1. How did the narrator want to use her free time?
वक्ता अपना खाली समय कैसे बिताना चाहती थी ?

2. When did she go to the Bell center and why?
वह बेल सेंटर पर कब गई और क्यों ?

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) The summer break was almost over.
(b) The narrator did not want to go to school again.

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) I wanted to work as much as possible …..
(b) As I got quicker, I started having …..
Or
Match the words with them meaning :

(i) lay	ultimately
(ii) eventually	leave
	possibly

Answer:
1. She wanted to use her free time by doing more and more work.
2. She went to the Bell center a week before her birthday to place an order for the new computer.
3. (a) True, (b) False.
4. (a) I wanted to work as much as possible during the break.
(b) As I got quicker, I started having more free time.
Or
(i) lay — leave
(ii) eventually — ultimately

Use of Words and phrases in sentences.

1. Review – Let us review, the problem.
2. Features – This computer has many good features.
3. Pop up – The differences of the two brothers popped up.
4. Limitations – Every machine has its own limitations.
5. Find out – I want to find out of the truth behind the quarrel.
6. Out of stock – Sugar is out of stock these days.
7. Plead – He pleaded for mercy.
8. Opportunity – Avail of every opportunity.
9. Sore – My eyes are sore.

Word Meaning:

Value of Money Summary in Hindi

It was 14 when ……….. to think otherwise.

मैं चौदह (14) वर्ष की थी, जब मुझे धन के महत्त्व का पता चला । यद्यपि मेरे पास एक कम्प्यूटर था और उसमें कोई खराबी भी नहीं थी, फिर भी मैं अपने लिए एक नया कम्प्यूटर लेना चाहती थी। गर्मी की छुट्टियां थीं और मैं बहुत ज्यादा टी.वी. देख रही थी। वहां स्क्रीन पर हर समय अचानक एक विज्ञापन दिखाई देता था। यह बेल के नए कम्प्यूटर का था। इसमें बहुत सी अन्य नई विशेषताओं के साथ-साथ ‘तीव्रतम प्रोसेसर’ और ‘अविश्वसनीय उच्च भंडारण’ क्षमता भी थी । जब भी मैं इसे देखती मुझ पर इसे पाने का जनून सवार हो जाता था। कम्प्यूटर की और अधिक विशेषताओं को जानने के लिए मैं ऑनलाइन जाती और लोगों के सर्वेक्षणों (विचारों) को देखती। मैं तकनीकी (Tech) से जुड़ी पत्रिकाओं में उसकी विशेषताओं के लेखों को पढ़ती।

वह सर्वोत्तम कम्प्यूटर लगता था जबकि मेरे अपने कम्प्यूटर की सीमाएं/कमजोरियां मुझे दुःखी कर देती थीं। परन्तु जब मैंने अपने माता-पिता से कम्प्यूटर खरीदने के लिए कहा तो उन्होंने मना कर दिया। अब मैं जब भी पीछे मुड़ कर देखती हूँ तो मुझे लगता है कि शायद मुझे अतिरिक्त विशेषताओं की कोई आवश्यकता ही नहीं थी। मैं अपने कम्प्यूटर पर बिना किसी रुकावट के हर वह काम कर सकती थी जो मैं करना चाहती थी परन्तु मेरे अन्दर छिपे उपभोक्तावादी के विचार इसके विपरीत थे।

After a while …………………………… during the break.
कुछ समय के बाद मेरे माता-पिता ने ध्यान दिया कि मुझ पर नए कम्प्यूटर का कितना जनून सवार है। इसलिए उन्होंने निश्चय किया कि वे मुझे पैसा कमाने का एक अवसर देंगे। उन्होंने मुझसे कहा कि यदि मैं घर के काम करने आरम्भ कर दूं तो वे मुझे उसके लिए पैसा देंगे और मैं तब तक पैसा इकट्ठा करूं जब तक कि मैं अपने कम्प्यूटर न खरीद सकूँ। मुझे यह विचार अच्छा लगा और मैं यह मौका पाकर उछल पड़ी। अगले ही दिन से मैंने जल्दी उठना आरम्भ कर दिया ताकि मैं ज्यादा काम करने के लिए अधिक समय निकाल पाऊँ।

मैं दिन में तीन बार बर्तन साफ करती; कूड़ा बाहर निकालती; सप्ताह के अंत में लॉन (Lawn) की घास काटती; सारा घर साफ करती और जब कभी भी आवश्कता होती कार को धोती। मैं प्रतिदिन बिना थके लगातार तब तक काम करती जब तक कि मेरा सारा शरीर दुखने नहीं लगता और अगले दिन उठकर फिर से वही करती। अंततः मैं इसकी आदी हो गयी और यह सब मुझे आसान लगने लगा। मेरी क्षमता और अधिक बढ़ गई और मैं हर काम पहले से अधिक जल्दी करने लगी।

जैसे ही मुझमें तेजी आई। मेरे पास और अधिक समय बचने लगा और मुझे समझ नहीं आता था कि मैं उस समय का क्या करूं। मुझे याद आ रहा है मैं अपने डैड से प्रार्थनी करती हूँ कि “आप पिता जी (डैड) कृपया बताएं, क्या आपको किसी और काम में मेरी मदद की आवश्यकता है ? मैं कुछ भी करने को तैयार हूं, बस काम मुझ पर छोड़ दें। मुझे और अधिक काम दें।”

मुझे जनून था। मेरे पास जितना भी खाली समय होता मैं उसे और अधिक काम करके व्यतीत करना चाहती ताकि और अधिक पैसा कमा सकूँ क्योंकि ग्रीष्म अवकाश लगभग समाप्त होने वाला था और मुझे मालूम था कि जैसे ही मैं स्कूल जाना आरम्भ कर दूंगी तो मेरे पास समय कम रह जाएगा। इसलिए मैं छुट्टियों में ही अधिक-से-अधिक काम कर लेना चाहती थी।

It took me a …………….. the value of money.

मुझे कुछ महीने लग गए। परन्तु अंतत: मैंने इतना पैसा जोड़ लिया कि मैं अपने लिए बेल कम्प्यूटर खरीद सकू। अपने जन्म-दिन से एक सप्ताह पहले मैं आर्डर देने के लिए बेल सेंटर (केंद्र) पर गयी। मैं जानती थी उनके स्टोर में उपलब्ध नहीं होगा तो, इसे मंगवाने के लिए स्टोर वालों को कम-से-कम एक सप्ताह का समय चाहिए होगा।

मैं अंदर गई और सीधा सामने वाले डेस्क के पीछे बैठे कर्मचारी के पास यह जानने के लिए पहुंची कि क्या कम्प्यूटर उपलब्ध है। । उसने कहा, “ओह, आपको वह खरीदने की आवश्यकता नहीं है। हमारे पास शीघ्र ही एक और आ रहा है। वह इससे भी अधिक तेज़ और दोहरी क्षमता वाला है।” इससे पहले कि वह मुझे उसका मूल्य बताता मैं क्षण भर के लिए थोड़ी उत्तेजित हो उठी। मुझे आभास हुआ कि इसे पाने के लिए मुझे दो महीने तक और घर के काम करने होंगे।

तब मुझे अहसास हुआ कि तकनीक कितनी तेजी से बदलती है। मशीन चाहे कितनी भी अच्छी हो जब तक आप उसे चलाने में पूरी तरह अभ्यस्त होते हैं, बाजार में हमेशा उससे तेज़ और बेहतर मॉडल आ जाता है। मैंने उसी क्षण कम्प्यूटर न खरीदने का फैसला किया क्योंकि मैं कड़ी मेहनत से कमाए अपने पैसे को किसी ऐसी चीज़ पर खर्च नहीं करना चाहती थी जिसका मूल्य जल्दी ही कम हो सकता है। अन्ततः मैंने वह सारा पैसा बचत खाते में जमा (निवेश) करवा दिया। इस प्रकार मैंने धन के महत्त्व को सीखा।

Retranslation From English to Hindi

1. It was summer break. —- गर्मी की छुट्टियां थीं।
2. I had been watching a lot of T.V. —- मैं बहुत ज्यादा टी.वी. देख रही थी।
3. It appeared to be an ultimate computer. —- वह सर्वोत्तम कम्प्यूटर लगता था।
4. I could save up until I had enough to buy the computer on my own. —- मैं तब तक पैसा इकट्ठा करूं। जब तक कि मैं अपना कम्प्यूटर न खरीद सकू।
5. I would do the dishes three times a day. —- मैं दिन में तीन बार बर्तन साफ करती।
6. My whole body was sore. —- मेरा सारा शरीर दुखने लगा।
7. Eventually, I got used of it.—- अंतत: मैं इसकी आदी हो गई।
8. I also got more efficient at it. —- मेरी दक्षता और अधिक बढ़ गई।
9. I was doing everything a lot quicker. —- मैं हर काम पहले से अधिक जल्दी करने लगी।
10. I was obsessed. —- मुझे जनून था।
11. I walked in and went straight to the employee sitting behind the front desk. —- मैं अंदर गई और सीधा सामने वाले डेस्क के पीछे बैठे कर्मचारी के पास पहुंची।
12. You don’t need to buy that one.—- आपको वह खरीदने की आवश्यकता नहीं है।
13. It is even faster and has double the storage. —- वह और अधिक तेज़ तथा दोहरी क्षमता वाला है।
14. This is how I learned the value of money. —- इस प्रकार मैंने धन के महत्त्व को सीखा। .

English Guide for Class 8 PSEB Prose

• Value of Money Question Answer
• The Aged Mother Question Answer
• Saint Ravidas Ji Question Answer
• The Old Sage and the Brothers Question Answer
• The Punjab: A Glimpse Question Answer
• Charge for Love Question Answer
• Safety While Driving Question Answer
• Marco Polo Question Answer

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions Poem 2 Don’t Quit Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 8th English Solutions Poem Chapter 2 Don’t Quit Question Answers

Don’t Quit Class 8 Questions and Answers

Activity 1.

Look up the following words in a dictionary. You should seek the following information about the words and put them in your WORDS notebook.

1. Meaning of the word as used in the poem (adjective/noun/verb. etc.)
2. Pronunciation (The teacher may refer to the dictionary or a mobile phone for correct pronunciation.)
3. Spellings.

trudging	care	queer	twists and turns
stuck out	blow	faint and faltering	victor
golden crown	tint	after	hardest

Activity 2.

Make a list of five pairs of rhyming words in the poem.

1. will — hill
2. bit — quit
3. turns — learns
4. up — cup
5. down — crown

Learning to Read and Comprehend

Activity 3.

Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
What is the poem about?
कविता किसके बारे में है ?
Answer:
The poem is about the importance of determination and tenacity in life.

Question 2.
What is hard about going uphill?
ऊपर पहाड़ी पर जाने में क्या कठिनाई है ?
Answer:
The journey is full of difficulties.

Question 3.
What is meant by ‘funds are low’?
‘funds are low’ का क्या अर्थ है?
Answer:
It means nominal resources.

Question 4.
What does the poet mean by ‘twists and turns’?
‘Twists and turns’ से कवि का क्या अभिप्राय है?
Answer:
‘Twists and turns’ mean ups and downs in life.

Question 5.
Do you think sudden ‘twists and turns in life can be beneficial to us ?
क्या आपके विचार में हमारे जीवन में अचानक आने वाले उतार-चढ़ाव हमारे लिए किस तरह लाभदायक हैं ?
Answer:
Yes, sudden twists and turns in life can be beneficial to us. as failure has the seed of success in life.

Question 6.
Why does the poet say ‘you have to sigh’?
कवि क्यों करता है ‘you have to sigh’?
Answer:
The poet says so because one sometimes faces failure when one is very close to success.

Question 7.
What does another blow’ mean?
another blow’ का क्या अर्थ है ?
Answer:
Another blow means very next effort that bring success.

Question 8.
How long do you try to do something before you turn to do something else ?
कोई और काम करने से पहले आप अपने काम को पूरा करने के लिए कब तक प्रयास करते हैं ?
Answer:
I never quit and go on making endless efforts for success.

Activity 4.

Read the stanzas and answer the questions that follow.

1. Life is queer with its twists and turns,
As everyone of us sometimes learns,

And many a failure turns about,
When he might have won had he stuck it out.

(a) What is life full of ?
जीवन किस चीज़ से भरा है ?
Answer:
Life is full of twists and turns.

(b) What does everyone of us sometimes learn?
हममें से प्रत्येक जीवन में कभी न कभी कुछ सीखता क्या है ?
Answer:
It is that failure changes its direction all at once and there is success.

(c) Find the synonym of ‘strange from the stanza.
Stanza में ‘Strange’ का समानार्थक बताएं।
Answer:
Queer.

2. And you never can tell just how close you are,
It may be near when it seems afar;
So stick to the fight when you’re hardest hit
It’s when things seem worst that you must not quit.

(a) Name the poem and the poet.
कविता तथा कवि का नाम बताओ |
Answer:
The name of the poem is ‘Don’t Quit’ and that of the poet is Edgar A. Guest.

(b) What do you understand by ‘sticking to the fight when hardest hit ?
‘Sticking ……… hardest hit’ से क्या अभिप्राय है
Answer:
We must stick to the fight when everything seems to be going wrong.

(c) What should not be done when things seem worst ?
जब सब कुछ खराब होता दिखाई दे तो हमें क्या नहीं करना चाहिए ?
Answer:
We must not quit our fight or stop fighting.

Learning Language

Formation of Comparative and Superlative Degrees.

An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun or a pronoun. In other words, an adjective adds something to the meaning of a noun or a pronoun.
Examples :
किसी Noun या Pronoun की विशेषता या उसके बारे में कुछ बताने वाला शब्द Adjective कहलाता है।

(a) a black horse
(b) some money
(c) thirty books
(d) this noble man
(e) a clever boy

Formation of Degrees of Adjectives

Rules

I. Most adjectives generally form the comparative degree by adding suffix ‘-er’ and the superlative degree by adding the suffix ‘-est’ to the possitive degree of Adjective.

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
noble	nobler	noblest
near	nearer	nearest
able	abler	ablest
sane	saner	sanest
clean	cleaner	cleanest
dear	dearer	dearest
bright	brighter	brightest
bold	bolder	boldest
clever	cleverer	cleverest
short	shorter	shortest
deep                ‘	deeper	deepest
tall	taller	tallest
few	fewer	fewest
fast	faster	fastest
great	greater	greatest
hard	harder	hardest
high	higher	highest
keen	keener	keenest
kind	kinder	kindest
light	lighter	lightest
strong	stronger	strongest
weak	weaker	weakest
poor	poorer	poorest
rare	rarer	rarest
pure	purer	purest
rich	richer	richest
safe	safer	safest
sweet	sweeter	sweetest

II. In the case of longer adjectives of three or more syllables, comparative and superlative degrees are formed by adding the word ‘more and most’ before the positive degree.

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
beautiful	more beautiful	most beautiful
courageous	more courageous	most courageous
brilliant	more brilliant	most brilliant
capable	more capable	most capable
difficult	more difficult	most difficult
wonderful	more wonderful	most wonderful
interesting	more interesting	most interesting
ignorant	more ignorant	most ignorant
diligent	more diligent	most diligent

III. Adjectives of two syllables follow one or the other of the above rules. Those ending in ‘-ful’, ‘-er’ ‘-ve’ usually take ‘more’ and ‘most’.

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
active	more active	most active
doubtful	more doubtful	most doubtful
careful	more careful	most careful
harmful	more harmful	most harmful
proper	more proper	most proper
obscure	more obscure	most obscure
secure	more secure	most secure

IV. Those ending in ‘-y or ‘-ly add ‘-ier’ and ‘-est’ after the removal of ‘-y’.

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
pretty	prettier	prettiest
happy	happier	happiest
heavy	heavier	heaviest
easy	easier	easiest
jolly	jollier	jolliest
busy	busier	busiest
holy	holier	holiest

V. When a consonant comes after a short vowel sound, it doubles itself and adds ‘-er’ and ‘-est’ in comparative and superlative forms.

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
big	bigger	biggest
hot	hotter	hottest
fat	fatter	fattest
sad	sadder	saddest
wet	wetter	wettest
thin	thinner	thinnest
red	redder	reddest
mad	madder	maddest

VI. Miscellaneous Adjectives

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
bad	worse	worst
far	farther	farthest
good	better	best
late	latter/later	last/latest
little	less	least
low	lower	lowest
much	more	most
old	older/elder	oldest/eldest
up	upper	uppermost/upmost

1. He is a ………………….. student. (tall)
2. The Taj is a ………………….. building. (beautiful)
3. My table is the …………………….. of all. (big)
4. Her sweatshirt is ……………………… than her jeans. (soft)
5. Teena’s hair is ………………….. than Leena’s hair. (long)
6. Saumya is ………………. than Vijaya. (funny)
7. Haridwar is one of the …………………….. places for the Hindus. (holy)
8. Gold is .. ………………. than silver. (expensive)
9. Ravinder is ………………….. than Parul. (smart)
10. This is the ……………………… book I have ever read. (good)
Answer:
1. tall
2. beautiful
3. biggest
4. softer
5. longer
6. funnier
7. holiest
8. more expensive
9. smarter
10. best.

Make comparative forms of the word given in the brackets by adding ‘-er’ or ‘more” to it.

1. Cats are ……………………. (affectionate) than goats.
2. Sheena is …………………… (old) than Gagan.
3. China is ……………………… (large) than Poland.
4. My Hindi class is … …… (boring) than my Maths class.
5. In the UK, the streets are generally ……. …….. …… (narrow) than in the USA.
6. Delhi is ……………………… (busy) than Chandigarh.
7. Jyoti is …………………….. (quiet) than her sistęs.
8. Kiran is ………………….. (ambitious) than her brother.
9. My garden is a lot ……………………… (colourful) than this park:
10. My house is a bit . ………………….. (comfortable) than a hotel.
Answer:
1. more affectionate
2. older
3. larger
4. more boring
5. narrower
6. busier
7. quiter
8. more ambitious
9. more colourful
10. more comfortable.

Learning to Listen

Activity 6.

Listen carefully to your teacher telling you about an unsinkable ship and fill in the gaps provided.

The Titanic was a British passenger ship that sank to the bottom of the ……….1…….. during its first voyage. The ship was constructed during the 1900s by a transportation ………….2…………. known as White Star. With this they wanted to introduce a new set of luxury passenger …………3………….. that would transport wealthy people across the …….4……. Ocean. White Star finished building the Titanic in …………5………….. . At that time, it was the ……….6…………… ship that had ever been ………….7……….. The Titanic was designed with ……….8………….. compartments that could fill up with …….9……. if any issues occurred. For this reason, many people …………10………… that the Titanic was unsinkable. In April………11 ……., the Titanic began its first voyage from England to the ………..12…………. , carrying over 2,000 passengers. While at sea, the ship collided with an ……….13…………… and began to overflow. The passengers and the ……….14………….. evacuated the ship, but there were not enough ……….15………… to save everyone. Out of 2,000 passengers, only 705 ……16…… The sinking of the Titanic is one of the ………17………….. tragedies of the 20th century.
Answer.
1. ocean
2. company
3. ships
4. Atlantic
5. 1911
6. biggest
7. built
8. safety
9. water
10. believed
11. 1912
12. United States
13. iceberg
14. crew
15. boats
16. survived
17. greatest

Learning to Speak (Groupwork)

Activity 7.

One student from each group will be given a picture. The student will see it carefully and place it face down so that the rest of the students cannot see the picture card. Describe the picture for other students to draw. The student will speak for two minutes using adjectives. (The teacher will get some pictures for students so that pictures are unseen for them.)
Answer:
विधार्थी स्वयं करें

Learning to Write

Activity 8.

Write a story using the following hints. Also give a heading to the story.

a stage …………….. drinking water ………………. saw the reflection ……………… beautiful horns . ……………….. felt proud ……………. saw reflection of his legs ………………. felt ashamed …………….. heard the barking …………… hunter’s dog ……………. started running ……………… his horns ……………… entangled in a bush ……………… tried his best to untangle horns ……………….. succeeded with great difficulty ……………… dogs reached …….. used thin legs to escape ………………… understood importance of ugly looking legs.
Answer.
‌Once‌ ‌there‌ ‌was‌ ‌a‌ ‌stage.‌ ‌One‌ ‌day‌ ‌he‌ ‌was‌ ‌very‌ ‌thirsty.‌ ‌He‌ ‌went‌ ‌to‌ ‌a‌ ‌pool.‌ ‌He‌ ‌was‌ ‌drinking‌ ‌water.‌ ‌The‌ ‌water‌ ‌was‌ ‌very‌ ‌clear.‌ ‌He‌ ‌saw‌ ‌his‌ ‌own‌ ‌reflection‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌water.‌ ‌He‌ ‌saw‌ ‌his‌ ‌horns.‌ ‌They‌ ‌were‌ ‌very‌ ‌beautiful.‌ ‌He‌ ‌feels‌ ‌proud‌ ‌for‌ ‌them.‌ ‌Then‌ ‌he‌ ‌saw‌ ‌his‌ ‌legs.‌ ‌They‌ ‌were‌ ‌thin‌ ‌and‌ ‌ugly.‌ ‌He‌ ‌felt‌ ‌ashamed‌ ‌to‌ ‌see‌ ‌them.‌ ‌Soon‌ ‌he‌ ‌saw‌ ‌a‌ ‌hunter.‌ ‌He‌ ‌had‌ ‌hounds‌ ‌with‌ ‌him.‌ ‌The‌ ‌stage‌ ‌was‌ ‌in‌ ‌danger.‌ ‌He‌ ‌ran‌ ‌very‌ ‌fast.‌ ‌His‌ ‌legs‌ ‌helped‌ ‌him.‌ ‌He‌ ‌passed‌ ‌by‌ ‌the‌ ‌bushes.‌ ‌His‌ ‌beautiful‌ ‌horns‌ ‌were‌ ‌caught‌ ‌in‌ ‌a‌ ‌bush.‌ ‌He‌ ‌tried‌ ‌his‌ ‌best‌ ‌to‌ ‌free‌ ‌himself.‌ ‌He‌ ‌freed‌ ‌his‌ ‌horns‌ ‌with‌ ‌great‌ ‌difficulty.‌ ‌Soon‌ ‌the‌ ‌hounds‌ ‌reached‌ ‌there.‌ ‌His‌ ‌ugly‌ ‌legs‌ ‌helped‌ ‌to‌ ‌save‌ ‌him.‌ ‌He‌ ‌understood‌ ‌the‌ ‌importance‌ ‌of‌ ‌ugly‌ ‌looking‌ ‌legs.‌ ‌
Moral.‌ ‌All‌ ‌that‌ ‌glitters‌ ‌is‌ ‌not‌ ‌gold.‌ ‌

Learning‌ ‌to‌ ‌Use‌ ‌the‌ ‌Language‌ ‌(Pairwork)‌ ‌

Activity‌ ‌9‌ .
‌
Write‌ ‌short‌ ‌notes‌ ‌on‌ ‌your‌ ‌positive‌ ‌self‌ ‌talking‌ ‌information‌ ‌from‌ ‌the‌ ‌picture‌ ‌given‌ ‌below.‌ ‌
After‌ ‌you‌ ‌have‌ ‌made‌ ‌your‌ ‌notes,‌ ‌talk‌ ‌to‌ ‌your‌ ‌partner‌ ‌(one‌ ‌minute)‌ ‌about‌ ‌yourself.‌

My Positive Self-Talk I am proud of what I am. I believe in myself and my abilities. I am bold enough to face any difficulty and any situation I am put in. Today is going to be an awesome day. I am going to play the role of the leader of my class. I am confident of my success. I am happy too. But I can successfully control my happiness while playing my role.

Comprehension of Stanzas

Read the following stanzas (extracts) and answer the questions given below each :

(1) When things go wrong as they sometimes will,
When the road you’re trudging seems all up hill,
When the funds are low and the debts are high.
And you want to smile, but you have to sigh,
When care is pressing you down a bit.
Rest, if you must, but don’t you quit.

1. Mention two odd situations you are faced with in life?
जीवन में अपने सामने आने वाली दो विषम स्थितियों का वर्णन करें।

2. What should one do in such situation ?
ऐसी स्थिति में आदमी को क्या करना चाहिए ?

3. Name the poem and its poet.
कविता और इसके कवि का नाम लिखें।
Answer:
1.
(a) The road we are walking on seems to be very long.
(b) The funds are low, but the debts are high.
Or
You want to smile, but you have to sigh.
2. One should rest for some time. We must not quit.
3. The name of the poem is ‘Don’t Quit’ and that of the poet is Edgar A. Guest.

(2) Often the goal is nearer than,
It seems to a faint and faltering man;
Often the struggler has given up
When he might have captured the victor’s cup;
And he learned too late when the night came down,
How close he was to the golden crown,
Success is failure turned inside out.

1. When does a struggler often give up ?.
संघर्ष करने वाला व्यक्ति प्रायः कब आत्म समर्पण कर देता है ?

2. What is success in reality?
सफलता वास्तव में क्या है

3. Name the poem and its poet.
कविता और इसके कवि का नाम लिखें।
Answer:
1. A struggler often gives up when he is about to win or succeed.
2. Success in reality is failure in disguise. It is failure turned inside out.
3. The name of the poem is ‘Don’t Quit. Its poet is Edgar A. Guest.

Word Meanings

Don’t Quit Poem Summary in English

Don’t Quit Summary in English

This is an inspirational poem. It demands us to be firm in our efforts. We should never lose heart and quit. The struggle must go on. Sometimes in life, we are faced with odd situations. Our job seems to us an uphill task. We wish to smile, but we have to sigh. Our cares press us down. We look for good days but bad luck surrounds us. There are so many other such situations like this too.Man often quits in hard times. He leaves his efforts when

Don’t Quit Summary in Hindi

यह एक प्रेरणादायक कविता है । यह हमसे चाहती है कि हम अपने प्रयासों में स्थिर रहें। हमें कभी धैर्य छोड़ कर पीछे नहीं हटना चाहिए। संघर्ष जारी रहना चाहिए। .. हमें जीवन में कभी-कभी विषम परिस्थितियों का सामना करना पड़ता है। हमें अपना कार्य बहुत ही मुश्किल लगता है। हम मुस्कुराना चाहते हैं, परन्तु हम निराशाभरी गहरी सांस लेकर रह जाते हैं। हमारी चिन्ताएं हमें दबा लेती हैं। हम अच्छे दिन खोजते हैं, परन्तु हम बुरे भाग्य से घिर जाते हैं। ऐसी कई अन्य परिस्थितियां भी आती हैं। आदमी मुश्किल वक्त में प्रायः हार मान लेता है।

वह उस समय अपने प्रयास बन्द कर देता है, जब सफलता उसके दरवाज़े पर खड़ी होती है। वह केवल एक ही और प्रयास से सफल हो सकता है। उसे याद रखना चाहिए कि जब सफलता दूर लगती है, यह नज़दीक हो सकती है। सफलता वास्तव में उलटा दी गई असफलता ही होती है। इसलिए हमें उस समय अपने संघर्ष पर अटल रहना चाहिए जब हम बुरी तरह मुसीबत में घिर जाएं। इस समय परिस्थिति बहुत ही खराब लगती है परन्तु यही वह समय होता है, जब हमें पीछे नहीं हटना चाहिए।

Central Idea Of The Poem

This poem is based on the idea that life is not all success. It is mostly failure. But we must not quit if we fail in our efforts. Failure has the seeds of success in it. Success, infact is failure turned inside out. Struggle must go on. Our very next blow may shower flowers of success on us.

Class 8 PSEB Solutions Poetry

• Poem 1 The Earth Needs You Question Answer
• Poem 2 Don’t Quit Question Answer
• Poem 3 We Who Love Books Question Answer
• Poem 4 My Dear Soldiers Question Answer

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Translation Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 8th Class English Grammar Translation

1. अपना बस्ता खोलो। – Open your bag.
2. अपना नाम बताओ। – Tell our name.
3. बातें मत करो। – Dont’t talk.

4. बुरी संगत से बचो। – Avoid bad company.
5. बड़ों का कहना मानो। – Obey your elders.
6. कूड़ा मत बिखराओ। – Don’t spread the litter.
7. अपने हाथ ऊपर उठाओ। – Hands up.
8. कभी झूठ मत बोलो। – Never tell a lie.
9. अपना काम पूरा करो। – Complete your work.
10. अपनी त्रुटियों को सुधारो। – Mend/Correct your mistakes.
11. मैं थका हुआ हूँ। – I am tired.
12. वह मूर्ख नहीं है। – He is not foolish.
13. मेरे माता-पिता जी शिक्षक हैं। – My parents are teachers.
14. हम भारतीय हैं। – We are Indians.
15. उसकी बहन बहुत बुद्धिमान है। – His/Her sister is very wise.
16. मुझे आप पर गर्व है। – I am proud of you.
17. पानी साफ है। – Water is clean.
18. वह बहुत स्वार्थी है। – He is very selfish.
19. घास हरी-भरी है। – Grass is green.
20. मैं आज स्वस्थ महसूस नहीं कर रहा हूँ। – I am not feeling well today.
21. मैं रोज़ स्कूल जाता हूँ। – I go to school daily.
22. मेरे माता जी स्वादिष्ट भोजन बनाते हैं। – My mother cooks tasty food.
23. सभी ने पाठ याद कर लिया है। – All have learnt their lesson.
24. मैंने अपना जन्मदिन मनाया। – I celebrated my birthday.
25. मेरे पिता जी बाज़ार जाएंगे। – My father will go to the market.
26. भगवान मेरी मदद करेगा। – God will help me.
27. वह तेज़ दौड़ रहा है। – He is running fast.
28. चपरासी घंटी नहीं बजा रहा है। – The peon is not ringing the bell.
29. छात्र पढ़ रहे होंगे। – The students will be studying.
30. किसान आराम नहीं कर रहे होंगे। – The farmers will not be taking rest.
31. सुशील ने अपना काम कर लिया है। – Susheel has done his work.
32. मेरे शिक्षक ने कापी चैक कर ली है। – The teacher has checked my notebook.
33. लड़कों ने कुर्सी नहीं तोड़ी है। – The boys have not broken the chair.
34. मुझे एक नौकरी मिल गई है। – I have got a job.
35. किसी ने मुझे बुलाया है। – Someone has called me.
36. मोहन ने एक गीत गाया है। – Mohan has sung a song.
37. लड़कियां कक्षा में चली गई हैं। – The girls have gone into the class.

38. पुलिस ने चोर को नहीं पकड़ा है। – The police have not caught the thief.
39. वह इस वर्ष पास नहीं हुआ है। – He has not passed this year.
40. मेरे चाचा जी ने मुझे तोहफे में घड़ी दी। – My uncle gave me a watch as a gift.
41. उसने सच नहीं बोला। – He did not speak the truth.
42. मुझे उस दिन बुखार था। – I was ill that day.
43. हमने डॉक्टर को बुला लिया था। – We had called in the doctor.
44. बूढ़े व्यक्ति ने घर बनाया। – The old man built a house.
45. हम बहुत मज़ा कर चुके थे। – We had a lot of fun.
46. सुधा ने खेल खेला था। – Sudha had played a game.
47. मेरी सहेली ने मेरी मदद की थी। – My friend had helped me.
48. बिल्ली ने दूध नहीं पिया। – The cat had not drunk milk.
49. सोनू ने आपको धक्का नहीं दिया था। – Sonu had not pushed you.
50. दादी ने अच्छी कहानी सुनाई। – The grandmother had told a good story.
51. आप कहाँ रहते हो? – Where do you live?
52. आपने झूठ क्यों बोला? – Why did you tell a lie?
53. आपने अपनी छुट्टी कहां बिताई? – Where did you pass your holiday.
54. कक्षा में कौन था? – Who was in the class?
55. आपका घनिष्ठ मित्र कौन है? – Who is your fast friend?
56. अध्यापिका ने क्या पढ़ाया? – What did the teacher teach?
57. उसने उत्तर क्यों नहीं दिया? – Why did he/she not reply?
58. आप कहाँ जा रहे हो? – Where are you going?
59. आप शोर क्यों मचा रहे हैं? – Why are you making a noise?
60. आप कब आ रहे हो? – When are you coming?
61. आप पुस्तक कब पढ़ रहे थे? – When were you reading the book?
62. आप कल क्या कर रहे थे? – What were you doing yesterday?
63. आप काम कब करोगे? – When will you do the work?
64. वह सवाल कैसे हल करेगी? – How will she solve the sum?
65. अब आप कहां जाओगे? – Where will you go now?
66. वह पार्टी पर क्यों नहीं आएगी? – Why will she not attend the party?
67. क्या आपने उत्तर लिख लिया है? – Have you written the answer?
68. क्या उसने पाठ याद कर लिया है? – Has he learnt the lesson?
69. उसने अपना घर क्यों बेच दिया? – Why did he sell his house?

70. क्या उन्होंने मैच जीत लिया था? – Had they won the match?
71. वह परीक्षा में किस तरह पास हो गया? – How did he pass the test?
72. क्या मैं अन्दर आ सकता हूँ? – May I come in?
73. क्या मैं बाहर जा सकता है। – May I go out?
74. क्या वह तैर सकती है? – Can she swim?
75. क्या मैं अब जा सकता हूँ? – May I go now?
76. अपने हाथ हमें भोजन से पहले धोने चाहिए। – We should wash our hands before meal.
77. मुझे अब सोना चाहिए। – I should go to bed now.
78. परिश्रम करो नहीं तो आप फेल हो जाओगे। – Work hard otherswise you will fail.
79. कृपया करके पृष्ठ पलटो। – Please turn the page.
80. शाबाश! आपने बहुत बढ़िया किया। – Well done!

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Formation of Adverb Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 8th Class English Grammar Formation of Adverb

Word – Adverb
Able – ably
Abrupt – Abruptly
Accident – Accidently
Active – Actively
Actual – Actually
Anger – Angrily
Annual – Annually
Awful – Awfully
Bad – Badly
Basic – Basically
Busy – Busily
Brief – Briefly
Bold – Boldly
Clear – Clearly
Close – Closly
Calm – Calmly
Certain – Certainly
Comfort – Comfortably

Dear – Dearly
Dead – Deadly
Easy – Easily
Different – Differently
Equal – Equally
Fair – Fairly
Entire – Entirely
Quiet – Quietly
Real – Reality
Rude – Rudely
Safe – Safely
Warm – Warmly
Virtual – Virtually
right – Tighdy
Tender – Tenderly
Wild – Wildly

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Subject-Verb Agreement Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 8th Class English Grammar Subject-Verb Agreement

Subject Verb Agreement

अंग्रेजी भाषा को शुद्ध लिखने के लिए वाक्य में Subject (कर्ता) का Verb (क्रिया) के साथ ठीक ताल-मेल होना अनिवार्य है। कहने का अभिप्राय यह है कि Verb वाक्य के Subject के वचन (Number) तथा पुरुष (Person) के अनुसार होना चाहिए; जैसे,
Ram goes.
Ram and Sham go.
They go.
She goes.
The boys are going
A boy is going.
They were going.
He/She was going.
Subject तथा Verb के उपयुक्त तालमेल के लिए अग्रलिखित नियमों का अध्ययन करें:

(1) यदि दो या दो से अधिक एकवचन Subjects को and से जोड़ा जाए तो प्रायः उनके साथ बहुवचन Verb का प्रयोग होता है; जैसे,
Mohan and Ram are friends.
Mohan, Sham and Ram play together.
He and his brother have done the work.
Sham and Gopal were there in the meeting.
He and his friend do not work together.

(2) यदि दो एकवचन संज्ञाएं (Nouns) किसी एक व्यक्ति या किसी एक चीज़ का बोध कराती हों तो ऐसी एकवचन संज्ञाओं (Nouns) के साथ एकवचन Verb का प्रयोग होता है; जैसे,-
My brother and helper has arrived.
The leader and speaker is sitting on the stage.
A great Gandhian and leader is dead.

नोट-
(i) यदि एक ही व्यक्ति का बोध कराना हो तो Article का प्रयोग दोनों संज्ञाओं अथवा विशेषणों में से पहली संज्ञा या विशेषण के साथ ही किया जाता है। ऊपर के वाक्य (2) में केवल leader से पहले
The और वाक्य (3) में Gandhian से पहले A का प्रयोग किया गया है।

(ii) यदि वाक्य दो संज्ञाओं से दो अलग व्यक्तियों का बोध कराता हो तो दोनों संज्ञाओं के साथ उचित Article का प्रयोग किया जाता है। ऐसे वाक्य में बहुवचन क्रिया का प्रयोग होता है।
The leader and the speaker are sitting on the stage.

(3) यदि दो Subjects मिलकर किसी एक ही विचार (one idea) को व्यक्त करते हों तो एकवचन क्रिया (Verb in Singular) का प्रयोग होता है; जैसे,-
Fish and meat is the food of the Bengalis.
Slow and steady wins the race.
Twenty kilometres is not a long distance.
The horse and the carriage has arrived.
Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.

(4) यदि एकवचन कर्ता (Subject) से पूर्व each अथवा every का प्रयोग किया जाए तो एकवचन क्रिया (Verb in Singular) का प्रयोग होता है; जैसे,-
Every boy and girl was well dressed.
Every man, woman and child was present.
Each day and each hour takes its account.

(5) यदि दो या दो से अधिक एकवचन Subjects को or, nor, either…….. or, neither………..nor से जोड़ा जाए तो एकवचन क्रिया का प्रयोग होता है; जैसे,
Work or play has no difference for me.
Either Mohan or Sohan has broken the slate.
Neither he nor I was present.
Neither food nor water was available there.

(6) जब or तथा nor से जोड़े गए Subjects का वचन भिन्न-भिन्न हो तो बहुवचन क्रिया का प्रयोग किया जाता है तथा बहुवचन Subject को क्रिया के साथ रखा जाता है; जैसे,
Sham or his brothers have broken the slate.
Neither the monitor nor the students were present.
Neither the speaker nor the listeners were serious.
Either the man or his sons have gone wrong.

(7) जब विभिन्न कर्ता (Subjects) or अथवा nor से जुड़े हुए हों, तो क्रिया (Verb) अपने निकटतम् Subject के Person (पुरुष) से मेल खाती है; जैसे,
Either he or I have to go to Delhi.
Neither you nor he is to blame.
Either your father or you are paying for it.

(8) जब Subjects के वचन अथवा पुरुष (Person) में अन्तर हो और वे and से जुड़े हों तो क्रिया (Verb) बहुवचन में प्रयोग होती है; जैसे,
He and I are good friends.
My father and I have jointly done this.
You and he are always together.
You and I are always in time.

(9) समूहवाचक संज्ञा (Collective Noun) के साथ पूरे समूह का भाव व्यक्त करने के लिए एकवचन क्रिया (Verb in Singular) का प्रयोग होता है। परन्तु यदि समूह के व्यक्तियों (individuals) का बोध कराना हो तो बहुवचन क्रिया (Verb in Plural) का प्रयोग होता है; जैसे,
The Committee has chosen its Chairman.
The fleet has set sail.
The Council is one in its opinion for the choice of Chairman.
The Council (councillors) are not one in their opinion for the choice of Chairman.
There is a large number of boys in the class.
A number of players were playing foul.
The police were called out.

(10) कुछ संज्ञाएं देखने में बहुवचन लगती हैं, परन्तु वे अर्थ की दृष्टि से एकवचन होती हैं। ऐसी संज्ञाओं के साथ एकवचन क्रिया (Verb) लगती है; जैसे,
The news is good.
Physics is an easy subject.
The wages of sin is death.
Politics is a dirty game.

(11) कुछ संज्ञाएं देखने में एकवचन लगती हैं परन्तु अर्थ में बहुवचन होती हैं। ऐसी संज्ञाओं के साथ बहुवचन क्रिया (Verb in Plural) का प्रयोग होता है; जैसे,
The gentry were invited to the party.
These poultry are mine.
The cattle are grazing in the field.
People are shouting for nothing.

(12) क्रिया का मेल हमेशा वास्तविक Subject के साथ ही कराना चाहिये। यह जरूरी नहीं है कि क्रिया का निकटतम Subject ही वास्तविक हो। इसलिए वास्तविक Subject को ध्यान में रखना आवश्यक है; जैसे,
Each of the players was rewarded.
Neither of the women was tall.
Each one of plots is for sale.
The quality of these machines is good.
One of the boys was my friend.

(13) यदि Subject में दो Nouns या Pronouns ‘with’ या ‘as well as’ के साथ जुड़े हों, तो क्रिया उनमें से चहले Noun या Pronoun से मेल खती हहै; जैसे
Ram, with all the members of his family, was present.
He, as well as his friends, is present.
Mohan, and not his friend, has done this.
I, as well as he, have worked hard.

(14) जब किसी क्रिया का Subject कोई Relative Pronoun हो, तो क्रिया Relative Pronoun से ठीक पहले वाले Subject के अनुसार लगती है; जैसे
I, who am your guide, shall stand by you.
You, who are my guide, are expected to stand by me.
He is among the persons who are against me.

Exercises (Solved)

I. Say whether the Verbs in the following sentences are Transitive or Intransitive. If the Verb is Transitive name the Object.
(T = Transitive, I = Intransitive, O = Object)

1. He killed a snake.
2. The fire burns brightly.
3. Birds fly in the air.
4. I drink tea five times a day.
5. A blind man cannot see.
6. He came here last night.
7. She has lost her books.
8. He walked twenty miles.
9. A woman came to buy tea.
10. You should teach him a lesson.
Hints :
1. T, O = a snake
2. In.
3. In.
4. T, O = tea
5. In.
6. In.
7. T, O = her books
8. In.
9. T, O = tea.
10. T, O = him, a lesson.

II. Pick out the Auxiliary Verbs in the following sentences:

1. I am writing a novel.
2. He has done wrong.
3. He did not come in time.
4. He is treated badly.
5. I had heard of this before.
6. I shall leave for Mumbai tomorrow.
7. The boy said that he might have done so.
8. He must have gone home.
9. Did he ask you to write to him?
10. I can fly an aeroplane.
Hints:
1. am
2. has
3. did
4. is
5. had
6. shall
7. might have
8. must have
9. Did
10. can.

III. Put the correct Verb in the blanks:

(a) 1. The tallest of these boys ……….. next door to me. (live, lives)
2. All the players in my team ……….. done well. (has, have)
3. The cost of all types of pens ………… gone up. (has, have)
4. The toys that were bought by my son ………… really useful. (are, is)
5. He ……….. regularly. (work, works)
Hints:
1. lives
2. have
3. has
4. are
5. works.

(b) 1. Slow and steady ………. the race. (win, wins)
2. Bread and butter ………. what they want. (is, are)
3. Time and tide ………… for none. (wait, waits)
4. Oil and water ……….. mix. (does not, do not)
5. Tobacco and alcohol ………. injurious to health. (is, are)
Hints:
1. wins
2. is
3. wait
4. do not
5. are.

(c) 1. Neither the captain nor the soldiers ………. been arrested. (has, have)
2. Neither he nor his servants ………… honest. (was, were)
3. Either Rajinder or his parents ……….. responsible for this. (was, were)
4. Neither the Principal nor the lecturers ………………. present at the meeting. (was, were)
5. He or his friends ……….. to blame. (was, were)
Hints:
1. have
2. were
3. were
4. were
5. were.

(e) 1. You, as well as he ……….. innocent. (is, are)
2. Not only the workman but the supervisor also …………………. been dismissed. (has, have)
3. He, as well as you, ………… innocent. (is, are)
4. The workmen, with their leader, ………… been arrested. (have, has)
5. The gallery, with its beautiful pictures, ………… a great attraction. (is, are)
Hints:
1. are
2. have
3. is
4. have
5. is.

(g) 1. None but the brave ………… the fair. (deserve, deserves)
2. Each day and each hour ………… its own importance. (has, have)
3. None of the ships ………… rescued from the storm. (was, were)
4. One of my friends ……….. the owner of this factory. (is, are)
5. Either of these two proposals ……….. acceptable to me. (is, are)
Hints:
1. deserve
2. has
3. was
4. is
5. is.

(h) 1. The United States ……….. a prosperous country. (is, are)
2. The news of the flood ……….. caused great anxiety. (has, have)
3. The Arabian Nights ………. interesting stories. (contain, contains)
4. Good crockery ………. expensive. (is, are)
5. The West Indies ………. a land of great cricketers. (is, are)

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions English Vocabulary Antonyms Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 8th Class English Vocabulary Antonyms

An Antonym is a word which is opposite (विपरितर्थक) in meaning to another words as:

Word – Antonym
ago – now
gentle – harsh
earn – waste
narrow – broad
holy – dirty
suffer – enjoy

big – small
obedient – disobedian
fail – pass
outside – inside
at last – in the beginning
useful – useless
came – wild
found – lost
back – front
none – all
waste – use
lazy – active
borrow – Jend
sunsel – sunrise
flat – round
modern – ancient
freedom – slavery
clear – unclear
peace – wat
rough – smooth
fresh – staff
profit – loss
unwise – wise
select – reject
pleasure – pain
minor – major
spoil – mend
patient – impatient
pure – impure
defeat – victory
action – inaction
gain – loss
sow – reap
agree – disagree
think – thin
enemy – friend
right – left
openly – secretly
heru – villain
real – false
fit – unfit
remove – cover
war – peace
beggar – king
ugly – beautiful
happily – sadly
gather – scatter
dropped – collecte
answer – question
helieve – disbelieve
absent – present
necessary – unnecessory
older – younger
death – birth
appear – disappear
able – unable
powerful – weak
fool – wise
unhappy – happy
trust – mistrust
fine – ugle
many – few
true – untrue

stand – sit
silent – noisy
difficult – easy
punish – reward
trouble – comfort
began – stopped
before – after
enter – exist
punishment – reward
pleased – displeased
dead – alive
remove – fix
whole – some
pet – wild
top – bottom
kindly – unkindly
glad – sad
joy – sorrow
far – near
less – more
bless – curse
quick – slew
divide – multiply
praise – condemn
reply – question
truth – lie
correct – incorrect
always – forever
clever – foolish
hard – soft
mountain – valley
loving – hateful
refuse – accept
young – old
warm – cool
short – long
good – bad
laugh – weep
cleverest – dullest
night – day
long – short
easily – late
morning – evening
join – leave
before – after
light – heavy
either – neither
famous – notorious
nor – or
slow – fast
like – dislike
small – big
started – reached
beautiful – ugly
happy – sad
thick – thin
give – take
victory – defeat
dark – light
winner – loser
ancient – modern
light – dark
last – first
honour – shame

come – go
below – above
forgive – punish
stupid – wise
honest – dishonest
free – slave
loud – low
soft – hard
alone – together
tiny – big
wide – narrow
gait – small
sharp – blunt

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Formation of Nouns Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 8th Class English Grammar Formation of Nouns

Formation of Nouns from Adjectives

Adjectives – Nouns
Able – ability
Capable – capability
Abandant – abundance
Cheap – cheapness
Accurate – accuracy
Certain – certainly
Active – activity
Chaste – chastity
Adequate – adequacy

Compulsory – compulsion
Brave – bravery
Cowardly – cowardice
Bread – breadth
Curious – curiosity
Brief – brevity
Dear – dearth
Busy – business
Deep – depth
Calm – calmness
Dense – density
Casual – casualty
Equal – equality
False – falsehood
Perfect – perfection
Fast – fastness
Pious – piety
Fertile – fertility
Poor – poverty
Financial – finance
Popular – popularity
Free – freedom
Private – privacy
Frequent – frequency
Proud – pride
Frank – frankness
Proper – propriety
Gay – gaiety
Public – publicity
Generous – generosity
Pure – purity
Grand – grandour
Quick – quickness
Great – greatness
Real – reality
Happy – happiness
Red – redness
Hard – hardship
Rival – rivalry
High – height
Rich – richness
Holy – holiness
Round – roundness
Honest – honesty
Royal – royalty
Hot – heat
Safe – safety
Human – humanity
Scarce – scarcity
Humble – humility
Secret – secrecy
Inferior – inferiorty
Short – shortage
Innocent – innocence
Solid – solidity
Intense – intensity
Solitary – solitude
Just – justice
Special – speciality
Little – littleness
Strong – strength
Local – locality
Splendid – splendour
Long – length
Stupid – stupidity
Mean – meanness
Supreme – supremacy
Merry – merriment
Sweet – sweetness
Moist – moisture
True – truth
Magnificant – magnificent
Uniform – uniformity
Mortal – mortality
Vacant – vacancy
Necessary – necessity
Vain – vanity
New – newness
Weak – weakness
Noble – nobility
Wide – width
One – oneness
Wise – wisdom
Obedient – obedience
Young – youth

Foundation of Nouns from Verbs

Verbs – Nouns
Abound – abundance
Arrive – arrival
Accomplish – accomplishment
Bear – birth
Acknowledge – acknowledgement
Betray – betrayal
Acquaint – acquaintance
Bind – bond
Acquire – acquisition
Bite – bite
Admit – admission
Bless – blessing
Advise – advice
Break – breakage
Amuse – amusement
Amuse – amusement
Approve – approval
Believe – belief
Carry – carriage
Practise – practice
Choose – choice
Pretend – pretence
Consume – consumption
Proceed – procedure
Contain – contents
proceed – process
Decide – decision
Protect – protection
Deny – denial
Prove – proof
Depart – departure
Provide – provision
Dig – ditch
Purify – purification
Do – deed
Pursue – pursuit
Drink – draught
Quote – quotation
Envelop – envelope
Receive – receipt
Exceed – excess
Reduce – reduction

Exist – existence
Relieve – relief
Expect – expectation
Refer – reference
Except – exception
Refine – refinement
Float – fleet
Reveal – revelation
Flow – flood
Refuse – refusal
Fly – flight
Refresh – refreshment
Free – freedom
Reform – reformation
Furnish – furniture
See – sight
Give – gift
Sit – seat
Go – gait
Serve – service
Grieve – grief
Slay – slaughter
Grow – growth
Sow – seed
Elate – hatred
Speak – speech
Heal – health
Steal – stealth
Judge – judgement, justice
Strike – stroke
Succeed – success, succession
Know – knowledge
Laugh – laughter
Secure – security
Learn – learning
Tell – tale
Lend – loan
Trace – track
Live – life
Try – trial
Manage – management
Think – thought
Mean – meaning
Thieve – theft
Marry – marriage
Urge – urgency
Move – motion, movement
Vacate – vacancy, vacation
Obey – obedience
Vary – variety
Object – objection
Weave – web
Occupy – occupation
Write – writ, writing
Offend – offence
Oppose – opposition
Weigh – weight
Perform – performance
Wed – weeding
Please – pleasure
Withdraw – withdrawal

Formation of Abstract Nouns

Words – Abstract Noun
Act – action
Agent – agency
Boy – boyhood
Man – manhood
Bond – bondage
owner – ownership
Beggar – beggary
Patriot – patriotism
Child – childhood
Priest – priesthood
Coward – cowardice
Servant – service
Creature – creation
Speaker – speech
Friend – friendship
Slave – slavery
Hero – herosim
Thief – theft
Infant – infancy
Woman – womanhood
King – kingship
Widow – widowhood
Mother – motherhood
Young – youth

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Adjective and Degree Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 8th Class English Grammar Adjective and Degree

An Adjective is a word which qualifies or adds something to the meaning of a Noun or a Pronoun.

जो शब्द किसी Noun अथवा Pronoun की विशेषता प्रकट करता है उसे Adjective (विशेषण) कहते हैं। Adjective प्रायः Noun के साथ प्रयोग होता है। यह या तो किसी व्यक्ति, पशु अथवा स्थान का वर्णन करता है या किसी संख्या अथवा मात्रा का बोध कराता है; जैसे-

1. Many years ago there was a miser. (संख्या)
2. He never ate good food. (गुण)
3. He spent little money. (मात्रा)

इन वाक्यों में Many, good तथा little शब्द क्रमशः संख्या, गुण एवं मात्रा का बोध कराते हैं। अतः ये शब्द Adjectives हैं।
Adjective मुख्यतः 9 प्रकार के होते हैं-
1. Adjectives of Quality-जो विशेषण किसी व्यक्ति अथवा वस्तु के गुण या प्रकार का बोध कराते हैं, उन्हें Adjectives of Quality (गुणवाचक विशेषण) कहते हैं ; जैसे-good, fresh; bad आदि।

2. Proper Adjectives_Proper Nouns से बनने वाले विशेषण Proper Adjectives (व्यक्तिवाचक विशेषण) कहलाते हैं; जैसे-Indian, Chinese.

3. Adjectives of Quantity-जो विशेषण किसी वस्तु की मात्रा का बोध कराते हैं उन्हें Adjectives of Quantity (परिमाणवाचक विशेषण) कहते हैं। इस प्रकार के Adjective प्रायः कितने (How much) शब्द का उत्तर देते हैं; जैसे-some, no, great.

4. Adjectives of Number-जो विशेषण संख्या अथवा क्रम का बोध कराते हैं, उन्हें Adjectives of Number (संख्यावाचक विशेषण) कहते हैं; जैसे-two, all आदि।

5. Distributive Adjectives-जो विशेषण किसी विशेष वर्ग के व्यक्ति अथवा वस्तु को अलग-अलग प्रकट करें, उन्हें Distributive Adjectives (विभाजन विशेषण) कहते हैं; जैसे-each, either, every आदि।

6. Demonstrative Adjectives-जो विशेषण सम्बन्धित व्यक्ति अथवा वस्तु की ओर संकेत करते हैं, उन्हें Demonstrative Adjectives (संकेतवाचक विशेषण) कहते हैं; जैसे-this, that आदि।

7. Interrogative Adjectives -जो विशेषण प्रश्न पूछने के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता है, उसे Interrogative Adjective (प्रश्नवाचक विशेषण) कहते हैं; जैसे-which, what, whose आदि।

8. Possessive Adjectives- किसी वस्तु या व्यक्ति पर अधिकार व्यक्त करने वाले विशेषण को Possessive Adjectives (सम्बन्धवाचक विशेषण) कहा जाता है; जैसे, My book, Your brother, आदि।

9. Emphasizing Adjectives- जो शब्द Possessive Adjectives पर बल देने के लिए प्रयोग किए जाते __ . हैं, वे Emphasizing Adjectives (निजवाचक विशेषण) कहलाते हैं। इसके लिए प्रायः own शब्द प्रयोग किया जाता है; जैसे,
I became my own servant.

A- Degrees of Adjectives

There are three degrees of comparison:

1. Positive Degree.
2. Comparative Degree.
3. Superlative Degree.

B-Degrees के प्रयोग के नियम

1. Adjective (विशेषण) की पहली Degree (Positive) का प्रयोग उस समय होता है जब कोई तुलना न करनी हो या तुलना की दोनों वस्तुएं (Noun या Pronoun) एक जैसी हों। इसमें as’ का प्रयोग होता है, जैसे-

• Ram is a good boy.
• He is as strong as I.
• This book is as good as Ram’s.

2. दूसरी Degree (Comparative) का प्रयोग उस समय होता है जब दो वस्तुओं या दो व्यक्तियों की तुलना करनी हो। इसमें than’ का प्रयोग होता है; जैसे-

• He is more intelligent than his brother.
• Ram is more intelligent of the two brothers.
• This is better of the two pens.

3. तीसरी Degree (Superlative) का प्रयोग उस समय होता है जब कोई व्यक्ति या वस्तु अन्य सभी व्यक्तियों या वस्तुओं की तुलना में अच्छी हो। इसका प्रयोग एक वस्तु की दो से अधिक वस्तुओं के साथ तुलना करने में होता है; जैसे,-

• She is the most beautiful of all the sisters.
• Ram is the eldest of the four brothers.

C–Use of Some Adjectives

(Note : Adjectives are given in italics.)
1. Your elder brother will captain our team.
2. Our school is older than yours.
3. He is older than I.
4. Who is the eldest member in the family ?
5. It is the oldest temple of the area.
6. My bat is superior to yours.
7. This wood is inferior to that.
8. Is John junior to Gopal ?
9. Ishwar is senior to me.
10. There is little milk in the jug.
11. I have a little money in my pocket.
12. The little money I saved is spent.
13. He makes few mistakes.
14. He makes a few mistakes.
15. The few boys who were present in the morning have run away.
16. He has some books on American literature.
17. I have some friends here in this town.
18. Do you have any books on grammar ?
19. Have you any money?
20. I have not received any help from him.
21. I reached the school later than Shyam.
22. What is the latest score ?
23. The latest issue of this magazine is awaited.
24. Mohan narrated two tales but I found the latter more interesting.
25. The last train leaves at 11-50 at night.
26. The last batsman played extremely well.
27. We have much amount to spend on clothing.
28. Many students in our class have won prizes.

Exercises (Solved)

I. Write out the story, putting one of the adjectives from the list in each blank:
Long delightful high sour ripe warm hungry

It was a ………….. day. A fox had just entered a garden. Among the many……….. things in the garden was a vine laden with bunches of grapes. One of them was a ……..3…….. bunch which hung invitingly over the fox’s head. The very sight of it made the fox feel ……..4……… He leapt up at the grapes several times. But they were too ……..5……. for him to reach. After a ……..6…… time he decided to give up trying. He went away declaring that the grapes were ……..7…….. This is the origin of the expression ‘sour grapes’.
Hints:
1. warm
2. delightful
3. ripe
4. hungry
5. high
6. long
7. sour.

II. Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the adjectives given in the brackets:

1. The Taj is ……………… than any other building. (beautiful)
2. This is the ……………… book I have ever read. (good)
3. The climate of Shimla is ………………. than that of Delhi. (good)
4. Mohan is the …………….. boy in his class. (tall)
5. Hardwar is one of the ……………… places for the Hindus. (holy)
6. Ram is …………… than his sister. (intelligent)
7. Mumbai is ……………… than any other city in Maharashtra. (large)
8. This dress is ………………. than that. (costly)
9. Radha has …………….. sense than her sister. (much)
10. My table is the ……………… of all. (big)
Hints:
1. more beautiful
2. best
3. better
4. tallest
5. holiest
6. more intelligent
7. larger
8. costlier
9. more
10. biggest.

III. Put the correct word in the blank spaces:

(a) 1. He came …………….. than Sham. (later, latter)
2. The ……………… train leaves the station at 11 p.m. (last, later)
3. What is the …………….. news ? (latest, last)
4. I met Shila and Rita yesterday. The former promised to come to the party but the ………………… gave a flat refusal. (later, latter)
5. Ram is ………………… than Hari. (elder, older)
6. He is the ……………. member of the family. (eldest, oldest)
7. The ……………… brother controls the entire business. (older, elder)
8. Delhi is ………………… from Ludhiana than Ambala. (further, farther)
9. You are not going to get any ……………… help from us. (further, farther)
10. History is ……………….. difficult than Mathematics. (less, fewer)
11. ……………… boys attended the meeting this time. (less, fewer)
12. These chairs cost sixty rupees ……….. (every, each)
13. ……………….. man loves him. (every, each)
14. His days are numbered; he has ……………… hope to survive. (little, a little)
15. …………….. effort on your part will help me a lot. (little, a little)
Hints :
1. later
2. last
3. latest
4. latter
5. older
6. eldest
7. elder
8. farther
9. further
10. less
11. Fewer
12. each
13. Every
14. little
15. a little.

IV. Correct the following sentences:

1. The poors always deserve mercy.
2. The three friends helped each other.
3. Shakespeare is greater than any dramatist.
4. There were no less than fifty persons present.
5. Every of the two friends is ill.
6. Iron is more useful than any metal.
7. My hat is more superior than yours.
8. The three brothers understand each other well.
9. He is a best boy in the class.
10. The higher you go the coolest it is.
Hints:
1. The poor always deserve mercy.
2. The three friends helped one another.
3. Shakespeare is greater than any other dramatist.
4. There were no fewer than fifty persons present.
5. Each of the two friends is ill.
6. Iron is more useful than any. other metal.
7. My hat is superior to yours.
8. The three brothers understand one another well.
9. He is the best boy in the class.
10. The higher you go, the cooler it is.

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar The Verb Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 8th Class English Grammar The Verb

A word that describes action or state of a person, place, thing, or an event is called verb.
वह शब्द जो शब्द किसी व्यक्ति, स्थान, वस्तु अथवा घटना की क्रिया अथवा स्थिति के बारे में कुछ बतलाए उसे Verb (क्रिया) कहते हैं।

Verbs मुख्यतः तीन प्रकार के होते हैं:

1. Transitive
   Ram took tea.
2. Intransitive
   Mohan laughs.
3. Auxiliary

Primary Auxiliaries

Be
1. Be का प्रयोग Continuous Tense बनाने के लिए किया जाता है:-
He is playing. I was playing.

2. Passive Voice बनाने के लिए
The horse was sold.

3. Infinitive सहित be का प्रयोग किसी आयोजन, प्रबन्ध अथवा समझौते के लिए किया जाता है, जैसे-
I am to go to Delhi tomorrow.

4. आदेश के लिए
You are to see me in the evening.

5. Be का प्रयोग भूतकाल में Perfect Infinitive के रूप में भी किया जाता है। इस प्रयोग में किसी ऐसी व्यवस्था का प्रदर्शन किया जाता है जिसको व्यवहार में नहीं लाया जा सका।
He was to have finished his work last evening but had to leave it on the arrival of the guests.

Have
1. Have का प्रयोग Perfect Tenses के लिए किया जाता है।
He has done his.work.
They have been doing their work.

Do
1. Do का प्रयोग Simple Present तथा Simple Past के नकारात्मक तथा प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य बनाने के लिए किया जाता है।
I do not play.
Do I play?
He does not play.
Does he play?
He did not come.
Did he come?

2. Do का प्रयोग किसी शब्द की दोहराई को रोकने के लिए किया जाता है।
Does she come daily? Yes, she does.
यहां does का अर्थ come शब्द का बोध कराता है अर्थात् Yes, she does. का अर्थ है-हां, वह आती है।

3. Do का प्रयोग किसी बात पर जोर देने के लिए भी किया जाता है।
Please do come.
You do look handsome.

Modal Auxiliaries

1. May and Might

May का प्रयोग होता है-
(a) अनुमति (Permission) देने या लेने के लिए; जैसे,
May I go now?
You may go now.
He may go now.

(b) सम्भावना (Probability) (ऐसी सम्भावना के लिए जिसमें कुछ घटित हो भी सकता है या नहीं भी हो सकता); जैसे,
It may rain today.
It may not rain today.

(c) इच्छा (Wish) को व्यक्त करने के लिए; जैसे,
May you succeed!

(d) May के Past Tense (भूतकाल) के रूप में
He said he might come the next day. (Probability)
He asked if he might borrow my bicycle. (Permission)

(e) अनुमति के लिए (यदि अनुमति वर्तमान में मांगी जा रही हो और इसके मिलने की सम्भावना बहुत ही कमहो); जैसे,
Might I ask a question ?

(f) सम्भावना के लिए (यदि सम्भावना वर्तमान में की जा रही हो और सम्भावना नाममात्र हो); जैसे,
It might not rain tonight.

2. Can and Could

Can का प्रयोग होता है-
(a) अनुमति के लिए (यदि यह अनुमति साधारण बातचीत के दौरान मांगी जाए उस समय can प्राय: may का स्थान लेता है); जैसे,
Can I smoke here?
Yes, you can.
Or
No, you can’t. (यदि अनुमति न देनी हो या यदि ऐसा करने की अनुमति न हो)
(b) सम्भावना के लिए
Pets can be troublesome.
Electricity can be dangerous.

(c) क्षमता या योग्यता के लिए
Can you see the bird in the tree?
I can do this for you.

Could का प्रयोग किया जाता है:
(a) Can के भूतकाल (Past Tense) के रूप में:
He could drive a car at the age of ten.
अतीत में अस्थायी अथवा निजी सफलता के लिए हम could के स्थान पर was or was not able का प्रयोग करते हैं:
He was able to climb the hill without any difficulty.
परन्तु हम could या couldnt का प्रयोग करते हैं:
He couldn’t make much progress in his studies while at school.

(b) विनयपूर्वक प्रार्थना के लिए (यदि यह प्रार्थना वर्तमान में प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य के रूप में की गई हो); जैसे,-
Could I ask you a question ?
Note- भूतकाल की सम्भावना (जो पूर्ण न हुई हो) प्रकट करने के लिए Could का भूतकाल अर्थात् Could have का प्रयोग होता है; जैसे,
You could have caught the train, if you hurried.”

3. Would

Would का प्रयोग होता है-
(a) Will तथा Shall के भूतकाल (Past Tense) के रूप में; जैसे,
He said he would be moving into his new house next month.
(He said, “I shall be moving……….”)

(b) विनयपूर्वक प्रार्थना (a polite request) के लिए; जैसे,
Would you please close the door?

(c) किसी की इच्छा जानने के लिए (an enquiry about someone’s wish; जैसे,-
Would you like to have a cup of tea ?

(d) ऐसी घटनाएं (Happenings) या कार्य (Actions) जो भूतकाल में बार-बार या कभी-कभी घटित होती या होते थे, जैसे-
Sometimes he would come home drunk and shout at his children.
Note-भूतकाल में सम्भावना व्यक्त करने के लिए would का past tense, would have का प्रयोग किया जाता है; जैसे-,
Had he run fast, he would have caught the train.

4. Should

Should का प्रयोग होता है-
(a) कर्त्तव्य (Duty) अथवा नैतिक उत्तरदायित्व (Moral obligation) प्रकट करने के लिए; जैसे-
We should stand united.

(b) परामर्श (Advice) अथवा निर्देश (Instructions) अथवा दृष्टिकोण (Opinion) व्यक्त करने के लिए; जैसे-
You should see a doctor at once.

5. Must

Must का प्रयोग होता है-
(a) आवश्यकता (Necessity) प्रकट करने के लिए; जैसे,
You must save money for old age.

(b) उत्तरदायित्व (Obligation) प्रकट करने के लिए; जैसे,
You must pay your fees before Tuesday.

(c) तर्कसंगत निष्कर्ष अथवा निश्चितता प्रकट करने के लिए; जैसे,
The fan in the headmaster’s room is on. He must be in.
Note:
1. निषेधवाचक वाक्यों के लिए must not का प्रयोग करना चाहिए; जैसे,
You must not come here again.
2. भूतकाल में निश्चितता अथवा निष्कर्ष प्रकट करने के लिए must का स्थान must have ले लेता है; जैसे,
Mohan must have passed. He had been working quite hard.
3. भूतकाल में आवश्यकता व्यक्त करने के लिए must का Past Tense, had to का प्रयोग करना पड़ता है; जैसे,
The candidates had to appear for an interview after the written test.

6. Need

Need का प्रयोग दो प्रकार का होता है-
(i) नियमित verb के रूप में
We need a lot of money for the wedding.

(ii) Modal के रूप में (ऐसा केवल प्रश्नवाचक तथा नकारात्मक वाक्यों में होता है); जैसे,
Need I come again?
No, you needn’t.
Note- भूतकाल में Need का स्थान need का Past Tense, need have ले लेता है; जैसे,
Need he have taken all that trouble ?

7. Ought

Ought का प्रयोग प्रायः Should जैसी भावना व्यक्त करने के लिए होता है:
(a) परामर्श अथवा सिफारिश व्यक्त करने के लिए-जैसे,
You ought to read this book. It is very exciting.

(b) नैतिक अथवा सामाजिक कर्तव्य के लिए-जैसे,
People ought not to take or offer bribes.

(c) निष्कर्ष के लिए-जैसे,
The train ought to be at the platform. Passengers are coming out of the station with their luggage.

Note-
1. Ought का Past Tense, Ought to have होता है; जैसे- The driver ought to have been more careful. (This has the meaning that the driver
was not careful.)
2. Indirect Speech में Past Tense की क्रिया के बाद ought में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं किया जाता; जैसे, The captain of the school team stated that they ought to win the trophy.

8. Shall.

Shall का प्रयोग (प्रथम पुरुष-I Person) के साथ होता है:

1. भविष्य के लिए-I shall go to Delhi tomorrow.
2. प्रार्थना के लिए-Shall we use this pen?
3. इच्छा जानने के लिए-Shall I accompany you to your house?
4. इच्छा व्यक्त करने के लिए-I shall gladly do it.
5. चेतावनी या धमकी देने के लिए-You shall be fined for coming late. (इस अर्थ में shall का प्रयोग II या III person के साथ किया जाता है।)
6. आदेश देने के लिए-You shall not come here again.
7. वचन के लिए-He shall be rewarded for his good work. (इस अर्थ में भी shall का प्रयोग II या III person में होता है।)

9. Will

Will का प्रयोग (II या III Person के साथ) होता है-

1. भविष्य के लिए-You will get good marks.
2. प्रार्थना के लिए-Will you help me?
3. निमन्त्रण के लिए-Will you dine with us tonight?
4. आदेश के लिए- “You will reach here at 8,” said the Principal.
5. आदत के लिए-A dog will always remain faithful to his master.
6. भविष्यवाणी के लिए- You will fail if you do not work hard.

(I Person के साथ Will का प्रयोग)

1. वाचन देने के लिए-I will see you tomorrow without fail.
2. संकस्थ के लिए- I will not bow before them.
3. इरादा व्यक्त करने के लिए- From here we will go to the circus ground direct.

Forms of the Verb

Verb के निम्नलिखित चार रूप होते हैं:

1. Present form (First form)
2. Past form (Second form)
3. Past Participle form (Third form)
4. Present Participle form (ing form)
   आगे कुछ महत्त्वपूर्ण verbs की First, Second एवं Third forms दी गई हैं। इन्हें ध्यान से पढ़ें एवं AIG off :

Orms (Conjugation of the Verb

Agreement of The Verb With The Subject

अंग्रेजी भाषा को शुद्ध लिखने के लिए वाक्य में Subject (कर्ता) का Verb (क्रिया) के साथ ठीक ताल-मेल होना अनिवार्य है। कहने का अभिप्राय यह है कि Verb वाक्य के Subject के वचन (Number) तथा पुरुष (Person) के अनुसार होना चाहिए; जैसे,
Ram goes.
Ram and Sham go.
They go.
She goes.
The boys are going
A boy is going.
They were going.
He/She was going.
Subject तथा Verb के उपयुक्त तालमेल के लिए अग्रलिखित नियमों का अध्ययन करें:

(1) यदि दो या दो से अधिक एकवचन Subjects को and से जोड़ा जाए तो प्रायः उनके साथ बहुवचन Verb का प्रयोग होता है; जैसे,
Mohan and Ram are friends.
Mohan, Sham and Ram play together.
He and his brother have done the work.
Sham and Gopal were there in the meeting.
He and his friend do not work together.

(2) यदि दो एकवचन संज्ञाएं (Nouns) किसी एक व्यक्ति या किसी एक चीज़ का बोध कराती हों तो ऐसी एकवचन संज्ञाओं (Nouns) के साथ एकवचन Verb का प्रयोग होता है; जैसे,-
My brother and helper has arrived.
The leader and speaker is sitting on the stage.
A great Gandhian and leader is dead.

नोट-
(i) यदि एक ही व्यक्ति का बोध कराना हो तो Article का प्रयोग दोनों संज्ञाओं अथवा विशेषणों में से पहली संज्ञा या विशेषण के साथ ही किया जाता है। ऊपर के वाक्य (2) में केवल leader से पहले
The और वाक्य (3) में Gandhian से पहले A का प्रयोग किया गया है।

(ii) यदि वाक्य दो संज्ञाओं से दो अलग व्यक्तियों का बोध कराता हो तो दोनों संज्ञाओं के साथ उचित Article का प्रयोग किया जाता है। ऐसे वाक्य में बहुवचन क्रिया का प्रयोग होता है।
The leader and the speaker are sitting on the stage.

(3) यदि दो Subjects मिलकर किसी एक ही विचार (one idea) को व्यक्त करते हों तो एकवचन क्रिया (Verb in Singular) का प्रयोग होता है; जैसे,-
Fish and meat is the food of the Bengalis.
Slow and steady wins the race.
Twenty kilometres is not a long distance.
The horse and the carriage has arrived.
Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.

(4) यदि एकवचन कर्ता (Subject) से पूर्व each अथवा every का प्रयोग किया जाए तो एकवचन क्रिया (Verb in Singular) का प्रयोग होता है; जैसे,-
Every boy and girl was well dressed.
Every man, woman and child was present.
Each day and each hour takes its account.

(5) यदि दो या दो से अधिक एकवचन Subjects को or, nor, either…….. or, neither………..nor से जोड़ा जाए तो एकवचन क्रिया का प्रयोग होता है; जैसे,
Work or play has no difference for me.
Either Mohan or Sohan has broken the slate.
Neither he nor I was present.
Neither food nor water was available there.

(6) जब or तथा nor से जोड़े गए Subjects का वचन भिन्न-भिन्न हो तो बहुवचन क्रिया का प्रयोग किया जाता है तथा बहुवचन Subject को क्रिया के साथ रखा जाता है; जैसे,
Sham or his brothers have broken the slate.
Neither the monitor nor the students were present.
Neither the speaker nor the listeners were serious.
Either the man or his sons have gone wrong.

(7) जब विभिन्न कर्ता (Subjects) or अथवा nor से जुड़े हुए हों, तो क्रिया (Verb) अपने निकटतम् Subject के Person (पुरुष) से मेल खाती है; जैसे,
Either he or I have to go to Delhi.
Neither you nor he is to blame.
Either your father or you are paying for it.

(8) जब Subjects के वचन अथवा पुरुष (Person) में अन्तर हो और वे and से जुड़े हों तो क्रिया (Verb) बहुवचन में प्रयोग होती है; जैसे,
He and I are good friends.
My father and I have jointly done this.
You and he are always together.
You and I are always in time.

(9) समूहवाचक संज्ञा (Collective Noun) के साथ पूरे समूह का भाव व्यक्त करने के लिए एकवचन क्रिया (Verb in Singular) का प्रयोग होता है। परन्तु यदि समूह के व्यक्तियों (individuals) का बोध कराना हो तो बहुवचन क्रिया (Verb in Plural) का प्रयोग होता है; जैसे,
The Committee has chosen its Chairman.
The fleet has set sail.
The Council is one in its opinion for the choice of Chairman.
The Council (councillors) are not one in their opinion for the choice of Chairman.
There is a large number of boys in the class.
A number of players were playing foul.
The police were called out.

(10) कुछ संज्ञाएं देखने में बहुवचन लगती हैं, परन्तु वे अर्थ की दृष्टि से एकवचन होती हैं। ऐसी संज्ञाओं के साथ एकवचन क्रिया (Verb) लगती है; जैसे,
The news is good.
Physics is an easy subject.
The wages of sin is death.
Politics is a dirty game.

(11) कुछ संज्ञाएं देखने में एकवचन लगती हैं परन्तु अर्थ में बहुवचन होती हैं। ऐसी संज्ञाओं के साथ बहुवचन क्रिया (Verb in Plural) का प्रयोग होता है; जैसे,
The gentry were invited to the party.
These poultry are mine.
The cattle are grazing in the field.
People are shouting for nothing.

(12) क्रिया का मेल हमेशा वास्तविक Subject के साथ ही कराना चाहिये। यह जरूरी नहीं है कि क्रिया का निकटतम Subject ही वास्तविक हो। इसलिए वास्तविक Subject को ध्यान में रखना आवश्यक है; जैसे,
Each of the players was rewarded.
Neither of the women was tall.
Each one of plots is for sale.
The quality of these machines is good.
One of the boys was my friend.

(13) यदि Subject में दो Nouns या Pronouns ‘with’ या ‘as well as’ के साथ जुड़े हों, तो क्रिया उनमें से चहले Noun या Pronoun से मेल खती हहै; जैसे
Ram, with all the members of his family, was present.
He, as well as his friends, is present.
Mohan, and not his friend, has done this.
I, as well as he, have worked hard.

(14) जब किसी क्रिया का Subject कोई Relative Pronoun हो, तो क्रिया Relative Pronoun से ठीक पहले वाले Subject के अनुसार लगती है; जैसे
I, who am your guide, shall stand by you.
You, who are my guide, are expected to stand by me.
He is among the persons who are against me.

Exercises (Solved)

I. Say whether the Verbs in the following sentences are Transitive or Intransitive. If the Verb is Transitive name the Object.
(T = Transitive, I = Intransitive, O = Object)

1. He killed a snake.
2. The fire burns brightly.
3. Birds fly in the air.
4. I drink tea five times a day.
5. A blind man cannot see.
6. He came here last night.
7. She has lost her books.
8. He walked twenty miles.
9. A woman came to buy tea.
10. You should teach him a lesson.
Hints :
1. T, O = a snake
2. In.
3. In.
4. T, O = tea
5. In.
6. In.
7. T, O = her books
8. In.
9. T, O = tea.
10. T,O = him, a lesson.

II. Pick out the Auxiliary Verbs in the following sentences:

1. I am writing a novel.
2. He has done wrong.
3. He did not come in time.
4. He is treated badly.
5. I had heard of this before.
6. I shall leave for Mumbai tomorrow.
7. The boy said that he might have done so.
8. He must have gone home.
9. Did he ask you to write to him ?
10. I can fly an aeroplane.
Hints:
1. am
2. has
3. did
4. is
5. had
6. shall
7. might have
8. must have
9. Did
10. can.

III. Put the correct Verb in the blanks:

(a) 1. The tallest of these boys ……….. next door to me. (live, lives)
2. All the players in my team ……….. done well. (has, have)
3. The cost of all types of pens ………… gone up. (has, have)
4. The toys that were bought by my son ………… really useful. (are, is)
5. He ……….. regularly. (work, works)
Hints:
1. lives
2. have
3. has
4. are
5. works.

(b) 1. Slow and steady ………. the race. (win, wins)
2. Bread and butter ………. what they want. (is, are)
3. Time and tide ………… for none. (wait, waits)
4. Oil and water ……….. mix. (does not, do not)
5. Tobacco and alcohol ………. injurious to health. (is, are)
Hints:
1. wins
2. is
3. wait
4. do not
5. are.

(c) 1. Neither the captain nor the soldiers ………. been arrested. (has, have)
2. Neither he nor his servants ………… honest. (was, were)
3. Either Rajinder or his parents ……….. responsible for this. (was, were)
4. Neither the Principal nor the lecturers ………………. present at the meeting. (was, were)
5. He or his friends ……….. to blame. (was, were)
Hints:
1. have
2. were
3. were
4. were
5. were.

(e) 1. You, as well as he ……….. innocent. (is, are)
2. Not only the workman but the supervisor also …………………. been dismissed. (has, have)
3. He, as well as you, ………… innocent. (is, are)
4. The workmen, with their leader, ………… been arrested. (have, has)
5. The gallery, with its beautiful pictures, ………… a great attraction. (is, are)
Hints:
1. are
2. have
3. is
4. have
5. is.

(g) 1. None but the brave ………… the fair. (deserve, deserves)
2. Each day and each hour ………… its own importance. (has, have)
3. None of the ships ………… rescued from the storm. (was, were)
4. One of my friends ……….. the owner of this factory. (is, are)
5. Either of these two proposals ……….. acceptable to me. (is, are)
Hints:
1. deserve
2. has
3. was
4. is
5. is.

(h) 1. The United States ……….. a prosperous country. (is, are)
2. The news of the flood ……….. caused great anxiety. (has, have)
3. The Arabian Nights ………. interesting stories. (contain, contains)
4. Good crockery ………. expensive. (is, are)
5. The West Indies ………. a land of great cricketers. (is, are)

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions English Vocabulary Prefixes and Suffixes Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 8th Class English Vocabulary Prefixes and Suffixes

A- Prefixes

Word / Example:
in + active = inactive
in + accurate = inaccurate
in + capable = incapable
in + complete = incomplete
in + correct = incorrect
in + credible = incredible
in + curable = incurable
in + definite = indefinite
in + dependent = independent
in + direct = indirect

in + efficient = inefficient
in + finite = infinite
in + firm = infirm
in + flexible = inflexible
in.+ formal = informal
in + gratitude = ingratitude
in + hospitable = inhospitable
in + human = inhuman
in + secure = insecure
in + significance = insignificance
in + sincerity = insincerity
in + sufficient = insufficient
in + tangible = intangible
in + temperate = intemperate
in + tolerable = intolerable
in + visible = invisible
im + mature = immature
im + mobile = immobile
im + mobilize = inmodilize
im + moderate = immoderate
im + polite = impolite
im + possible = impossible
im + proper = improper
dis + advantage = inadvantage
dis + agree = disagree
dis + appear = disappear
dis + arm = disarm
dis + honour = dishonour
dis + inherit = disinherit
dis + loyal = irloyal
dis + obedient = ofirobedient
dis + orderly = orderly
dis + place = displace
dis + please = displease.
un + able = unable
un + accustomed = unaccustomed
un + affected = unaffected
un + armed = unarmed
un + avoidable = unavoidable
un + certain = uncertain
un + chartered = unchartered
un + common = uncommon
ir + reparable = irreparable
ir + resolute = irresolute
ir + responsible = irresponsible
ir + resistible = irresistible
ir + reverent = – irreverent
ir + revocable = irrevocable
non + aggression = nonaggression
non + aligned = nonaligned
non + cooperate = noncooperate
non + conformist = nonconformist
non + contentious = noncontentious
non + payment = nonpayment
non + poisonous = nonpoisonous
non + political = nonpolitical
non + resident = nonresident
non + religious = nowreligious
non + sense = nonsense
non + smoker = nonsmoker
non + taxable = nontaxable
non + vegetarian = nonvegetarian
non + violence = nonviolence
de + centralize = decentralize
de + increase = decrease
de + inflate = deflate
de + ascend = descend
il + legal = illegal
il + legible = illegible
il + literate = illiterate
il + literacy = illiteracy

B- suffixes

Word:
-able
Examples:
favour + able = favourable
objection + able = objectionable
reason + able = reasonable
remark + able = remarkable
value + able = valueable
prefer + able = preferable
knowledge + able = knowledgeable
notice + able = noticeable
like + able = likeable.

Word:
-ance
Examples:
accept + ance = acceptance
allow + ance = allowance
defy + ance = defiance
guide + ance = guidance
import + ance = importance
resist + ance = resistance
appear + ance = appearance
accept + ance = acceptance
perform + ance = performance.

Word:
-ment
Examples:
fulfill + ment = fulfillment
agree + ment = agreement
attach + ment = attachment
fulfil + ment = fulfilment
pay + ment = payment
refresh + ment = refreshment
settle + ment = settlement
advertise + ment = advertisement
entertain + ment = entertainment
misplace + ment = misplacement
replace + ment = replacement
refresh + ment = refreshment
pay + ment = payment

Word:
-fill
Examples:
law + ful = lawful
beauty + fill = beautiful
care + ful = careful
grace + fill = graceful
hope + fid = hopeful
use + ful = useful
success + fill = successful
power + fill = powerful
doubt + ful = doubtful
pain + fill = painful.

Word:
-er
Examples:
begin + er = beginner
build + er = builder
invade + er = invadeer
make + er = maker
command + er = commander
fast + er = faster
air + er = airer
act + er = acter
bike + er = biker
able + er = abler
old + er = older.

Word:
-less
Examples:
art + less = artless
hope + less = hopeless
noise + less = noiseless
taste + less = tasteless
weight + less = weightless
help + less = helpless
wire + less = wireless
need + less = needless
home + less = homeless
number + less = numberless
mother + less = motherless
driver + less = driverless
system + less = systemless
power + less = powerless
thank + less = thankless
pain + less = painless
fear + less = fearless.

Word:
-y
Examples:
cloud + y = cloudy
fault + y = faulty
sand + y = sandy
sleep + y = sleepy
rain + y = rainy
cream + y = creamy
noise + y = noisy.
bush + y = bushy
juice + y = juicy
snow + y = snowy
rock + y = rocky.

Word:
-en
Examples:
gold + en = golden
silk + en = silken
light + en = lighten
soft + en = soften
bright + en = brighten
straight + en = straighten
earth + en = earthen
wood + en = wooden
wool + en = woolen
dark + en = darken
sharp + en = sharpen

Word:
-ous
Examples:
grace + ous = grancious
nerve + ous = nervous
courage + ous = courageous
mystery + ous = mysterious
danger + ous = dangerous
teacher + ous = teacherous
continue + ous = continuous
luxury + ous = luxurious
glory + ous = glorious