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Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 5 पेड़ Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Hindi Chapter 5 पेड़

Hindi Guide for Class 8 PSEB पेड़ Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) भाषा – बोध

I. शब्दार्थ:

स्वच्छ = साफ़।
विश्रामस्थल = आराम का स्थान
कोटर = वृक्षों की खोह, गह्वर।
नीड़ = घोंसला।
बरगद = बोहड़, वटवृक्ष।
वन-सम्पदा = वनों की दौलत।
लोलुप = लालची।
विभूतियाँ = सम्पत्तियाँ।
आशीष = आशीर्वाद।
पथिकों = मुसाफिरों।
पर्यावरण = वातावरण।
चिकित्सक = वैद्य, डॉक्टर।
भक्षक = खाने वाला।

(ख) विषय – बोध

I. इन प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो वाक्यों में लिखें.

प्रश्न (क)
धूल और धुएँ से दूषित वातावरण में पैदा होने वाले रोगों की कौनसी सर्वोत्तम दवा है ?
उत्तर:
दूषित वातावरण में, खाँसी, श्वास-रोग, हृदय रोग, कैंसर आदि घातक रोग पनपते हैं। इनसे बचने की एकमात्र दवा शुद्ध वायु है। यह केवल पेड़ों से ही उपलब्ध हो सकती है।

प्रश्न (ख)
पेड़ किस तरह अपनी ममता बरसाते हैं ?
उत्तर:
पेड़ मनुष्य को फल-फूल देकर अपनी ममता बरसाते रहते हैं।

प्रश्न (ग)
शरारती बच्चे पेड़ों से किस तरह फल प्राप्त करते हैं ?
उत्तर:
शरारती बच्चे उन पर पत्थर फेंक कर फल प्राप्त करते हैं।

प्रश्न (घ)
पक्षी और जीव-जन्तु पेड़ पर कहाँ-कहाँ घर बनाकर रहते हैं ?
उत्तर:
पक्षी पेड़ पर घोंसले बना कर रहते हैं। अन्य जीव-जन्तु पेड़ों की खोखल (खोह) में अपना आवास बनाते हैं।

प्रश्न (ङ)
नीम के पेड़ को बड़ा चिकित्सक क्यों कहा गया है ?
उत्तर:
नीम के सभी अंग अर्थात् जड़, छाल, पत्ते, फल-फूल किसी-न-किसी रोग का इलाज उपलब्ध कराते हैं। मधुमेह के रोगियों के लिए नीम वरदान है। इसके पत्ते, फलफूल रक्त-शोधक हैं। इसी कारण नीम को बड़ा चिकित्सक कहा गया है।

प्रश्न (च)
पेड़ों को सोने के अण्डे देने वाली मुर्गी क्यों कहा गया है ?
उत्तर:
पेड़ मानव-जाति के लिए हर प्रकार से उपयोगी हैं। मनुष्य को फल-फूल, जड़ी-बूटियाँ, लकड़ी पेड़ों से ही प्राप्त होती है। इसी कारण इन्हें सोने का अंडा देने वाली मुर्गी कहा गया है।

प्रश्न (छ)
पाँच फल देने वाले पेड़ों के नाम लिखें।
उत्तर:
(1) आम
(2) जामुन
(3) अनार
(4) सेब
(5) खजूर।

II. इन प्रश्नों के उत्तर चार-पाँच वाक्यों में लिखें

प्रश्न (अ)
प्रस्तुत कविता ‘पेड़’ का सारांश अपने शब्दों में लिखें।
उत्तर:
‘पेड़’ कविता का सारांश पहले दिया जा चुका है।

प्रश्न (आ)
पेड़ों को उगाना और उनकी रक्षा करना मनुष्य के लिए क्यों आवश्यक
उत्तर:
मानव-सभ्यता का विकास करने में पेड़ों का योगदान सभी को ज्ञात है। हम अपने जीवन बिताने के लिए जो कुछ खाते हैं, वह पेड़-पौधों की ही देन है। सभी प्रकार के फल जैसे-आम, सेब, अंगूर, आदि मधुर फल हमें पेड़ों से ही प्राप्त होते हैं। सभी प्रकार की सब्जियाँ और दालें भी पौधों से ही प्राप्त होती हैं। हमारे घरों में जितना भी फर्नीचर है, दरवाजे और खिड़कियाँ हैं, उनकी लकड़ी हमें पेड़ों से ही प्राप्त होती है। हमारे आवागमन को सुविधापूर्ण बनाने में पेड़ों की महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका है। रेलगाड़ियों के डिब्बे और पटड़ियों के आधार पेड़ों से प्राप्त लकड़ी से ही तैयार होते हैं। पेड़ों की लकड़ी ईंधन के रूप में भी प्रयुक्त होती है। इन्हीं कारणों से मनुष्य को पेड़ लगाने चाहिए। पेड़ वातावरण को भी स्वच्छ रखते हैं अतः मनुष्य के लिए पेड़ लगाना आवश्यक है।

(ग) व्यावहारिक व्याकरण

I. इन काव्य-पंक्तियों में से क्रिया-शब्द छाँटिए

हरियाली-आशीष बाँटते,
भरते जीवन की झोली।
वर्षा लाते अन्न उगाते,
बरसाते ममता भोली।
उत्तर:
बाँटते, भरते, लाते उगाते, बरसाते क्रिया-शब्द हैं।

II. इन शब्दों के समानार्थक शब्द देंपेड़, मानव, हवा, फूल, नज़र, पक्षी, हाथ, नीड़।

उत्तर:
पेड़ = वृक्ष, तरु। मानव = मनुष्य, इन्सान, नर। हवा = वायु, अनिल। फूल = कुसुम, पुष्प। नज़र = दृष्टि, निगाह। पक्षी = खग, विहग। नीड़ = घोंसला, घरोंदा। हाथ = हस्त, कर।

III. विपरीतार्थक शब्द लिखेंरक्षक, प्राणी, रोग, लाभ, धूप, ताज़ा, दुःख, स्वागत।

रक्षक – …………….
प्राणी – …………….
रोग – …………….
लाभ – …………….
धूप – …………….
ताज़ा – …………….
दुःख – …………….
स्वागत – …………….
उत्तर:
रक्षक – भक्षक।
प्राणी – अप्राणी (जड़)।
रोग – नीरोग।
लाभ – हानि।
धूप – छाया।
ताज़ा – बासी।
दुःख – सुख।
स्वागत – तिरस्कार।

IV. शुद्ध करके लिखें

अशुद्ध – शुद्ध रूप
विशराम – …………….
चीकित्सक – …………….
कुलहाड़ा – …………….
विभूती – …………….
लोलूप – …………….
सम्पधा – …………….
भाशा – …………….
उत्तर:
अशुद्ध – शुद्ध रूप
विशराम – विश्राम
चीकित्सक – चिकित्सक
कुलहाड़ा – कुल्हाड़ा.
विभूती – विभूति
लोलूप – लोलुप।
सम्पधा – संपदा
भाशा – भाषा।

V. निम्नलिखित समासों का विग्रह. करें तथा समास का नाम बतायें :

विश्राम स्थल = …………….
जीव-जन्तु = …………….
वन सम्पदा = …………….
पीपल-बरगद = …………….
उत्तर:
विश्राम स्थल = विश्राम के लिए स्थल – संप्रदान तत्पुरुष समास

जीव-जन्तु = जीव और जन्तु – द्वंद्व समास
वन-सम्पदा = वन की सम्पदा – संबंध तत्पुरुष समास
पीपल-बरगद = पीपल और बरगद – द्वंद्व समास।

VI. निम्नलिखित की संधि विच्छेद करें :

स्वच्छ – …………….
पर्यावरण – …………….
मनोरम – …………….
स्वागत – …………….
वर्षर्तु – …………….
उत्तर:
स्वच्छ – सु + अच्छ
पर्यावरण – परि + आवरण
मनोरम – मनः + रम
स्वागत – सु + आगत
वर्षर्तु – वर्षा + ऋतु।

(घ) रचना – भाग

I. ‘पेड़ों’ का हमारे जीवन में महत्त्व’ विषय पर एक 150 शब्दों का निबन्ध । लिखें।

उत्तर:
पेड़ों का हमारे जीवन में महत्त्व
प्राय : कहा जाता है कि पेड़-पौधे ही हमारा जीवन हैं। यह कथन पूरी तरह से सत्य है। पेड़-पौधे हम सब जीवों के लिए प्रकृति के अद्भुत उपहार हैं और इन्हीं के कारण हम सब का जीवन संभव है। यदि पेड़-पौधे न हों तो धरती पर अन्य प्राणियों का जीवन संभव नहीं हो सकता। पेड़-पौधे ही सूर्य के प्रकाश में अपना भोजन स्वयं तैयार करते हैं। वे स्वयं जीवित रहते हैं और अन्य सभी प्राणी उन से ही किसी-न-किसी रूप में जीवन प्राप्त करते हैं। पेड़-पौधे ही हमें सांस लेने के लिए ऑक्सीजन प्रदान करते हैं। पेड़ हमें भयानक से भयानक रोगों को समाप्त करने वाली अमूल्य औषधियां प्रदान करते हैं। इन्हीं से हमें तरहतरह के फल प्राप्त होते हैं; पौधे हमें सब्ज़ियाँ और अनाज प्रदान करते हैं जिन से आवश्यक पोषक तत्वों की प्राप्ति होती है। ये ही प्राकृतिक खाद प्रदान करते हैं जिनसे फसलें उगती हैं और भूमि की उपजाऊ शक्ति बढ़ती है। पेड़-पौधों के महत्त्व के कारण ही प्राचीनकाल में ऋषि-मुनि वनों में रहते थे और वहीं अपने शिष्यों को शिक्षा दिया करते थे। युगों से बढ़, पीपल, तुलसी, नीम आदि को जीवन में अति महत्त्वपूर्ण माना जाता रहा है। हरे वक्षों को काटना पाप माना जाता है। संध्या के बाद किसी पत्ते को तोड़ने का निषेध है। पेड़ वर्षा लाने में सहायक होते हैं। प्राचीन काल में जब कागज़ की खोज नहीं हुई थी तो भोज पत्तों पर ही लिखा जाता था। आदि मानव ने सदियों तक वृक्षों की छाल को अपने वस्त्रों के समान प्रयोग किया था। उनकी टहनियों को अस्त्र-शस्त्र की तरह प्रयुक्त किया था। जब वह सभ्य हुआ तो उन्हीं की सहायता से अपनी झोंपड़ियां और घर बनाए थे। आज भी पेड़ों से प्राप्त लकड़ी का घर में भरपूर प्रयोग किया जाता है। फर्नीचर इसी से ही तो बनता है। पेड़ों की रक्षा हर अवस्था में की जानी चाहिए। यदि किसी भी कारण हमें एक पेड़ काटना पड़े तो उसकी जगह दो पेड़ लगाने चाहिए और उनकी रक्षा की जानी चाहिए। प्रत्येक व्यक्ति और समाज को पेड़ों का महत्त्व समझना चाहिए।

II. अपने मित्र को पत्र लिखकर अपने स्कूल में होने वाले ‘वन-महोत्सव’ का वर्णन करें।

उत्तर:
48-सराभा नगर,
लुधियाना।
सितम्बर 17, 20….
प्रिय सखी नव्या,
नमस्ते।

मैं तुम्हें बहुत लम्बे समय के बाद पत्र लिख रही हूँ। तुम्हारा भी तो कोई पत्र नहीं आया था। शायद तुम्हें पढ़ाई और परीक्षाओं में उलझ कर समय नहीं मिला होगा। मैं पिछले सप्ताह तक अपने स्कूल के एक कार्यक्रम के कारण बहुत व्यस्त थी। हमारे स्कूल में वन महोत्सव इस बार बड़े उत्साह से मनाया गया था और मुझे भी इस कार्यक्रम के लिए कुछ ज़िम्मेदारियों को सौंपा गया था। सच मुझे कार्यक्रम में सहभागी बन कर बहुत अच्छा लगा। कार्यक्रम से पंद्रह दिन पहले ही सब कक्षाओं में पर्यावरण बचाओ’ शीर्षक से चित्रकलाप्रतियोगिता का हर कक्षा में आयोजन किया गया था और सभी से दस-दस श्रेष्ठ प्रवृष्टियां ले कर उन्हें मुख्य हॉल में सजाया गया था। माली ने स्कूल के चारों ओर की दीवार के साथ-साथ पौधे लगाने के लिए गड्ढे खोद दिए थे। जिस दिन मुख्य कार्यक्रम था उसमें एक दिन पहले शाम के समय दो सौ फूलों-फलों के पौधे नर्सरी से स्कूल में मंगवा लिए थे। मुख्य कार्यक्रम में नगर के उपायुक्त महोदय को मुख्य अतिथि के रूप में आमंत्रित किया गया था। वे ठीक समय पर पहुँच गए थे। पहले उनका स्वागत किया गया और फिर एक रंगारंग कार्यक्रम प्रस्तुत किया गया जिसमें पर्यावरण संबंधी एक नाटिका भी प्रस्तुत की गई थी। मुख्य अतिथि के भाषण के बाद पौधों में से एक को रोपित किया गया था। अन्य पौधे अध्यापकों और विद्यार्थियों ने लगाए थे। उन पौधों की देखभाल की ज़िम्मेदारी माली के साथ-साथ हम विद्यार्थियों को भी दी गई है। जब पेड़-पौधे बड़े हो जाएंगे तब हमारा स्कूल हरा-भरा दिखाई देने लगेगा। तुम भी मुझे स्कूल के बारे में कुछ लिखना। अच्छा, अब बस करती हूँ।

अंकल-आंटी को मेरी ओर से नमस्ते।
तुम्हारी सखी,
मान्या।

III. एक-एक पौधा लगायें और उसकी देखभाल करें।

उत्तर:
आप अपनी मनपसंद का पौधा लगायें और उसकी देखभाल करें।

PSEB 8th Class Hindi Guide पेड़ Important Questions and Answers

बहुविकल्पीय प्रश्न निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर सही विकल्प चुनकर लिखें

प्रश्न 1.
‘पेड़’ कविता के कवि कौन हैं ?
(क) डॉ. बच्चन
(ख) डॉ. योगेन्द्र बख्शी
(ग) डॉ. संसार चन्द्र
(घ) डॉ. पंत।
उत्तर:
डॉ. योगेन्द्र बख्शी।

प्रश्न 2.
पेड़ झूम-झूम कर क्या देते हैं ?
(क) फल
(ख) फूल
(ग) पत्ते
(घ) हवा।
उत्तर:
हवा।

प्रश्न 3.
पेड़ किनके विश्राम स्थल हैं ?
(क) छाया के
(ख) धरती के
(ग) पथिकों के
(घ) जल के।
उत्तर:
पथिकों के।

प्रश्न 4.
पेड़ पक्षियों को क्या देते हैं ?
(क) कोटर
(ख) नीड़
(ग) पीड़ा
(घ) छाया।
उत्तर:
नीड़।

प्रश्न 5.
कवि ने बड़ा चिकित्सक’ किस पेड़ को बताया है ?
(क) आम
(ख) अमरूद
(ग) कीकर
(घ) नीम।
उत्तर:
नीम।

सप्रसंग व्याख्या

1 झूम-झूम कर पेड़ कह रहे
यह लो ताज़ा स्वच्छ हवा,
धूल धुएँ से दूषित जग के,
रोगों की है यही दवा।

शब्दार्थ : स्वच्छ = साफ़। दूषित = गन्दा। जग = संसार। रोगों = बीमारियों।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत पद्यांश हमारी हिन्दी की पाठ्य-पुस्तक में संकलित ‘पेड़’ कविता में से लिया गया है। कविता के रचयिता डॉ० योगेन्द्र बख्शी हैं। इसमें पेड़ों की महिमा का वर्णन किया गया है।

व्याख्या:
पेड़ मानव समाज को झूम-झूम कर कह रहे हैं कि ताज़ा और स्वच्छ हवा लो। पेड़ ही वायु को शुद्ध कर देते हैं। धूल और धुएँ से दूषित हुए इस संसार को यही पेड़ बीमारियों से छुटकारा दिलाते हैं। भाव यह है कि पेड़ धूल और धुएँ को दूर करते हैं और रोगों से मुक्ति दिलाते हैं।

विशेष

1. कवि ने पेड़ों की देन की ओर संकेत किया है।
2. भाषा सरल, सरस और सहज है।

2 हरियाली-आशीष बाँटते।
भरते जीवन की झोली।
वर्षा लाते, अन्न उगाते,
बरसाते ममता भोली।

शब्दार्थ : आशीष = आशीर्वाद। जीवन = ज़िन्दगी। वर्षा = बरसात। ममता = ममत्व, प्यारा।

प्रसंग:
यह पद्यांश डॉ० योगेन्द्र बख्शी द्वारा रचित ‘पेड़’ नामक कविता से लिया गया है। इसमें कवि ने पेड़ों के महत्त्व को प्रकट किया जो हमारे जीवन के लिए आवश्यक होते हैं।

व्याख्या:
पेड़ मानव समाज को हरियाली का आशीर्वाद बाँटते हैं। ये मनुष्य की झोली खुशियों से भर देते हैं। पेड़ वर्षा लाने में सहायक सिद्ध होते हैं। यही अन्न पैदा करने में मददगार बनते हैं। ये अपना भोला प्यार बरसाते रहते हैं। भाव यह है कि पेड़ हरियाली प्रदान कर मानव को प्रसन्न रखते हैं।

विशेष:

1. कवि ने पेड़ों की उपयोगिता की ओर संकेत किया है।
2. भाषा सरल और सरस है।

3 विश्रामस्थल ये पथिकों के,
कड़ी धूप में दे छाया।
पत्थर फेंक रहे हाथों ने,
भी इनसे मधु फल पाया।

शब्दार्थ : विश्रामस्थल = आराम का स्थान। पथिकों = मुसाफिरों। मधु = मीठा।

प्रसंग : यह पद्यांश डॉ योगेन्द्र बख्शी द्वारा रचित ‘पेड़’ नामक कविता से लिया गया है। इसमें कवि ने पेड़ों के महत्त्व को प्रकट किया जो हमारे जीवन के लिए आवश्यक होते

व्याख्या:
पेड़ों की महिमा का गुण-गान करते हुए कवि कहता है कि ये थके-मांदे मुसाफिरों के लिए आराम करने का स्थल प्रदान करते हैं अर्थात् थके-हारे मुसाफ़िर इसकी शीतल छाया में आराम करते हैं। ये उन्हें कड़कती धूप में छाया प्रदान करते हैं। पेड़ों की महिमा का कहाँ तक बख़ान करें, जो हाथ इन पर पत्थर फेंकते हैं, उन्हें भी ये मीठे फल प्रदान करते हैं। भाव यह है कि हम पेड़ों की बहुत उपेक्षा करते हैं, जबकि पेड़ हमें स्वच्छ वायु, फल, लकड़ी एवं छाया प्रदान करते हैं।

विशेष:

1. कवि ने पेड़ों के महत्त्व को स्पष्ट किया है।
2. भाषा सरल, सरस और सहज है।

4 जीव-जन्तुओं को कोटर दें,
पक्षी को देते हैं नीड़।
पर्यावरण मनोरम करते,
प्राणी का दुःख इनकी पीड़।

शब्दार्थ : कोटर = वृक्षों की खोह, गह्वर। नीड़ = घोंसला। पर्यावरण = वातावरण। मनोरम = सुन्दर, मन को अच्छा लगने वाला। प्राणी = जीव। पीड़ = दुःख।

प्रसंग:
यह पद्यांश ‘पेड़’ नामक कविता से लिया गया है। यह डॉ० योगेन्द्र बख्शी द्वारा रचित है। इसमें कवि ने पेड़ों के महत्त्व को प्रकट किया जो हमारे जीवन के लिए आवश्यक होते हैं।

व्याख्या:
कवि वृक्षों के महत्त्व को प्रतिपादित करते हुए कहता है-ये सभी जीवजन्तुओं को रहने के लिए तनों में बने खोह (कोटर) प्रदान करते हैं। उड़ने वाले पक्षियों को ये घोंसले देते हैं। अधिकतर पक्षी वृक्षों पर अपने घोंसले बनाते हैं। ये पेड़ वातावरण को सुन्दर एवं स्वच्छ बनाते हैं। हर जीव के दुःख को ये अपना दुःख मानते हैं। भाव है कि पेड़ समस्त मानव जाति एवं जीव-जन्तुओं को हमेशा देते ही हैं, उनसे कुछ लेते नहीं।

विशेष:

1. कवि ने पेड़ों की उपयोगिता प्रकट की है।
2. भाषा सरल, सरस और सहज है।

5 पीपल बरगद युगों-युगों से,
अपने बनते रहे हकीम।
सारी नज़रें टिकी उसी पर,
बड़ा चिकित्सक अपना नीम।

शब्दार्थ : बरगद = बोहड़, वटवृक्ष। चिकित्सक = वैद्य, डॉक्टर।
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत अवतरण ‘पेड़’ नामक कविता से लिया गया है। इस कविता के कवि डॉ० योगेन्द्र बख्शी हैं। कवि ने पेड़ों के महत्त्व को इस माध्यम से प्रकट किया है।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहता है-अति प्राचीनकाल से ही पेड़ के विभिन्न भाग औषधि के रूप में प्रयुक्त होते रहे हैं। पीपल और बरगद तो हकीम के रूप में सिद्ध हुए हैं। आज के नवीन अनुसंधानों ने भी सिद्ध कर दिया कि नीम का पेड़ रोगों का उपचार करने वाला बहुत बड़ा वैद्य है। भाव यह है कि पेड़ हमें अनेक प्रकार की जीवनदायी जड़ी-बूटियाँ भी प्रदान करते हैं।

विशेष:

1. कवि ने पेड़ों के महत्त्व को प्रकट किया है।
2. सामान्य बोलचाल के शब्दों का प्रयोग किया है।

6 सोने के अण्डे देती,
मुर्गी पर तने, कुल्हाड़े अब।
थोड़ा लाभ प्राप्त करने हित
लोलुप नज़रें गाड़े अब।

शब्दार्थ : लाभ = फायदा। प्राप्त = पाना, ग्रहण करना। करने हित = करने के लिए। लोलुप = लालची।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत अवतरण ‘पेड़’ नामक कविता से लिया गया है। इस कविता के रचयिता डॉ० योगेन्द्र बख्शी हैं। कवि ने पेड़ों के महत्त्व को इस माध्यम से प्रकट किया है।

व्याख्या:
कवि पेड़ों की अन्धा-धुन्ध कटाई पर क्षुब्ध होकर कहता है-पेड़ तो सोने का अण्डा देने वाली मुर्गी के समान हैं। उस पर मनुष्य ने कुल्हाड़े तान लिए हैं। उन्हें काटने पर उतारू हो गया है। यह तो मानव की हीन प्रवृत्ति है कि थोड़ा-सा लाभ प्राप्त करने के लिए उन पर लालची नजरें गड़ा रखी हैं। भाव है कि थोड़े से लाभ के लिए वृक्षों को काटना निंदनीय है।

विशेष:

1. कवि ने मनुष्य के लालची और स्वार्थी स्वभाव को प्रकट किया है।
2. भाषा सरल और सरस है।

7 वन-सम्पदा धरोहर अपनी,
प्राणि मात्र की रक्षक है।
इसका नाश करेगा जो भी,
मानवता का भक्षक है।

शब्दार्थ : वन-सम्पदा = वनों की दौलत। धरोहर = विरासत। प्राणि मात्र = सब जीवों। रक्षक = रक्षा करने वाला। मानवता = इन्सानियत। भक्षक = खाने वाला।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत अवतरण ‘पेड़’ नामक कविता से लिया गया है। इस कविता के रचयिता डॉ० योगेन्द्र बख्शी हैं। कवि ने पेड़ों के महत्त्व को इस माध्यम से प्रकट किया है।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहता है कि वन हमें विरासत में मिली एक महान् दौलत हैं। वनसम्पदा जीव मात्र की रक्षा करती है। जो भी इसे नष्ट करेगा, वह इन्सानियत का भक्षक होगा। भाव है कि वन-सम्पदा हमारी धरोहर है, इसकी रक्षा करना हमारा परम कर्त्तव्य है।

विशेष:

1. कवि ने पेड़ काटने वालों को बुरा माना है।
2. भाषा सरल, सरस और सहज है।

8 रंग-बिरंगे गंध भरे,
फूलों की भाषा में स्वागत।
पाना है तो पेड़ उगाओ,
ये विभूतियाँ बिन लागत।

शब्दार्थ : गन्ध = खुशी। स्वागत = आने पर खुशी। विभूतियाँ = सम्पत्तियाँ।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत अवतरण ‘पेड़’ नामक कविता से लिया गया है। इसके कवि डॉ० योगेन्द्र बख्शी हैं। कवि ने पेड़ों के महत्त्व को इस माध्यम से प्रकट किया है।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहता है कि पेड़ विविध रंगों वाले हैं, जो खुशबू से भरे रहते हैं। ये अपने फूलों की भाषा में सबका स्वागत करते हैं। यदि बिना मूल्य दिए बहुमूल्य दौलत प्राप्त करनी है तो सबको मिलकर पेड़ लगाने चाहिए। भाव है कि पेड़ मानव जाति की अमूल्य सम्पत्ति हैं, सभी को पेड़ लगाने चाहिए।

विशेष:

1. कवि ने पेड़ों की उपयोगिता के कारण इन्हें उगाने की प्रेरणा दी है।
2. भाषा सरल और सरस है।

पेड़ Summary

पेड़ कविता का सार

‘पेड़’ डॉ० योगेन्द्र बख्शी के द्वारा रचित कविता है। इसमें कवि ने पेड़ों की महिमा का गान किया है। पेड़ पर्यावरण की रक्षा करते हैं। इन्हीं से वायु स्वच्छ होती है। संसार को धुएँ और धूल से दूर करके यही रोगों से मुक्ति दिलाते हैं। पेड़ हरियाली लाते हैं। यही वर्षा लाते हैं और अन्न पैदा करते हैं। झुलसती गर्मी में ये पथिकों को छाया प्रदान करते हैं। हमें मधुर फल भी पेड़ से प्राप्त होते हैं। पेड़ ही जीव-जन्तुओं और पक्षियों को सहारा देते हैं। पर्यावरण को स्वच्छ बनाकर सभी प्राणियों को सुख पहुँचाते हैं। पीपल, बरगद युगों से हकीम बन कर प्राणियों के रोग दूर करते आए हैं। नीम अनेक रोगों को दूर करता रहा है और वह हमारा बड़ा चिकित्सक सिद्ध होता है। पेड़ तो सोने का अण्डा देने वाली मुर्गी के समान है। मनुष्य की लोभी नज़रें इसी पर कुल्हाड़ा चला रही हैं। वन-सम्पदा को जो भी नष्ट करता है, वह मानवता का भक्षक है। पेड़ धरती की विभूतियाँ हैं। इनकी रक्षा करना सबका कर्त्तव्य है।

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 4 कश्मीर यात्रा Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Hindi Chapter 4 कश्मीर यात्रा

Hindi Guide for Class 8 PSEB कश्मीर यात्रा Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) भाषा – बोध

I. शब्दार्थ

ग्रीष्मावकाश = गर्मियों की छुट्टियाँ
अचानक = एकाएक
सौन्दर्य = सुन्दरता
मध्य = बीच में
पर्वतीय = पहाड़ी क्षेत्र
पर्यटन स्थल = वह स्थान जहाँ यात्री घूमने आते हैं।
खूबसूरत = सुन्दर
अनुभूति = महसूस होना
आजीविका = रोजगार
पर्यटक = सैलानी
सुरम्य = सुन्दर
नौका-विहार = किश्ती से सैर
रौनक = गहमागहमी, चहलकदमी
प्रतिबिम्ब = परछाई
वास्तव में = सच में
मशहूर = प्रसिद्ध
सूर्योदय = सूरज का चढ़ना
मनोहारी = मन हरने वाला
सूर्यास्त = सूर्य का डूबना
व्यञ्जन = खाद्य
पदार्थ सीढ़ीनुमा = सीढ़ी जैसा
हिमक्रीड़ा = बर्फ के खेल
निर्यात = बाहर भेजना
रोमांचकारी = आनन्द दायक
उत्कृष्ट = सबसे अच्छा
धूमिल = ओझल

II. शुद्ध करें

श्रृंखला, थित, मुखय, ग्रीष्म अवकाश, हिमकरीड़ा, शोपिंग सैंटर
उत्तर:
श्रृंखला, स्थित, मुख्य, ग्रीष्मावकाश, हिमक्रीड़ा, शॉपिंग सैंटर।

(ख) विषय बोध

I. इन प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो वाक्यों में लिखें :

प्रश्न (क)
कश्मीर अन्य पर्वतीय प्रदेशों से किस प्रकार अलग है ?
उत्तर:
कश्मीर में अन्य पर्वतीय प्रदेशों की तरह ढलानों पर घर, बाज़ार नहीं बसे हैं। वे सब इसकी विशाल घाटी में मैदानी क्षेत्र की तरह बने हुए हैं।

प्रश्न (ख)
कश्मीरी लोगों की आजीविका का मुख्य साधन क्या है ?
उत्तर:
पर्यटन ही कश्मीरी लोगों की आजीविका का मुख्य साधन है।

प्रश्न (ग)
इस प्रदेश की गर्मी और सर्दी की राजधानी के नाम लिखें।
उत्तर:
इस प्रदेश की गर्मी की राजधानी श्रीनगर और सर्दी की जम्मू है।

प्रश्न (घ)
यहाँ पर कौन-कौन सी झीलें हैं ?
उत्तर:
यहां पर डल, वूलर, नगीना आदि झीलें हैं।

प्रश्न (ङ)
यहाँ के लोगों को क्या कहते हैं ?
उत्तर:
यहां के लोगों को डोगरी कहते हैं।

प्रश्न (च)
यहाँ के कौन-कौन से बाग देखने योग्य हैं ?
उत्तर:
यहां के निशात और शालीमार बाग देखने योग्य हैं।

प्रश्न (छ)
यहाँ की प्रसिद्ध वस्तुएँ कौन-कौन सी हैं ?
उत्तर:
पशमीना, अंगोरा, जामावर शाल, कश्मीरी कढ़ाई वाले फरन, गलीचे, केसर, सूखे मेवे, हस्तशिल्प, पेपरमेशी और चमड़े की बनी वस्तुएँ प्रसिद्ध हैं।

प्रश्न (ज)
यहाँ के लोग अपने आपको ठण्ड से कैसे बचाते हैं ?
उत्तर:
यहां के लोग अपने आपको कहवा, गर्म कपड़ों और कांगड़ी से अपने आपको ठण्ड से बचाते हैं।

II. इन प्रश्नों के उत्तर चार या पाँच वाक्यों में लिखें :

प्रश्न (क)
डल झील के सौन्दर्य का वर्णन करें।
उत्तर:
डल झील कश्मीर की शोभा है। इसमें खिले हुए कमल इसकी शोभा को चार चाँद लगा देते हैं। इसमें हाऊस बोट तैरती हुई बहुत सुन्दर लगती है। सूर्योदय और सूर्यास्त के समय आकाश का नारंगी रंग इसे अपने रंग में रंग देता है। रात के समय हाऊस बोटों की बत्तियाँ इसके पानी में झिलमिलाती हुई दिखाई देती हैं तब ऐसा लगता है जैसे आकाश के तारे इसमें जगमगाने लगे हों।

प्रश्न (ख)
मुगल बागों की क्या विशेषता है ?
उत्तर:
कश्मीर के मुगल बाग निशात और शालीमार मुगल बादशाहों ने शाही आरामगाहों के रूप में बनवाये थे। निशात बाग तो डल झील के किनारे बना हुआ है पर शालीमार वहाँ से दस किलोमीटर दूर है। निशात को ‘बागों की रानी’ कहते हैं और शालीमार ‘बागों का राजा’ माना जाता है। इन बागों में चिनार, देवदार और चील के लम्बे-लम्बे पेड़ शोभा देते हैं। सीढ़ीनुमा बागों में रंग-बिरंगे फूल, मखमली घास, आड़, बादाम, चेरी, खुमानी, सेब आदि के फलों से लदे हुए पेड़ अति आकर्षक लगते हैं।

प्रश्न (ग)
हाऊस बोट के बारे में आपने क्या जाना ?
उत्तर:
हाऊस बोट डल झील में तैरती हुई नौकाएं हैं जो किसी होटल के समान ही दिखाई देती हैं। इनमें घर की तरह रसोई, खाने, बैठने और सोने के अलग-अलग कमरे बने होते हैं। इन्हें फूलों से सजाया जाता है। रोशनी की पूरी व्यवस्था इन पर की जाती है। रात के समय इनमें जलने वाली बत्तियाँ पानी में दीपमालिका की तरह जगमगाती हुई बहुत ही सुन्दर लगती हैं। तब ऐसा लगता है जैसे आसमान तारों सहित धरती पर उतर आया हो।

व्यावहारिक व्याकरण

I. इन मुहावरों के अर्थ लिखकर वाक्यों में प्रयोग करें :

चार चाँद लगाना = …………..
मन मोहित करना = …………..
अपने रंग में रंग लेना = …………..
मनोहारी लगना = …………..
मंत्र मुग्ध करना = …………..
मन मोह लेना = …………..
उत्तर:
1. चार चाँद लगाना = सुन्दरता को बढ़ा देना-विवाह मंडप में मोतियां और गुलाब के फूलों की सुन्दर लड़ियों ने तो चार चांद लगा दिए थे।
2. मन मोहित करना = आकृष्ट करना-श्री कृष्ण की बाँसुरी की मोहक तान ने राधा का मन मोहित कर दिया था।
3. अपने रंग में रंग लेना = पूरी तरह से प्रभावित करना-नवाब को तो अब बाबा जी के उपदेशों ने पूरी तरह अपने रंग में रंग लिया है।
4. मनोहारी लगना = सुन्दर लगना-चांदनी रात में ताजमहल बहुत मनोहारी लगता है।
5. मन्त्र मुग्ध करना = बस में कर लेना, प्रभावित कर लेना-लता मंगेश्कर की मधुर आवाज़ तो सभी को मन्त्र मुग्ध करने की क्षमता रखती है।
6. मन मोह लेना = आकृष्ट कर लेना-तुम्हारे इस सुन्दर नृत्य ने सभी का मन मोह लिया है।

II. वाक्यांशों के लिए एक शब्द लिखें :

1. सूर्य का उदय होना = …………..
2. सूर्य का अस्त होना = …………..
3. गर्मियों की छुट्टियाँ = …………..
4. जहाँ तरह-तरह की वस्तुएं प्रदर्शित की जाएं = …………..
5. आराम करने का स्थान = …………..
6. मनमोहने वाला = …………..
उत्तर
1. सूर्य का उदय होना = सूर्योदय
2. सूर्य का अस्त होना = सूर्यास्त
3. गर्मियों की छुट्टियाँ = ग्रीष्मावकाश
4. जहां तरह-तरह की वस्तुएं प्रदर्शित की जाएं। = प्रदर्शनी
5. आराम करने का स्थान = आरामगाह
6. मन मोहने वाला = मनमोहक

III. विपरीतार्थक शब्द लिखें :

दिन = ………………
देश = …………..
विशाल = ………………
सर्दी = ………………
निर्यात = ………………
सुबह = ………………
सूर्योदय = = ………………
दूर = ………………
सरकारी = ………………
उत्तर:
दिन = रात
देश = विदेश
विशाल = संकुचित
सर्दी = गर्मी
निर्यात = आयात।
सुबह = शाम
सूर्योदय = सूर्यास्त
दूर = पास
सरकारी = गैर-सरकारी

IV. इन शब्दों में से विशेषण और विशेष्य अलग करके लिखें :-

शब्द = विशेषण – विशेष्य
पर्वत श्रृंखला = पर्वत , श्रृंखला
पर्वतीय प्रदेश = ………. – ………..
पहाड़ी ढलान = ………. – ………..
विशाल घाटी = ………. – ………..
मैदानी शहर = ………. – ………..
मनमोहक झील = ………. – ………..
सुरम्य वातावरण = ………. – ………..
अद्भुत सौन्दर्य = ………. – ………..
शाकाहारी व्यंजन = ………. – ………..
मुगल उद्यान = ………. – ………..
सीढ़ीनुमा बाग = ………. – ………..
बर्फ की चादर = ………. – ………..
उत्तर:
शब्द – विशेषण – विशेष्य
पर्वत श्रृंखला = पर्वत – श्रृंखला
पर्वतीय प्रदेश = पर्वतीय – प्रदेश
पहाड़ी ढलान = पहाड़ी – ढलान
विशाल घाटी = विशाल – घाटी
मैदानी शहर = मैदानी – शहर
मनमोहक झील = मनमोहक – झील
सुरम्य वातावरण = सुरम्य – वातावरण
अद्भुत सौन्दर्य = अद्भुत – सौन्दर्य
शाकाहारी व्यंजन = शाकाहारी – व्यंजन
मुगल उद्यान = मुगल – उद्यान
सीढ़ीनुमा बाग = सीढ़ीनुमा – बाग
बर्फ की चादर = बर्फ की – चादर

V. इन शब्दों के पर्यायवाची शब्द लिखें :

बाग = ………. , ………..
पहाड = ………. , ………..
आजीविका = ………. , ………..
पर्यटक = ………. , ………..
आकाश = ………. , ………..
तारा = ………. , ………..
प्रसिद्ध = ………. , ………..
उत्तर:
बाग = बगीचा , वाटिका
पहाड़ = पर्वत , गिरि
आजीविका = धन्धा , रोज़गार
पर्यटक = घुमक्कड़ , भ्रमणकारी
आकाश = व्योम , नभ
तारा = तारक , नक्षत्र
प्रसिद्ध = मशहूर , विख्यात।

(घ) रचना बोध

• इस पत्र को पढ़कर कश्मीर के बारे में दस पंक्तियाँ लिखें।

उत्तर:
हमारे देश भारत के उत्तर दिशा में स्थित कश्मीर राज्य अपनी प्राकृतिक सुन्दरता के लिए विश्व भर में प्रसिद्ध है। इसे धरती का स्वर्ग माना जाता है। यह अन्य पर्वतीय क्षेत्रों की तरह नहीं है क्योंकि इसके घर, दुकानें, संस्थान आदि पहाड़ी ढलानों पर बने हुए नहीं हैं। वे सब मैदानी नगरों की तरह एक बड़ी और अपार सुन्दर घाटी में बने हुए हैं। इसमें जहां सब ओर ऊँचे-ऊँचे पहाड़ हैं तो दूसरी ओर समतल मैदान हैं जिन पर केसर लहलहाता है। यहाँ शालीमार, निशात और चश्माशाही जैसे सुन्दर बाग हैं जिनसे नज़र हटाने का मन नहीं करता। इनके ऊँचे-ऊँचे वृक्ष, रंग-बिरंगे फूल और हरी-भरी मखमली घास सभी को अपने पास रोक रखने की अद्भुत प्राकृतिक क्षमता रखते हैं। पीर पंचाल के आंचल में स्थित बेरी नाग, जलस्रोतों का प्राकृतिक स्थल कुक्कर नाग, दूध जैसे पानी से भरी नदी वाला पहलगाम, पर्वतीय शिखर पर बना गुलमर्ग और जादुई भूमि सनासर इसी राज्य की शोभा हैं जो संसारभर में पर्यटकों को अपनी ओर आकृष्ट करते हैं। डल झील, वुल्लर झील और विष्णु पाद झील अपनी सुन्दरता से सब का मन मोह लेती हैं। कश्मीर घाटी पर्यटकों के आकर्षण का मुख्य केन्द्र है। यहाँ की सुन्दरता से मन और तन को अपार सुख प्राप्त होता है।

• भ्रमण से जहां हमारा ज्ञान बढ़ता है वहीं हमें स्थानीय लोगों की संस्कृति, वेशभूषा, रीति-रिवाज, खान-पान आदि समझने का भी अवसर प्राप्त होता है। यदि आपने किसी अन्य प्रदेश की यात्रा की हो तो अपने अनुभव डायरी में नोट करें।
• कश्मीर के लोक गीत याद करें और वार्षिक उत्सव या किसी अन्य अवसर पर भाव-भंगिमा के साथ गायें।
• छुट्टियों में आप अन्य कौन-कौन से काम सीख सकते हैं, उनकी सूची बनायें। जैसे :
• नृत्य सीखना
• चटनी, जैम आदि बनाना सीखना
• चित्रकला सीखना • वस्त्रों की सिलाई करना
• तैराकी सीखना • कढ़ाई करना
• योग-आसन करना
• मिट्टी, पेपरमेशी, पत्थर, लकड़ी आदि से हस्तशिल्प बनाना
• चारपाई बुनना
• पेंट-सफेदी करना
• बिजली का काम
• खेतीबाड़ी करना
• जूडो-कराटे सीखना।
• अपने माता-पिता के द्वारा किए जाने वाले व्यावसायिक कार्य को सीखना

PSEB 8th Class Hindi Guide कश्मीर यात्रा Important Questions and Answers

निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर सही विकल्प चुनकर लिखें

प्रश्न 1.
कश्मीर भारत की किस दिशा में है ?
(क) उत्तर
(ख) दक्षिण
(ग) पूर्व …
(घ) पश्चिम।
उत्तर:
उत्तर।

प्रश्न 2.
‘कश्मीर यात्रा’ पत्र किसने गुंजन को लिखा है ?
(क) महक
(ख) सुगन्ध
(ग) खुशबू
(घ) खुशनुमा।
उत्तर:
खुशबू।

प्रश्न 3.
कश्मीर की कितनी राजधानियाँ हैं ?
(क) एक
(ख) दो
(ग) तीन
(घ) चार।
उत्तर:
दो।

प्रश्न 4.
कश्मीरी लोगों की आजीविका का मुख्य साधन क्या है ?
(क) खेती
(ख) सरकारी नौकरी
(ग) पर्यटन
(घ) दस्तकारी।
उत्तर:
पर्यटन।

प्रश्न 5.
डल झील के किनारे कौन-सा बाग है ?
(क) निशान
(ख) निशात
(ग) निहात
(घ) निहाल।
उत्तर:
निशात।

प्रश्न 6.
कश्मीर की घाटियाँ किससे महकती हैं ?
(क) केवड़े
(ख) केसर
(ग) कमल
(घ) क्यूर।
उत्तर:
केसर।

प्रश्न 7.
कश्मीर का प्रसिद्ध गर्म पेय कौन-सा है ?
(क) चाय
(ख) काफी
(ग) कहवा
(घ) काढ़ा।
उत्तर:
कहवा।

प्रश्न 8.
कश्मीर में बागों का राजा कौन-सा बाग है ?
(क) निशात
(ख) शालीमार
(ग) शालीन
(घ) निस्बत।
उत्तर:\
शालीमार।

प्रश्न 9.
कश्मीर में बागों की रानी किस बाग को कहते हैं ?
(क) निकहत
(ख) निशात
(ग) निहाल
(घ) निस्बत।
उत्तर:
निशात।

प्रश्न 10.
जाड़े से बचने के लिए कश्मीरी अपने साथ क्या रखते हैं ?
(क) काँवड़ी
(ख) काँगड़ी
(ग) काँखड़ी
(घ) काँघड़ी।
उत्तर:
काँगड़ी।

प्रश्न 11.
कश्मीर के लोगों को क्या कहते हैं ?
(क) कश्मीरी
(ख) कह्वा
(ग) शालीमार
(घ) डोगरी।
उत्तर:
कश्मीरी।

कश्मीर यात्रा Summary

कश्मीर यात्रा पाठ का सार

‘कश्मीर यात्रा’ नामक पाठ पत्र-शैली में लिखा गया है। जालन्धर में रहने वाली एक लड़की खुशबू ने अपनी सहेली गुंजन को गर्मी की छुट्टियों में की गई अपनी कश्मीर-यात्रा का वर्णन एक पत्र में किया है। कश्मीर ग्रेट हिमालयन रेंज और पीर पंजाल पर्वत श्रृंखला के बीच स्थित एक सुन्दर पर्वतीय प्रदेश है। यह एक विशाल घाटी के बीचो-बीच स्थित है। इसलिए इसके घर, बाज़ार आदि पहाड़ी ढलानों पर नहीं बने हुए हैं। यह मैदानी शहरों जैसा ही लगता है। गर्मियों में यहाँ का मौसम बहुत सुहावना होता है और सर्दियों में हर तरफ बर्फ की चादर बिछी होती है। पतझड़ आने पर चिनार के पेड़ों का सुनहरा सौन्दर्य सभी का मन मुग्ध कर देता है। कश्मीर की गर्मियों की राजधानी श्रीनगर है और सर्दियों की जम्मू। कश्मीर झीलों और बागों का प्रदेश है। डल, वूलर, नगीना आदि इसकी प्रसिद्ध झीलें हैं जो कमल के फूलों से सजी-संवरी प्रतीत होती हैं। डल झील पर सुबह से शाम तक रौनक छाई रहती है। पर्यटक प्रायः हाऊसबोट पर ठहरना पसन्द करते हैं जिनमें घर की तरह सब सुख-सुविधाएं होती हैं। इनसे झील की सुबह, दोपहर, शाम और रात की सुन्दरता झिलमिलाती-सी दिखाई देती रहती है। रात के समय हाऊसबोटस में जगमगाती रोशनियां इसके जल में ऐसे लगती हैं जैसे आकाश के तारे झील के जल में उतर आए हों। झील के बीचों-बीच एक छोटे से टापू पर नेहरू पार्क बना हुआ है। यहाँ से दूर-दूर का दृश्य बहुत सुन्दर लगता है। यहाँ के लोगों को डोगरी और उनकी भाषा को कश्मीरी कहते हैं। ये बहुत अच्छे मेहमाननवाज़ होते हैं। मुगल-उद्यान निशात बाग डल झील के किनारे बना हुआ है। इसे बागों की रानी कहते हैं। शालीमार बाग यहाँ से दस किलोमीटर दूर है। उसे बागों का राजा कहते हैं। ये बाग अपनी सुन्दरता से सभी के मन को मोह लेते हैं। कश्मीर में केसर बहुत उगता है। इसीलिए इसे ‘केसर की क्यारी’ कहते हैं। संसार का सबसे ऊँचा गोल्फ कोर्स भी यहीं है। सर्दियों में यहीं हिमक्रीड़ा और स्कीइंग के शौकीन अपना शौक पूरा करते हैं। कड़ाके की सर्दी को दूर करने के लिए यहाँ का कहवा बहुत प्रसिद्ध है। हमने सरकारी एम्पोरियम हस्तकला प्रदर्शनी और लाल चौंक शॉपिंग केन्द्र से अनेक वस्तुएँ भी खरीदी। यहाँ के लोग सुन्दर, आकर्षक और लम्बे कद के हैं। युवक प्रायः पठानी सूट और युवतियाँ कश्मीरी कढ़ाई वाले पोंचू या फरन पहनती हैं। यहाँ की सुन्दरता के चित्र देखकर ही मन में धरती के स्वर्ग की सैर करने की इच्छा जाग जाती है।

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Religion Book Solutions Chapter 3 Rise and Development of Sikhism : 1469-1708 A.D. Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Religion Chapter 3 Rise and Development of Sikhism : 1469-1708 A.D.

Question 1.
What do you know about the life of the founder of the Sikh faith Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
Or
Describe in brief but meaningful the origin of Sikhism.
Or
How did Sikhism was originated and by whom? Discuss.
Or
How Sikhism came into being?
Or
Explain the origin of Sikhism.
Or
Why and how the Sikhism was originated? Elucidate.
Or
“Sikhism was originated by Guru Nanak Dev Ji.” Elucidate.
Or
Throw light on the life of the founder of the Sikh faith.
Or
Write a note on the life of the founder of Sfikhism.
Or
Discuss the life of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:
The life time of Guru Nanak Dev Ji can be divided into three periods. Accordingly, the first period, 1469 to 1499 A.D. is related from his birth to enlightenment. The second period, 1499 to 1521 A.D. is related to the Udasis of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. The third period, 1521 to 1539 A.D. is related to his stay at Kartarpur with his family and his work for the spread, growth and development of Sikhism.

First Period, 1469 to 1499 A.D.:

1. Birth and Parentage : Guru Nanak Dev Ji was born on 15th April, 1469 A.D., on Purnima (the day of full moon) at Rai Bhoi Ki Talwandi, a place now situated in Sheikhupura district of Pakistan. This holy place is now known as Nankana Sahib. His father Mehta Kalu, a Patwari of the village, belonged to Bedi Kshatriya family. His mother, Tripta Devi, was a pious and religious minded lady. According to Sikh traditions, many miracles were witnessed at the time of Gum Nanak Dev Ji’s birth.

2. Childhood and Education: Guru Nanak Dev Ji was quite serious and thoughtful by nature since his childhood. He was not much inclined to games and was interested in the worship of God. When he was seven years old, he was sent to the Pathshala of Pandit Gopal for elementary learning of Hindi and Mathematics. He surprised Pandit Gopal by his spiritual knowledge. Later on he learnt Sanskrit from Pandit Brij Nath and Arabic and Persian from Mulla Qutub-ud-Din.

When he was nine, Purohit Hardyal was called to perform the ceremony of the sacred thread (Janeu). Guru Nanak Dev Ji categorically refused to wear the sacred thread and remarked that he would wear the thread of kindness, satisfaction, truthfulness and restraint which would never break, burn or get besmeared.

3. In various occupations : Having noticed the over indulgence of Guru Nanak Dev Ji in his thoughts, his father was alarmed. So, he tried to keep his son busy with one work or other. First of all, he was asked to graze buffaloes, but Guru Ji did not show any interest. Consequently, his father decided to set him in trade. He gave Guru Ji a sum of twenty rupees and sent him to the market to strike a profitable bargain. On way to the market, Guru Ji met a group of sadhus, who had been hungry for many days. Guru Ji spent the whole amount on feeding those sadhus, and returned home empty handed. This event is known as ‘Sacha Sauda” (true bargain) in history.

4. Marriage : To arouse his son’s interest in the affairs of this world, Mehta Kalu Ji married him to Sulakhni, daughter of Mool Chand of Batala. He was 14 years old then. In due course of time, he was blessed with two sons named Sri Chand and Lakhmi Das.

5. Service at Sultanpur Lodhi : At the age of 20 years, Guru Nanak Dev Ji was sent to Sultanpur Lodhi by his father Mehta Kalu to his son-in-law Jai Ram (Guru Ji’s brother-in-law). On his recommendation, Guru Nanak Dev Ji got a job in Modikhana (the store). Guru Nanak Dev Ji did this job honestly for ten years.

6. Enlightenment: While at Sultanpur Lodhi, Guru Nanak Dev Ji used to go to the rivulet Kali Bein daily in the morning to take a bath. One day, he went as usual for taking bath and remained untraceable for three days. During these three days Guru Nanak Dev Ji gained true knowledge. At that time, he was 30 years old. After enlightenment, Guru Ji uttered, “Na Ko Hindu, Na Ko Musalman”.

7. Udasis : After attaining enlightenment in 1499 A.D. Guru Nanak Dev Ji started his travels in India and abroad. These travels were called the Udasis. These Udasis

were conducted with the objective to dispel the ignorance of the pec-id to preach the unity of God and brotherhood of mankind. In India Gin i-. Na:w-kw travelled from Kailash mountain in north to Ramesh varum in south a ad from ha; patten ir, west to Assam in east. Outside India Guru Nanak Dev Ji travelled tr Mecca, Madina, Baghdad and Sri Lanka. We get important information from his Bam about the travels of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. He spent about 21 years in these Udasis. Guru Nanak Dev Ji succeeded in his aim to a great extent during these Udasis.

8. Settled at Kartarpur : Guru Nanak Dev Ji founded a town named Kartarpur (the abode of God) at the banks of the Ravi river in 1521 A.D. and spent the last 18 years of his life at this place. He started the institutions of ‘Sangat’ and ‘Pangat’ during this period. Besides, he composed 976 Sabads, which also proved extremely helpful for the spread and development of Sikhism. Th prominent Ranis of Guru Nanak Dev Ji are Japji Sahib, Var Majh, Asa di Var, Sidh Goshti, Var Malhar, Bara Maha and Patti.

9. Nomination of the Successor : Guru Nanak Dev Ji -ominated Bhai Lehna, his famous disciple as his successor, before he immersed in Eternal Light. Guru Nanak Dev Ji placed one coconut and five paise infront of Bhai Lehna and bowed his head. In this way, Bhai Lehna came to be known as Guru Angad Dev Ji. Thus, Guru Nanak Dev Ji planted a sapling, which became a dense tree at the time of Guru Gobind Singh Ji. According to Dr. Hari Ram Gupta,” The appointment of Angad was a step of far-reaching significance.”

10. Immersion in Eternal Light: Guru Nanak Dev Ji Immerssed in Eternal Light on 22th September, 1539 A.D.

Question 2.
Write a note on the Udasis of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. What was the aim of these Udasis?
Or
What is meant by Udasis? Give a brief account of the Udasis of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Or
Briefly discuss the travels of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. What was their aim?
Or
Describe briefly the Udasis of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. What was their impact on society?
Or
Discuss the Udasis of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:
After attaining enlightenment in 1499 A.D., Guru Nanak Dev Ji set out on long travels in India and in foreign countries. He spent about 21 years in these travels. These travels of Guru Nanak Dev Ji are known as Udasis because he wandered like an Udasi (unconcerned, unattached) during these years and renounced his home and family. The historians also disagree on the total number of the Udasis undertaken by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. However, the latest researches have proved that Guru Nanak Dev Ji undertook three Udasis.

Objects of the Udasis:

The main objective of the Udasis of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, was to dispel the ignorance of the people and to give the message of the unity of the Godhead and universal brotherhood of mankind. The Hindu, Brahmans and Jogis, whose main function was to show the right path to the misled people, were themselves corrupt and characterless. The people worshipped countless gods and goddesses, graves, trees, snakes, stones etc. The Muslim religious leaders had also degenerated. Although the Quran forbids sensual merry-making, music and dance, yet many Muslims led a life of sensual pleasure.

The society was divided into many castes and sub-castes. The members of high caste hated those belonging to the low castes. The condition of women in the society was the most deplorable. Guru Nanak Dev Ji undertook his Udasis to show the new path of enlightenment and salvation to those, who were wandering in the darkness of ignorance. In the words of a famous historian, Dr. S. S. Kohli, “The Great Master did not confine his mission to this country, he travelled far and wide to far off lands and countries, in order to enlighten humanity as a whole.”

First Udasi:

Guru Nanak Dev Ji started his first Udasi at the end of 1499 A.D., Bhai Mardana, who was a famous follower of Guru Ji, also accompanied him during these travels. Guru Nanak Dev Ji completed this Udasi in 12 years. He travelled from the east to the south. He visited the following important places during this Udasi:

1. Saidpur : Guru Nanak Dev Ji started his first Udasi from Sultanpur and first ‘ reached Saidpur (Eminabad). When he reached there, Malik Bhago, a landlord of the village, invited Guru Ji to a feast, but Guru Ji stayed in the house of a poor carpenter Bhai Lalo. Malik Bhago compelled Guru Nanak Dev Ji to explain his conduct. Guru Nanak Dev Ji took the food of Malik Bhago in one hand and the rough and dry bread of Bhai Lalo in the other hand and pressed them. Blood dripped from Malik Bhago’s food, whereas milk dripped from Bhai Lalo’s bread. In this way Guru Nanak Dev Ji proved that we should earn our livelihood by honest means and hard labour.

2. Talumba : Guru Nanak Dev Ji met Sajjan at this place. He had built a temple and a mosque within his Haveli. During the day, he served Hindu and Muslim travellers nicely but at night he used to rob them and sometimes killed them and threw their bodies into a secret well. He was planning to play the same trick with Guru Nanak Dev Ji and Bhai Mardana. However, when at night Guru Nanak Dev Ji recited his melodious Bani, Sajjan thug was moved and he fell at the feet of the great Guru and sought his pardon for his bad deeds. Guru Nanak Dev Ji forgave him. After this incident, Sajjan gave up cheating and killing, became a true Sajjan and spent his remaining life in propagating Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s teachings. According to K.S. Duggal, “Sajjan’s den of an assassin was transformed into a dharamsala.”

3. Kurukshetra : Guru Nanak Dev Ji reached Kurukshetra on the occasion of a solar eclipse. Here, it is said a follower of Guru Nanak Dev Ji offered him venison (deer’s meat). Guru Nanak Dev Ji started cooking it at that very place. The Brahmans expressed their horror at the sight of flesh. They gathered around Guru Nanak Dev Ji and told him to leave the place. Guru Nanak Dev Ji told them that we ought not to bother about what one ate and how one lived. One should care more for inward purity. His words worked like magic and many people became his disciples. Majority of the historians don’t agree with this incident.

4. Delhi : Guru Nanak Dev Ji stayed at ‘Majnu Ka Tila’ in Delhi. It is said, while living in Delhi, Guru Nanak Dev Ji brought back a dead elephant of Sultan Ibrahim Lodhi to life, but Sikh tradition don’t agree with this incident.

5. Haridwar : When Guru Nanak Dev Ji reached Haridwar many Hindus had gathered there to wash away their sins by a dip in the sacred water of the Ganges. While taking a bath, they were offering water to their forefathers [Pitras] facing the Sun. On seeing this, Guru Ji started throwing water towards the west. Astonished at this, many people gathered around him and asked what he was doing. He answered that he was offering water to his fields in Panjab.

People laughed at his answer and asked how this water could reach his fields situated at a distance of 300 miles. Guru Nanak Dev Ji remarked that if their water could reach the Sun, which is situated millions of miles away, why his water could not reach his fields. Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s answer impressed them deeply.

6. Gorakhmata : After Haridwar Guru Nanak Dev’Ji reached Gorakhmata. Here, Guru Ji told Sidh Jogis that one cannot get salvation by wearing earrings in the ears, by applying ash (vibhuti) to the body or by blowing of horns’, by holding sticks or by shaving of heads. These Jogis were so impressed with his teachings that they became his disciples. Since then, Gorakhmata is called Nanakmata.

7. Banaras : Banaras was also a famous place of pilgrimage of the Hindus. Here Guru Nanak Dev Ji held a long discussion with Pt. Chatur Das about idol worship. Guru Nanak Dev Ji convinced him saying that idol worship is as futile as watering the barren land. Highly impressed by his teachings, Chatur Das became a Sikh along with his Brahman friends.

8. Kamrup: When Guru Nanak Dev Ji reached Kamrup in Assam, a famous witch Nur Shahi along with some other beautiful women, tried to cast a spell on Guru Nanak Dev Ji by her alluring gestures and extraordinary display of tempting charms but she failed. Guru Nanak Dev Ji showed them the right path.

9. Jagannath Puri : After a visit to Assam, Guru Nanak Dev Ji reached Jagan Nath Puri in Orissa. The priest of Jagannath temple asked Guru Nanak Dev Ji to pay homage to their Lord Jagannath. Guru Nanak Dev Ji told them he did not believe in formal worship of aarti. Nature, all the time, is busy with the worship of that Almighty God. So, there; is no need of offering artificial worship to him.

10. Ceyko ; After visiting South India Guru Nanak Dev Ji reached Ceylon (Sri Lanka). At that time Shivnath was the ruler of Ceylon. He was greatly impressed by the personality and hymns of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. As a result he became the follower of Guru Nanak Dev Ji along with many other people.

11. Pakpattan : During his return to the Punjab from Ceylon, Guru Nanak Dev Ji stayed at Pakpattan. Here, he met Sheikh Brahm the follower of Sheikh Farid. Guru Nanak Dev Ji was greatly pleased to meet this famous Sufi saint. Sheikh Brahm was also impressed very much by Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

Second Udasi:

In 1513-14 A.D. Guru Nanak Dev Ji began his second Udasi towards the East. Guru Nanak Dev Ji spent four years in this Udasi. He visited the following important places during this Udasi:

1. Hilly States : Guru Nanak Dev Ji passed through the Punjab and visited the hilly states of Mandi, Rawalsar, Jawalamukhi, Kangra, Baijnath, Kullu etc. Many people of these hilly states were impressed by the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and thus became his followers.

2. Kailash Parbat: Guru Nanak Dev Ji reached Kailash Parbat (Sumer) via Tibet. The Siddhas were greatly surprised at Guru’s arrival there. Guru Nanak Dev Ji told them that the truth had disappeared from the world and falseh od and corruption prevailed everywhere. Guru Nanak Dev Ji advised them to serve humanity.

3. Ladakh : Guru Nanak Dev Ji reached Ladakh from Kailash Parbat. Impressed by the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, many people became his disciples.

4. Kashmir: Guru Nanak Dev Ji held a very lengthy religious debate with-Pandit Brahm Das at Mattan in Kashmir. Guru Nanak Dev Ji explained to him that mere reading or reciting of the Vedas and the Ramayana could not bring salvation. Salvation can be attained only by one’s actions in accordance with the teachings of these holy scriptures.

5. Hasan Abdal s On his return journey to the Punjab Guru Nanak P w Ji stunned at Hasan Abdal. Here an arrogant Faqir Wali Kandhari in a fit oi rage, iohz:i vuy heavy stone rock downward from the hill top to kill Guru Nanak Ji stopped it with his palm. This place is known as ‘Punja Sahib’ these days and there stands a splendid Gurdwara.

6. Sialkot : Guru Nanak Dev Ji met a Muslim saint named Hamza Ghaus at Sialkot. He was angry with the people of this town over some issue and he was determined to destroy the whole city with his power. But, when he met Guru Ji he was so impressed that all his anger disappeared. This incident impressed the people.

Third Udasi:

Guru Nanak Dev Ji began his third Udasi in 1517 A.D. This Udasi also took four years. Guru Ji visited many countries of Western Asia during this Udasi. Bhai Mardana also accompanied him. Guru Ji visited the following important places during this Udasi:

1. Multan : Many Sufi saints lived in Multan. Here Guru Nanak Dev Ji met a famous Sufi saint Sheikh Bahauddin. He was greatly impressed with Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s teachings and became his disciple.

2. Mecca : Mecca is the birth place of the Prophet Mohammad. According to Sikh tradition, when Guru Nanak Dev Ji reached Mecca, he slept with his fees, towards the Kaaba. When Qazi Rukun-ud-Din noticed it, he flew into a rage. When the Qazi turned Guru Ji’s feet to the other directions, the Kaaba also began to turn towards those directions. At this, the Qazi and other Muslims present were deeply impressed. Guru Nanak Dev Ji explained to them that Allah is present everywhere.

3. Madina: From Mecca Guru Nanak Dev Ji reached Madina. Guru Nanak Dev Ji gave here his message of love. He had a religious debate with Imam Azim there.

4. Baghdad: Guru Nanak Dev Ji met Sheikh Behlol in Baghdad. He was so much impressed with the Bani of the great Guru Nanak Dev Ji that he became his disciple.

5. Saidpur : When Guru Nanak Dev Ji reached Saidpur in 1520*21 A.D., Babar attacked this town with a view to occupy it. The Mughal army put to death thousands of innocent people during this attack. Guru Nanak Dev Ji was also arrested along with them. But when Babar came to know that Guru Nunak Dev Ji was a great saint, he set free not only Guru Nanak Dev Ji but many other prisoners also. After it, Guru Ji reached Talwandi. Thus, his Udasis came to an end in 1521 A. D.

Impact of the Udasis:

The Udasis of Guru Nanak Dev Ji had a profound impact on the society. He succeeded to a great extent in removing the superstitions prevalent among people and brought in them s new awakening. He won over great scholars, Jogis, Siddhas, Brahmans, thieves, Is by his sweet hymns. Guru Nanak Dev Ji completely cli anged the persons. Thousands of people became his followers after being greatly impressed by his personality and his teachings. To conclude, we fully agree with these words of Dr. S.S. Kohli, ‘He had a holy mission to perform and his performance was no less than a miracle.”

Question 3.
Discuss the main teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Or
Write down the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Or
Discuss the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji for the development of Human society.
Or
Describe in brief but meaningful the basic teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Or
Throw light on the basic ethical teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Or
Write a short note bn the main teachings of Sikhism.
Or
Write the teachings of Sikhism.
Or
Discuss the main teachings of the Guru Granth Sahib.
Or
I describe in brief the basic teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:
The teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji were simple but impressive. His teachings had a miraculous effect on the minds of the people. His teachings were not meant for any particular class, caste or province. They were concerned with the whole humanity. His main teachings are as follows :

1. The Nature of God: Guru Nanak Dev Ji believed in one God only. He laid stress on .he oneness of God in his Bani again and again. According to Guru Nanak Dev Ji, God is the Creator, Sustainer and Destroyer of the world. There are hundreds and thousands of Mohammads, but only one God. God is known by countless names, like Hari, Ram, Gopal, Wahe Guru, Sahib, Allah, Khuda etc. His manifestations may be many, but He is One and there is no other. Guru Nanak says, “Remember the one God who is contained in sea and land.” God has two forms.

He is Nirguna (without attributes) as well as Saguna (with attributes). He is the absolute Lord. Every thing happens in accordance with His will. He alone is the Creator, Sustainer and Destroyer of the world. He is immortal. He is the greatest of all. His greatness is beyond description.

2. Maya : According to Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Maya is the biggest obstacle in man’s way of attaining salvation (mukti). An unregenerate (man mukti) man always indulges in the vicious circle of worldly things like wealth, status, power, luxury, beautiful woman, son etc. It is Maya. Thus, one who yields to Maya is caught in the cycle of transmigration and his chains are not cut.

3. Haumai : An unregenerate (manmukh) man has a very strong feeling of Haumai (ego). As a consequence of his haumai, he remains trapped in the worldly evils. The results are disastrous, for instead of leading a man to salvation, his haumai binds him more firmly to the wheel of transmigration.

4. Evil impulses : An unregenerate (manmukh) man is always surrounded by evil impulses. Kam (lust), krodh (anger), lobh (greed), moh (attachment) and ahankar (pride) are five enemies of man. He commits sins and deceives others under their influence. Consquently, he is caught in stronger chains of transmigration and therefore he is destined to suffer the pains of hell.

5. Denunciation of the Priestly Class : Guru Nanak Dev Ji denounced the priestly class in strong words. No doubt, they used to study the Vedas, the Shastras and the Quran, but they were not pure at heart. They cheated people and looted them in the name of superfluous traditions. Consequently, Guru Nanak Dev Ji preached people not to follow them. ‘

6. Denunciation of the Caste System : The Hindu society of Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s time was divided not only into four main castes—Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras but into many sub-castes also. The members of’the upper castes hated the people of the lower castes and treated them very badly. The practice of untouchability was very common. Guru Nanak Dev Ji condemned the caste system and untouchability in unequivocal words. Guru Nanak Dev Ji preached the principle of universal brotherhood of mankind.

7. Condemnation of Idol Worship : Guru Nanak Dev Ji condemned idol worship in unequivocal terms. He preached that idols are lifeless stones. If they are thrown into the water, they themselves would sink. How can those idols, which cannot save themselves help men to cross the ocean of the world? So, idol worship is useless and the worship of only one God is desirable.

8. Condemnation of Empty Rituals: Guru Nanak Dev Ji denounced empty rituals and blind faith which were in vogue in the society, in strong words. He told the people that they could not attain salvation (mukti) by putting a tilak on the forehead, applying ash on the body, by wearing earrings, by blowing of horns (shells), by keeping fasts, by undergoing penance in the forest, by offering water to the Sun, and by worshipping graves, khankahas, snakes, trees etc.

Guru Nanak Dev Ji called all such acts as vain ceremonies. According to him, the religion of only such a man is true, who is true and pure at heart.

9. Denounced Ill-treatment of Women : During the time of Guru Nanak Dev Ji the condition of women in Indian society was extremely pitiable. Many evil practices had crept in. Women were considered a mere object of sensual satisfaction. G uru Nanak Dev Ji condemned emphatically all such evils as were prevalent among women of that time. In order to raise the status of women Guru Nanak Dev Ji laid emphasis on the equal rights of men and women. He says, “Why belittle her who gives birth to Rajas?”

10. Recitation of Nam and Sabad : Guru Nanak Dev Ji considered the recitation of Nam and Sabad as the highest form of God-worship. Man can get deliverance through Nam and Sabad from the world which is full of diseases and sufferings. Man’s arrival in this world (his birth) is futile, if he does not recite Nam and Sabad. Man remains entrapped in all sort of sins and in the vicious circle of transmigration without Nam. The Nam should be recited with a true heart and inner respect (faith). Dr. Dewan Singh aptly says, “Nam is the only and most efficacious source and agent for the redemption and salvation of the sinful and self-engrossed mankind.”

11. Importance of Guru : Guru Nanak Dev Ji regarded the blessings of the Guru as most important in order to reach God. According to him the Guru is the ladder by means of which one reaches God. It is the Guru who leads a man from darkness (ignorance) to light (enlightenment). But it is not an easy affair to find out a real Guru. Man cannot find the real Guru withovj the blessings of God himself.

12. Hukam : The doctrine of Hukim (order) or the will of God occupies a crucial position in the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Happiness or misery is in accordance with his Hukam. God’s Hukam cannot be evaded. Man should always obey the Hukam of God. He who does so, is blessed by God and gets salvation. On the contrary, he who does not bow before the will of God, is bound to wander from pillar to post.

13. Sach Khand : According to Guru Nanak Dev Ji, to reach the Sach Khand was the ultimate goal of human life. A man has to travel through Dharam Khand, Gian Khand, Saram Khand and Karam Khand in his journey to Sach Khand which is the final stage. Here, the soul merges with the Super Soul and all worries and sufferings disappear.

Importance of Teachings:

The teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji had a tremendous impact not only on religious and social fields, but on political fields also. His teachings went a long way in eliminating blind faiths and superstitions from the society, as the darkness of the horizon disappears before the sunrise. Consequently, a new awakening took place among people. They discarded useless rituals and started worship of one God.

Guru Nanak Dev Ji laid the foundation of a new social order by condemning caste system, by propagating brotherhood of mankind, providing equal status to women in society, and by establishing institutions of ‘Sangat’ and ‘Pangat’. His teachings gave a rude jolt, even to the rulers of the time.

According to famous historian Dr. I.B. Banerjee, “The age of Guru Nanak Dev Ji was an age of ignorance and an age of strife, and we may say at once the message of Nanak was a message of truth and a message of peace.”

Question 4.
Explain Guru Nanak’s life and his basic teachings.
Or
Discuss in detail the life and teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Or
Write the life and teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:

The life time of Guru Nanak Dev Ji can be divided into three periods. Accordingly, the first period, 1469 to 1499 A.D. is related from his birth to enlightenment. The second period, 1499 to 1521 A.D. is related to the Udasis of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. The third period, 1521 to 1539 A.D. is related to his stay at Kartarpur with his family and his work for the spread, growth and development of Sikhism.

First Period, 1469 to 1499 A.D.:

1. Birth and Parentage : Guru Nanak Dev Ji was born on 15th April, 1469 A.D., on Purnima (the day of full moon) at Rai Bhoi Ki Talwandi, a place now situated in Sheikhupura district of Pakistan. This holy place is now known as Nankana Sahib. His father Mehta Kalu, a Patwari of the village, belonged to Bedi Kshatriya family. His mother, Tripta Devi, was a pious and religious minded lady. According to Sikh traditions, many miracles were witnessed at the time of Gum Nanak Dev Ji’s birth.

2. Childhood and Education: Guru Nanak Dev Ji was quite serious and thoughtful by nature since his childhood. He was not much inclined to games and was interested in the worship of God. When he was seven years old, he was sent to the Pathshala of Pandit Gopal for elementary learning of Hindi and Mathematics. He surprised Pandit Gopal by his spiritual knowledge. Later on he learnt Sanskrit from Pandit Brij Nath and Arabic and Persian from Mulla Qutub-ud-Din.

When he was nine, Purohit Hardyal was called to perform the ceremony of the sacred thread (Janeu). Guru Nanak Dev Ji categorically refused to wear the sacred thread and remarked that he would wear the thread of kindness, satisfaction, truthfulness and restraint which would never break, burn or get besmeared.

3. In various occupations : Having noticed the over indulgence of Guru Nanak Dev Ji in his thoughts, his father was alarmed. So, he tried to keep his son busy with one work or other. First of all, he was asked to graze buffaloes, but Guru Ji did not show any interest. Consequently, his father decided to set him in trade. He gave Guru Ji a sum of twenty rupees and sent him to the market to strike a profitable bargain. On way to the market, Guru Ji met a group of sadhus, who had been hungry for many days. Guru Ji spent the whole amount on feeding those sadhus, and returned home empty handed. This event is known as ‘Sacha Sauda” (true bargain) in history.

4. Marriage : To arouse his son’s interest in the affairs of this world, Mehta Kalu Ji married him to Sulakhni, daughter of Mool Chand of Batala. He was 14 years old then. In due course of time, he was blessed with two sons named Sri Chand and Lakhmi Das.

5. Service at Sultanpur Lodhi : At the age of 20 years, Guru Nanak Dev Ji was sent to Sultanpur Lodhi by his father Mehta Kalu to his son-in-law Jai Ram (Guru Ji’s brother-in-law). On his recommendation, Guru Nanak Dev Ji got a job in Modikhana (the store). Guru Nanak Dev Ji did this job honestly for ten years.

6. Enlightenment: While at Sultanpur Lodhi, Guru Nanak Dev Ji used to go to the rivulet Kali Bein daily in the morning to take a bath. One day, he went as usual for taking bath and remained untraceable for three days. During these three days Guru Nanak Dev Ji gained true knowledge. At that time, he was 30 years old. After enlightenment, Guru Ji uttered, “Na Ko Hindu, Na Ko Musalman”.

7. Udasis : After attaining enlightenment in 1499 A.D. Guru Nanak Dev Ji started his travels in India and abroad. These travels were called the Udasis. These Udasis were conducted with the objective to dispel the ignorance of the pecid to preach the unity of God and brotherhood of mankind. In India Gin i-. Na:w-kw travelled from Kailash mountain in north to Ramesh varum in south a ad from ha; patten ir, west to Assam in east.

Outside India Guru Nanak Dev Ji travelled tr Mecca, Madina, Baghdad and Sri Lanka. We get important information from his Bam about the travels of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. He spent about 21 years in these Udasis. Guru Nanak Dev Ji succeeded in his aim to a great extent during these Udasis.

8. Settled at Kartarpur : Guru Nanak Dev Ji founded a town named Kartarpur (the abode of God) at the banks of the Ravi river in 1521 A.D. and spent the last 18 years of his life at this place. He started the institutions of ‘Sangat’ and ‘Pangat’ during this period. Besides, he composed 976 Sabads, which also proved extremely helpful for the spread and development of Sikhism. Th prominent Ranis of Guru Nanak Dev Ji are Japji Sahib, Var Majh, Asa di Var, Sidh Goshti, Var Malhar, Bara Maha and Patti.

9. Nomination of the Successor : Guru Nanak Dev Ji -ominated Bhai Lehna, his famous disciple as his successor, before he immersed in Eternal Light. Guru Nanak Dev Ji placed one coconut and five paise infront of Bhai Lehna and bowed his head. In this way, Bhai Lehna came to be known as Guru Angad Dev Ji. Thus, Guru Nanak Dev Ji planted a sapling, which became a dense tree at the time of Guru Gobind Singh Ji. According to Dr. Hari Ram Gupta,” The appointment of Angad was a step of far-reaching significance.”

10. Immersion in Eternal Light: Guru Nanak Dev Ji Immerssed in Eternal Light on 22th September, 1539 A.D.

The teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji were simple but impressive. His teachings had a miraculous effect on the minds of the people. His teachings were not meant for any particular class, caste or province. They were concerned with the whole humanity. His main teachings are as follows :

1. The Nature of God: Guru Nanak Dev Ji believed in one God only. He laid stress on .he oneness of God in his Bani again and again. According to Guru Nanak Dev Ji, God is the Creator, Sustainer and Destroyer of the world. There are hundreds and thousands of Mohammads, but only one God. God is known by countless names, like Hari, Ram, Gopal, Wahe Guru, Sahib, Allah, Khuda etc. His manifestations may be many, but He is One and there is no other. Guru Nanak says, “Remember the one God who is contained in sea and land.” God has two forms.

He is Nirguna (without attributes) as well as Saguna (with attributes). He is the absolute Lord. Every thing happens in accordance with His will. He alone is the Creator, Sustainer and Destroyer of the world. He is immortal. He is the greatest of all. His greatness is beyond description.

2. Maya : According to Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Maya is the biggest obstacle in man’s way of attaining salvation (mukti). An unregenerate (man mukti) man always indulges in the vicious circle of worldly things like wealth, status, power, luxury, beautiful woman, son etc. It is Maya. Thus, one who yields to Maya is caught in the cycle of transmigration and his chains are not cut.

3. Haumai : An unregenerate (manmukh) man has a very strong feeling of Haumai (ego). As a consequence of his haumai, he remains trapped in the worldly evils. The results are disastrous, for instead of leading a man to salvation, his haumai binds him more firmly to the wheel of transmigration.

4. Evil impulses : An unregenerate (manmukh) man is always surrounded by evil impulses. Kam (lust), krodh (anger), lobh (greed), moh (attachment) and ahankar (pride) are five enemies of man. He commits sins and deceives others under their influence. Consquently, he is caught in stronger chains of transmigration and therefore he is destined to suffer the pains of hell.

5. Denunciation of the Priestly Class : Guru Nanak Dev Ji denounced the priestly class in strong words. No doubt, they used to study the Vedas, the Shastras and the Quran, but they were not pure at heart. They cheated people and looted them in the name of superfluous traditions. Consequently, Guru Nanak Dev Ji preached people not to follow them.

6. Denunciation of the Caste System : The Hindu society of Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s time was divided not only into four main castes—Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras but into many sub-castes also. The members of the upper castes hated the people of the lower castes and treated them very badly. The practice of untouchability was very common. Guru Nanak Dev Ji condemned the caste system and untouchability in unequivocal words. Guru Nanak Dev Ji preached the principle of universal brotherhood of mankind.

7. Condemnation of Idol Worship : Guru Nanak Dev Ji condemned idol worship in unequivocal terms. He preached that idols are lifeless stones. If they are thrown into the water, they themselves would sink. How can those idols, which cannot save themselves help men to cross the ocean of the world? So, idol worship is useless and the worship of only one God is desirable.

8. Condemnation of Empty Rituals: Guru Nanak Dev Ji denounced empty rituals and blind faith which were in vogue in the society, in strong words. He told the people that they could not attain salvation (mukti) by putting a tilak on the forehead, applying ash on the body, by wearing earrings, by blowing of horns (shells), by keeping fasts, by undergoing penance in the forest, by offering water to the Sun, and by worshipping graves, khankahas, snakes, trees etc. Guru Nanak Dev Ji called all such acts as vain ceremonies. According to him, the religion of only such a man is true, who is true and pure at heart.

9. Denounced Ill-treatment of Women : During the time of Guru Nanak Dev Ji the condition of women in Indian society was extremely pitiable. Many evil practices had crept in. Women were considered a mere object of sensual satisfaction. Guru Nanak Dev Ji condemned emphatically all such evils as were prevalent among women of that time. In order to raise the status of women Guru Nanak Dev Ji laid emphasis on the equal rights of men and women. He says, “Why belittle her who gives birth to Rajas?”

10. Recitation of Nam and Sabad : Guru Nanak Dev Ji considered the recitation of Nam and Sabad as the highest form of God-worship. Man can get deliverance through Nam and Sabad from the world which is full of diseases and sufferings. Man’s arrival in this world (his birth) is futile, if he does not recite Nam and Sabad. Man remains entrapped in all sort of sins and in the vicious circle of transmigration without Nam. The Nam should be recited with a true heart and inner respect (faith). Dr. Dewan Singh aptly says, “Nam is the only and most efficacious source and agent for the redemption and salvation of the sinful and self-engrossed mankind.”

11. Importance of Guru : Guru Nanak Dev Ji regarded the blessings of the Guru as most important in order to reach God. According to him the Guru is the ladder by means of which one reaches God. It is the Guru who leads a man from darkness (ignorance) to light (enlightenment). But it is not an easy affair to find out a real Guru. Man cannot find the real Guru withovj the blessings of God himself.

12. Hukam : The doctrine of Hukim (order) or the will of God occupies a crucial position in the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Happiness or misery is in accordance with his Hukam. God’s Hukam cannot be evaded. Man should always obey the Hukam of God. He who does so, is blessed by God and gets salvation. On the contrary, he who does not bow before the will of God, is bound to wander from pillar to post.

13. Sach Khand : According to Guru Nanak Dev Ji, to reach the Sach Khand was the ultimate goal of human life. A man has to travel through Dharam Khand, Gian Khand, Saram Khand and Karam Khand in his journey to Sach Khand which is the final stage. Here, the soul merges with the Super Soul and all worries and sufferings disappear.

Importance of Teachings:

The teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji had a tremendous impact not only on religious and social fields, but on political fields also. His teachings went a long way in eliminating blind faiths and superstitions from the society, as the darkness of the horizon disappears before the sunrise. Consequently, a new awakening took place among people. They discarded useless rituals and started worship of one God. Guru Nanak Dev Ji laid the foundation of a new social order by condemning caste system, by propagating brotherhood of mankind, providing equal status to women in society, and by establishing institutions of ‘Sangat’ and ‘Pangat’.

His teachings gave a rude jolt, even to the rulers of the time. According to famous historian Dr. I.B. Banerjee, “The age of Guru Nanak Dev Ji was an age of ignorance and an age of strife, and we may say at once the message of Nanak was a message of truth and a message of peace.”

Question 5. What do you know about the early career of Guru Angad Dev Ji? Explain briefly.
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji was the second Guru of the Sikhs. His period of pontifical was from 1539 to 1552 A.D. A brief description of his early career is as under :

1. Birth and Parentage : The original name of Guru Angad Dev Ji was Bhai Lehna Ji. He was born in a village named Matte Di Sarai on 31st March 1504 A.D. His father’s name was Pheru Mai, who was a Trihun Khatri. His mother Sabhrai Devi was a religious-minded lady. Her religious thoughts had a deep influence on Bhai Lehna Ji.

2. Childhood and Marriage : When Bhai Lehna Ji grew young he helped his father in his profession. At the age of 15 years, he was married to Bibi Khivi, the daughter of Devi Chand of the same village. In due to rse of time, Bhai Lehna was blessed with two daughters Bibi Amro and Bibi Anokhi and two sons Datu and Dasu. In 1526 A.D., Babar sacked Matte Di Sarai, so Pheru Mai along with his family shifted to Khadur Sahib, a village in Amritsar district. Soon after, Pheru Mai died and therefore the entire responsibility to run his family fell upon the shoulders of Bhai Lehna Ji.

3. Lehna Ji Becomes the Disciple of Guru Nanak Dev Ji : Before meeting Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Bhai Lehna was a devotee of Durga. He used to visit Jawalamukhi (in Kangra district) every year along with a group of devotees (Jatha) One day he heard in Khadur Sahib, the recitation of‘Asa Di Var’ from Bhai Jodha, Bhai Lehna was so much stirred by it that he determined to meet Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Thus, when he set out for the pilgrimage of Jawalamukhi with his group of devotees next year, he stopped on the way at Kartarpur to meet Guru Nanak Dev Ji. He was so much overwhelmed and awed by the great personality and teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji that he felt his destination

was at hand. Therefore, Bhai Lehna became a follower of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and spent his life in the service of the Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

4. Assumption of Guruship: Bhai Lehna Ji served Guru Nanak Dev Ji dedieatedly and with full devotion. Guru Nanak Dev Ji put his disciple to hard tests from time to time. Bhai Lehna Ji passed all these tests. Guru Nanak Dev Ji decided to ordain Guruship to Bhai Lehna, as he was fully satisfied with his true de oti- u i nd endless affection. So, he placed one coconut and five paise in front of Bhai Lehna Ji and greeted him and appointed him as his successor. Guru Nanak Dev Ji named him (Bhai Lehna) ‘Angad’ because he considered him a part of his own body. It happened on 7th September, 1539 A.D.

The appointment of Guru Angad Dev Ji by Guru Nanak Dev Ji as his successor is considered one of the most important events of Sikh history. If Guru Nanak Dev Ji had not done so before leaving for his heavenly abode, Sikhism undoubtedly would gradually have ceased to exist. G.C. Narang aptly says, “Had Nanak died without a successor, there would have been no Sikhism today.”

Question 6.
What contribution Guru Angad Dev Ji made for the development of Sikhism? Discuss.
Or
Describe the contribution made by Guru Angad Dev Ji for the development of Sikhism.
Or
Give a brief account of the contribution made by Guru Angad Dev Ji to the development of Sikhism.
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji became the second Guru of the Sikhs in 1539 A.D. and retained Guruship till 1552 A.D. At the time of his attaining Guruship, Sikhism was facing many dangers. The most potent threat came from Hinduism itself. It was feared that Sikhism might merge in Hinduism. The second danger to Sikhism was from the Udasis. The Udasi sect was founded by Baba Sri Chand Ji,the elder son of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

Naturally many Sikhs were joining the Udasi sect. Under such circumstances constant vigil was needed to safeguard the interests of the Sikhs. Guru Angad Dev Ji not only succeeded in removing all the hurdles in the path of Sikhism, but also in consolidating it. The significant contribution of Guru Angad Dev Ji to the development of Sikhism can be described as under :

1. Popularisation of Gurmukhi : Guru Angad Dev Ji’s first significant effort for the development of Sikhism was the popularisation of Gurmukhi script. Guru Angad Dev Ji improved and polished it. Now it became very easy even for common people to understand it. All the religious books of Sikhism were written in it. Its very name ‘Gurmukhi’ (an utterance of words from the Guru’s mouth) reminded the Sikhs of their duties towards the Guru and constantly kept alive in their minds the consciousness that they were something distinct from the common mass of Hinduism.

This script was also instrumental in rapid spread of education among the Sikhs. Besides, the introduction of this script gave a severe blow to the supremacy of the Brahmans, who recognised Sanskrit as the only religious language. Undoubtedly, the popularisation of Gurmukhi proved most significant in the development of Sikhism. According to H.S. Bhatia and S.R. Bakshi, “Guru Angad Dev Ji gave the Sikhs a written language different from the language of the Hindus and Muslims and thus made them realise that they were separate people.”

2. Collection of Hymns : The collection of the hymns of Guru Nanak Dev Ji was the second great work of Guru Angad Dev Ji. Guru Nanak Dev Ji had composed many hymns, but these hymns (Bani) lay scattered at many places. Guru Angad Dev Ji collected all the hymns at one place. According to Sikh traditions, Guru Angad Dev Ji summoned Bhai Bala, a devotee of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and got a Janam Sakhi written on Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s life.

This Janam Sakhi is known as Bhai Bala’s Janam Sakhi. Some scholars don’t agree with this view that the Janam Sakhi was of Bhai Bala Ji written at the time of Guru Angad Dev Ji. Guru Angad Dev Ji himself composed Bani in the name of ‘Nanak’. He composed sixty-two Sabads. In this way, firstly, Guru Angad Dev Ji preserved the original form of Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s hymns and saved it from distortion. Secondly, Guru Angad Dev Ji prepared the basis for the compilation of Adi Granth Sahib Ji.

3. Expansion of Langar System : Langar system was introduced by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Angad Dev Ji expanded it. In his time, the Langar was managed by his wife Bibi Khivi Ji. All people ate food in Langar collectively without any consideration of sex, caste or creed. Money for the Langar was given by the Sikhs to the Guru. This institution strengthened feelings of co-operation and fraternity among the Sikhs. It also gave a shattering blow to the caste system among the Hindus. The habit of charity was developed by it among the Sikhs. It provided a powerful aid in propaganda work.

It helped a lot to make Sikhism popular. Prof. Harbans Singh, a famous historian, rightly remarks, “This served as an instrument of a far-reaching social revolution.”9 4. Organisation of Sangat : Guru Angad Dev Ji more effectively organised institution of Sangat founded by Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

The ‘Sangat’ meant ‘sitting together collectively’. All people (male or female) could take part in it. The Sangat was considered to be a replica of God. The Sangat met every morning and evening to listen to the Bani (hymn) of the Guru. This institution not only brought the Sikhs under one banner but it also helped a lot in the success of Sikh missionary work.

5. Denunciation of the Udasi Sect: Udasi sect was founded by Baba Sri Chand Ji, the elder son of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. This sect laid emphasis on ‘Sanyas’ or renunciation, Many people began to join the Udasi sect. Thus, the Udasi sect posed a formidable challenge to Sikhism. Therefore, Guru Angad Dev Ji made it clear in unequivocal terms that Sikhism was essentially a religion of householders and no true Sikh could be an Udasi. This action of the Guru Angad Dev Ji brought rich dividends. Udasism could not become the mass movement. Thus, Guru Angad Dev Ji succeeded in preserving the purity and originality of Sikh religion.

6. Discipline in Sikh Sect: Guru Angad Dev Ji was a great disciplinarian. Once two Ragis named Satta and Balwand, who sang hymns in the Darbar of Guru Ji began to feel excessively proud of their sweet voice. They began to violate even the instructions of Guru Angad Dev Ji. Guru Angad Dev Ji could not tolerate their attitude of defiance. As a result, Guru Angad Dev Ji dismissed both of them from his Darbar. Soon, they realised their mistake. Afterwards, when they apologised and Bhai Ladha Ji requested on their behalf, Guru Angad Dev Ji pardoned them. Thus, Guru Angad Dev Ji maintained the tradition of strict discipline in Guru Darbar.

7. Physical Training. Guru Angad Sahib was of the view that just as it is essential to recite Nam to cleans the Atma, similarly, it is necessary to do exercise for the fitness of the body. He held the view that a sound mind develops in a sound body. With this object in view, he built a wrestling ground at Khadur Sahib. Thus, Guru Angad Sahib laid the foundation of the martial spirit, which in the times of the sixth and the tenth Gurus blossomed into the Khalsa.

8. Foundation of Goindwal Sahib : Guru Angad Dev Ji founded a new town named Goindwal Sahib near Khadur Sahib and thus accomplished another very significant step for the development of Sikhism. The town began to be built in 1546 A.D. Guru Angad Dev Ji made one of his devoted followers Amar Das ftdly responsible for this project. This town soon became a place of pilgrimage for the Sikhs.

9. Meeting with Humayun : In 1540 A.D. Sher Shah Suri gave a crushing defeat to Mughal Emperor Humayun at Kanauj. After the defeat, Humayun reached Punjab and came to Khadur Sahib for Guru Angad Dev Ji’s blessings. At that moment, Guru Angad Dev Ji was in deep meditation, so he did not open his eyes. Humayun felt insulted and drew out his sword in anger. Suddenly, at that very moment, Guru Angad Dev Ji opened his eyes and said to Humayun, “Where was this sword that you have unsheathed against me during the battle with Sher Shah Suri?”

On hearing these words, Humayun felt very much ashamed and prayed for his pardon. Thereafter, Humayun, sought Guru Angad Dev Ji’s blessings. Guru Angad Dev Ji gave his blessings to Humayun and said that he would have to wait for some time for his folly and thereafter he would regain the throne. This prediction of Guru Angad Dev Ji was proved true.

10. Nomination of the Successor: The greatest service rendered by Guru Angad Dev Ji for the development of Sikhism was the nomination of his successor. After deep and prolonged thinking and consideration, Guru Angad Dev Ji chose his most faithful disciple Amar Das for appointment to the highest post of Guruship. Guru Angad Dev Ji placed one coconut and five paise in front of Amar Das and bowed his head before him. Thus, Amar Das Ji was nomination the third Guru of the Sikhs. By doing so,
Guru Angad Dev Ji took a step of far reaching consequence. Guru Angad Dev Ji immersed in Eternal Light on 29 March, 1552 A.D.

11. Estimate of Guru. Angad Dev Ji’s Achievements : Guru Angad Dev Ji took many important steps for the development of Sikhism during his Guruship. He rendered a great service to the Sikh Panth by popularising Gurmukhi, collecting Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s hymns, expanding Sangat and Pangat, separating the Udasi sect from Sikhism, maintaining discipline in Guru’s Dardar, founding Goindwal Sahib and appointing his successor. K.S. Duggal,

a famous historian, estimates the achievements of Guru Angad Dev Ji in the following words, “ It is amazing how much Guru Angad Dev Ji could achieve in the short time at his disposal.”According to another famous historian S.S. Johar, “The pontificate of Guru Angad Dev is indeed a turning point in the history of Sikh faith.”

Question 7.
Describe in brief the life and achievements of Guru Angad Dev Ji.
Or
Discuss the life and contribution of Guru Angad Dev Ji to the development of Sikhism.
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji was the second Guru of the Sikhs. His period of pontifical was from 1539 to 1552 A.D. A brief description of his early career is as under :

1. Birth and Parentage : The original name of Guru Angad Dev Ji was Bhai Lehna Ji. He was born in a village named Matte Di Sarai on 31st March 1504 A.D. His father’s name was Pheru Mai, who was a Trihun Khatri. His mother Sabhrai Devi was a religious-minded lady. Her religious thoughts had a deep influence on Bhai Lehna Ji.

2. Childhood and Marriage : When Bhai Lehna Ji grew young he helped his father in his profession. At the age of 15 years, he was married to Bibi Khivi, the daughter of Devi Chand of the same village. In due to rse of time, Bhai Lehna was blessed with two daughters Bibi Amro and Bibi Anokhi and two sons Datu and Dasu. In 1526 A.D., Babar sacked Matte Di Sarai, so Pheru Mai along with his family shifted to Khadur Sahib, a village in Amritsar district. Soon after, Pheru Mai died and therefore the entire responsibility to run his family fell upon the shoulders of Bhai Lehna Ji.

3. Lehna Ji Becomes the Disciple of Guru Nanak Dev Ji : Before meeting Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Bhai Lehna was a devotee of Durga. He used to visit Jawalamukhi (in Kangra district) every year along with a group of devotees (Jatha) One day he heard in Khadur Sahib, the recitation of‘Asa Di Var’ from Bhai Jodha, Bhai Lehna was so much stirred by it that he determined to meet Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Thus, when he set out for the pilgrimage of Jawalamukhi with his group of devotees next year,

he stopped on the way at Kartarpur to meet Guru Nanak Dev Ji. He was so much overwhelmed and awed by the great personality and teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji that he felt his destination was at hand. Therefore, Bhai Lehna became a follower of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and spent his life in the service of the Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

4. Assumption of Guruship: Bhai Lehna Ji served Guru Nanak Dev Ji dedieatedly and with full devotion. Guru Nanak Dev Ji put his disciple to hard tests from time to time. Bhai Lehna Ji passed all these tests. Guru Nanak Dev Ji decided to ordain Guruship to Bhai Lehna, as he was fully satisfied with his true de oti- u i nd endless affection. So, he placed one coconut and five paise in front of Bhai Lehna Ji and greeted him and appointed him as his successor. Guru Nanak Dev Ji named him (Bhai Lehna) ‘Angad’ because he considered him a part of his own body. It happened on 7th September, 1539 A.D.

The appointment of Guru Angad Dev Ji by Guru Nanak Dev Ji as his successor is considered one of the most important events of Sikh history. If Guru Nanak Dev Ji had not done so before leaving for his heavenly abode, Sikhism undoubtedly would gradually have ceased to exist. G.C. Narang aptly says, “Had Nanak died without a successor, there would have been no Sikhism today.”

Guru Angad Dev Ji became the second Guru of the Sikhs in 1539 A.D. and retained Guruship till 1552 A.D. At the time of his attaining Guruship, Sikhism was facing many dangers. The most potent threat came from Hinduism itself. It was feared that Sikhism might merge in Hinduism. The second danger to Sikhism was from the Udasis. The Udasi sect was founded by Baba Sri Chand Ji,the elder son of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

Naturally many Sikhs were joining the Udasi sect. Under such circumstances constant vigil was needed to safeguard the interests of the Sikhs. Guru Angad Dev Ji not only succeeded in removing all the hurdles in the path of Sikhism, but also in consolidating it. The significant contribution of Guru Angad Dev Ji to the development of Sikhism can be described as under :

1. Popularisation of Gurmukhi : Guru Angad Dev Ji’s first significant effort for the development of Sikhism was the popularisation of Gurmukhi script. Guru Angad Dev Ji improved and polished it. Now it became very easy even for common people to understand it. All the religious books of Sikhism were written in it. Its very name ‘Gurmukhi’ (an utterance of words from the Guru’s mouth) reminded the Sikhs of their duties towards the Guru and constantly kept alive in their minds the consciousness that they were something distinct from the common mass of Hinduism.

This script was also instrumental in rapid spread of education among the Sikhs. Besides, the introduction of this script gave a severe blow to the supremacy of the Brahmans, who recognised Sanskrit as the only religious language. Undoubtedly, the popularisation of Gurmukhi proved most significant in the development of Sikhism. According to H.S. Bhatia and S.R. Bakshi, “Guru Angad Dev Ji gave the Sikhs a written language different from the language of the Hindus and Muslims and thus made them realise that they were separate people.”

2. Collection of Hymns : The collection of the hymns of Guru Nanak Dev Ji was the second great work of Guru Angad Dev Ji. Guru Nanak Dev Ji had composed many hymns, but these hymns (Bani) lay scattered at many places. Guru Angad Dev Ji collected all the hymns at one place. According to Sikh traditions, Guru Angad Dev Ji summoned Bhai Bala, a devotee of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and got a Janam Sakhi written on Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s life.

This Janam Sakhi is known as Bhai Bala’s Janam Sakhi. Some scholars don’t agree with this view that the Janam Sakhi was of Bhai Bala Ji written at the time of Guru Angad Dev Ji. Guru Angad Dev Ji himself composed Bani in the name of ‘Nanak’. He composed sixty-two Sabads. In this way, firstly, Guru Angad Dev Ji preserved the original form of Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s hymns and saved it from distortion. Secondly, Guru Angad Dev Ji prepared the basis for the compilation of Adi Granth Sahib Ji.

3. Expansion of Langar System : Langar system was introduced by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Angad Dev Ji expanded it. In his time, the Langar was managed by his wife Bibi Khivi Ji. All people ate food in Langar collectively without any consideration of sex, caste or creed. Money for the Langar was given by the Sikhs to the Guru. This institution strengthened feelings of co-operation and fraternity among the Sikhs. It also gave a shattering blow to the caste system among the Hindus. The habit of charity was developed by it among the Sikhs. It provided a powerful aid in propaganda work.

It helped a lot to make Sikhism popular. Prof. Harbans Singh, a famous historian, rightly remarks, “This served as an instrument of a far-reaching social revolution.”9 4. Organisation of Sangat : Guru Angad Dev Ji more effectively organised institution of Sangat founded by Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

The ‘Sangat’ meant ‘sitting together collectively’. All people (male or female) could take part in it. The Sangat was considered to be a replica of God. The Sangat met every morning and evening to listen to the Bani (hymn) of the Guru. This institution not only brought the Sikhs under one banner but it also helped a lot in the success of Sikh missionary work.

5. Denunciation of the Udasi Sect: Udasi sect was founded by Baba Sri Chand Ji, the elder son of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. This sect laid emphasis on ‘Sanyas’ or renunciation, Many people began to join the Udasi sect. Thus, the Udasi sect posed a formidable challenge to Sikhism. Therefore, Guru Angad Dev Ji made it clear in unequivocal terms that Sikhism was essentially a religion of householders and no true Sikh could be an Udasi.

This action of the Guru Angad Dev Ji brought rich dividends. Udasism could not become the mass movement. Thus, Guru Angad Dev Ji succeeded in preserving the purity and originality of Sikh religion.

6. Discipline in Sikh Sect: Guru Angad Dev Ji was a great disciplinarian. Once two Ragis named Satta and Balwand, who sang hymns in the Darbar of Guru Ji began to feel excessively proud of their sweet voice. They began to violate even the instructions of Guru Angad Dev Ji. Guru Angad Dev Ji could not tolerate their attitude of defiance. As a result, Guru Angad Dev Ji dismissed both of them from his Darbar. Soon, they realised their mistake. Afterwards, when they apologised and Bhai Ladha Ji requested on their behalf, Guru Angad Dev Ji pardoned them. Thus, Guru Angad Dev Ji maintained the tradition of strict discipline in Guru Darbar.

7. Physical Training. Guru Angad Sahib was of the view that just as it is essential to recite Nam to cleans the Atma, similarly, it is necessary to do exercise for the fitness of the body. He held the view that a sound mind develops in a sound body. With this object in view, he built a wrestling ground at Khadur Sahib. Thus, Guru Angad Sahib laid the foundation of the martial spirit, which in the times of the sixth and the tenth Gurus blossomed into the Khalsa.

8. Foundation of Goindwal Sahib : Guru Angad Dev Ji founded a new town named Goindwal Sahib near Khadur Sahib and thus accomplished another very significant step for the development of Sikhism. The town began to be built in 1546 A.D. Guru Angad Dev Ji made one of his devoted followers Amar Das ftdly responsible for this project. This town soon became a place of pilgrimage for the Sikhs.

9. Meeting with Humayun : In 1540 A.D. Sher Shah Suri gave a crushing defeat to Mughal Emperor Humayun at Kanauj. After the defeat, Humayun reached Punjab and came to Khadur Sahib for Guru Angad Dev Ji’s blessings. At that moment, Guru Angad Dev Ji was in deep meditation, so he did not open his eyes. Humayun felt insulted and drew out his sword in anger. Suddenly, at that very moment, Guru Angad Dev Ji opened his eyes and said to Humayun, “Where was this sword that you have unsheathed against me during the battle with Sher Shah Suri?”

On hearing these words, Humayun felt very much ashamed and prayed for his pardon. Thereafter, Humayun, sought Guru Angad Dev Ji’s blessings. Guru Angad Dev Ji gave his blessings to Humayun and said that he would have to wait for some time for his folly and thereafter he would regain the throne. This prediction of Guru Angad Dev Ji was proved true.

10. Nomination of the Successor: The greatest service rendered by Guru Angad Dev Ji for the development of Sikhism was the nomination of his successor. After deep and prolonged thinking and consideration, Guru Angad Dev Ji chose his most faithful disciple Amar Das for appointment to the highest post of Guruship. Guru Angad Dev Ji placed one coconut and five paise in front of Amar Das and bowed his head before him. Thus, Amar Das Ji was nomination the third Guru of the Sikhs. By doing so,
Guru Angad Dev Ji took a step of far reaching consequence. Guru Angad Dev Ji immersed in Eternal Light on 29 March, 1552 A.D.

11. Estimate of Guru. Angad Dev Ji’s Achievements : Guru Angad Dev Ji took many important steps for the development of Sikhism during his Guruship. He rendered a great service to the Sikh Panth by popularising Gurmukhi, collecting Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s hymns, expanding Sangat and Pangat, separating the Udasi sect from Sikhism, maintaining discipline in Guru’s Dardar, founding Goindwal Sahib and appointing his successor. K.S. Duggal, a famous historian, estimates the achievements of Guru Angad Dev Ji in the following words, “ It is amazing how much Guru Angad Dev Ji could achieve in the short time at his disposal.”According to another famous historian S.S. Johar, “The pontificate of Guru Angad Dev is indeed a turning point in the history of Sikh faith.”

Question 8.
Give a brief account of the early career- and difficulties of Guru Amar Das Ji.
Answer:
A brief account of the early career and difficulties of Guru Amar Das Ji is as under :

Early Life of Guru Amardas Ji:

1. Birth and Parentage : Guru Amar Das Ji was born in Basarke village of Amritsar district on 5th May, 1479 A.D. His father Tej Bhan belonged to Bhalla family of Khatri caste. He was rich. No definite information is available about his mother’s actual name.

2. Childhood and Marriage : Nothing is known of Guru Amar Das Ji’s childhood exrcept that he was religiously inclined. On coming of age, he took over his father’s profession. As his parents were followers of the Vaishnav sect, he also became a follower of Vaishnavism. At the age of 24 years, he was married to Mansa Devi, daughter of Devi Chand. He was blessed with two sons Baba Mohan and Baba Mohri and two daughters Bibi Dani and Bibi Bhani.

3. Becoming Guru Angad Sahib’s Disciple : Once, when he was returning from Haridwar’s pilgrimage, he met a Sadhu on the way. Both of them took food together. Afterwards, the Sadhu enquired, “Who is your Guru” (spiritual leader)?” Amar Das replied, “ I have none, I am in search of one, but have not found as yet.” The Sadhu exclaimed with sorrow, “ What! have I been associating with a person who hath no Guru. Oh man ! thou hast polluted all my sanctity. All my vows, austerities, fasts and penances have been rendered fruitless. As for thyself all thy charities are of no avail. These sixty two years thou hast passed in vain.” Amar Das was dumb-founded at this behaviour of the Sadhu. So he resolved to have a Guru.

One day, Amar Das heard the Bani of Guru Nanak Dev Ji from Bibi Amro. He was greatly impressed by the Bani. Therefore, Amar Das decided to meet Guru Angad Dev Ji. Soon, he visited Khadur Sahib along with Bibi Amro. He was so much impressed by Guru Angad Dev Ji that he became his follower. He was 62 years old at this time.

4, Assumption of Guruship : After becoming a follower of Guru Angad Dev Ji, Amar Das lived at Khadur Sahib. He served Guru Angad Dev Ji dedicatedly for about eleven years. He used to bring water for Guru Angad Dev Ji’s bath, carrying it on his head from the river Beas, situated three miles away from there. He served the Sangat ( people coming to see Guru Angad Dev Ji) and the Langar whole-heartedly. One day, in January 1552 A.D. when Amar Das was returning from the Beas carrying water on his head as usual, he stumbled in the dark and fell down.

There was a weaver’s hut near by. On hearing the thud-sound, the weaver woke up and asked who was there. His wife, who had also awoken, by now, replied that it must be Amru Nithawan (who has no place to take shelter). The word reached Guru Angad Dev Ji gradually. He honoured Amar Das and declared that from then onward, Amar Das Ji would no longer remain without shelter (Nithawan), instead he would provide shelter to the shelterless.

In March, 1552 A.D., Guru Angad Dev Ji placed five paisas‘and one coconut in front of Amar Das and bowed his head before him. Thus, Amar Das Ji became the third Guru of the Sikhs. Guru Amar Das Ji was 73 years old at that time.

Early Difficulties of Guru Amar Das Ji:

After assuming Guruship, Guru Amar Das Ji shifted from Khadur Sahib to Goindwal Sahib as per instructions from Guru Angad Dev Ji. In the beginning of hi .a pontificate Guru Amar Das Ji had to face many difficulties. A brief description of these difficulties
is given below:

(1) Opposition ofDasu and Datu: Soon after Guru Amar Das Ji succeeded to the Guruship, he had to face the opposition from both the sons of Guru Angad. Dev Ji, Dasu and Datu. They refused to recognise Guru Amar Das Ji as the Guru. They used to ask how a water carrier to their house till yesterday could become their Guru. One day in a fit of anger, Datu went to Goindwal Sahib and kicked Guru Amar Das Ji in the presence of the Sangat. As a result of this Guru Am ar Das Ji fell down from his seat. In spite of provocation Guru Amar Das Ji showed utmost tolerance and humbleness. After this incident, Guru Amar Das Ji left Goindwal Sahib and returned to his village Basarke. The Sikhs refused to consider Datu to be their Guru. Finally, he retreated to Khadur Sahib with extreme disappointment. Guru Amar Das Ji once again came to Goindwal Sahib on the request of Baba Buddha Ji and other Sikh Sangat.

(2) Opposition of Baba Sri Chand Ji : Baba Sri Chand Ji was the elder son of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and he considered himself to be the rightful successor to Guruship. He did not oppose Guru Angad Dev Ji, because Guru Nanak Dev Ji himself had appointed him ( Guru Angad Dev Ji) the Guru. But, after Guru Angad Dev Ji, he tried to get his father’s Guruship. Baba Sri Chand Ji had many followers. Guru Amar Das Ji showed great wisdom at this occasion. He clarified to the Sikhs that the principles of Udasi sect were totally against the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. The Sikhs were convinced by his reasoning and logic. So, they left Baba Sri Chand Ji. In this way, Guru Amar Das Ji separated the Sikhs from Udasi sect for ever.

(3) Opposition by the Muslims of Goindwal Sahib : The Muslims of Goindwal Sahib grew jealous of increasing popularity of Guru Amar Das Ji. They began to harass the Sikhs in many ways. They stole the belongings of the Sikhs. They pelted stones at the earthen pitchers in which the Sikhs brought water from the Beas and often broke them. Whenever the Sikhs complained about it to Guru Ji, he advised them to remain calm. Once some armed men came to that village. The Muslims picked up a quarrel with them over some matter. A fight took place between the two parties and as a result of which many Muslims were killed. This incident greatly impressed the Sikhs. They thought that God had punished the Muslims for their misdeeds. Thus, their faith in Sikhism became stronger.

(4) Opposition by the Hindus. Many Hindus were joining Sikhism as a result of the social reforms undertaken by Guru Amar Das Ji. Sikhism laid emphasis on social equality. All the people were served Langar without any discrimination. The Sikhs had got a separate place of pilgrimage with the construction of a Baoli. The high caste Hindus of Goindwal complained to the Mughal emperor Akbar that Guru Amar Das Ji was propagating agpinst Hinduism.

Akbar summoned Guru Amar Das Ji to his court to investigate into the charges levelled against Guru Amar Das Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji sent his most competent follower Bhai Jetha Ji to- the Mughal court. After meeting Bhai Jetha, Akbar declared that all charges against Guru Amar Das Ji were baseless. It spread Guru Amar Das Ji’s fame in all corners and gave a great boost to Sikhism.

Question 9.
Describe the tasks done by Guru Amar Das Jiat new polacb Goindwal Sahib.
Or
Describe the contribution of Guru Amar Das Ji in the development of Sikhism.
Or
What was the special contribution of Guru Amar Das Ji to Sikhism?
Or
Describe the services rendered by Guru Amar Das Ji for the development of Sikh religion.
Or
What were the measures taken by Guru Amar Das Ji for the consolidation and expansion of Sikhism?
Or
Describe the contribution of Guru Amar Das Ji in the development of Sikhism.

Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji was the third Guru of the Sikhs. He retained Guruship from 1552 to 1574 AJD. When Guru Amar Das Ji assumed Guruship, the Sikh Panth was passing through a critical juncture. Guru Nanak Dev Ji had left for his heavenly abode only thirteen years ago. No doubt, many significant steps had been undertaken for the development of Sikhism in this short period, but still there remained much to be done in this regard. Guru Amar Das Ji continued the work started by Guru Angad Dev Ji for organisation and development of Sikhism and established many new institutions and traditions.

1. Construction of the Baoli at Goindwal Sahib : The first significant step undertaken by Guru Amar Das Ji for the development of Sikhism was the construction of a Baoli at Goindwal Sahib. The construction work of the Baoli was started in 1552 AJD. and it was completed in 1559 A.D. Eighty four steps were built to reach the Baoli. After its construction was over, Guru Ji declared, “Whoever would attentively and reverently repeat the Japji on every step after a bath in the baoli would escape from the wandering in the wombs of the 84 lakhs of living creatures.”

The construction of Baoli Sahib gave the Sikhs a place of pilgrimage of their own and it helped in separating the Sikhs from the common mass of the Hindus. Moreover, the prestige and prosperity of Goindwal Sahib enormously increased. In the words of H.S. Bhatia and S.R. Bakshi, “The pontificate of Guru Amar Das Ji is thus a turning point in the history of the Sikh movement.”

2. Expansion of Langar Institution: Guru Nanak Dev Ji started the institution of Langar. Guru Amar Das Ji expanded it greatly, Guru Amar Das Ji declared that no visitor could meet him unless he had taken the Langar. He gave the injunction, “Pehle Pangat, pachhe Sangat” (First eat together and then meet together.) Mughal emperor Akbar and the ruler of Haripur had partaken the Langar in the Pangat before meeting Guru Amar Das Ji. It was open for people of every religion and caste.

The Langar was served till late at night. The remaining food was thrown to birds and animals. The institution of Langar proved much helpful in the propagation of Sikhism. It gave a shattering blow to the caste system and developed a feeling of brotherhood among the Sikhs. According to Dr. Fauja Singh, “This institution gave a shattering blow to the rigidity of the caste system and paved the way for social equality.”

3. Collection of Hymns : The next important work of Guru Amar Das Ji was to collect the hymns (Bani) of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and Guru Angad Dev Ji. He himself composed 907 Sabads (hymns). It prepared the basis for the compilation of Adi Granth Sahib.

4. Maqji System: The establishment of Manji system was one of the most important works of Guru Amar Das Ji. During his Guruship, the number of the followers of Sikhism had increased considerably. Thus, it became impossible for Guru Amar Das Ji to reach every Sikh. So, he established twenty two Manjis to convey the message of Sikhism to far off areas. It should be kept in mind that Guru Amar Das Ji did not establish all the Manjis at one time. Instead, the process continued throughout.his Guruship. The head of every Manji was called Manjidar.

These Manjidars appealed to more and more people to join Sikhism. As the Manjidars used to sit on Manji (the cot) while preaching, the system came to be known as Manji system in history. It made tangible contribution to the development and progress of Sikhism. According to D.S. Dhillon,“The establishment of Manji system gave a big thrust to the missionary activities of the Sikhs.”

5. Denunciation of the Udasi Sect: The Udasi sect once again began to gain strength during the time of Guru Amar Das Ji. Many Sikhs were becoming Udasis, as they were impressed by the ascetism of Baba Sri Chand Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji showed considerable courage at this juncture. He left no stone unturned to explain to the Sikhs that Udasi sect was totally different from Sikhism. He clarified that Sikhism taught normal family life and to earn one’s livelihood by the sweat of one’s brow, whereas the Udasi sect taught to escape one’s social responsibilities and wander in the forests in search of salvation by running away from the world. As a result of indefatigable efforts made by Guru Amar Das Ji, the Sikhs broke away from the Udasi sect for ever. Thus, Guru Amar Das Ji saved Sikhism from being merged into Hinduism.

6. Social Reforms : Gpru Amar Das Ji was a great social reformer. He wanted to give a new form to the social set up of the Sikhs. Guru Amar Das Ji launched a frontal attack on the caste system and untouchability. He made if compulsory for each visitor to eat food in the Langar, before he was allowed to have Guru’s darshan. In this way, Guru Amar Das Ji laid emphasis on the universal brotherhood of mankind. Guru Amar Das Ji also condemned the sati system vehemently. He said, “They are not satis who are burnt alive on the pyres ; rather satis are they who die of the blow of separation.”

Guru Amar Das Ji vigorously opposed child marriage and the purdah system. He was in favour of widow re-marriage. Guru Amar Das Ji laid stress on inter-caste marriages. He strongly forbade the use of narcotics. Besides, he introduced new (special) rituals for the Sikhs to be observed on occasions of birth, marriage and death. Thus, Guru Amar Das Ji founded a new society.

7. Akbar’s visit to Goindwal Sahib : Mughal emperor Akbar visited Goindwal Sahib in 1568 A.D. In accordance with the practice then established by the Guru Akbar first took the Langar before he met Guru Amar Das Ji. He was deeply impressed by the Langar system and Guru Amar Das Ji’s personality. He offered some villages as Jagir to meet the expenses of the Langar. Guru Amar Das Ji refused this offer. Akbar gave the Jagir to Guru Amar Das Ji’s daughter Bibi Bhani. Later on, the town of Amritsar was founded on this land. This visit of Akbar is of special significance in the history of the Sikh religion. People were greatly impressed by it. They joined Sikhism in large numbers. The Sikh Panth gained more popularity.

8. Nomination of the Successor : In 1574 A.D. Guru Amar Das Ji decided to nominate Bhai Jetha Ji as his successor, before he left for his heavenly abode. Bhai Jetha Ji was the son-in-law of Guru Amar Das Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji was so much impressed by the humbleness and devotional service of Bhai Jetha Ji and his wife Bibi Bhani, that he not only appointed Bhai Jetha as his successor, but also blessed that in future Guruship would remain in their family. Guru Amar Das Ji immersed in Eternal Light on 1 September, 1574 A.D.

9. Estimate of Guru Amar Das Ji’s Achievements: Sikhism made multifaceted development under the efficient leadership of Guru Amar Das Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji gave the Sikhs a new place of pilgrimage. He expanded the Langar system. He collected the hymns of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and Guru Angad Dev Ji and he himself composed hymns. In this way, he prepared the ground for the compilation of Adi Granth Sahib. He condemned in unequivocal terms the empty rituals prevalent in the Hindu society and opposed the Udasi sect. He, thus, gave the Sikhs a separate entity.

In fact, under the able and benign guidance of Guru Amar Das Ji, Sikhism passed through a remarkable transformation. That is why the pontificate of Guru Amar Das Ji is considered a milestone in the history of the Sikh Panth. According to Dr. Sangat Singh, a noted historian, “Under Guru Amar Das, Sikhism made rapid strides.” According to another famous historian, Dr. D.S. Dhillon, “Guru Amar Das’s’contribution to the growth of the Sikh Panth was great.”

Question 10.
Describe the life and achievements of Guru Amar Das Ji.
Answer:
A brief account of the early career and difficulties of Guru Amar Das Ji is as under :

I. Early Life of Guru Amardas Ji

1. Birth and Parentage : Guru Amar Das Ji was born in Basarke village of Amritsar district on 5th May, 1479 A.D. His father Tej Bhan belonged to Bhalla family of Khatri caste. He was rich. No definite information is available about his mother’s actual name.

2. Childhood and Marriage : Nothing is known of Guru Amar Das Ji’s childhood exrcept that he was religiously inclined. On coming of age, he took over his father’s profession. As his parents were followers of the Vaishnav sect, he also became a follower of Vaishnavism. At the age of 24 years, he was married to Mansa Devi, daughter of Devi Chand. He was blessed with two sons Baba Mohan and Baba Mohri and two daughters Bibi Dani and Bibi Bhani.

3. Becoming Guru Angad Sahib’s Disciple : Once, when he was returning from Haridwar’s pilgrimage, he met a Sadhu on the way. Both of them took food together. Afterwards, the Sadhu enquired, “Who is your Guru” (spiritual leader)?” Amar Das replied, “ I have none, I am in search of one, but have not found as yet.” The Sadhu exclaimed with sorrow, “ What! have I been associating with a person who hath no Guru. Oh man ! thou hast polluted all my sanctity. All my vows, austerities, fasts and penances have been rendered fruitless. As for thyself all thy charities are of no avail. These sixty two years thou hast passed in vain.” Amar Das was dumb-founded at this behaviour of the Sadhu. So he resolved to have a Guru.

One day, Amar Das heard the Bani of Guru Nanak Dev Ji from Bibi Amro. He was greatly impressed by the Bani. Therefore, Amar Das decided to meet Guru Angad Dev Ji. Soon, he visited Khadur Sahib along with Bibi Amro. He was so much impressed by Guru Angad Dev Ji that he became his follower. He was 62 years old at this time.

4, Assumption of Guruship : After becoming a follower of Guru Angad Dev Ji, Amar Das lived at Khadur Sahib. He served Guru Angad Dev Ji dedicatedly for about eleven years. He used to bring water for Guru Angad Dev Ji’s bath, carrying it on his head from the river Beas, situated three miles away from there. He served the Sangat ( people coming to see Guru Angad Dev Ji) and the Langar whole-heartedly. One day, in January 1552 A.D. when Amar Das was returning from the Beas carrying water on his head as usual, he stumbled in the dark and fell down.

There was a weaver’s hut near by. On hearing the thud-sound, the weaver woke up and asked who was there. His wife, who had also awoken, by now, replied that it must be Amru Nithawan (who has no place to take shelter). The word reached Guru Angad Dev Ji gradually. He honoured Amar Das and declared that from then onward, Amar Das Ji would no longer remain without shelter (Nithawan), instead he would provide shelter to the shelterless. In March, 1552 A.D., Guru Angad Dev Ji placed five paisas‘and one coconut in front of Amar Das and bowed his head before him. Thus, Amar Das Ji became the third Guru of the Sikhs. Guru Amar Das Ji was 73 years old at that time.

Early Difficulties of Guru Amar Das Ji:

After assuming Guruship, Guru Amar Das Ji shifted from Khadur Sahib to Goindwal Sahib as per instructions from Guru Angad Dev Ji. In the beginning of hi .a pontificate Guru Amar Das Ji had to face many difficulties. A brief description of these difficulties
is given below:

(1) Opposition ofDasu and Datu: Soon after Guru Amar Das Ji succeeded to the Guruship, he had to face the opposition from both the sons of Guru Angad. Dev Ji, Dasu and Datu. They refused to recognise Guru Amar Das Ji as the Guru. They used to ask how a water carrier to their house till yesterday could become their Guru. One day in a fit of anger, Datu went to Goindwal Sahib and kicked Guru Amar Das Ji in the presence of the Sangat. As a result of this Guru Am ar Das Ji fell down from his seat. In spite of provocation Guru Amar Das Ji showed utmost tolerance and humbleness.

After this incident, Guru Amar Das Ji left Goindwal Sahib and returned to his village Basarke. The Sikhs refused to consider Datu to be their Guru. Finally, he retreated to Khadur Sahib with extreme disappointment. Guru Amar Das Ji once again came to Goindwal Sahib on the request of Baba Buddha Ji and other Sikh Sangat.

(2) Opposition of Baba Sri Chand Ji : Baba Sri Chand Ji was the elder son of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and he considered himself to be the rightful successor to Guruship. He did not oppose Guru Angad Dev Ji, because Guru Nanak Dev Ji himself had appointed him ( Guru Angad Dev Ji) the Guru. But, after Guru Angad Dev Ji, he tried to get his father’s Guruship. Baba Sri Chand Ji had many followers. Guru Amar Das Ji showed great wisdom at this occasion. He clarified to the Sikhs that the principles of Udasi sect were totally against the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. The Sikhs were convinced by his reasoning and logic. So, they left Baba Sri Chand Ji. In this way, Guru Amar Das Ji separated the Sikhs from Udasi sect for ever.

(3) Opposition by the Muslims of Goindwal Sahib : The Muslims of Goindwal Sahib grew jealous of increasing popularity of Guru Amar Das Ji. They began to harass the Sikhs in many ways. They stole the belongings of the Sikhs. They pelted stones at the earthen pitchers in which the Sikhs brought water from the Beas and often broke them. Whenever the Sikhs complained about it to Guru Ji, he advised them to remain calm. Once some armed men came to that village. The Muslims picked up a quarrel with them over some matter.

A fight took place between the two parties and as a result of which many Muslims were killed. This incident greatly impressed the Sikhs. They thought that God had punished the Muslims for their misdeeds. Thus, their faith in Sikhism became stronger.

(4) Opposition by the Hindus. Many Hindus were joining Sikhism as a result of the social reforms undertaken by Guru Amar Das Ji. Sikhism laid emphasis on social equality. All the people were served Langar without any discrimination. The Sikhs had got a separate place of pilgrimage with the construction of a Baoli. The high caste Hindus of Goindwal complained to the Mughal emperor Akbar that Guru Amar Das Ji was propagating agpinst Hinduism. Akbar summoned Guru Amar Das Ji to his court to investigate into the charges levelled against Guru Amar Das Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji sent his most competent follower Bhai Jetha Ji to- the Mughal court. After meeting Bhai Jetha, Akbar declared that all charges against Guru Amar Das Ji were baseless. It spread Guru Amar Das Ji’s fame in all corners and gave a great boost to Sikhism.

Guru Amar Das Ji was the third Guru of the Sikhs. He retained Guruship from 1552 to 1574 AJD. When Guru Amar Das Ji assumed Guruship, the Sikh Panth was passing through a critical juncture. Guru Nanak Dev Ji had left for his heavenly abode only thirteen years ago. No doubt, many significant steps had been undertaken for the development of Sikhism in this short period, but still there remained much to be done in this regard. Guru Amar Das Ji continued the work started by Guru Angad Dev Ji for organisation and development of Sikhism and established many new institutions and traditions.

1. Construction of the Baoli at Goindwal Sahib : The first significant step undertaken by Guru Amar Das Ji for the development of Sikhism was the construction of a Baoli at Goindwal Sahib. The construction work of the Baoli was started in 1552 AJD. and it was completed in 1559 A.D. Eighty four steps were built to reach the Baoli. After its construction was over, Guru Ji declared, “Whoever would attentively and reverently repeat the Japji on every step after a bath in the baoli would escape from the wandering in the wombs of the 84 lakhs of living creatures.”

The construction of Baoli Sahib gave the Sikhs a place of pilgrimage of their own and it helped in separating the Sikhs from the common mass of the Hindus. Moreover, the prestige and prosperity of Goindwal Sahib enormously increased. In the words of H.S. Bhatia and S.R. Bakshi, “The pontificate of Guru Amar Das Ji is thus a turning point in the history of the Sikh movement.”

2. Expansion of Langar Institution: Guru Nanak Dev Ji started the institution of Langar. Guru Amar Das Ji expanded it greatly, Guru Amar Das Ji declared that no visitor could meet him unless he had taken the Langar. He gave the injunction, “Pehle Pangat, pachhe Sangat” (First eat together and then meet together.) Mughal emperor Akbar and the ruler of Haripur had partaken the Langar in the Pangat before meeting Guru Amar Das Ji.

It was open for people of every religion and caste. The Langar was served till late at night. The remaining food was thrown to birds and animals. The institution of Langar proved much helpful in the propagation of Sikhism. It gave a shattering blow to the caste system and developed a feeling of brotherhood among the Sikhs. According to Dr. Fauja Singh, “This institution gave a shattering blow to the rigidity of the caste system and paved the way for social equality.”

3. Collection of Hymns : The next important work of Guru Amar Das Ji was to collect the hymns (Bani) of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and Guru Angad Dev Ji. He himself composed 907 Sabads (hymns). It prepared the basis for the compilation of Adi Granth Sahib.

4. Maqji System: The establishment of Manji system was one of the most important works of Guru Amar Das Ji. During his Guruship, the number of the followers of Sikhism had increased considerably. Thus, it became impossible for Guru Amar Das Ji to reach every Sikh. So, he established twenty two Manjis to convey the message of Sikhism to far off areas. It should be kept in mind that Guru Amar Das Ji did not establish all the Manjis at one time. Instead, the process continued throughout.his Guruship. The head of every Manji was called Manjidar.

These Manjidars appealed to more and more people to join Sikhism. As the Manjidars used to sit on Manji (the cot) while preaching, the system came to be known as Manji system in history. It made tangible contribution to the development and progress of Sikhism. According to D.S. Dhillon,“The establishment of Manji system gave a big thrust to the missionary activities of the Sikhs.”

5. Denunciation of the Udasi Sect: The Udasi sect once again began to gain strength during the time of Guru Amar Das Ji. Many Sikhs were becoming Udasis, as they were impressed by the ascetism of Baba Sri Chand Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji showed considerable courage at this juncture. He left no stone unturned to explain to the Sikhs that Udasi sect was totally different from Sikhism. He clarified that Sikhism taught normal family life and to earn one’s livelihood by the sweat of one’s brow, whereas the Udasi sect taught to escape one’s social responsibilities and wander in the forests in search of salvation by running away from the world.

As a result of indefatigable efforts made by Guru Amar Das Ji, the Sikhs broke away from the Udasi sect for ever. Thus, Guru Amar Das Ji saved Sikhism from being merged into Hinduism.

6. Social Reforms : Gpru Amar Das Ji was a great social reformer. He wanted to give a new form to the social set up of the Sikhs. Guru Amar Das Ji launched a frontal attack on the caste system and untouchability. He made if compulsory for each visitor to eat food in the Langar, before he was allowed to have Guru’s darshan. In this way, Guru Amar Das Ji laid emphasis on the universal brotherhood of mankind. Guru Amar Das Ji also condemned the sati system vehemently. He said, “They are not satis who are burnt alive on the pyres ; rather satis are they who die of the blow of separation.”

Guru Amar Das Ji vigorously opposed child marriage and the purdah system. He was in favour of widow re-marriage. Guru Amar Das Ji laid stress on inter-caste marriages. He strongly forbade the use of narcotics. Besides, he introduced new (special) rituals for the Sikhs to be observed on occasions of birth, marriage and death. Thus, Guru Amar Das Ji founded a new society.

7. Akbar’s visit to Goindwal Sahib : Mughal emperor Akbar visited Goindwal Sahib in 1568 A.D. In accordance with the practice then established by the Guru Akbar first took the Langar before he met Guru Amar Das Ji. He was deeply impressed by the Langar system and Guru Amar Das Ji’s personality. He offered some villages as Jagir to meet the expenses of the Langar. Guru Amar Das Ji refused this offer. Akbar gave the Jagir to Guru Amar Das Ji’s daughter Bibi Bhani. Later on, the town of Amritsar was founded on this land. This visit of Akbar is of special significance in the history of the Sikh religion. People were greatly impressed by it. They joined Sikhism in large numbers. The Sikh Panth gained more popularity.

8. Nomination of the Successor : In 1574 A.D. Guru Amar Das Ji decided to nominate Bhai Jetha Ji as his successor, before he left for his heavenly abode. Bhai Jetha Ji was the son-in-law of Guru Amar Das Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji was so much impressed by the humbleness and devotional service of Bhai Jetha Ji and his wife Bibi Bhani, that he not only appointed Bhai Jetha as his successor, but also blessed that in future Guruship would remain in their family. Guru Amar Das Ji immersed in Eternal Light on 1 September, 1574 A.D.

9. Estimate of Guru Amar Das Ji’s Achievements: Sikhism made multifaceted development under the efficient leadership of Guru Amar Das Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji gave the Sikhs a new place of pilgrimage. He expanded the Langar system. He collected the hymns of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and Guru Angad Dev Ji and he himself composed hymns. In this way, he prepared the ground for the compilation of Adi Granth Sahib. He condemned in unequivocal terms the empty rituals prevalent in the Hindu society and opposed the Udasi sect. He, thus, gave the Sikhs a separate entity. In fact, under the able and benign guidance of Guru Amar Das Ji, Sikhism passed through a remarkable transformation.

That is why the pontificate of Guru Amar Das Ji is considered a milestone in the history of the Sikh Panth. According to Dr. Sangat Singh, a noted historian, “Under Guru Amar Das, Sikhism made rapid strides.” According to another famous historian, Dr. D.S. Dhillon, “Guru Amar Das’s’contribution to the growth of the Sikh Panth was great.”

Question 11.
Describe the life and achievements of Guru Ram Das Ji.
Or
Describe the contribution of Guru Ram Das Ji for the development of Sikhism.
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji was the fourth Guru of the Sikhs. He remained on Gurgaddi from 1574 to 1581 A.D. During his pontificate there was made considerable progress in the consolidation and development of Sikhism. A brief description of early life of Guru Ram Das Ji and the development of Sikhism under him is as under :

Early Career of Guru Ram Das Ji:

1. Birth and Parentage : Guru Ram Das Ji was born at Chuna Mandi in Lahore on 24th September, 1534 A.D. His childhood name was Bhai Jetha Ji. His father

Hari Das belonged to Sodhi family of Kashatriya caste. The name of his mother was Daya Kaur. His parents were very poor.

2. Childhood and Marriage : Bhai Jetha Ji was of a very religious disposition from his childhood. Once his mother sent him to the market to sell boiled grams. Some hungry saints met him on the way. Jetha Ji was very kind-hearted. He served all the grams to the hungry saints and came back home empty-handed. He was always ready to serve the people. Once he got a chance to visit Goindwal Sahib in the company of a group of Sikhs. Here he became the disciple of Guru Amur Das Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji was greatly impressed by the devotion and qualities of Bhai Jetha Ji. So, in 1553 A.D., when Bhai Jetha Ji was 19 years old, Guru Amar Das Ji married his younger daughter, Bibi Bhani, to him. Bhai Jetha Ji was blessed with three sons, Prithi Chand (Prithia), Mahadev and Arjan Dev.

3. Assumption of Guruship : Even after his marriage Bhai Jetha Ji lived at Goindwal Sahib and continued doing service as usual. Selfless service, humility and the sweet nature of Bhai Jetha Ji had a profound effect on Guru Amar Das Ji. So, he appointed Bhai Jetha Ji as his successor to the Guruship in 1574 A.D. From then onward Bhai Jetha Ji was called Ram Das. Thus, Guru Ram Das Ji became the fourth Guru of the Sikhs.

Development of Sikhism Under Guru Ram. Das Ji:

Guru Ram Das Ji retained the Guruship from 1574 to 1581 A.D, Although, his tenure of Guruship was very short, yet he took many significant steps for the organisation and development of Sikhism.

1. Foundation of Ramdaspura : The most important contribution of Guru Ram Das Ji towards the Sikh Panth was the foundation of Ramdaspura or Amritsar. After assuming the Guruship, he himself settled here. In 1577. A.D. he founded Ramdaspura. He settled fifty two other traders, belonging to different trades, at this place in order to make it popular and attract people. The market formed by these traders came to be known as ‘Guru Ka Bazaar’. Guru Ram Das Ji planned to construct two sarovars (tanks) Amritsar and Santokhsar at Ramdaspura.

At first, the digging of Amritsar sarovar was started. Baba Buddha Ji was entrusted to look after this project. Later on the name of Ramdaspura came to be known as Amritsar. The foundation of Amritsar occupies an important place in the history of Sikhism. It gave the Sikhs a separate place of pilgrimage which soon developed into the most famous centre of religious propagation.

2. Introduction of Masand System : Guru Ram Das Ji had started the digging work of two Sarovars (Amritsar and Santokhsar) at Ramdaspura. He needed money to complete this work. So, he sent his representatives to different places to collect money from the Sikhs and to propagate Sikhism. This institution later came to be known as Masand system. It contributed a lot to the spread of Sikhism in remote places. According to S.S. Gandhi, “Masand system played a big role in consolidating Sikhism,”

3. Reconciliation with the Udasis : Another important event relating to the pontificate of Guru Ram Das Ji was his reconciliation with Udasis. Once Baba Sri Chand Ji, the founder of Udasi sect visited Amritsar to see Guru Ram Das Ji. When he met Guru Ji, he asked, “Why have you grown such a long beard?” Guru Ram Das Ji politely replied, “I have grown such a long beard to wipe the dust from thy holy feet.” And the Guru Ram Das Ji proceeded to do so. Baba Sri Chand Ji felt much ashamed at this and withdrew his feet. Baba Sri Chand Ji was so much impressed by Guru’s modesty and humility that he gave up opposing Sikhism from that day. This reconciliation between the Sikhs and the Udasis proved very useful for the Sikh Panth.

4. Some other Important Works : Guru Ram Das Ji did some other important works also for the development of Sikhism. He maintained the tradition of composing hymns. Guru Ram Das Ji composed 679 Sabads. He introduced a new system of marriage among the Sikhs by circumambulation (Lawan) around Granth Sahib four times. Guru Ram Das Sahib composed four Lawans in this respect. He further consolidated the institutions of Pangat, Sangat and Manji system. Guru Ram Das Ji also condemned in strong words such social evils as caste-system, sati system, child marriage, denial of widow re-marriage.

5. Friendly Relations with Akbar : Friendly relations between the Sikhs and Mughal emperor Akbar continued during his tenure of Guruship. Guru Ram Das Ji had met Akbar at Lahore. He was much impressed by Guru Ram Das Ji’s personality. So, he donated 500 Bighas of land to Guru Ram Das Ji. Besides, he remitted one year’s land revenue to the farmers of the Punjab on recommendation of Guru Ram Das Ji. All this added to the fame and prestige of Guru Ram Das Ji.

6. Appointment of the Successor : In 1581 A.D., Guru Ram Das Ji appointed his youngest son Arjan Dev as his successor. The reason “for this appointment was clear. Prithia or Prithi Chand, the eldest son of Guru Ram Das Ji had annoyed him because of his conspiracies. His second son, Mahadev, was not interested in worldly affairs. Thus, the youngest son, Arjan Dev was considered competent for the Guruship from every angle. Guru Ram Das Ji left for his heavenly abode on I September, 1581 A.D.

7. Estimate of Achievements of Guru Ram Dass Ji : Although the period of Guruship of Guru Ram Das Ji was seven years only, he succeeded in giving a new impetus to Sikhism. Guru Ram Das Ji by laying the foundation of Ramdaspura and Masand system, by conciliating with the Udasis, by adding his own verses, by refuting the prevalent evils in the society, by continuing the Sangat, Pangat and Manji institutions and by establishing friendly relations with Akbar, he contributed significantly to the consolidation of Sikhism. So, finally we agree with a famous historian, Dr. D.S. Dhillon’s words, “During the short period of his Guruship of about seven years, Guru Ram Das provided a well-knit community with a form and content.”

Question 12.
Describe briefly the development of Sikhism from 1539 to 1581 A.D.
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji became the second Guru of the Sikhs in 1539 A.D. and retained Guruship till 1552 A.D. At the time of his attaining Guruship, Sikhism was facing many dangers. The most potent threat came from Hinduism itself. It was feared that Sikhism might merge in Hinduism. The second danger to Sikhism was from the Udasis. The Udasi sect was founded by Baba Sri Chand Ji,the elder son of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Naturally many Sikhs were joining the Udasi sect. Under such circumstances constant vigil was needed to safeguard the interests of the Sikhs. Guru Angad Dev Ji not only succeeded in removing all the hurdles in the path of Sikhism, but also in consolidating it. The significant contribution of Guru Angad Dev Ji to the development of Sikhism can be described as under :

1. Popularisation of Gurmukhi : Guru Angad Dev Ji’s first significant effort for the development of Sikhism was the popularisation of Gurmukhi script. Guru Angad Dev Ji improved and polished it. Now it became very easy even for common people to understand it. All the religious books of Sikhism were written in it. Its very name ‘Gurmukhi’ (an utterance of words from the Guru’s mouth) reminded the Sikhs of their duties towards the Guru and constantly kept alive in their minds the consciousness that they were something distinct from the common mass of Hinduism. This script was also instrumental in rapid spread of education among the Sikhs. Besides, the introduction of this script gave a severe blow to the supremacy of the Brahmans, who recognised Sanskrit as the only religious language.

Undoubtedly, the popularisation of Gurmukhi proved most significant in the development of Sikhism. According to H.S. Bhatia and S.R. Bakshi, “Guru Angad Dev Ji gave the Sikhs a written language different from the language of the Hindus and Muslims and thus made them realise that they were separate people.”

2. Collection of Hymns : The collection of the hymns of Guru Nanak Dev Ji was the second great work of Guru Angad Dev Ji. Guru Nanak Dev Ji had composed many hymns, but these hymns (Bani) lay scattered at many places. Guru Angad Dev Ji collected all the hymns at one place. According to Sikh traditions, Guru Angad Dev Ji summoned Bhai Bala, a devotee of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and got a Janam Sakhi written on Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s life. This Janam Sakhi is known as Bhai Bala’s Janam Sakhi. Some scholars don’t agree with this view that the Janam Sakhi was of Bhai Bala Ji written at the time of Guru Angad Dev Ji. Guru Angad Dev Ji himself composed Bani in the name of ‘Nanak’. He composed sixty-two Sabads. In this way, firstly, Guru Angad Dev Ji preserved the original form of Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s hymns and saved it from distortion. Secondly, Guru Angad Dev Ji prepared the basis for the compilation of Adi Granth Sahib Ji.

3. Expansion of Langar System : Langar system was introduced by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Angad Dev Ji expanded it. In his time, the Langar was managed by his wife Bibi Khivi Ji. All people ate food in Langar collectively without any consideration of sex, caste or creed. Money for the Langar was given by the Sikhs to the Guru. This institution strengthened feelings of co-operation and fraternity among the Sikhs. It also gave a shattering blow to the caste system among the Hindus.

The habit of charity was developed by it among the Sikhs. It provided a powerful aid in propaganda work. It helped a lot to make Sikhism popular. Prof. Harbans Singh, a famous historian, rightly remarks, “This served as an instrument of a far-reaching social revolution.”9 4. Organisation of Sangat : Guru Angad Dev Ji more effectively organised institution of Sangat founded by Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

The ‘Sangat’ meant ‘sitting together collectively’. All people (male or female) could take part in it. The Sangat was considered to be a replica of God. The Sangat met every morning and evening to listen to the Bani (hymn) of the Guru. This institution not only brought the Sikhs under one banner but it also helped a lot in the success of Sikh missionary work.

5. Denunciation of the Udasi Sect: Udasi sect was founded by Baba Sri Chand Ji, the elder son of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. This sect laid emphasis on ‘Sanyas’ or renunciation, Many people began to join the Udasi sect. Thus, the Udasi sect posed a formidable challenge to Sikhism. Therefore, Guru Angad Dev Ji made it clear in unequivocal terms that Sikhism was essentially a religion of householders and no true Sikh could be an Udasi. This action of the Guru Angad Dev Ji brought rich dividends. Udasism could not become the mass movement. Thus, Guru Angad Dev Ji succeeded in preserving the purity and originality of Sikh religion.

6. Discipline in Sikh Sect: Guru Angad Dev Ji was a great disciplinarian. Once two Ragis named Satta and Balwand, who sang hymns in the Darbar of Guru Ji began to feel excessively proud of their sweet voice. They began to violate even the instructions of Guru Angad Dev Ji. Guru Angad Dev Ji could not tolerate their attitude of defiance.

As a result, Guru Angad Dev Ji dismissed both of them from his Darbar. Soon, they realised their mistake. Afterwards, when they apologised and Bhai Ladha Ji requested on their behalf, Guru Angad Dev Ji pardoned them. Thus, Guru Angad Dev Ji maintained the tradition of strict discipline in Guru Darbar.

7. Physical Training. Guru Angad Sahib was of the view that just as it is essential to recite Nam to cleans the Atma, similarly, it is necessary to do exercise for the fitness of the body. He held the view that a sound mind develops in a sound body. With this object in view, he built a wrestling ground at Khadur Sahib. Thus, Guru Angad Sahib laid the foundation of the martial spirit, which in the times of the sixth and the tenth Gurus blossomed into the Khalsa.

8. Foundation of Goindwal Sahib : Guru Angad Dev Ji founded a new town named Goindwal Sahib near Khadur Sahib and thus accomplished another very significant step for the development of Sikhism. The town began to be built in 1546 A.D. Guru Angad Dev Ji made one of his devoted followers Amar Das ftdly responsible for this project. This town soon became a place of pilgrimage for the Sikhs.

9. Meeting with Humayun : In 1540 A.D. Sher Shah Suri gave a crushing defeat to Mughal Emperor Humayun at Kanauj. After the defeat, Humayun reached Punjab and came to Khadur Sahib for Guru Angad Dev Ji’s blessings. At that moment, Guru Angad Dev Ji was in deep meditation, so he did not open his eyes. Humayun felt insulted and drew out his sword in anger. Suddenly, at that very moment, Guru Angad Dev Ji opened his eyes and said to Humayun, “Where was this sword that you have unsheathed against me during the battle with Sher Shah Suri?” On hearing these words, Humayun felt very much ashamed and prayed for his pardon. Thereafter, Humayun, sought Guru Angad Dev Ji’s blessings. Guru Angad Dev Ji gave his blessings to Humayun and said that he would have to wait for some time for his folly and thereafter he would regain the throne. This prediction of Guru Angad Dev Ji was proved true.

10. Nomination of the Successor: The greatest service rendered by Guru Angad Dev Ji for the development of Sikhism was the nomination of his successor. After deep and prolonged thinking and consideration, Guru Angad Dev Ji chose his most faithful disciple Amar Das for appointment to the highest post of Guruship. Guru Angad Dev Ji placed one coconut and five paise in front of Amar Das and bowed his head before him. Thus, Amar Das Ji was nomination the third Guru of the Sikhs. By doing so,
Guru Angad Dev Ji took a step of far reaching consequence. Guru Angad Dev Ji immersed in Eternal Light on 29 March, 1552 A.D.

11. Estimate of Guru. Angad Dev Ji’s Achievements : Guru Angad Dev Ji took many important steps for the development of Sikhism during his Guruship. He rendered a great service to the Sikh Panth by popularising Gurmukhi, collecting Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s hymns, expanding Sangat and Pangat, separating the Udasi sect from Sikhism, maintaining discipline in Guru’s Dardar, founding Goindwal Sahib and appointing his successor. K.S. Duggal, a famous historian, estimates the achievements of Guru Angad Dev Ji in the following words, “ It is amazing how much Guru Angad Dev Ji could achieve in the short time at his disposal.”According to another famous historian S.S. Johar, “The pontificate of Guru Angad Dev is indeed a turning point in the history of Sikh faith.”

Guru Amar Das Ji was the third Guru of the Sikhs. He retained Guruship from 1552 to 1574 AJD. When Guru Amar Das Ji assumed Guruship, the Sikh Panth was passing through a critical juncture. Guru Nanak Dev Ji had left for his heavenly abode only thirteen years ago. No doubt, many significant steps had been undertaken for the development of Sikhism in this short period, but still there remained much to be done in this regard. Guru Amar Das Ji continued the work started by Guru Angad Dev Ji for organisation and development of Sikhism and established many new institutions and traditions.

1. Construction of the Baoli at Goindwal Sahib : The first significant step undertaken by Guru Amar Das Ji for the development of Sikhism was the construction of a Baoli at Goindwal Sahib. The construction work of the Baoli was started in 1552 AJD. and it was completed in 1559 A.D. Eighty four steps were built to reach the Baoli. After its construction was over, Guru Ji declared, “Whoever would attentively and reverently repeat the Japji on every step after a bath in the baoli would escape from the wandering in the wombs of the 84 lakhs of living creatures.”

The construction of Baoli Sahib gave the Sikhs a place of pilgrimage of their own and it helped in separating the Sikhs from the common mass of the Hindus. Moreover, the prestige and prosperity of Goindwal Sahib enormously increased. In the words of H.S. Bhatia and S.R. Bakshi, “The pontificate of Guru Amar Das Ji is thus a turning point in the history of the Sikh movement.”

2. Expansion of Langar Institution: Guru Nanak Dev Ji started the institution of Langar. Guru Amar Das Ji expanded it greatly, Guru Amar Das Ji declared that no visitor could meet him unless he had taken the Langar. He gave the injunction, “Pehle Pangat, pachhe Sangat” (First eat together and then meet together.) Mughal emperor Akbar and the ruler of Haripur had partaken the Langar in the Pangat before meeting Guru Amar Das Ji.

It was open for people of every religion and caste. The Langar was served till late at night. The remaining food was thrown to birds and animals. The institution of Langar proved much helpful in the propagation of Sikhism. It gave a shattering blow to the caste system and developed a feeling of brotherhood among the Sikhs. According to Dr. Fauja Singh, “This institution gave a shattering blow to the rigidity of the caste system and paved the way for social equality.”

3. Collection of Hymns : The next important work of Guru Amar Das Ji was to collect the hymns (Bani) of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and Guru Angad Dev Ji. He himself composed 907 Sabads (hymns). It prepared the basis for the compilation of Adi Granth Sahib.

4. Maqji System: The establishment of Manji system was one of the most important works of Guru Amar Das Ji. During his Guruship, the number of the followers of Sikhism had increased considerably. Thus, it became impossible for Guru Amar Das Ji to reach every Sikh. So, he established twenty two Manjis to convey the message of Sikhism to far off areas. It should be kept in mind that Guru Amar Das Ji did not establish all the Manjis at one time. Instead, the process continued throughout.his Guruship. The head of every Manji was called Manjidar.

These Manjidars appealed to more and more people to join Sikhism. As the Manjidars used to sit on Manji (the cot) while preaching, the system came to be known as Manji system in history. It made tangible contribution to the development and progress of Sikhism. According to D.S. Dhillon,“The establishment of Manji system gave a big thrust to the missionary activities of the Sikhs.”

5. Denunciation of the Udasi Sect: The Udasi sect once again began to gain strength during the time of Guru Amar Das Ji. Many Sikhs were becoming Udasis, as they were impressed by the ascetism of Baba Sri Chand Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji showed considerable courage at this juncture. He left no stone unturned to explain to the Sikhs that Udasi sect was totally different from Sikhism.

He clarified that Sikhism taught normal family life and to earn one’s livelihood by the sweat of one’s brow, whereas the Udasi sect taught to escape one’s social responsibilities and wander in the forests in search of salvation by running away from the world. As a result of indefatigable efforts made by Guru Amar Das Ji, the Sikhs broke away from the Udasi sect for ever. Thus, Guru Amar Das Ji saved Sikhism from being merged into Hinduism.

6. Social Reforms : Gpru Amar Das Ji was a great social reformer. He wanted to give a new form to the social set up of the Sikhs. Guru Amar Das Ji launched a frontal attack on the caste system and untouchability. He made if compulsory for each visitor to eat food in the Langar, before he was allowed to have Guru’s darshan. In this way, Guru Amar Das Ji laid emphasis on the universal brotherhood of mankind. Guru Amar Das Ji also condemned the sati system vehemently. He said, “They are not satis who are burnt alive on the pyres ; rather satis are they who die of the blow of separation.”

Guru Amar Das Ji vigorously opposed child marriage and the purdah system. He was in favour of widow re-marriage. Guru Amar Das Ji laid stress on inter-caste marriages. He strongly forbade the use of narcotics. Besides, he introduced new (special) rituals for the Sikhs to be observed on occasions of birth, marriage and death. Thus, Guru Amar Das Ji founded a new society.

7. Akbar’s visit to Goindwal Sahib : Mughal emperor Akbar visited Goindwal Sahib in 1568 A.D. In accordance with the practice then established by the Guru Akbar first took the Langar before he met Guru Amar Das Ji. He was deeply impressed by the Langar system and Guru Amar Das Ji’s personality. He offered some villages as Jagir to meet the expenses of the Langar. Guru Amar Das Ji refused this offer. Akbar gave the Jagir to Guru Amar Das Ji’s daughter Bibi Bhani. Later on, the town of Amritsar was founded on this land. This visit of Akbar is of special significance in the history of the Sikh religion. People were greatly impressed by it. They joined Sikhism in large numbers. The Sikh Panth gained more popularity.

8. Nomination of the Successor : In 1574 A.D. Guru Amar Das Ji decided to nominate Bhai Jetha Ji as his successor, before he left for his heavenly abode. Bhai Jetha Ji was the son-in-law of Guru Amar Das Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji was so much impressed by the humbleness and devotional service of Bhai Jetha Ji and his wife Bibi Bhani, that he not only appointed Bhai Jetha as his successor, but also blessed that in future Guruship would remain in their family. Guru Amar Das Ji immersed in Eternal Light on 1 September, 1574 A.D.

9. Estimate of Guru Amar Das Ji’s Achievements: Sikhism made multifaceted development under the efficient leadership of Guru Amar Das Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji gave the Sikhs a new place of pilgrimage. He expanded the Langar system. He collected the hymns of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and Guru Angad Dev Ji and he himself composed hymns. In this way, he prepared the ground for the compilation of Adi Granth Sahib. He condemned in unequivocal terms the empty rituals prevalent in the Hindu society and opposed the Udasi sect. He, thus, gave the Sikhs a separate entity.

In fact, under the able and benign guidance of Guru Amar Das Ji, Sikhism passed through a remarkable transformation. That is why the pontificate of Guru Amar Das Ji is considered a milestone in the history of the Sikh Panth. According to Dr. Sangat Singh, a noted historian, “Under Guru Amar Das, Sikhism made rapid strides.” According to another famous historian, Dr. D.S. Dhillon, “Guru Amar Das’s’contribution to the growth of the Sikh Panth was great.”

Guru Ram Das Ji was the fourth Guru of the Sikhs. He remained on Gurgaddi from 1574 to 1581 A.D. During his pontificate there was made considerable progress in the consolidation and development of Sikhism. A brief description of early life of Guru Ram Das Ji and the development of Sikhism under him is as under :

I. Early Career of Guru Ram Das Ji

1. Birth and Parentage : Guru Ram Das Ji was born at Chuna Mandi in Lahore on 24th September, 1534 A.D. His childhood name was Bhai Jetha Ji. His father Hari Das belonged to Sodhi family of Kashatriya caste. The name of his mother was Daya Kaur. His parents were very poor.

2. Childhood and Marriage : Bhai Jetha Ji was of a very religious disposition from his childhood. Once his mother sent him to the market to sell boiled grams. Some hungry saints met him on the way. Jetha Ji was very kind-hearted. He served all the grams to the hungry saints and came back home empty-handed. He was always ready to serve the people. Once he got a chance to visit Goindwal Sahib in the company of a group of Sikhs. Here he became the disciple of Guru Amur Das Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji was greatly impressed by the devotion and qualities of Bhai Jetha Ji. So, in 1553 A.D., when Bhai Jetha Ji was 19 years old, Guru Amar Das Ji married his younger daughter, Bibi Bhani, to him. Bhai Jetha Ji was blessed with three sons, Prithi Chand (Prithia), Mahadev and Arjan Dev.

3. Assumption of Guruship : Even after his marriage Bhai Jetha Ji lived at Goindwal Sahib and continued doing service as usual. Selfless service, humility and the sweet nature of Bhai Jetha Ji had a profound effect on Guru Amar Das Ji. So, he appointed Bhai Jetha Ji as his successor to the Guruship in 1574 A.D. From then onward Bhai Jetha Ji was called Ram Das. Thus, Guru Ram Das Ji became the fourth Guru of the Sikhs.

Development of Sikhism Under Guru Ram. Das Ji:

Guru Ram Das Ji retained the Guruship from 1574 to 1581 A.D, Although, his tenure of Guruship was very short, yet he took many significant steps for the organisation and development of Sikhism.

1. Foundation of Ramdaspura : The most important contribution of Guru Ram Das Ji towards the Sikh Panth was the foundation of Ramdaspura or Amritsar. After assuming the Guruship, he himself settled here. In 1577. A.D. he founded Ramdaspura. He settled fifty two other traders, belonging to different trades, at this place in order to make it popular and attract people. The market formed by these traders came to be known as ‘Guru Ka Bazaar’. Guru Ram Das Ji planned to construct two sarovars (tanks) Amritsar and Santokhsar at Ramdaspura. At first, the digging of Amritsar sarovar was started. Baba Buddha Ji was entrusted to look after this project. Later on the name of Ramdaspura came to be known as Amritsar. The foundation of Amritsar occupies an important place in the history of Sikhism. It gave the Sikhs a separate place of pilgrimage which soon developed into the most famous centre of religious propagation.

2. Introduction of Masand System : Guru Ram Das Ji had started the digging work of two Sarovars (Amritsar and Santokhsar) at Ramdaspura. He needed money to complete this work. So, he sent his representatives to different places to collect money from the Sikhs and to propagate Sikhism. This institution later came to be known as Masand system. It contributed a lot to the spread of Sikhism in remote places. According to S.S. Gandhi, “Masand system played a big role in consolidating Sikhism,”

3. Reconciliation with the Udasis : Another important event relating to the pontificate of Guru Ram Das Ji was his reconciliation with Udasis. Once Baba Sri Chand Ji, the founder of Udasi sect visited Amritsar to see Guru Ram Das Ji. When he met Guru Ji, he asked, “Why have you grown such a long beard?” Guru Ram Das Ji politely replied, “I have grown such a long beard to wipe the dust from thy holy feet.” And the Guru Ram Das Ji proceeded to do so. Baba Sri Chand Ji felt much ashamed at this and withdrew his feet. Baba Sri Chand Ji was so much impressed by Guru’s modesty and humility that he gave up opposing Sikhism from that day. This reconciliation between the Sikhs and the Udasis proved very useful for the Sikh Panth.

4. Some other Important Works : Guru Ram Das Ji did some other important works also for the development of Sikhism. He maintained the tradition of composing hymns. Guru Ram Das Ji composed 679 Sabads. He introduced a new system of marriage among the Sikhs by circumambulation (Lawan) around Granth Sahib four times. Guru Ram Das Sahib composed four Lawans in this respect. He further consolidated the institutions of Pangat, Sangat and Manji system. Guru Ram Das Ji also condemned in strong words such social evils as caste-system, sati system, child marriage, denial of widow re-marriage.

5. Friendly Relations with Akbar : Friendly relations between the Sikhs and Mughal emperor Akbar continued during his tenure of Guruship. Guru Ram Das Ji had met Akbar at Lahore. He was much impressed by Guru Ram Das Ji’s personality. So, he donated 500 Bighas of land to Guru Ram Das Ji. Besides, he remitted one year’s land revenue to the farmers of the Punjab on recommendation of Guru Ram Das Ji. All this added to the fame and prestige of Guru Ram Das Ji.

6. Appointment of the Successor : In 1581 A.D., Guru Ram Das Ji appointed his youngest son Arjan Dev as his successor. The reason “for this appointment was clear. Prithia or Prithi Chand, the eldest son of Guru Ram Das Ji had annoyed him because of his conspiracies. His second son, Mahadev, was not interested in worldly affairs. Thus, the youngest son, Arjan Dev was considered competent for the Guruship from every angle. Guru Ram Das Ji left for his heavenly abode on I September, 1581 A.D.

7. Estimate of Achievements of Guru Ram Dass Ji : Although the period of Guruship of Guru Ram Das Ji was seven years only, he succeeded in giving a new impetus to Sikhism. Guru Ram Das Ji by laying the foundation of Ramdaspura and Masand system, by conciliating with the Udasis, by adding his own verses, by refuting the prevalent evils in the society, by continuing the Sangat, Pangat and Manji institutions and by establishing friendly relations with Akbar, he contributed significantly to the consolidation of Sikhism. So, finally we agree with a famous historian, Dr. D.S. Dhillon’s words, “During the short period of his Guruship of about seven years, Guru Ram Das provided a well-knit community with a form and content.”

Question 13.
Describe briefly the early life of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. What difficulties he had to face at the time of his accession to Guruship?
Or
What do you know about the life of Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji was the fifth Guru of the Sikhs. His period of pontification was from 1581 to 1606 A.D. The pontification of Guru Arjan Dev Ji saw the unprecedented development on the one hand and on the other hand his martyrdom started a new era in the Sikh history. A brief description of early career and difficulties faced by Guru Arjan Dev Ji is as under :

Early Career of Guru Arajan Dev Ji:

1. Birth and Parentage : Guru Axjan Dev Ji was born on April 15, 1563 A.D. at Goindwal Sahib. He was the youngest son of Guru Ram Das Ji. He belonged to a Kashatriya family of Sodhi caste. His mother’s name was Bibi Bhani. Bibi Bhani Ji was very religious minded lady. Her religious views had greatly influenced the mind of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

2. Childhood and Marriage : Right from his childhood, Guru Arjan Dev Ji was very dear to his parents. His maternal grandfather Guru- Amar Das Ji had special attachment with this grandson. He made a forecast that the child would become a great man, “Ih Mera Dohta, Bani Ka Bohita Hovega”. (This grandson of mine” will ‘produce the boat of Bani to ferry others across). His prediction proved true. Right from the beginning Guru Arjan Dev Ji was very promising, a symbol of modesty and a very religious minded person. He learnt Hindi and Persian languages. He received knowledge about Gurbani from his parents and grandfather. He was married to Ganga Devi, daughter of Krishan Chand of village Mou of Phillaur. In 1595 A.D. he was blessed with a son named Hargobind.

3. Assumption of Guruship : Guru Ram Das Ji had three sons. Prithi Chand the eldest son was utterly selfish and subtle. His second son Mahadev was an ascetic, who showed no interest in the worldly affairs. Arjan Dev was his third and the youngest son. Devotion to God, modesty and selfless service were his three main characteristics. So Guru Ram Das Ji appointed Guru Arjan Dev Ji as his successor in 1581 A.D. Thus Guru Arjan Dev Ji became the fifth Guru of the Sikhs.

Difficulties of Guru Arajan Dev Ji:

After ascending Gurgaddi, Guru Arjan Sahib had to face a number of difficulties. A brief description of these is given as ahead :

1. Opposition of Prithi Chand : Prithi Chand was the elder brother of Guru Axjan Dev Ji. Therefore, he presumed himself as the true successor of Gurgaddi, But, when Guru Arjan Dev Ji was appointed as the successor by Guru Ram Das Ji he refused to submit and adopted an attitude of open defiance. He spoke bad words to his father. When Guru Ram Das Ji left for his heavenly abode, Prithia spread the rumour that Arjan Dev poisoned Guru Ram Das Ji so that, he might succeed to Gm giddi. Even on the occasion of Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s dastarbandi Prithia snatched the dastar (turban) from him and placed it on his own head. He asked Guru Arjan Dev Ji for his share in the property.

Guru Aijan Dev Ji gave him all his property, but still he was not appeased. Now, he forcibly started collecting funds brought for Langar by the Sikh Sangat and used them for his personal affairs. When in 1595 A.D. Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s wife was blessed with a son, named Hargobind, he hatched a number of conspiracies to put an end to the life of infant Hargobind. Prithi Chand planned a conspiracy against Guru Arjan Dev Ji and complained to Akbar through a Mughal employee Sulhai Khan. But Akbar paid no heed to his complaints. Thus, till his death, Prithia remained an arch enemy of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

2. Opposition of Orthodox Muslims : Guru Arjan Dev Ji had to face stiff opposition from orthodox Muslims. Muslims could never tolerate the increasing influence of Sikhs. Orthodox Muslims in order to save their religion established Naqshbandi order at Sirhind. Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi was the leader of this organisation. In 1605 A.D., when Jahangir became the new Mughal ruler, these Naqshbandis poisoned his ears against the Sikhs. As Jahangir was an orthodox emperor, so it had the desired impact on him.

3. Opposition of Brahmans : The Brahmans of Punjab were also against Guru Arjan Dev Ji. The main reason behind this was that the propagation of Sikh religion resulted in the decreasing influence of BrahmAnswer: Sikhs had started performing their customs and traditions even without BrahmAnswer: When Guru Arjan Dev Ji edited Adi Granth Sahib, Brahmans could not tolerate it. They complained to Akbar against Guru Granth Sahib but Akbar observed that it was a scripture worthy of reverence.

4. Opposition of Chandu Shah : Chandu Shah was the Diwan of Lahore. He was looking for a suitable match for his daughter. In connection with this he sent his messengers in different parts. When they returned they proposed the name of Hargobind, son of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, for his daughter. On hearing this Chandu Shah was enraged and remarked that he couldn’t marry his daughter with the son of a beggar. But, after being persuaded by his wife he agreed to the proposal. By this time the Sikhs had come to know about the remarks given by Chandu Shah against the Guru Ji.

So, they asked Guru Arjan Dev Ji to turn down this proposal. Consequently, Guru Arjan Dev Ji did the same. Now Chandu Shah personally came to Guru Arjan Dev Ji and offered Rs. 1 lakh and promised to give more dowry. But Guru Arjan Dev Ji refused saying, “My words are engraved on stone, and cannot be effaced. If you give me the whole world as a dowry with your daughter, my son will not marry her.” On hearing this Ch andu Shah got very angry and became Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s sworn enemy.

Question 14.
Discuss the measures adopted by Guru Arjan Dev Ji for the development of Sikhism.
Or
Discuss in brief but meaningful the development of Sikhism during Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Or
Discuss in brief the development of Sikhism during Guru Aijan Dev Ji.
Or
Discuss the role of Guru Arjan Dev Ji in the development of the Sikh Panth.
Or
Discuss the special contribution of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Or
Discuss the contribution of Guru Arjan Dev Ji for the development of Sikhism.
Or
Discuss the role of Guru Arjan Dev Ji in the development of Sikh faith and tradition.
Or
Discuss Guru Arjan Sahib’s contribution to the organisation and development of Sikhism.
Or
Give an account of the various achievements of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji remained on Gurgaddi from 1581 to 1606 A.D. With his accession to Guruship, Sikhism entered into a new phase. Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s contribution to the development of Sikhism is multifaceted. His important achievements are as follows :

1. Construction of Harmandir Sahib : The foremost achievement of Guru Arjan Dev Ji for the consolidation of Sikhism was the construction of Harmandir Sahib. Guru Ram Das Ji had started the digging of Amrit Sarover and it was completed by Guru Arjan Dev Ji. After this, he started the construction work of Harmandir Sahib (Temple of God) in Amrit Sarovar. Its foundation was laid in 1588 A.D. by. a very famous Sufi saint, named Mian Mir.

The Sikhs suggested to Guru Arjan Dev Ji that the temple should be higher than the surrounding buildings. But Guru Arjan Sahib said, “He who is humble shall be exalted.” That is why the building of the temple was kept lower as compared to the other buildings. Another distinguishing feature of Harmandir Sahib

was that it has four doorways, one on each side. It symbolises that the people from all the four directions of the world may come to this temple of God without any discrimination on the basis of caste, colour or creed. On completion of this temple in 1601 A.D. Guru Sahib announced that the pilgrimage to this place would have the value of all the 68 Hindu places of pilgrimage and if any pilgrim takes bath here with full devotion shall attain salvation.

It impressed a large number of people. They started coming here in large numbers and it helped in the propagation of Sikhism. In a very short period, Harmandir Sahib became the most important pilgrimage of the Sikhs. According to G.S. Talifo, “This temple and the pool became to Sikhism what Mecca is to Islam, Jerusalem to Judaism and Christianity and Bodh Gaya to Buddhism.”

2. Foundation of Tarn Taran : Guru Arjan Dev Ji, in order to propagate Sikhism in Majha tract of the Punjab founded the city of Tarn Taran in 1590 A.D. This city is 24 kms to the South of Amritsar. Here a tank named as Tarn Taran was also dug. Tarn Taran means that any pilgrim who takes bath in this tank shall get salvation from transmigration. Tarn Taran also became a famous holy place of the Sikhs. As a result, thousands of Jats of the Majha became the followers of Guru Arjan Dev Ji and embraced Sikhism. The services of these Jats towards Sikhism was of great value.

3. Foundation of Kartarpur and Hargobindpur : In 1593 A.D., Guru Arjan Dev Ji laid the foundation of another town called Kartarpur in Jalandhar Doab. Kartarpur means, ‘The City of God’. It is situated between the Beas and the Sutlej rivers. Here Guru Sahib built a tank named ‘Gangsar’. Thus, Kartarpur also became the centre of propagation of Sikhism. On the occasion of the birth of his son in 1595 A.D. Hargobind, Guru Arjan Dev Sahib founded another town on the bank of the river Beas and this town was named as Hargobindpur after the name of his son.

4. Construction of a Baoli at Lahore : Once on the request of Sikh Sangat, Guru Sahib went to Lahore. There he got constructed a Baoli in Dabbi Bazaar. This Baoli became a holy place for the Sikhs of that area.

5. Development of Masand System : Development of Masand system was one of the greatest achievements of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. The word Masand has been derived from the word ‘Masnad’ which means high place. As the representatives of Guru Sahib used to sit on a higher place than others, so they were called as Masands. With the passage of time, the number of Sikhs had increased considerably. As a consequence, the Guru needed money for Langar and other development programmes. It was enjoined upon every Sikh to give Daswandh (l/10th) of his total income to Guru Sahib.

For collecting this money from Sikhs, he appointed very responsible persons called Masands. These Masands not only collected money, but also propagated Sikhism with a vigorous zeal. The money collected by Masands was deposited in the Guru’s treasury at Amritsar on the occasions of Diwali and Baisakhi. The Masand system played a vital role in spreading the message of Sikhism to far-off places. Secondly, it gave a definite income to Guru Arjan Sahib.

6. Compilation of Adi Granth Sahib : The crowning achievement of Guru Arjan Dev Ji for the development of Sikhism is the compilation of Adi Granth Sahib. The main objective of its compilation was to keep the Gurbani of the former Sikh Gurus intact and to provide the Sikhs a separate religious scripture of their own. The compilation work was started by the Guru at Ramsar sarovar near Amritsar. He dictated the hymns to Bhai Gurdas Ji. This work was completed in 1604 A.D. In Adi Granth Sahib, Guru Arjan Dev Ji included the hymns of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Guru Angad Dev Ji, Guru Amar Das Ji, Guru Ram Das Ji and his own hymns, which were maximum (2216) in number. Besides this, he had added the hymns of many Bhagats, Sufi Saints and Bhats. Later on, the hymns of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji were also included in it.

The compilation of Adi Granth Sahib is a great landmark in the history of Sikh religion. It gave the Sikhs a holy book of their own. It is called the Bible of the Sikhs. By including the hymns of the people belonging to different religions and castes in it, Guru Arjan Sahib has set up an example. Adi Granth Sahib throws ample light on the political, religious, social and economic life of 15th and 16th centuries. Before Guru Gobind Singh Ji immersed in Eternal Light he gave Adi Granth Sahib the status of Guru Granth Sahib. According to Dr. Hari Ram Gupta, “The compilation of the Granth formed an important landmark in the history of the Sikhs.”

7. Trade of Horses. In order to make the Sikhs rich and prosperous, Guru Arjan Sahib encouraged the Sikhs to take the trade of horses beyond the Indus with Arab countries. This step of Guru Arjan Sahib not only increased the income of the Sikhs but they became good horse riders also. Moreover, it dealt an effective blow at the stringency of caste and Hindu superstitions. It went a long way in breaking down the barrier that prevented the Hindus from crossing the Indus.

8. Friendly Relations with Akbar : Mughal emperor Akbar had set up friendly relations with Guru Arjan Sahib. During the pontification of Guru Arjan Dev Ji his opponents Prithia, Chandhu Shah, Brahmans and orthodox Muslims all tried their best to instigate the emperor against the Guru in every possible way, but Akbar paid no heed to their false complaints. Some Muslims tried to instigate Akbar by complaining that the ‘Adi Granth Sahib’ written by Guru Sahib contained many things against Islam.

When Akbar looked into the matter, he said that the Granth was worthy of reverence. On the request made by Guru Arjan Sahib, Akbar reduced the land revenue by 10%. Due to it Guru Arjan Sahib earned a good name and fame and it helped in the development of Sikhism also.

9. Nomination of the Successor: In 1606 A.D., before his martyrdom, Guru Arjan Dev Ji nominated his son Hargobind as his successor. Guru Sahib instructed him to sit fully armed on his throne and maintain an army to the best of his ability. Thus, Guru Arjan not only maintained the tradition of Gurgaddi, but also changed its peaceful course.

10. Estimate of Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s Achievements : Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s contribution in the development of Sikhism is remarkable. By constructing Harmandir Sahib, he has presented to the Sikhs their most sacred religious place. In the coming times, the Sikhs always got inspiration from it. Establishment of Tarn Taran, Hargobindpur and Kartarpur proved to be very helpful in the propagation of Sikh religion. Masand system made Sikh religion more powerful. The compilation of the Adi Granth Sahib was Guru Arjan Sahib’s greatest achievement.

We agree with the remarks of Prof. Harbans Singh, “Under Guru Arjan, the fifth Guru, Sikhism became more firmly established.” According to another famous historian Dr. G.S. Mansukhani, “During the period of Guru Arjan, Sikhism took a significant stride.”

Question 15.
Give an account of the early career of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. What was his contribution to Sikhism?
Answer:
Note : For answer to this question students may refer to Question Nos. 13 and 14.

Question 16.
Write a detailed note on the compilation and historical importance of Adi Granth Sahib.
Or
Write a critical note on compilation, language, contents and significance of the Adi Granth.
Answer:
Undoubtedly the compilation of Adi Granth Sahib or Guru Granth Sahib is Guru Arjan Sahib’s greatest achievement. In Sikhism, this sacred Granth is as revered as the Bible by the Christians, the Quran by the Mohammedans and the Vedas and Gita by the Hindus. In fact, Adi Granth Sahib is not only a holy book of the Sikhs, but also a priceless treasure for the whole humanity.

1. Need for its Compilation: Many factors impressed upon the Guru the necessity for the compilation of Adi Granth Sahib. In the times of Guru Arjan Sahib, Sikh religion was getting momentum. So Guru Arjan Dev Ji felt the necessity of laying down rules for the guidance of his followers in the performance of their daily religious duties. Secondly, Prithia, the elder brother of Guru Arjan had also started composing religious hymns of his own which he described as the compositions of Guru Nanak and his successors. Under these circumstances, if the compositions of the Sikh Gurus were to be saved from spurious writings, an authentic text had to be written.

Thirdly, if the independence of the Sikh race was to be established, it was essential that they should have an independent religious book. Fourthly, Guru Arjan Dev Ji felt the need to replace the Hindu Granths, written in the Sanskrit language with a Granth of their own written in the simple language of the people of the Punjab. The twenty-third and twenty-fourth pauris of the Anand Sahib state that real hymns of the Gurus should alone be repeated and revered by the Sikhs. Guru Amar Das Ji writes,
“Come, ye disciples, beloved of the true Guru, sing a true song.
Sing the song of the Guru, the song of songs,
Saith Nanak, ever sing this true song.”
Hence it was obligatory for Guru Arjan Dev Ji to take precautions, lest the Sikhs should recite writings other than those of the Sikh Gurus.

2. Collection of Hymns : For editing Adi Granth Sahib, Guru Arjan Sahib collected hymns from different sources. Hymns of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Guru Angad Dev Ji and Guru Amar Das Ji were lying with Baba Mohan Ji, the eldest son of Guru Amar Das Ji. Guru Arjan Sahib himself went from Amritsar to Goindwal Sahib bare-footed. Impressed by the modesty of Guru Arjan Sahib, Baba Mohan handed over the whole material to the Guru. Hymns of Guru Ram Das Ji were already with Guru Arjan Dev Ji. Guru Arjan Sahib then added his own hymns. Then, Guru Arjan Dev Ji invited many disciples of Hindu and Muslim Saints to give him the best hymns of their Gurus and Saints. Thus, the Bani was collected from different sources.

3. Compilation of Adi Granth Sahib : For the compilation of Adi Granth, Guru Arjan Sahib selected a beautiful and solitary place situated to the south of Amritsar. Here Guru Arjan Dev Ji built a tank named as Ramsar Sarovar. On the bank of this sarover tents were fixed under a pipal tree. Here Guru Arjan Sahib started the compilation of Adi Granth Sahib. Guru Arjan Sahib dictated and Bhai Gurdas Ji went on writing. This great work was completed in. 1604 A.D. This Granth Sahib was kept in Sri Harmandir Sahib and Baba Buddha Ji was appointed as the first Granthi (priest).

4. Contributions in the Granth Sahib: The Adi Granth Sahib is a very vast Granth. It contains a total of 5,894 Sabads (Hymns). The contributors in the Adi Granth Sahib are divided into four classes. „

• Sikh Gurus : Guru Granth Sahib contains 976 hymns of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, 62 of Guru Angad Dev Ji, 907 of Guru Amar Das Ji, 679 of Guru Ram Das Ji and 2216 hymns of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. Later on, in Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s time 116 hymns and two salokas of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji were also included.
• Bhagats and Saints : The Adi Granth Sahib includes the hymns of 15 Hindu Bhagats and Muslim Saints, whose teachings were similar to the teachi ngs of the Sikb Gurus. These Saints and Bhagats are Kabir Ji, Farid Ji, Namdev Ji, Ravidas Ji, Dhanne Ji, Ramanand Ji and Jaidev Ji. Out of them the maximum hymns numbering 541 belonged to Bhagat Kabir Ji.
• Bhats : Adi Granth also includes the hymns of 11 famous Bhats (Bards). Thesi hymns are 125 in total. The famous Bhats are Nal, Bal, Jalap, Bhikha and HarbAnswer:
• Others : The hymns of Satta, Balwand, Sunder and Mardana are also includec in the Adi Granth Sahib.

5. Arrangement of the Matter : Adi Granth Sahib has a total of 1430 pages. Th( hymns of Adi Granth have been divided into three parts. The first part consists of If pages contains the daily prayers like Japji Sahib, Rehras Sahib and Sohila. Second part is the main part of Granth Sahib. The hymns in this part have been divided into 31 parts based on 31 Ragas. As all the hymns contain the name of ‘Nanak’ therefore the word ‘Mahala’ has been used to indicate which Guru’s composition it is. The third part contains the swayyas of Bhats, and those salokas of Sikh Gurus and Bhagats which could not be described in Ragas. Adi Granth Sahib ends with an epilogue called ‘Mundavani’ which has two salokas.

6. Subject: In Adi Granth Sahib, there are hymns in praise of God. It throws light on the importance of the remembrance of the Holy Nam, which is a kind of meditation, attainment of Sach Khand and importance of Guru. It gives us the message of welfare for all human beings, oneness of God and brotherhood of mankind.

7. Language : Adi Granth Sahib is written in Gurmukhi script. In it, the words from Punjabi, Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati, Sanskrit and Persian languages spoken in 15th, 16th and 17th centuries were used.

Question 17.
Describe the causes for the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. Was he a political offender?
Or
Discuss in brief the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji and its impact on Sikhs.
Or
Narrate the circumstances leading to the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. What is the significance of his martyrdom?
Or
Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s martyrdom indicated a new trend in Sikh Movement. Explain.
Answer:
In 1606 A.D., Guru Arjan Sahib sacrificed his life for the sake of religion and truth. His martyrdom started a new era in Sikh history. Now Sikhs began to arm themselves to face the Mughals with bravery and courage. Many factors were responsible for the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, which are discussed as below :

1. Fanaticism of Jahangir : Jahangir’s fanaticism was the main reason for Guru Arjan Sahib’s martyrdom. He could not bear to see any other religion more prosperous than Islam. He could not tolerate the growing popularity of Sikhs in Punjab. So, he was looking for a chance to hamper their development. He wanted to put a stop to all this. He has written about it in his autobiography Tuzak-i-Jahangiri, “In Goindwal on the banks of the river Beas lived a Hindu named Arjan in the garb of ‘Pir’ or ‘Sheikh’. By bis ways and manners he captured the fancy of many of the simple hearted Hindus and 3ven many ignorant Muslims. He had loudly sounded the drum of his being Pir and a loly person.

They called him Guru and from all sides innocent and foolish people crowded ;o manifest their complete faith in him. For three or four generations they had kept their shop warm. Many times I thought of putting a stop to this vain affair or to bring him to Islam.” These words of Jahangir clearly show that his religious fanaticism was the main reason behind the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Sahib.

2. Development of Sikh Panth: In Guru Arjan Sahib’s time, Sikhism progressed considerably. It got a new impetus with the construction of Harmandir Sahib and establishment of the cities like Tarn Taran, Kartarpur and Hargobindpur. Masand system played a significant role in the development of Sikhism. The compilation of Guru Granth Sahib helped in propagating Sikh religion. This was something intolerable and unbearable for the Mughals. They, therefore, thought of crushing the growing power of the Sikhs.

3. Enmity of Prithi Chand : Prithi Chand alias Prithia was the eldest brother of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. He was a very greedy and selfish person. For this reason only Guru Ram Das Ji appointed Guru Arjan Sahib as his successor in 1581 A.D. Prithia could not tolerate that the Gurgaddi had passed on to somebody else. He then made a firm decision that he would not sit at ease until he had dethroned Guru Arjan Sahib and received Gurgaddi for himself. So, he started opposing Guru Arjan Sahib openly. He collected money from Masands meant for Langar and used it for his own personal use.

He tried to popularise his own compositions naming them as those of Guru Arjan Sahib’s. He started planning a conspiracy against Guru Arjan Sahib with the help of some Mughal officials. It further strained the relationship between the Mughals and Guru Arjan Sahib.

4. Enmity of Chandu Shah : Chandu Shah was the Diwan of Lahore. He was looking for a suitable match for his daughter. Many advisors suggested him to marry his daughter with Hargobind, the son of Guru Arjan Sahib. He said he would never let the stone of a drain to be the honour of his palace. Afterwards, when Chandu Shah’s wife convinced him, he was ready to accept this relation. By this time, Guru Arjan Sahib came to know about all those abusive words Chandu Shah had used for him.

So, he refused to accept shagun sent by Chandu Shah. When Chandu Shah came to know about this, he was determined to avenge the insult. He started poisoning Jahangir’s ears and he succeeded in getting what he wanted. Jahangir made up his mind to take a strict action against Guru Arjan Sahib.

5. Opposition of Naqshbandis : Naqshbandis played an important role in the martyrdom of Guru Sahib. Naqshbandi was an order started by fanatic Muslims. Muslims could never see any other religion prospering and developing. Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi, the leader of Naqshbandis, had great influence in Mughal Darbar. So he also instigated Jahangir against Guru Sahib. Therefore, Jahangir decided to take action against Guru Sahib.

6. Compilation of Adi Granth Sahib : The compilation of Adi Granth Sahib was another important reason of Guru Arjan Sahib’s martyrdom. Opponents of Guru Arjan Sahib complained against him to Jahangir saying that he had written many things against Islam. Jahangir instructed Guru Arjan Dev Ji to remove all anti-Islamic points from the Granth Sahib. But Guru Arjan Dev Ji said that Guru Granth Sahib contained nothing against Islam. Then Jahangir asked him to write something about Hazrat Mohammad in this scripture. But Guru Arjan Dev Sahib said that he could not do any such thing without Almighty’s permission. This enraged Jahangir all the more.

7. Help of Khusrau : Help of Khusrau by Guru Arjan Sahib became the immediate cause of Guru Arjan Sahib’s martyrdom. Prince Khusrau had revolted against his father some time after his enthronement. On reaching Punjab Khusrau came to Tarn Taran to seek Guru Arjan Sahib’s blessings. It is said that Guru Arjan Sahib put a tilak on his forehead and gave him all sorts of help required to go to Kabul. When Jahangir came to know about all this he got a golden opportunity to take stern action against Guru Arjan Sahib. He ordered Lahore Governor, Murtaza Khan to execute him by giving severe physical tortures, and to confiscate the whole of his property.

On Jahangir’s order Guru Arjan Sahib was arrested on 24th May, 1606 A.D. and brought to Lahore. Here Muslim Sufi Saint Mian Mir requested Jahangir to spare his life. Jahangir asked Guru Arjan Sahib to pay a fine of Rs. 2 lakh for sparing his life. But Guru Arjan Sahib refused to pay this fine. As a result, the Mughals made Guru Arjan Sahib to sit in a vessel of boiling water. Then Guru Arjan Sahib was made to sit on hot iron-bars and hot sand was thrown on his naked body. The Guru Arjan Sahib bore all the tortures cheerfully by uttering the following verse :
“Whatever you ordain appears sweet. I supplicate for the gift of Nam.”
Thus, Guru Arjan Sahib immersed in Eternal light on 30th May,’ 1606 A.D. at Lahore.
Significance of the Martyrdom
The martyrdom of Guru Arjan was an event of tremendous importance in the evolution of the Sikh movement and in the history of Punjab.,

1. New Policy of Guru Hargobind Sahib : The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji proved a turning point in the development of the Sikh community. Guru Hargobind Sahib decided to adopt a New Policy in order to turn his followers into saint soldiers. He constructed Akal Takht with a view to impart military training to the Sikhs. He asked his followers to bring him horses and arms and join his army. It changed the entire character of the reformatory religious movement.

According to famous historian K.S. Duggal, “Guru Arjan’s martyrdom precipitated the issues. It gave a new complexion to the shape of things in the Punjab and the Sikh Policy.”

2. Unity among the Sikhs : The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Sahib infused a new spirit among the Sikhs. Now, they felt the need of joining their hands in order to put an end to the tyrannical rule of the Mughals. The Sikhs, henceforth, began to assemble under one banner. It created a glorious tradition in Sikh history. Undoubtedly its credit goes to the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

3. Change in relationship between Mughals and the Sikhs : Before the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, there were cordial relations between the Sikh Gurus and the Mughal emperors. But, now with the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, the position had been completely reversed. The Sikhs became the sworn enemy of the Mughals. They were now looking for an opportunity to avenge the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Sahib. On the other hand, the Mughal emperors also did not like that the Sikhs should take to arms. Thus, it strained the relationship between the Sikhs and the Mughals.

4. Persecution of the Sikhs : After the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, the Mughals started a reign of terror against the Sikhs. Jahangir had put Guru Hargobind Sahib in prison in the fort of Gwalior. During the reign of Shah Jahan, Guru Hargobind Sahib was forced to fight four battles with the Mughals. In 1675 A.D., Aurangzeb got Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji martyred in Delhi. During his rule, he left no stone unturned to convert the whole of India into Islam. A large number of people were put to sword for refusing to embrace Islam. To face boldly the tyrannies of the Mughals, Guru Gobind Singh Ji, Banda Singh Bahadur and thousands of other Sikhs laid down their lives. In fact, the Sikhs got this, inspiration of self-sacrifice from the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

5. Popularity of Sikhism : With the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, Sikhism became more popular. This incident infused a new vigour, love and reverence for Sikhism, not only among the Hindus, but also among the Muslims. Consequently, they began to join Sikhism in larger numbers. Thus, the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji proved a milestone in the development of Sikhism. According to famous historian Dr. G.S. Mansukhani, “The martyrdom of Guru Arjan marks a turning point in the development of Sikh religion.”

Question 18.
Write a detailed note on the life of Guru Hargobind Ji.
Or
Describe the life of Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji.
Answer:
1. Birth and Parentage: Guru Hargobind Ji was born on 19th June, 1595 A.D. at village Wadali in Distt. Amritsar. He was the only son of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. His mother’s name was Ganga Devi.

2. Childhood and Marriage : Guru Hargobind Ji was very promising right from his childhood. He had a profound knowledge of Punjabi, Sanskrit and Prakrit literature. Baba Buddha Ji not only gave him religious education, but also made him expert in horsemanship and use of weapons. After marriage, he was blessed with five sons— Baba Gurditta, Ani Rai, Suraj Mai, Atal Rai and Tegh Bahadur Ji, and one daughter, Bibi Viro.

3. Change in relationship between Mughals and the Sikhs : Before the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, there were cordial relations between the Sikh Gurus and the Mughal emperors. But, now with the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, the position had been completely reversed. The Sikhs became the sworn enemy of the Mughals. They were now looking for an opportunity to avenge the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Sahib. On the other hand, the Mughal emperors also did not like that the Sikhs should take to arms. Thus, it strained the relationship between the Sikhs and the Mughals.

4. Persecution of the Sikhs : After the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, the Mughals started a reign of terror against the Sikhs. Jahangir had put Guru Hargobind Sahib in prison in the fort of Gwalior. During the reign of Shah Jahan, Guru Hargobind Sahib was forced to fight four battles with the Mughals. In 1675 A.D., Aurangzeb got Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji martyred in Delhi. During his rule, he left no stone unturned to convert the whole of India into Islam.

A large number of people were put to sword for refusing to embrace Islam. To face boldly the tyrannies of the Mughals, Guru Gobind Singh Ji, Banda Singh Bahadur and thousands of other Sikhs laid down their lives. In fact, the Sikhs got this inspiration of self-sacrifice from the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

5. Popularity of Sikhism : With the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, Sikhism became more popular. This incident infused a new vigour, love and reverence for Sikhism, not only among the Hindus, but also among the Muslims. Consequently, they began to join Sikhism in larger numbers. Thus, the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji proved a milestone in the development of Sikhism. According to famous historian Dr. G.S. Mansukhani, “The martyrdom of Guru Arjan marks a turning point in the development of Sikh religion.”

Question 18.
Write a detailed note on the life of Guru Hargobind Ji.
Or
Describe the life of Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji.
Answer:

• Birth and Parentage: Guru Hargobind Ji was born on 19th June, 1595 A.D. at village Wadali in Distt. Amritsar. He was the only son of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. His mother’s name was Ganga Devi.
• Childhood and Marriage : Guru Hargobind Ji was very promising right from his childhood. He had a profound knowledge of Punjabi, Sanskrit and Prakrit literature. Baba Buddha Ji not only gave him religious education, but also made him expert in horsemanship and use of weapons. After marriage, he was blessed with five sons— Baba Gurditta, Ani Rai, Suraj Mai, Atal Rai and Tegh Bahadur Ji, and one daughter, Bibi Viro.
• Assumption of Guruship : Before proceeding to Lahore in 1606 A.D. where Guru Arjan Dev Ji offered himself to be martyred, he nominated Hargobind Ji as the next successor of the Sikhs. Harbobind Sahib at that time was barely 11 years old. Thus, Guru Hargobind Sahib became the Sixth Sikh Guru. He held the Guruship from 1606 A.D. to 1645 A.D.
• New Policy of Guru Hargobind Ji : For answer to this question students are requested to see the answer of Question No. 19.
• Guru Hargobind Ji’s Relations with the Mughals: For answer to this question students are requested to see the answer of Question No. 20.

Question 19.
Examine critically the new method ‘Miri-Piri’ adopted by Guru Hargobind Ji.
Or
What is meant by the New Policy of Guru Hargobind Ji? Describe its main
features and importance.
Or
Discuss the new method ‘Miri and Piri’ adopted by Sri Guru Hargobind Ji for the development of Sikhism.
Or
What was the contribution of Guru Hargobind Ji to Sikh Movement?
Or
Guru Hargobind introduced militant (Miri) element alongwith spirituality (Piri) in the Sikh Movement. Explain.
Or
What is Miri and Piri? Explain.
Or
Discuss the method ‘Miri-Piri’ in Sikhism.
Or
What do you mean by ‘Miri and Piri’? Study the main features of the New Policy of Guru Hargobind Ji.
Or
What do you know about the New Policy of Guru Hargobind Ji? Describe its main features and significance towards the transformation of Sikhism.
Or
What do you know about the New Policy of Guru Hargobind Ji? Explain in brief its main features.
Or
Write a critical note on the New Policy of Guru Hargobind Ji.
Or
Describe the circumstances leading to the adoption of New Policy by Guru Hargobind Ji. What were the main features of this policy?
Or
What do you understand by Miri and Piri? Explain its main features.
Or
Discuss the concept of Miri and Piri.
Or
How Guru Hargobind Ji changed the Sikhs into Sant Sipahi?
Answer:
With the commencement of Guru Hargobind Ji Guruship in 1606 A.D. the Sikh Panth ventured into a new era of its history. During his Guruship he transformed the nature of the Sikh sect by turning the Sikhs into saint soldiers. Guru Hargobind Ji had to adopt New Policy owing to the following reasons :

1. Change in the Religious Policy of the Mughals : Before Jahangir, the relations between the Mughals and the Sikhs were very cordial. During the Saidpur invasion by Babar in 1520 A.D., the Mughal army had taken Guru Nanak Dev Ji as prisoner. When Babar came to know about it; he ordered the immediate release of Guru Nanak Sahib. He said that he would not have attacked Saidpur, if he had known that it was inhabited by such a holy man. In a bid to re-capture power, Humayun had sought the blessings of Guru Angad Dev Ji During that time Akbar himself came to Goindwal Sahib and partook Langar. He donated 500 bigha land to Guru Ram Das Ji and waived off the revenue of farmers in Punjab for one year. In 1605 A.D. Jahangir ascended the throne of the Mughal empire. He was a fanatic Sunni Muslim. He could not tolerate the flourishing of any other religion except Islam. In the changed circumstances, Guru Hargobind Sahib had to adopt New Policy.

2. Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji : Being a fanatic Sunni Muslim, Jahangir could not tolerate the increasing popularity of the Sikhs in Punjab. In a bid to crush this movement, he martyred, Guru Arjan Sahib in 1606 A.D. The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, a saintly personality who wished well for all, infuriated the Sikhs and aroused anger in them. Now, it became apparent to them that they would have to arm themselves against the Mughals for their survival. In this way the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji was largely responsible for the adoption of New Policy by Guru Hargobind Ji.

3. Last Message of Guru Arjan Dev Ji : Before his martyrdom, Guru Arjan Dev Ji sent a message through his Sikhs to his son, Hargobind Ji, “Let him sit fully armed on his throne and maintain an army to the best of his ability.” These words of Guru Arjan Dev Ji kept echoing in the ears of Hargobind Sahib and he adopted the New Policy by giving it a practical shape.

4. Character of the Jats : The Jats were in majority among those, who joined the Sikh Panth. These Jats were very brave, fearless, freedom loving and self-respecting. They never bowed before oppression and repression. The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji greatly inflammed them. They not only inspired the Guru to arm himself, but

also actively participated in this task. In this way, the Jats made a significant contribution towards adopting New Policy.

Main Features of the New Policy:

1. Wearing of Miri and Piri Swords : At the time of assuming Guruship, Guru Hargobind Sahib decided to wear the swords of Miri and Piri. The sword of Miri was a symbol of temporal power and the sword of Piri a symbol of religious leadership. Guru Hargobind ji enjoined on his Sikhs to recite the name of God on one hand, and to wear arms for self-defence on the other. In this way Guru Hargohind Ji turned the Sikhs into saint soldiers. This policy of Miri and Piri as adopted by Guru Hargobind Ji exercised a deep impact on the Sikh History.

2. Organisation of Army : For the protection of the Sikh Panth, Guru Hargobind Ji decided to organise an army. By issuing a Hukamnama, he directed the Sikhs to join Guru Hargohind Ji’s army. Consequently, 500 soldiers joined his army. Guru Ji classified these soldiers into five Jathas (groups). Each Jatha was put under the charge of five Jathedars (group leaders). Besides these soldiers, Guru Hargobind Sahib also recruited 52 bodyguards. Guru Hargobind Ji’s army continued to swell gradually and their number rose to 2500. A separate regiment of the Pathans was organised and Painda Khan was made its commander.

3. Collection of Arms and Horses : Guru Hargobind Sahib issued a Hukamnama to the Masands that he wohld be pleased with those Masands, who brought him offerings of arms and horses instead of money. He also told the Sikhs that they should offer arms and horses to the Masands. The Masands and the Sikhs hailed this decision of Guru Ji . This added to the military strength of Guru Hargobind Ji.

4. Construction of Akal Takht Sahib : The construction of Akal Takht proved very helpful in the evolution of the New Policy. In fact, it was a great task of Guru Hargobind Sahib. The construction of Akal Takht (Seat of the Almighty) was begun by Guru Hargobind Sahib in front of Harmandir Sahib in 1606 A.D. This stupendous task was completed in 1609 A.D. Inside it was built a 12 feet high rostrum, which was like a throne. Guru Hargobind Ji used to guide the political and military affairs of the Sikhs by occupying the throne. Here, he would give military training to the Sikhs and watch their wrestling and other military feats. Here, too, he would accept horses and arms from the Masands.

In order to, infuse a new spirit among the Sikhs, the professional bards sang ballads of unrivalled heroism. Besides, here Guru Hargobind Ji would settle the mutual disputes of the Sikhs. According to H.S. Bhatia and S.R. Bakshi, “Sri Akal Takht is one of the most sacred institutions of Sikhism. It has played historic role in the socio-political transformation of the Sikh community.”

5. Adoption of Royal Symbols : While following New Policy, Guru Hargobind Ji adopted many paraphernalia of sovereignty. In place of a woollen rosary he hung two swords from his waist. Like the kings, Guru Hargobind Ji started wearing a royal aigrette on his headgear. A sort of umbrella was also swung over him. He also assumed the title of Sacha Padshah (True Emperor). He also started wearing costlier costumes. Like the Mughals, he also started keeping bodyguards.

6. Fortification of Amritsar: Amritsar was not only, the most sacred place of the Sikhs, but also was a famous centre for their military training. Therefore, Guru Hargobind Ji got constructed a wall around the city of Amritsar for its defence. Besides this, in 1609 A.D. he also got constructed a fort which was named, Lohgarh.

7. Changes in the daily life of the Guru : With the adoption of the New Policy, the daily life of Guru Hargobind Sahib underwent a number of changes. He started hunting. He engaged Abdula and Natha Mai to recite ballads of unrivalled heroism in his court. Guru Hargobind Sahib raised a special music party, which went around Harmandir Sahib, singing inspirational ‘Sabads’ loudly, to the accompaniment of drum¬beats and torch-lights. Guru Hargobind Ji had brought about these changes in his life, only with a view to. infuse a spirit of fearlessness among the Sikhs.

Critical Estimate of the New Policy:

At first when Guru Hargobind Sahib adopted the New Policy, it created doubts in the minds of many Sikhs about the aims and objectives of Guru Hargobind Sahib. Bhai Gurdas Ji and Dr. Trump were of the opinion that, Guru Hargobind Ji had abandoned the high ideals of his predecessors. In fact, Guru Hargobind Sahib has been totally misunderstood. Firstly, Guru Hargobind Sahib had no political motive. Secondly, he had not abandoned the Sikh code of conduct. He used to listen to ‘Asa Di War’ every morning in Harmandir Sahib and give religious guidance to the Sikhs.

During his pontificate, he sent many missionaries in the different corners of Panjab to preach Sikhism. If Guru Hargobind Ji made certain changes in his routine, it was only to enthuse the Sikhs. With the passage of time, all doubts among the Sikhs about the New Policy of Guru Hargobind Sahib began to be dispelled. Afterwards, Bhai Gurdas Ji who had at first criticized the New Policy of Guru Hargobind Sahib, wrote “Guru Hargobind Ji had to do all the things for the defence of Sikh religion.”
In the words of H.S. Bhatia and S.R. Bakshi,
“Though outwardly, it may appear that Guru Hargobind persued a slightly different course for fulfilling the mission of Guru Nanak, yet, basically, it was Guru Nanak’s ideals that he preached.”
Thus we see that Guru Hargobind Sahib continued the policy of the old Gurus and also made new additions to it.

Importance of the New Policy:

The New Policy of Guru Hargobind Sahib brought a radical transformation in Sikhism. The Sikhs, became saint soldiers. Consequently, with the passage of time the Sikhs became fearless warriors. It infused the feelings of self-confidence and self-respect among the Sikhs. If Guru Hargobind Ji had not followed the New Policy, the pious brotherhood of the Sikhs would have either not survived or at any rate relapsed into the limited merits of monks and mendicants.

It was due to the New Policy of Guru Hargobind Ji, that a large number of Jats embraced Sikhism. The New Policy widened the gulf between the Sikhs and the M Shah Jahan, the Mughals fought four battles with Guru Hargobind Sahib. Besides these, the New Policy of Guru Hargobind Ji provided the basis of the creation of Khalsa by Guru Gobind Singh Ji in 1699 A.D. K.S. Duggal aptly says, “Guru Hargobind’s greatest contribution is that he gave a new turn to the Sikh way of life. He turned saints into soldiers and yet remained a man of God.”

Question 20.
Describe briefly the relationship of Guru Hargobind Ji with Jahangir and Shah Jahan.
Or
Write a detailed note on relations between Guru Hargobind Ji and the Mughals.
Or
Explain the relations of Guru Hargobind Ji with the Mughals.
Answer:
The period of Guru Hargobind Ji’s pontifica’tion was from 1606 A.D. to 1645 A.D. During his pontificate the relations with the Mughals are divided in two periods :

First Period (1606-27):

1. Imprisonment of Guru Hargobind Ji at Gwalior : Immediately after the assumption of Guruship by Guru Hargobind Ji, Jahangir called Guru Hargobind Sahib to Delhi and imprisoned him in the fort of Gwalior. There is a difference of opinion among historians on the point of Guru Hargobind being taken as prisoner. Some historians are of the view that Chandu Shah’s conspiracy was responsible for it. Guru Sahib had refused to accept the proposal of his daughter’s marriage.

Therefore, he instigated Jahangir against Guru Hargobind Ji. Consequently, Jahangir imprisoned the Guru. Most of the historia agree to the view that Jahangir imprisoned Guru Hargobind Sahib for adopting the New Policy. It had aroused suspicions in the mind of Jahangir and the detractors of Guru Arjan Sahib poisoned his ears that Guru Hargobind Ji was preparing for a rebellion.

2. Period of Imprisonment: The historians differ on the point as to how long Guru Hargobind Ji was kept in prison in the fort of Gwalior. According to the writer of Dabistan-i-Majahib, Guru Hargobind Ji remained in prison for 12 years. Dr. Indu Bhushan Banerjee stated that the term of imprisonment was 5 years. Teja Singh and Ganda Singh put it to be two years. The Sikh chronicles mentioned that the period of imprisonment was 40 days. It is assessed from the historical facts that Guru
Hargobind Ji remained imprisoned in the fort of Gwalior for two years i.e. from 1606 to 1608 A.D.

3. Release of the Guru Ji : The historians have also expressed different views about Guru Hargobind Sahib’s release from the fort of Gwalior. Sikh chronicles wrote that after putting Guru Hargobind Ji in prison Jahangir began to feel uneasy. Bhai Jetha Ji, a devotee of Guru Hargobind Ji, cured him completely. At the instance of Bhai Jetha Ji, Jahangir released Guru Hargobind Ji. Some historians say that Jahangir took this decision on the request of a famous Sufi saint named, Mian Mir. According to some other historiAnswer: Jahangir was greatly impressed by the profound devotion of the Sikhs.

As a result, Jahangir ordered his release. Whatever be the reason, when the order of Guru Hargobind Sahib’s release was issued, Guru Hargobind Ji refused to get his freedom as long as 52 other kings, who were imprisoned in the Gwalior fort were also not released. Consequently, Jahangir released these 52 kings also. Because of this, Guru Hargobind Ji began to be called “Bandi Chhor Baba” (emancipator of captives).

4. Friendly Relations with Jahangir: Jahangir became convinced that Chandu Shah was at the back of Guru Hargobind Ji’s woes. So Jahangir handed Chandu Shah over to the Sikhs in order to give him punishment for his misdeeds. Jahangir offered to bear the entire expenditure to be incurred in the construction of the Akal Takht, but Guru Ji refused it. Whatever be the case, there is no doubt that after the release of Guru Hargobind Ji, till Jahangir’s death, the relations between the two continued to be cordial.

Second Period (1628-35):

Shah Jahan became the new Mughal emperor in f628 A.D. After he ascended the throne, the relations between the Sikhs and the Mughals once again became strained owing to the following reasons :

1. Shah Jahan’s Fanaticism : Shah Jahan was a great orthodox. He got many famous Hindu temples demolished. He got Guru Aijan Dev Ji’s bstoli at Lahore converted into a mosque. This act of Shah Jahan sent a wave of resentment among the Sikhs.

2. Opposition of Naqshbandis: Naqshbandi was a movement launched in Punjab, by fanatic Muslims. After Shah Jahan had ascended the throne, the Naqshbandis again instigated Shah Jahan against Guru Hargobind Ji. Being an orthodox, he was easily influenced by their words and turned against Guru Hargobind Ji.

3. New Policy of Guru Hargobind Ji : The New Policy of Guru Hargobind Ji became the major factor in widening the gulf between Guru Ji and Shah Jahan. This policy largely added to the military power of Guru Hargobind Ji. Guru Hargobind Sahib had assumed some royal symbols and Sikh devotees had started addressing him as Sacha Padshah (true emperor). Shah Jahan looked upon this policy of Guru Hargobind Ji as a danger to the Mughal empire. So, he decided to take action against Guru Hargobind Ji.

4. Kaulan’s Affair: The Kaulan’s affair further embittered the relationship between Guru Hargobind Ji and Shah Jahan. Kaulan was the daughter of Qazi Rustam Khan of Lahore. She was very religious minded. She was greatly impressed by the teachings of Guru Arjan Dev Ji and used to read them with fondness. Qazi Rustam Khan, a fanatic Sunni Muslim could not tolerate it. As a result he imposed many restrictions on his daughter. She left her home and took refuge with Guru Hargobind Ji. When the Qazi came to know about it, he started poisoning Shah Jahan’s ears against Guru Hargobind Ji.

Battles Between The Sikhs And The Mughals:

Gradually the relations between the Mughals and the Sikhs became so strained that in 1634-35 A.D., four battles were fought between them. A brief description of these battles is as follows :

1. Battle of Amritsar 1634 A.D.: The first battle between the Mughals and the Sikhs was fought in 1634 A.D. at Amritsar. At that time Shah Jahan with his soldiers was on a hunting tour near Amritsar. While hunting, a special hawk of Shah Jahan, flew away. The Sikhs caught this hawk. While searching for it some Mughal soldiers happened to come there. When they saw the hawk with the Sikhs, they demanded it back.

The refusal by the Sikhs resulted in a clash. Some Mughal soldiers were killed in the clash. Shah Jahan sent a troop of 7,000 soldiers, under the leadership of Mukhlis Khan from Lahore to teach a lesson to Guru Hargobind Sahib and his Sikhs. This army made a great deal of plundering after reaching Amritsar.

The Sikh soldiers stoutly resisted the Mughal army. Besides Guru Hargobind Ji, Bhai Bidhi Chand, Bhai Jetha and Painda Khan showed,/eats of bravery. Mukhlis Khan was killed, while he was fighting with Guru Hargobind Ji. As a result, the rest of the Mughal army fled from the battlefield. The victory in this battle greatly boosted the morale of the Sikhs. About this battle Prof. Harbans Singh aptly says, ” This Amritsar action was a small incident, but its implications were far- reaching.”

2. Battle of Lahira 1634 A.D.: Soon after the battle of Amritsar, second battle was fought between the Mughals and the Sikhs at a place called Lahira (near Bathinda). The immediate cause of this battle was two horses named Dilbag and Gulbag. Two Masands named Bakht Mai and Tara Chand were bringing these horses from Kabul to present them to Guru Hargobind Ji. On the way the Mughals dispossessed them of these horses and sent them to the royal stable. Bhai Bidhi Chand, a devotee of Guru Ji went in disguise of a grass cutter and brought out both the horses from the royal stable and sent them to Guru Hargobind Ji.

When Shah Jahan heard this news. He immediately sent a large army under the command of Lala Beg and Qamar Beg to crush the power of the Sikhs. A fierce battle was fought between the Mughals and the Sikhs at a place called Lahira. The Mughals had to suffer a heavy loss of life and both their commanders Lala Beg and Qamar Beg were killed. Bhai Jetha, too was martyred in this battle. The Sikhs emerged victorious in this battle.

3. Battle of Kartarpur 1635 A.D.: The third battle between the Mughals and the Sikhs was fought at Kartarpur in 1635 A.D. The cause of this battle was Painda Khan. He was the commander of the Pathan troop in the army of Guru Hargobind Sahib. He stole a hawk of Guru Sahib and gave it to his son-in-law. When Guru Ji enquired about it, he pretended ignorance. Later on when Guru Hargobind Ji came to know about his lie, Guru Hargobind Ji dismissed him from the job. He sought refuge with Shah Jahan.

On his instigation Shah Jahan sent an army under Painda Khan and Kale Khan to take action against Guru Hargobind Ji. A fierce battle was fought between the two armies at Kartarpur. In this battle Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji showed rare feats of bravery. In this battle Kale Khan, Painda Khan and his son Qutub Khan were killed, while fighting with Guru Hargobind Sahib. The Mughal army too suffered heavy losses and had to face a crushing defeat.

4. Battle of Phagwara 1635 A.D.: After the battle of Kartarpur, Guru Hargobind Sahib stayed at Phagwara for some time. Here some Mughal soldiers under the command of Ahmed Khan attacked Guru Hargobind Ji. Guru Hargobind Ji was not prepared for this attack, but on the other hand the Mughal army was very small in number. Therefore, there was only a skirmish between the two armies near Phagwara. This battle is not considered so significant. The battle of Phagwara was the last battle fought between the Mughals and the Sikhs during the pontificate of Guru Hargobind Ji.

Importance of the Battles:

In the battles, between the Mughals and the Sikhs mentioned above the Sikhs emerged victorious. These battles were fought at a time, when the resources of the Sikhs were very limited, as compared to those of the Mughals. The victories in these battles increased the self-confidence and infused a new spirit among the Sikhs. Owing to these victories the fame of Guru Hargobind Ji spread far and wide. Many people embraced Sikhism. Consequently, the Sikh Panth began to flourish rapidly. Patwant Singh aptly says,  ” The historical importance of these battles did not lie in their scale, but in the fact that the aggressor’s writ was rejected and his power scorned. A mood of defiance was generated against the Mughals and an example set for others.”

Question 21.
What do you know about life and achievements of Guru Har Rai Ji?
Answer:
Guru Har Rai Ji was the seventh Guru of the Sikhs. The period of his pontificate (1645 to 1661 A.D.) is called the period of peace for the Sikhism. A brief account of Guru Har Rai Ji’s early career and the development of Sikh Panth under him is as ahead :

1. Birth and Parentage : Guru Har Rai Ji was born on 30th January, 1630 AD. at a place known as Kiratpur Sahib. His mother’s name was Bibi Nihal Kaur. He was the grandson of Guru Hargobind Ji and the son of Baba Gurditta Ji.

2. Childhood and Marriage: Right from his childhood he possessed saintly nature, sweet tongue and soft heart. It is said that once Guru Har Rai Ji was strolling in a garden when some flowers got entangled with his cloak and fell off. He was moved to tears when he saw this. Har Rai Ji was married to Sulakhni, daughter of Daya Ram of Anup city in U.P. He was blessed with two sons, Ram Rai and Har Krishan.

3. Assumption of Guruship : The sixth master, Guru Hargobind Sahib, had five sons : Baba Gurditta, Ani Rai and Baba Atal Rai had passed away during his own life¬time. Of the remaining two, Suraj Mai was involved in worldly matters more than was essential, and Tegh Bahadur Ji was disenchanted with worldly affairs. So at that time Guru Hargobind Ji deemed it fit to bestow Guruship on Baba Gurditta’s younger son, Har Rai. The ceremony of his assuming Guruship was performed on 8th March, 1645 A.D. Thus, Guru Har Rai Ji became the 7th Guru of the Sikhs.

4. Development of Sikhism under Guru Har Rai Ji : The pontificate of Guru Har Rai Sahib lasted from 1645 to 1661 A.D. To carry on his propagation work, he set up three famous centres which were known as ‘bakhshishes’ or the missionary centres. The first ‘bakhshish’ was that of an ascetic named Bhagat Gir. Pleased with his devotion Guru Har Rai Sahib re-christened him Bhagat Bhagwan. He set up many centres for the propagation of Sikhism in East India. Of these, Patna, Bereilley and Rajgir are the famous ones. The second “bakhshish’ was that of Suthra Shah.

He was sent to Delhi for the propagation of Sikhism. The third ‘bakhshish’ was that of Pheru. He was sent to Rajasthan. Likewise Bhai Gonda Ji was sent to Kabul, Bhai Natha Ji to Dacca and Bhai Jodha Ji to Multan. Guru Har Rai Jitnmself travelled to different places of Punjab namely Jalandhar, Kartarpur, Palahi, Hakimpur, Mukandpur, Gurdaspur, Amritsar, Ferozepur, Patiala, Ambala, Kamal, Hissar etc.

5. Phul Blessed : One day a devotee named Kala with his nephew, Phul came to visit Guru Har Rai Sahib. Guru Ji’s eyes fell on Phul, who was slapping his belly with his hand. On enquiry, Kala told Guru Sahib that he was hungry and wanted something to eat. The Guru took compassion on him and said, “He shall become great, famous and wealthy. His descendants shall drink water as far as the Jamuna. They shall have sovereignty for many generations and be honoured in proportion as they serve the Guru.”
The blessing of Guru Har Rai Ji proved to be true. Phul laid the foundation of Phulkian Misl.

6. Help to Prince Dara : During the pontificate of Guru Har Rai Sahib, Dara Shikoh was the Governor of Punjab. He was the elder brother of Aurangzeb. In a bid to capture power Aurangzeb poisoned Dara’s food. Consequently, he fell seriously ill. Dara begged Guru Har Rai Ji to treat him. Guru Har Rai Ji cured Dara with the rarest of herbs. As a result Dara felt deeply obliged to Guru Har Rai Ji. He would often come to pay a visit to Guru Har Rai Ji.

7. Glint Har BLai Ji Summoned to Delhi : Aurangzeb had suspicion that some hymns in the Guru Granth Sahib were against Islam. In order to, get it confirmed, he asked Guru Har Rai Ji to appear in his court. Guru Sahib sent his son, Ram Rai. Pointing out a Shloka in the Asa Di Var, Aurangzeb asked him why Muslims had been opposed to it. The Shaloka mean : “The clay of a Muslim’s grave falls into the hands of a potter; pots and bricks out of it he makes; in the fire bums the poor clay. As it burns it weeps and wails.” In order to escape the royal wrath, Ram Rai wrongly interpreted it.

He explained that Guru Nanak Sahib said nothing against the MusalmAnswer: In fact, he had written the word beiman which had been corrupted by some ignorant persons as Musalman. Gum Har Rai Ji felt indignant, when he heard about it. He considered it a great insult of Guru Granth Sahib. Consequently, Ram Rai was declared unworthy of Guruship.

8. Nomination of the Successor : Realising that his end was approaching, he nominated his younger son, Har Krishan to Guruship. On 6th October, 1661 A.D. Guru Har Rai Ji immersed in Eternal Light at Kiratpur Sahib.

9. Estimate of Guru Har Rai Ji : It is true that Guru Har Rai Ji left this mortal worl d at the young age of 31, but after the assumption of Guruship he did great deeds for the dissemination of Sikhism. He set up many propagation centres in the Majha, Doaba and Malwa regions. He maintained with gusto the practice of ‘Sangat’ and ‘Pangat’. At his dispensary free medical aid was provided to one and all irrespective of their caste and creed or status. Through these services Guru Sahib strengthened the foundations of Sikhism all the more.

Question 22.
Give a brief account of the development of Sikhism during the pontificate of Guru Har Krishan Ji.
Answer:
Guru Har Krishan Ji was the eighth Guru of the Sikhs. He is also known as ‘Bal Guru’ in the Sikh history. His period of pontificate was from 1661 to 1664 A.D. A brief description of development of Sikhism during the pontificate of Guru Har Krishan Ji is as under:

1. Birth and Childhood : Guru Har Krishan Ji was born on 7th July, 1656 AD. at Kiratpur Sahib. He was the younger son of Guru Har Rai Ji. His mother’s name was Sulakhni. Ram Rai was his elder brother.

2. Assumption of Guruship : Guru Har Rai Ji had disinherited his elder son, Ram Rai of Guruship, after declaring him ineligible, because he had misinterpreted the Gurbani in Aurangzeb’s court. In 1661 A.D., Guru Har Rai Sahib handed over the Guruship to Har Krishan Ji. At that time, Guru Har Krishan Ji was barely five years old. That is why Guru Har Krishan Ji is also known as Bal Guru (child Guru) in Sikh History. Even at such a young age, he possessed a charismatic personality. He was endowed with qualities like unique sense of service, respect towards elders, humility and compassion. It was owing to these qualities that Guru Har Rai Ji nominated him as his successor. Thus, he became the 8th Sikh Guru in 1661 A.D. He held Guruship till 1664 A.D.

3. Opposition of Ram Rai : Ram Rai being the elder son of Guru Har Rai Ji, considered himself to be the rightful claimant to Gurgaddi. But Guru Har Rai Ji had already disinherited him of the Guruship. When he came to know that Guruship had been assigned to Har Krishan Ji, he could not tolerate it. He started hatching conspiracies to acquire Guruship. He won many selfish and dishonest ‘Masands’ over to his side. He had it announced through these ‘Masands’ that the real Guru was Ram Rai and all the Sikhs should accept him as such. However, he could not succeed in his designs. He, then tried to elicit Aurangzeb’s help. Aurangzeb called Guru Har Krishan Sahib to Delhi so that things might be settled between the two factions through arbitration.

4. Guru Ji’s visit to Delhi : Aurangzeb assigned the task of bringing Guru Har Krishan Ji to Delhi to Raja Jai Singh. Raja Jai Singh sent his Diwan, Paras Ram to Guru Har Krishan Ji. Guru Har Krishan Ji declined to go to Delhi to see Aurangzeb. But when Paras Ram said that the sangat at Delhi were keen on seeing Guru Har Krishan Ji, Guru Har Krishan Ji agreed to go to Delhi, but refused to see Aurangzeb. He went to Delhi in 1664 A.D. and agreed to stay at Raja Jai Singh’s residence. There is a difference of opinions among historians on the point whether any meeting took place between Guru Har Krishan Sahib and Aurangzeb or not.

5. Immersion in Eternal Light: In those days cholera and small-pox had broken out in Delhi. Guru Har Krishan Ji served the sick, the poor and the orphans with heart and soul. He cured many patients of small-pox and cholera. But, he himself fell a victim to small-pox. This disease proved fatal for him. Seeing his serious condition, the devotees asked him who would lead them. He asked for a coconut. By placing five paise and the coconut he paid obeisance and said ‘Baba Bakala’ and breathed his last. In this way he immersed in Eternal Light on 30th March, 1664 A.D. at Delhi.

6. Estimate of Guru Har Krishan Ji. Guru Har Krishan Ji held Guruship for about two and a half years and discharged his responsibilities as a Guru very intelligently. Even at such a small age he possessed keen intelligence, sublime thoughts and divine knowledge.

Question 23.
Give a brief description of the early life of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Answer:
Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was the ninth Guru of the Sikhs. The period of his pontificate was from 1664 to 1675 A.D. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji undertook tours to various places in and outside Punjab to spread Sikhism. He commenced a new era in the history of India by courting martyrdom for the protection of Hinduism. A brief description of early career of Guru Tegh Bahabur is as under :

1. Birth and Parentage : Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was born on 1st April, 1621 AD. at Amritsar. He was the fifth and the youngest son of Guru Hargobind Ji. His mother’s name was Nanaki. His father predicted that this child would follow the path of truth and religion. He would save the country from disaster and cut the roots of tyranny and oppression. Guru Hargobind Ji’s prediction proved to be true.

2. Childhood and Education : The childhood name of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was Tyag Mai. When he was five, arrangement was made for his education. He had the good fortune of getting education from Bhai Buddha Ji and Bhai Gurdas Ji. He acquired the thorough knowledge of Punjabi, Brij and Sanskrit, History, Philosophy, Arithmetic and Music. He was also imparted training in horse-riding and use of weapons. In the battle of Kartarpur, he found the opportunity to display his bravery. His father Hargobind Sahib was greatly impressed by it and he changed his name to Tegh Bahadur.

3. Marriage : Tegh Bahadur Ji was married to Gujari who was the daughter of Lai Chand, a resident of Kartarpur. He was blessed with a son named Gobind Das.

4. Settlement at Baba Bakala : Before he immeresed in Eternal Light in 1645 A.D. Guru Hargobind Ji nominated his grandson Har Rai Ji as his successor. At this instance, Tegh Bahadur Ji with his wife Gujari and mother Nanaki came to settle at Bakala. Here Tegh Bahadur Ji lived for 20 years.

5. Assumption of Guruship : In 1664 A.D. at Delhi, before breathing his last, Guru Har Kishan Sahib gave a hint to the Sikh Sangat that their next Guru would be found at Bakala. When the news reached Baba Bakala twenty two Sodhis, set up theii twenty two ‘ManjisL Everyone declared himself to be the real Guru. At this juncture s Sikh named Makhan Shah Lubana found a solution. He was a trader. Once when his ship was caught in a sea-storm and was about to sink, he prayed faithfully, that if hif ship reached the shore safely, he would offer 500 gold-mohars (coins) at his Guru’s feet In order to keep his word, he along with his family came to Baba Bakala to offer 50′ mohars at Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s feet.

He was bewildered to see 22 impostor Gurus He conceived of an idea to find out the real Guru. One by one, he went to each Guru an offered two mohars. The imposter gurus were delighted to receive two mohars. Where Makhan Shah finally reached Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji and offered him two mohars, Gur Sahib said, “You promised to offer 500 mohars, when your ship was about to sink bi now you are offering only two mohars.” On hearing this Makhan Shah felt very glad ar shouted loudly from the roof of the house : “Guru ladho re, Guru ladho re’” which meai Guru has been found, Guru has been found.” In this way, the Sikhs accepted Guru Tej Bahadur Ji as their ninth Guru. He held Guruship from 1664 A.D. to 1675 A.D.

6. Opposition of Dhir Mai: Dhir Mai, the elder brother of Guru Har Rai Ji, h, been seeking for Guruship for long. One of the twenty-two ‘Manjis’ set up at Ba Bakala, was that of Dhir Mai also. When Dhir Mai received the news that the Sik had accepted Tegh Bahadur Ji as their Guru he along with hundred armed men raid the house of the Guru. This incident provoked the Sikhs. They arrested and produc Dhir Mai before Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji but he forgave Dhir Mai when the lat begged to be pardonded.

Question 24.
Give a brief account of the religious tours of Guru Tegh Bahadur

2. Childhood and Education: The childhood name of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was Tyag Mai. When he was five, arrangement was made for his education. He had the good fortune of getting education from Bhai Buddha Ji and Bhai Gurdas Ji. He acquired the thorough knowledge of Punjabi, Brij and Sanskrit, History, Philosophy, Arithmetic and Music. He was also imparted training in horse-riding and use of weapons. In the battle of Kartarpur, he found the opportunity to display his bravery. His father Hargobind Sahib was greatly impressed by it and he changed his name to Tegh Bahadur.

3. Marriage: Tegh Bahadur Ji was married to Gujari who was the daughter of Lai Chand, a resident of Kartarpur. He was blessed with a son named Gobind Das.

4. Settlement at Baba Bakala : Before he immeresed in Eternal Light in 1645 A.D. Guru Hargobind Ji nominated his grandson Har Rai Ji as his successor. At this instance, Tegh Bahadur Ji with his wife Gujari and mother Nanaki came to settle at Bakala. Here Tegh Bahadur Ji lived for 20 years.

5. Assumption of Guruship : In 1664 A.D. at Delhi, before breathing his last, Guru Har Kishan Sahib gave a hint to the Sikh Sangat that their next Guru would be found at Bakala. When the news reached Baba Bakala twenty two Sodhis, set up their twenty two ‘Manjis’. Everyone declared himself to be the real Guru. At this juncture a Sikh named Makhan Shah Lubana found a solution. He was a trader. Once when his ship was caught in a sea-storm and was about to sink, he prayed faithfully, that if his ship reached the shofe safely, he would offer 500 gold-mohars (coins) at his Guru’s feet. In order to keep his word, he along with his family came to Baba Bakala to offer 500 mohars at Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s feet.

He was bewildered to see 22 impostor Gurus. He conceived of an idea to find out the real Guru. One by one, he went to each Guru and offered two mohars. The imposter gurus were delighted to receive two mohars. When Makhan Shah finally reached Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji and offered him two mohars, Guru Sahib said, “You promised to offer 500 mohars, when your ship was about to sink but now you are offering only two mohars.” On hearing this Makhan Shah felt very glad and shouted loudly from the roof of the house : “Guru ladho re, Guru ladho re ” which meant Guru has been found, Guru has been found.” In this way, the Sikhs accepted Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji as their ninth Guru. He held Guruship from 1664 AD. to 1675 AD.

6. Opposition of Dhir Mai: Dhir Mai, the elder brother of Guru Har Rai Ji, had been seeking for Guruship for long. One of the twenty-two ‘Manjis’ set up at Baba Bakala, was that of Dhir Mai also. When Dhir Mai received the news that the Sikhs had accepted Tegh Bahadur Ji as their Guru he along with hundred armed men raided the house of the Guru. This incident provoked the Sikhs. They arrested and produced Dhir Mai before Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji but he forgave Dhir Mai when the latter begged to be pardonded.

Question 24.
Give a brief account of the religious tours of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Answer:
Soon after assuming Guruship, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji undertook travels in and out of Punjab. The aim of these travels was to spread Sikhism and convey the message of truth and love to the people. Writing about the purpose of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s travels, S.S. Johar aptly says, “Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji thought it necessary to infuse a new life and rekindle a new spirit among the people.”

Travels of the Punjab:

1. Amritsar: First of all Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji reached Amritsar from Baba Bakala in November, 1664 A.D. At that time, the Harmandir Sahib was under the control of Prithi Chand’s grandson, Haiji Mina. He, with the help of some corrupt Masands had declared himself the Guru. When, he heard the news of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s arrival, So, he closed all the doors of the Harmandir Sahib so that Guru Ji might not enter it. When Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji reached there and found the door closed, he patiently sat for some time under a tree near the Akal Takht Sahib. Today at this place there is a small Gurdwara which is known as “Tham Sahib” or ‘Thara Sahib’.

2. Walla and Ghuke-wali: From Amritsar Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji went to a village named Walla. The women of this place vigorously participated in the Sangat and Pangat. Consequently, the Guru blessed them. After Walla, Guru Ji went to a village called Ghuke-wali. Since there were many trees in this village, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji named it‘Guru Ka Bagh’.

3. Khadur Sahib, Goindwal Sahib, Tam Taran, Khem-Karan etc : From Khadur Sahib and Goindwal Sahib, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji reached Tam Taran. Tam Taran had become a famous propagation centre of Sikhism. Afterwards Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji went to Khem-Karan. Here a devout named, Chaudhary Raghupat Raipfesented Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji a mare.

4. Kiratpur Sahib and Bilaspur : After his travels in the Majha region, Gum Sahib reached Kiratpur Sahib. At the invitation of Rani Champa, he reached Bilaspur. Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji stayed here for three days. During his stay Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji purchased a piece of land at Makhowal for Rs. 500 from the Rani. Here Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji founded a new town in June 1665 A.D. which was named ‘Chak Nanaki’ after the name of his mother. Later on, it became famous as Anandpur (The City of Bliss) Sahib.

Travels of the Eastern India:

After the travels of Punjab, Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji started his travels of Eastern India. A brief account of these travels is as follows :

5. Saifabad and Dhamdhan: In August 1665 A.D. Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji reached Saifabad and Dhamdhan, Here the people congregated in large numbers to pay respect to Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji. Aurangzeb could not tolerate the increasing propagation of Sikhism. He sent Alam Khan Rohilla to Dhamdhan to arrest Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji. Consequently, Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib was apprehended in November 1665 A.D. . and brought to Delhi.

6. Mathura and Brindaban: From Delhi Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji went to Mathura and Brindaban. Here the Guru explained to his audience the virtue of prayer and the value of service to the people.

7. Agra and Prayag: From Mathura, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji reached Agra. Here, he stayed at the house of an aged devotee, Mai Jassi. After this, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji went to Prayag. Here Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji met a group of saints and yogis. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji preached them ‘Sadho Man Ke Maan Tiyago’ (O saints shun your pride).

8. Banaras : After the travel of Paryag, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji reached Banaras. Here, the Sikh devotees thronged in large numbers to pay respect to Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji and listen to his exhortations. The people of this place held the view that a bath in the Karamnash river washes away all the good deeds of a person. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji bathed in this river and said that nothing could be achieved or lost with a bath. As a man sows, so does he reap.

9. Sasram and Gaya. From Banaras Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji reached Sasram. Here a devotee Sikh ‘Masand Phaggu Shah’ served Guru Ji very sincerely. Then Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji visited Gaya which was the chief centre of Buddhism. Here Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji denounced casteism and preached worship of one God.

10. Patna : In 1666 A.D. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji reached Patna. Here the Sikh. Sangat gave him a rousing reception. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji told the people the real meaning of life and enlightened them with principles of Sikhism. He sublimated Patna . by calling it ‘Guru Da Ghar’ (the home of God). Leaving his wife and mother here, Guru •’ Tegh Bahadur Ji proceeded to Munghyr.

11. Dhaka : Dhaka was a chief centre of Sikhism. When Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji,_ reached here the masses gave him a warm welcome. As a result of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s propagation, people in large number embraced Sikhism. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji enjoined on the Sangats to rise above worldly attachments and bonds of casteism, and recite God’s name.

12. Assam: On the request of Ram Singh, the ruler of Ambar, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji went with him to Assam. The Assamese were deft at sorcery. Out of this fear the. Mughal forces were always defeated by the Assamese rulers. This time in the presence of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji, their sorcery failed and they had to face defeat. They came to pay obeisance to this great man, who frustrated their sorcery, and also begged pardon of him. After this Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji with his family returned to Punjab and settled at, ChakNanaki.

Tours of Malwa and Bangar Region:

In the middle of 1673 A.D. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji revisited fhp Malwa and Bangar – regions of Punjab. During this tour, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji visited many places. Of these Saifabad, Mallowal, Sekha, Dhilwan Joga, Khiwa, Khiala, Maur, Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda and Damdhan were prominent. During these travels, Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib completely identified himself with the sorrows and sufferings of the people. Through his message and teachings, he tried to awaken the people to their responsibility and grim realities of human existence. Impressed by the multifaceted personality of Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib thousands of people embraced Sikhism. Harbans Singh aptly says, “Guru Tegh Bahadur’s tour left the country in ferment. It was not the same country again, nor the same people. A new awakening had spread.”

Question 25.
Give an account of the early career and travels of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Answer:
Note: For answer to this question students may refer to Question No. 23 and 24.

Question 26.
Critically examine the circumstances leading to the martyrdom of the 9th Guru. Also discuss its results.
Or
Discuss the causes and results of the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Or
Explain the circumstances which led to the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Or
What were the causes responsible for the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji? When, where and how he was executed?
Or
Give a brief account of the circumstances leading to the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji. Also explain the effects of his execution on the country and the society.
Or
Describe the causes and significance of the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Or
Discuss the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Answer:
Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s martyrdom is a unique event of world history. History is replete with many examples of such great men, who sacrificed their lives for the protection of their religion or their country. But it is difficult to find an example of martyr like Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji, who sacrificed his life for the protection of others’ religion.

I. Causes of Martyrdom

1. Enmifty between the Mughals and the Sikhs : The relations between the Si khs and the Mughalls were cordial till 1605 A.D. But, when in 1606 A.D., the Mughal
emperor martyred Guru Arjan Dev Ji, the situation took a new turn. He detained Guru Hargobind Ji in the fort of Gwalior for two years. During the reign of Shah Jahan, Guru Hargobind Ji had to fight four battles against the Mughals. During the reign of Aurangzeb, the ehmity between the Sikhs and the Mughals was further intensified. This growing bitterness became the most potent cause of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s martyrdom.

2. Fanaticism of Aurangzeb : In 1658 A.D., Aurangzeb became the new emperor of the Mughals. He was a staunch Sunni Muslim. He wanted to see Islam flourish in every nook and corner of India. He got many famous temples of the Hindus demolished and mosques built in their places. Restrictions were imposed on Hindu festivals and ceremonies. In 1679 A.D. Jaziya was reimposed on the Hindus. People were forced to embrace Islam at the point of sword. Aurangzeb ordered a decree that all Sikh Gurdwaras should be demolished and the Masands who collected money for the Sikhs be exiled. According to Dr. I.B. Banerjee, “Necessarily on the accession of Aurangzeb the entire policy of the Empire was reversed and a new era commenced.”

3. Impact of Naqshbandis on Aurangzeb : Naqshbandi was a sect of fanatic Muslims. This sect exercised a great influence upon Aurangzeb. The growing popularity of Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib was intolerable for this sect. The Naqshbandis panicked lest the awakening among the masses and development of Sikh religion can endanger Islam. So they started instigating Aurangzeb.

4. Spread of Sikhism : Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji undertook a number of travels in states like Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bengal, Bihar, Assam etc. Impressed by his teachings thousands of people embraced Sikh religion. In order to accelerate the propagation of Sikh religion, he appointed Sikh missionaries. It was all beyond Aurangzeb’s power of tolerance to see the rapidly growing power of Sikhism.

5. Enmity of Ram Rai : Ram Rai was the elder brother of Guru Har Krishan Ji. When Sikh Sangat accepted Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji as their next Guru, he could not reconcile with the turn of the tide. He wanted to snatch the Gurgaddi by force. However, when all his tactics to capture Gurgaddi failed, he started poisoning Aurangzeb’s ears against Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.

6. Call of Kashmiri Pandits : The Pandits living in Kashmir were firm believers in their religion and culture. The Hindus all over India revered them. Aurangzeb thought if these Kashmiri Pandits were converted to Islam the Hindus living in other parts of India would readily follow their example. With this object in view Aurangzeb appointed Sher Afghan as the Governor of Kashmir. Sher Afghan forced the Pandits to embrace Islam. When they found no way out to save their faith, a sixteen member deputation led by Pandit Kirpa Ram met Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji at Anandpur Sahib on 25th May, 1675 A.D. They sought Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s help. When Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji heard the heart-rending atrocities being committed on the Kashmiri Pandits, he was deeply touched. It was the Gordian knot that had to be cut.

The Guru sat in deep ” thought. At that moment the young Gobind Rai, who was at that time 9 years old, entered the chamber where the Guru sat along with the Kashmiri Pandits. He was struck with the unusual stillness of the room and enquired from his father what had happened. The Guru told Gobind Rai that Aurangzeb had let loose a reign of terror. Someone had to face the emperor and tell him that he was treading a wrong path. It was a stupendous task. It called for a great holy man, who was willing to sacrifice himself on the altar of religion. Without hesitation, Gobind Rai replied, “Who can be nobler than you, father?” On hearing this reply from the child, Guru felt greatly pleased and advised the Pandits to make a representation to the emperor stating that if the Guru could be converted to Islam they would, of their own accord, accept Islam.

. H. How was Guru Martyred?

Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji with his three companions Bhai Mati Das, Bhai Sati Das and Bhai Dyala Ji proceeded from Anandpur Sahib to Delhi on July 11,1675 A.D. Mughal official arrested Guru Tegh Bahadur JI and his companions near Ropar. He was kept in a prison at Sirhind for four months. As ordered by Aurangzeb, he was taken to Delhi on 6th November, 1675 A.D. and produced in his court. Aurangzeb suggested him to embrace Islam and also threatened to put him to death in case, he refused to do so. But, Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib and his three companions categorically refused to embrace Islam. In order to demoralise Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji, his three companions Bhai Mati Das Ji, Bhai Sati Das Jfi and Bhai Dyala Ji were tortured to death before him. After this Guru Ji was asked to show some miracle but Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib refused to oblige.

Consequently, on 11th November, 1675 A.D. he was beheaded at Chandni Chowk in Delhi. According to the famous historians Harbans Singh and L.M. Joshi, “This was a most moving and earthshaking event in the history of India.” At the place, where Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was martyred, stands the Gurdwara Sis Ganj. On the fateful night, a devotee, Bhai Lakhi Shah, with the help of his sons brought the body of the Guru to his home in a cart covered with heavy cotton bales. In order to cremate the body of the Guru, he instantly set his house on fire. Gurdwara Rakab Ganj stands here, today.

Significance of the Martyrdom:

The great martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji shook the whole humanity. This martyrdom marked the beginning of a new era npt only in the history of Punjab, but also in the history of India. In the words of Dr. Trilochan Singh, “The impact of the great sacrifice of Guru Tegh Bahadur was extremely powerful and far-reaching in its consequences on the Sikh people.”

1. Great, Historical Event : The history of file world is replete with sacrifices. These sacrifices were made either for the protection of one’s religion or for the sake of .the country. But Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji made supreme sacrifice for the protection of the downtrodden and for the protection of that religion to which, he himself did not belong. This example hasmo parallel in the histoiy of the world. That is, why Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji is called ‘Prince of Martyrs’ and ‘Hind Di Chadar’.

2. Feeling of Revenge among Sikhs : The martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji sent a wave of hatred and revenge in the whole Punjab against the Mughal empire. The people swore to put an end to the tyrannical rule of the Mughals.

3. Protection of Hinduism : Aurangzeb wanted to convert the whole of India to Islam. With this end in view he had let loose a reign of terror. A large number of Hindus were daily put to death. Consequently, many Hindus had started adopting Islam. The very existence of the Hindu religion was exposed to a great danger. Under such times, when the Hindus saw no ray of hope, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji gave his own sacrifice in order to protect the Hindu faith. This martyrdom made it clear to Aurangzeb, that it was totally impossible to convert the whole Hindu community to Islam.

4. Creation of the Khalsa : The martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji made it clear to the Sikhs that in order to defend their religion it was most essential for them to wear arms. With this end in view and to infuse a new spirit in the Sikhs, Guru Gobind Singh performed a great deed by creating the Khalsa Panth on the day of Baisakhi in 1699 A.D. The creation of the Khalsa gave birth to such a fearless community, which thoroughly smashed the powerful rule of the Mughals and the Afghans in Punjab.

5. Beginning of the Tradition of SacrificeAfter the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji, a tradition of making sacrifice for religion started among the Sikhs. While treading this path, Guru Gobind Singh Ji underwent several untold sufferings. His younger sops were bricked up alive in a wall. The elder sons and many devoted Sikhs, who were beloveds of Guru Sahib fell martyrs in battles. After Guru Gobind Singh Ji, Banda Singh Bahadur along with hundreds of Sikhs gave their sacrifices. After Mughals, the Afghans subjected the Sikhs to untold and unbearable sufferings. The blood of the martyrs infused a new confidence amongst the Sikhs.

6. Battles between the Sikhs and the Mughals : A long drawn battle started between the Sikhs and the Mughals in the wake of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s martyrdom. In these battles, the Sikhs had to face innumerable hardships but they stood firm like a rock. Despite their limitecf resources, the Sikhs with their matchless bravery shook the very foundations of the great Mughal empire. Finally, we agree to these words of famous historian, S.S. Johar, “The Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur was an event of great significance in the history of India. It had far reaching consequences.”

Question 27.
The martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji had far-reaching consequences on Sikh History. Discuss.
Answer:
3. Protection of Hinduism : Aurangzeb wanted to convert the whole of India to Islam. With this end in view he had let loose a reign of terror. A large number of Hindus were daily put to death. Consequently, many Hindus had started adopting Islam. The very existence of the Hindu religion was exposed to a great danger. Under such times, when the Hindus saw no ray of hope, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji gave his own sacrifice in order to protect the Hindu faith. This martyrdom made it clear to Aurangzeb, that it was totally impossible to convert the whole Hindu community to Islam.

Question 28.
What do you know about the early life of Guru Gobind Singh Ji?
Or
Throw light on the life of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
Or
Write about the life of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
Answer:
Guru Gobind Singh Ji was one of the greatest personlities not only of Panjab but also of the world. He led the Sikhism with much ability and vigour that it is very difficult to find any other example. The foundation of Khalsa led to a new epoch in Sikhism. A brief description of early career of Guru Gobind Singh Ji is as under :

1. Birth and Parentage : Guru Gobind Singh Ji was born on 26th December, 1666 A.D. at Patna. He was the only son of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji. His mother’s name was Gujari. He was first named Gobind Das or Gobind Rai. After the creation of Khalsa in 1699 A.D. his name was changed to Gobind Singh. At the time of Gobind Das’s birth, a Muslim faqir had predicted: “This child would grow into a great man and lead the people.” His prediction proved to be true.

2. Childhood : Gobind Das spent the first six years of his childhood at Patna. Right from his childhood, he possessed the qualities of becoming a leader. Like other children, he did not play with toys, but with bows and .arrows and other weapons. He would divide his companions into groups and then arrange mock-battle shows. He would act as a judge and settle-his companions’ disputes. He was very fearless from his childhood. Kirpal Chand, the maternal uncle of Gum Gobind Singh Ji, was his virtual guardian, when he was a minor.

3. Education : In the beginning of 1672 A.D. Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji with his family came to settle at Anandpur Sahib. Here Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji made a special arrangement for Gobind Das’s education. He got the knowledge of Gurmukhi from Bhai Sahib Chand, Sanskrit from Pt. Haijas and Persian and Arabic from Qazi Pir Mohammad. He learnt riding and use of weapons from a Rajput named Bajjar Singh.

4. Assumption of Guruship : Having grown sick of Aurangzeb’s cruelties, a group of Kashmiri Pandits with a woeful appeal approached Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji in May 1675 A.D. at Anandpur Sahib. On hearing their harrowing tale, Gum Sahib fell thinking for a while. He decided to sacrifice his life. Before proceeding to Delhi in July 1675 A.D., Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji, bestowed the Guruship on Gobind Das. Thus, Gobind Das became the tenth and the last Gum of the Sikhs at the age of 9. He held the Guruship till 1708 A.D.

5. Marriage : It is said that Gobind Das was married to Bibi Jito, Bibi Sundri and Bibi Sahib Devan. Guru Sahib was blessed with four sons. Their names were

Sahibzada Ajit Singh, Sahibzada Jujhar Singh, Sahibzada Zorawar Singh and Sahibzada Fateh Singh,

6. Army Organisation : After assuming Guruship in 1675 A.D., Guru Gobind Singh Ji declared that those Sikhs, who had four sons should get one of their sons recruited in the Guru Sahib’s army for the service of Sikhism. Along with this, Guru Sahib also advised the Sikhs to offer him horses and weapons in place of money. The Sikhs complied with this advice of Guru Gobind Sahib with great enthusiasm. Soon a large number of Sikhs enlisted themselves in the Guru Gobind Sahib’s army and enormous weapons and horses were collected.

7. Adoption of Royal Symbols : Like his grandfather Guru Hargobind Sahib, Guru Gobind Singh Ji too adopted royal symbols. He would decorate ‘kalgi’ (aigrette) in his turban. He began to make use of throne and royal umbrella. Besides, Guru Sahib, like the kings, had a special drum made, which was named ‘Ranjit Nagara’.

8. Invitation from Nahan : On seeing, Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s activities, the ruler of Kahlur, Bhim Chand grew jealous of Guru Gobind Singh Ji. Guru Gobind Singh Ji could not afford to fight with him a^ that time. Guru Gobind Singh Ji was just thinking of shifting to some other place when the king of Nahan, Medni Parkash, invited him to Nahan. Guru Gobind Singh Ji at once accepted this invitation and went with his family from Makhowal to Nahan. Here, at a lonely but beautiful place on the bank of river Jamuna, Guru Gobind Sahib got constructed a fort which was named, Paonta Sahib. The word Paonta means a foothold ‘or a place to stay on’.

9. Activities at Paonta Sahib : At Paonta Sahib, Guru Gobind Singh Ji started giving military training to the Sikhs. They were made skilful in the art of horse¬riding and musketry. On the recommendation of Pir Buddhu Shah of Sadhaura, he enlisted 500 Pathans in his army. Guru Gobind Singh Ji created high class literature at Paonta Sahib. Guru Sahib had given patronage to 52 eminent poets in his court. The purpose of Guru Sahib’s literary compositions was to sing praises of the Almighty and to generate a new enthusiasm among the Sikhs to stand up against injustice and tyranny. Guru Sahib’s contribution to literature is unique.

Question 29.
Decribe the important battles of Guru Gobind Singh Ji,
Or
Give a brief account of the pre-Khalsa and post-Khalsa battles of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
What were the causes of the pre-Khalsa and post-Khalsa battles of Guru Gobind Singh Ji?
Answer:
Guru Gobind Singh Ji held the Guruship from 1675 to 1708 A.D. He had to fight many battles against the Hill Chiefs and the Mughals. During tfiis period, the Sikhs not only showed the feats of their bravery in these battles, but they were also able to shake the very roots of the powerful Mughal Empire. The battles of Guru Gobind Singh Ji is divided into two phases—the battles of pre- Khalsa period and the battles of post-Khalsa period.

Battles of Pre-Khalsa Period

1. Battle of Bhangani 1688 A.D.: The Hill Chiefs were alarmed to see the military preparations of Guru Gobind Singh Ji. Consequently, they forged a joint front against Guru Gobind Singh Ji under the combined leadership of Bhim Chand, the ruler of Kahlur and Fateh Shah, the ruler of Sri Nagar. On September 22,1688. A.D. the joint forces of the Hill Chiefs attacked the army of Guru Gobind Singh Ji at Bhangani. A pitched battle ensued. Pir Buddhu Shah of Sadhaura rendered valuable help to Guru Ji in this battle with his forces. The army of Hill Chiefs could not stand ground against enthusiastic Sikhs, though the latter were less in number. As a result the Hill Chiefs were forced to flee the field. This grand victory indeed infused a new spirit among the Sikhs.

2. Battle of Nadaun 1690 A.D.: After suffering a humiliating defeat in the battle of Bhangani, the Hill Chiefs entered into a friendly alliance with Guru Gobind Singh Ji. They refused to pay the annual Khiraj (tax) to the Mughals. Therefore, an army under the command of Alif Khan was sent against the Hill Chiefs. He attacked the army of Bhim Chand (leader of the Hill Chiefs) at Nadaun on March 20, 1690 A.D. Guru Gobind Singh Ji sided with Bhim Chand in this battle. Their joint army pushed back the Mughal army. Alif Khan had to run away from the battlefield to save his life. After this battle, the Hill Chiefs again made a treaty with the Mughals.

3. Some Mughal Expeditions 1694-96 A.D. : During the period from 1694 to 1696 A.D. the Mughals sent military expeditions under Khanzada, Hussain Khan, Jujhar Singh and Prince Muazzam against Guru Gobind Singh Ji. Somehow or the other, these military expeditions failed in their mission.

Battles of Post-Khalsa Period

4. First Battle of Anandpur Sahib, 1701 A.D. : Guru Gobind Singh Ji laid the foundation of Khalsa Panth at Anandpur Sahib in 1699 A.D. As a result, people started coming to the fold of Sikhism in a large number. The Hill Chiefs saw in it, a great danger to their freedom. So, Bhim Chand, the ruler of Kahlur asked Guru Gobind Singh Ji to vacate the fort of Anandpur Sahib. When Guru Ji declined to do so, Bhim Chand along with a few other Hill Chiefs invaded the fort of Anandpur in 1701 A.D. When they got no success they made peace with Guru Gobind Singh Ji.

5. Battle of Nirmoh, 1702 A.D. : After the first battle of Anandpur Sahib, Guru Gobind Singh Ji went to a village, Nirmoh near Kiratpur Sahib. Joining hands with the Mughal army, Bhim Chand attacked the army of Guru Gobind Singh Ji. The Sikhs, under the command of Guru Gobind Singh Ji, gave a crushing defeat to the joint army.

6. Battle of Basoli, 1702 A.D.: On the invitation of Dharampal, the ruler of Basoli, Guru Gobind Singh Ji went there. Here also, the army of Bhim Chand attacked Guru Ji’s army, but had to face defeat.

7. Second Battle of Anandpur Sahib, 1704 A.D.: The Hill Chiefs wanted to take revenge from Guru Gobind Singh Ji for their insult due to continuous defeats. Thus, they attacked the fort of Anandpur Sahib for the second time, in collaboration with Mughal forces in 1704 A.D. The Sikhs put up strong resistance from within the fort, but the seizure prolonged and the Sikhs felt the shortage of food in the fort. Consequently, some of the Sikhs requested Guru Ji to vacate the fort. When Guru Ji refused to do so, 40 Sikhs wrote a Bedawa and left Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s company. In spite of this, Guru Gobind Singh Ji continued fighting. The royal army played a trick to attain success. They took false vows to assure Guru Ji that they would not cause any harm, if he left the fort. So Guru Ji decided to leave the fort.

8. Battle of Shahi Tibbi, 1704 : As soon as, Guru Gobind Singh Ji came out of the fort, the royal army pursued them hotly. Consequertly, there was confusion and consternation. A battle took place at Shahi Tibbi, where Bhai Udai Singh put up strong resistance along with his 50 companions and ultimately became martyrs.

9. Battle of Chamkaur Sahib, 1704 A.D. : Guru Gobind Singh Ji reached the fortress of Chamkaur Sahib along with his 40 Sikhs. No sooner, did they reach there, a huge Mughal army beseiged them. A pitched battle took place. In this battle, Sahibzada Ajit Singh and Sahibzada Jujhar Singh, the two elder sons of Guru Gobind Singh Ji fought with unparalleled example of bravery. Both of them killed a large number of enemy soldiers and ultimately became martyrs. Guru Gobind Singh Ji could escape with only three of his Sikhs.

10. Battle of Khidrana, 1705 A.D.: On December’29, 1705 A.D., Wazir Khan, the Mughal Faujdar of Sirhind, attacked Guru Gobind Singh Ji with a large army. In this battle, the Sikhs showed rare feats of bravery. They fought so daringly that the Mughals could not stand before them and fled away. Those 40 Sikhs, who had parted company with Guru Ji in the second battle of Anandpur Sahib, also fought in this battle and became martyrs. Guru Gobind Singh Ji accorded them the boon of Mukti (salvation) seeing their sacrifice. As a result, Khidrana acquired the name of Sri Mukatsar Sahib. It was the last battle fought between Guru Gobind Singh Ji and the Mughals.

Question 30.
Describe about the creation of Khalsa Panth.
Or
Why was Khalsa created by Guru Gobind Singh Ji? Explain its main principles and importance?
Or
What do you know about the creation of Khalsa Panth? Name the Panj Piaras (Five Beloved Ones).
Or
How did Guru Gobind Singh create Khalsa?
Or
How was Khalsa Panth created? Answer briefly.
Or
Guru Gobind Singh completed the Sikh Movement with the creation of the Khalsa. Explain.
Or
Discuss the effects of creation of Khalsa.
Answer:
The greatest achievement of Guru Gobind Singh Ji was the creation of the Khalsa on the day of Baisakhi in 1699 A.D. With the creation of the Khalsa such a brave and self-sacrificing community of saint-soldiers was born, which completely uprooted the powerful empires of the Mughals and the Afghans in Punjab. That is why the creation of the Khalsa is considered as the beginning of a new era. According to famous writer Harbans Singh, “It was a grand creative deed of history which wrought revolutionary change in men’s minds.”

I. Why was the Khalsa Created?

1. Tyrannical Rule of the Mughals : Since the days of Jahangir the cruelties of the Mughals had been increasing day-by-day. Aurangzeb crossed all the limits. He got many famous Hindu temples demolished in the country. He had imposed several restrictions on the performance of their religious ceremonies. The Mughal emperor, Akbar had waived off the Jaziya tax, which had been imposed on the Hindus, but Aurangzeb reimposed this, hateful tax. He issued orders to demolish the Sikh Gurdwaras. He butchered a large number of non-Muslims, who refused to embrace Islam. On top of all this he got Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji martyred on 11th November, 1675 A.D. Guru Gobind Singh Ji. created the Khalsa to put an end to the growing cruelties of the Mughals.

2. Treachery of Hill Chiefs : Guru Gobind Singh Ji wanted to put an end to the Mughal empire with the help of Hill Chiefs. But Guru Gobind Singh Ji felt that the Hill Chiefs could not be trusted any more. Therefore, Guru Gobind Singh Ji/decided to prepare such soldiers as might stoutly resist the Mughals. As a result, Guru Gobind Singh Ji brought the Khalsa into existence.

3. Shackles of Caste System : The caste system had been in vogue for centuries in the Indian society. The Indian society was divided into several castes and sub¬castes. The higher-caste people treated the low-caste people like beasts. He, who violated these caste rules was ostracised from his caste. This caste-system was, in fact, eating into the very vitals of the Indian society. All the Sikh Gurus before Guru Gobind Singh Ji had dealt a severe blow at the caste-system through Sangat and Pangat institutions but it had not yet been totally smashed. Guru Gobind Singh Ji wanted to organise the society which would be free from the shackles of caste system and socially well-knit.

4. Defective Masand System : The defective Masand system proved an important factor responsible for the creation of the Khalsa. With the passage of time, Masands forgot their basic ideals, became corrupt and arrogant. Instead of leading the Sikhs, they started looting them. They began to say that they were the makers of Gurus. Many influential Masands had set up their separate Gurgaddis. In order to get rid of these Masands, Guru Sahib thought of organising the Sikhs into a new form. So a drastic remedy was needed.

5. Hereditary Nature of Guruship : Guru Amar Das Ji had made Guruship hereditary. It created many problems. He, who did not get Guruship, formed his separate sect and started opposing the Guru. In a bid to get Guruship, Prithi Chand, Dhir Mai and Ram Rai hatched conspiracies with the Mughals against Gurus. So, Guru Gobind Singh Ji wanted to set up a society, which had no place for Minas, Dhirmalias and Ramraias.

6. Nature of the Jats : Right from the times of Guru Hargobind Sahib, the Jats in a large number had started adopting Sikh religion. The Jats were great fighters by nature. They were fearless, self-respecting and brave. Guru Gobind Singh Ji wanted the co-operation of such warriors to face the powerful Mughal empire. So, he created the Khalsa.

7. Mission of Guru Gobind Singh Ji : Guru Gobind Singh Ji wrote in the ‘Bachitar Natak.’ “I assumed birth for the purpose of spreading Dharma (faith), saving the saints and exterpating all tyrants. For this purpose resort to the sword is legitimate.” To realize this mission Guru Gobind Singh Ji created the Khalsa.

How was the Khalsa Created?

On the day of Baisakhi on 30th March, 1699 A.D. Guru Gobind Singh Ji held a congregation at Kesgarh at Anandpur Sahib. 80000 Sikhs attended the congregation. When all people sat down, Guru Ji appeared on the stage. With his sword unsheathed he spoke, “Is there any Sikh who would sacrifice his life for Dharma”. When Guru Gobind Sahib repeated his call for the third time, Bhai Daya Ram Ji offered himself for sacrifice. Guru Ji took him to a nearby tent. Guru Ji made Bhai Daya Ram Ji sit there and returned with his sword dripping with the blood. Guru Ji demanded another head. This time Bhai Dharam Das Ji stood up.

This process was repeated three more times. In order to comply with Guru Ji’s desire, Bhai Mohkam Chand Ji, Bhai Sahib Chand Ji and Bhai Hinunat Rai Ji presented themselves for sacrifice. What Guru Gobind Singh Ji had done with them in the tent is better known to him. In this way, Guru Gobind Singh Ji selected the Tanj Payaras’, the five beloveds. Guru Sahib gave the Nectar of Immortality to the five beloved ones and then begged to be baptised by them. For this reason Guru Gobind Singh Ji is also called ‘Aape Gur Chela’. In this way, Guru Gobind Singh Ji laid the foundation of the Khalsa.

Principles of the Khalsa:

Guru Gobind Singh Ji laid down certain principles for the Khalsa. It was obligatory for every Khalsa to obey those principles. The following were the main principles :

• For every person who wishes to join the Khalsa Panth, it is essential to drink the Nectar of Immortality (Sikh baptism).
• Every Khalsa man will use ‘Singh’ as suffix with his name and Khalsa woman ‘Kaur’ with her name.
• Every Khalsa will worship only one God and no other god or goddess.
• Every Khalsa will wear the five emblems i.e. Kes (hair), Kangha (comb), Kara (iron bangle), Kachha (underwear) and Kirpan (sword).
• Every Khalsa will sacrifice his all for the protection of his Dharma and country.
• Every Khalsa will wake up at dawn, take a bath and recite Gurbani.
• Every Khalsa will earn his livelihood by the sweat of his brow and donate l/10th of his earnings for the spread of Dharma.
• Every Khalsa will wear weapons and be ready to fight for righteous causes.
• The Khalsa while meeting each other will hail, ‘Wahe Guru Ji Ka Khalsa, Wahe Guru Ji Ki Fateh.’
• No Khalsa will smoke, make use of intoxicants and have extra-marital relations.
• No Khalsa will believe in caste system and think in terms of high and low.

Importance of the Creation of the Khalsa:

The creation of the Khalsa is considered to be an important event in the Sikh history. It was a turning point not only in the history of Punjab, but also in the history of India. In fact, the creation of the Khalsa had far-reaching consequences.

1. Increase in the number of Sikhs : With the establishment of the Khalsa, there was an appreciable increase in the number of the Sikhs. Guru Gobind Singh Ji not only gave Khande-da-Pahul (Nectar of Immortality) to a large number of Sikhs, but authorised any five ‘payaras’ to admit any person into the fold of the Khalsa after giving him Khande-da-Pahul. Consequently, the number of the Khalsa  increased day by day. Its fame, too, spread far and wide.

2. Creation of an Ideal Society : By creating the Khalsa, Guru Gobind Singh Ji laid the foundation of an ideal society. He established ideal moral standards for everyone. He advised to practise truth, to live by honest means, to abstain from covetousness, to avoid immoral association with women, to act according to the Guru Granth Sahib, to share the same kitchen, to help fellowmen in trouble and not to take wine and other intoxicants. Members of the Khalsa brotherhood were to consider their previous castes erased and deem themselves brothers belonging to one family. In the words of Dr. Inderpal Singh, “The grandeur of Khalsa is that it is above all notions of caste and creed and speaks only of universal brotherhood.”

3. End of Masand System and Sects which were against Khalsa : After Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji, the Masand system was afflicted with many evils. So, when Guru Gobind Singh Ji created the Khalsa, he gave them no place in it. Guru Gobind Singh Ji enjoined on the Sikhs to have no concern with them.

4. Change in the Tone of National Character : With the creation of the Khalsa, a tremendous change was effected in the whole tone of national character. Even those people, who had been considered as dregs of humanity were changed, as if by magic. The sweepers, barbers, confectioners, who had never touched the sword and whose generations had lived as gravelling slaves of the so called higher classes, became under the stimulating leadership of Guru Gobind Singh Ji, doughty warriors, who never shrank from fear and who were ready to rush into the jaws of death at the bidding of their Guru.

5. Upliftment of the Down—trodden People : As a result of the creation of the Khalsa, the down—trodden people were uplifted. Prior to this, the ‘shudras’ and the people of other low castes were looked down upon and were badly treated. Guru Gobind Singh Ji gave them equal status with the high castes. This infused a new spirit among the people of low castes. They played a vital role in the battles fought against the Mughals and the Afghans under the command of Guru Gobind Singh Ji and other Sikh leaders.

6. Democracy in Khalsa Panth: In 1699 A.D. Guru Gobind Singh Ji requested the five beloved ones to give him the Nectar of Immortality. To do so was a radical step on the part of Guru Gobind Singh Ji. Guru Gobind Singh Ji declared that any five Khalsa assembled at a place could give the Nectar of Immortality to other Sikhs and admit them into the Khalsa fold. Thus, Guru Gobind Singh Ji gave a new direction to the Indian society.

7. Rise of Political Power of the Sikhs : By creating the Khalsa, Guru Gobind Singh Ji infused a spirit of unique bravery and fearlessness among the Sikhs. They made innumerable sacrifices, but did not falter in their Dharma. At last the Sikhs’ dream came true and they succeeded in establishing their independent Misls in Punjab. In the 19th century, Maharaja Ranjit Singh succeeded in establishing an independent Sikh State. It was the result of indefatigable efforts of the Khalsa. Dr. G. S. Dhillon aptly says, “Creation of the Khalsa was a unique phenomenon in the annals of mankind.”

Question 31.
Discuss the importance of creation of Khalsa in Sikhism.
Answer:

The creation of the Khalsa is considered to be an important event in the Sikh history. It was a turning point not only in the history of Punjab, but also in the history of India. In fact, the creation of the Khalsa had far-reaching consequences.

1. Increase in the number of Sikhs : With the establishment of the Khalsa, there was an appreciable increase in the number of the Sikhs. Guru Gobind Singh Ji not only gave Khande-da-Pahul (Nectar of Immortality) to a large number of Sikhs, but authorised any five ‘payaras’ to admit any person into the fold of the Khalsa after giving him Khande-da-Pahul. Consequently, the number of the Khalsa  increased day by day. Its fame, too, spread far and wide.

2. Creation of an Ideal Society : By creating the Khalsa, Guru Gobind Singh Ji laid the foundation of an ideal society. He established ideal moral standards for everyone. He advised to practise truth, to live by honest means, to abstain from covetousness, to avoid immoral association with women, to act according to the Guru Granth Sahib, to share the same kitchen, to help fellowmen in trouble and not to take wine and other intoxicants. Members of the Khalsa brotherhood were to consider their previous castes erased and deem themselves brothers belonging to one family. In the words of Dr. Inderpal Singh, “The grandeur of Khalsa is that it is above all notions of caste and creed and speaks only of universal brotherhood.”

3. End of Masand System and Sects which were against Khalsa : After Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji, the Masand system was afflicted with many evils. So, when Guru Gobind Singh Ji created the Khalsa, he gave them no place in it. Guru Gobind Singh Ji enjoined on the Sikhs to have no concern with them.

4. Change in the Tone of National Character : With the creation of the Khalsa, a tremendous change was effected in the whole tone of national character. Even those people, who had been considered as dregs of humanity were changed, as if by magic. The sweepers, barbers, confectioners, who had never touched the sword and whose generations had lived as gravelling slaves of the so called higher classes, became under the stimulating leadership of Guru Gobind Singh Ji, doughty warriors, who never shrank from fear and who were ready to rush into the jaws of death at the bidding of their Guru.

5. Upliftment of the Down—trodden People : As a result of the creation of the Khalsa, the down—trodden people were uplifted. Prior to this, the ‘shudras’ and the people of other low castes were looked down upon and were badly treated. Guru Gobind Singh Ji gave them equal status with the high castes. This infused a new spirit among the people of low castes. They played a vital role in the battles fought against the Mughals and the Afghans under the command of Guru Gobind Singh Ji and other Sikh leaders.

6. Democracy in Khalsa Panth: In 1699 A.D. Guru Gobind Singh Ji requested the five beloved ones to give him the Nectar of Immortality. To do so was a radical step on the part of Guru Gobind Singh Ji. Guru Gobind Singh Ji declared that any five Khalsa assembled at a place could give the Nectar of Immortality to other Sikhs and admit them into the Khalsa fold. Thus, Guru Gobind Singh Ji gave a new direction to the Indian society.

7. Rise of Political Power of the Sikhs : By creating the Khalsa, Guru Gobind Singh Ji infused a spirit of unique bravery and fearlessness among the Sikhs. They made innumerable sacrifices, but did not falter in their Dharma. At last the Sikhs’ dream came true and they succeeded in establishing their independent Misls in Punjab. In the 19th century, Maharaja Ranjit Singh succeeded in establishing an independent Sikh State. It was the result of indefatigable efforts of the Khalsa. Dr. G. S. Dhillon aptly says, “Creation of the Khalsa was a unique phenomenon in the annals of mankind.”

Question 32.
Make an evaluation of the character and personality of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
Or
Give an estimate of the character and achievements of Guru Gobind Singh
Or
“Guru Gobind Singh was builder par-excellence”. Do you agree with this view? Give arguments in your favour.
Or
Write a detailed note on the contribution of Guru Gobind Singh Ji in the development of Sikh faith and tradition.
Answer:
Guru Gobind Singh Ji is ranked with great personalities not only of India, but also of the whole world. His personality had multi-faceted qualities which is beyond the power of a humble writer like me to describe. He was a versatile embodiment of sacrifice, high-class poet, great warrior and general enemy of the tyrant, beneficent, a great social reformer, advocate of democratic principles, matchless organiser and great prophet. Undoubtedly, Guru Gobind Singh Ji was a perfect Guru incarnate.

As a Man:

1. Physical Appearance : Guru Gobind Singh Ji possessed a very impressive and charming personality. He had a tall stature, fair complexion and stout body. His face had a glow and bright eyes. His tongue was superlatively sweet. His robes were extremely beautiful and he was always equipped with arms. He invariably held a white hawk in his right hand. He would ride a beautiful steed while going out.

2. Householder: Guru Gobind Singh Ji was an obedient son, thoughtful father and an ideal husband. Against his own wish, but in compliance with his mother’s desire, he vacated the fort of Anandpur Sahib. After it, he had to face several hardships, but he never grumbled or complained of it. Guru Gobind Singh Ji brought up his sons very carefully.

3. High Character: Guru Gobind Singh Ji was a man of high character. Immoral practices like falsehood, treachery and deceit were alien to his nature. Whether it be peace or war, he always stuck to truth. He had no greed for wealth. In order to, lure him to Islam, the Mughals opened up coffers of money but Guru Gobind Singh Ji was not tempted at all.

4. Embodiment of Sacrifices : Guru Gobind Singh Ji was. an embodiment of sacrifices. At the age of 9, he exhorted his father Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji to sacrifice himself. For the protection of Dharma, he sacrificed all the comforts of his life. While fighting against injustice, Guru Gobind Singh Ji sacrificed his four sons, his mother
and thousands of Sikhs. In fact, the sacrifice, which Guru Gobind Singh Ji made has no parallel in the history of the world.

As a Scholar:

Guru Gobind Singh Ji was a poet and literateur of exceptional order. Guru Gobind Singh Ji made use of languages like Arabic, Persian, Punjabi, Hindi, Sanskrit etc. Among his compositions Jaap Sahib, Bachitar Natak, Zafamama, Chandi Di Var and Akal Ustat are very prominent. These compositions are so thrilling that they had the power to infuse a new life even among the dead. Being a scholar himself Guru Gobind Singh Ji greatly respected other scholars. He had given patronage to 52 top ranking poets in his Darbar. Among these the names of Senapat, Nand Lai, Hans Rig, Gopal and Udai Rai may be prominently mentioned. Devindra Kumar is quite right when he says, “He was a poet par excellence.”

As a Warrior and General:

Guru Gobind Singh Ji was a great warrior and efficient general. He was adept in horse riding and making use of arms. He always himself commanded his army in the battlefield. He always observed moral codes even in battlefields. He never attacked an unarmed and fleeing soldier. Guru Gobind Singh Ji was also a great generals In the battle of Bhangani, Guru Gobind Singh Ji with a handful of his soldiers inflicted a crushing defeat on the combined forces of Hill Chiefs. The same was thg case in the first battle of Anandpur Sahib.

The bravery with which Guru Gobind Singh Ji with his forty Sikhs fought against the heavy Mughal forces in the battle of Chamkaur has no parallel in the history of the world. In the battle of Khidrana too the number of his soldiers was far less than that of Mughal forces. However, the Sikhs inflicted such heavy losses on the Mughals that they not only fled from the battlefield, but also could not dare to fight against Guru Gobind Sahib any more.

As a Religious Leader:

Guru Gobind Singh Ji was a great religious leader. There is, no doubt, about it that Guru Gobind Singh Ji spent a major part of his life in battles, but the aim of these battles was to protect Dharma and extirpate the tyrant. Guru Sahib created the Khalsa Panth to promote religious feelings only. Guru Sahib had advised every Khalsa to get up before sunrise, take a bath and recite Gurbani. They should not worship deities, but one God only. They should lead a simple and pious life. One gets the evidence of his religious greatness when one finds how on receiving the news of his sons martyrdom, he got up at once and thanked God that his sons had laid down their lives for the promotion of religious cause. Dr. I. B. Banerjee, “Whatever else he might have been, Guru Gobind Singh was first and foremost a great religious leader.”

As a Social Reformer

Guru Gobind Singh Ji was a great social reformer. His social reforms are very significant. He radicalized the society by creating the Khalsa Panth. In it, the people of low-castes were placed at the same level as those of high-castes. By doing so, Guru Sahib broke the centuries old shackles of casteism. Women were baptised too and made equal with men. Guru Sahib advised his disciples to shun intoxicants like liquor, ‘bhang’ etc. Guru Ji commanded them not to have any relations with those who killed newborn girls. Guru Sahib strongly condemned sati and purdah evils and declared that such evils had no place in Khalsa society. Guru Ji enjoined on the Sikhs to give full respect to women. In fact, Guru Gobind Singh Ji created an ideal society.

As an Organiser:

Guru Gobind Singh Ji was a top-class organiser. At that time, the Mughal Govt, under Aurangzeb was not prepared to brook any movement especially the Sikh movement. He had martyred Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji. The Masand system among the Sikhs had become very corrupt. The Hindus had been demoralised for a pretty long time. The Hill Chiefs had sided with the Mughal Govt, for selfish motives. Despite such adverse elements, Guru Gobind Singh Ji gave an evidence of his organizational skill by creating the Khalsa. Really, it was a great achievement. It infused a new spirit into the people. They became great warriors and got ready to sacrifice their everything ‘ in the name of religion. Famous writer, Prof. Madanjit Kaur is quite right when she says, “Guru Gobind Singh’s contributions had left imprints of deep impact on the canvas of Indian history and world civilisation.”

Short Answer Type Questions (Type 1):

Question 1.
Give a brief account of the contribution of Guru Nanak Dev Ji to Sikhism.
Answer:
When Guru Nanak Dev Ji was born in the 15th century, the people were groping in the darkness of ignorance. Condition o£ women folk in society was very deplorable. Guru Nanak Dev Ji undertook travels in the various parts of the country and abroad to bring awareness in them. He founded two institutions namely Sangat and Pangat. Before he breathed his last in 1539 A.D. Guru Nanak Dev Ji nominated Bhai Lehna Ji (Gum Angad Dev Ji) as his successor. The nomination of Gum Angad Dev Ji proved very significant for the development of Sikh Panth.

Question 2.
What do you mean by Udasis? What were the aims of Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s Udasis?
Or
What were the aims and importance of the Udasis of Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
Answer:
Udasis of Gum Nanak Dev Ji mean the travels undertaken by him. Main objective of Gum Nanak Dev Ji’s Udasis was to dispel ignorance and superstitions of the people. He wanted to convey thb message of universal brotherhood of mankind and worship of the only one God to the people. Gum Nanak Dev Ji started his Udasis to show a new path to the people, who were groping in darkness.

Question 3.
Write a brief note on any two important Udasis of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:

• Gum Nanak Dev Ji started his Udasis from Saidpur. On being asked bj Malik Bhago, he told that we should earn our bread by honest and not by foul means
• At Talumba, Guru Nanak Dev Ji met Sajjan thug, a cheat. He was so much moved by Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s Bani that he confessed all his misdeeds.

Question 4.
Write an essence of the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Or
Give a brief account of the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:

• According to Guru Nanak Dev Ji, God is one. He is formless and omnipresent,
• He is immortal. He is omnipotent and kind.
• The Guru accepted Maya as the biggest hurdle in the way of salvation.
• The Guru told that lust, anger, greed, attachment and pride are the five enemies of man.

Question 5.
What was Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s concept of God?
Or
What were the views of Guru Nanak Dev Ji about God?
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji believed in one God only. God has two forms. He is Nirguna (without attributes) as well as Saguna (with attributes). By His order (Hukam) the universe came into existence. According to Guru Nanak Dev Ji, God is the Sovereign Lord. Everything happens in accordance with His will. Guru Nanak Dev Ji says that the universe created by God is unstable and impermanent but God is immortal. He is beyond the cycle of birth, death and rebirth.

Question 6.
Why did Guru Nanak Dev Ji condemn the Brahmans and Mullas?
Answer:
According to Gpru Nanak Dev Ji, the Brahmin class laid stress on outward show of religion. They lacked in devotion. They recited Vedas and scriptures the whole day, but did not act upon them. Their sole objective was to exploit their followers on one pretext or the other. Similar was the condition of Mullas among the Muslims. They also emphasised useless rituals and conventions. They looked down upon other religions.

Question 7.
What type of religious beliefs and rituals were condemned by Guru . Nanak Dev Ji?
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji condemned all the blind faiths,of religion prevalent in society. He opposed idol-worship, Vedic rituals, going on the pilgrimages, and other rituals connected with important occasions of life. The Brahmins were the main supporters of these rituals. He did not approve of the ideology of the Jogis for two reasons

• The Jogis lacked faith in God.
• They remained away from society and shirked social responsibilities.

Question 8.
What was Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s concept of Maya? Explain in brief.
Or
Describe Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s Concept of Maya.
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji regarded Maya as the biggest hurdle in the way of man’s salvation. The multicoloured Maya allures man to itself. Maya to whom he loves so much does not accompany him after his death. It separates man from God, by keeping him absorbed in worldly things. One who yields to Maya also remains caught in the cycle of transmigration. Thus, he ruins his life.

Question 9.
What is the importance of ‘Guru’ in Guru Nanak Dev’s teachings?
Or
What was the concept of “Guru” according to Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji laid much emphasis on Guru. The Guru is a ladder by means of which one attains salvation. Without the Guru’s guidance, no one can attain salvation. An unregenerate (manmukh) man remains engrossed in worldly enjoyments. It is the Guru, who purifies his mind. The Guru gives knowledge about Truth, Naam and Shabad. The Guru dispels the darkness of ignorance. According to Guru Nanak Dev Ji, a true Guru is God Himself, who is revealed through the Word (Shabad).

Question 10.
What is the importance of ‘Naam’ in Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s teachings?
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji considered the recitation of Naam as the highest form of God-worship. Man can get deliverance through Naam from the world which is full of diseases and sufferings. Those who recite Naam are free from all illusions and all their sorrows come to an end. Such a person’s soul blooms like a lotus. Man remains entrapped in all sorts of sins and in the vicious circle of transmigration without Nam.

Question 11.
What is the importance of Hukam in Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s teachings?
Answer:
The doctrine of Hukam (order) or the will of God occupies a crucial position in the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. The world moves in accordance to the will of God. Birth and death of a creature, appreciation or dishonour, happiness or misery is in accordance with His Hukam. His Hukam cannot be evaded. He who obeys the Hukam of God, is blessed by God and attains salvation.

Question 12.
Write the views of Guru Nanak Dev Ji about the women.
Answer:
The condition of women during Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s time was very miserable. They were considered equal in status to a man’s shoe in society. They were regarded as a commodity of sensual pleasure. Many evils existed arfiong them like child marriage, polygamy, purdah system, sati system and divorce etc. Guru Nanak Dev Ji was in favour of women’s equal rights with men. He was in favour’ of giving education to women also.

Question 13.
What was the social meaning and significance of Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s message?
Or
What was the impact of teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
Answer:
The social meaning of Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s message is very important. His message was for everyone. Any man or woman could take the path shown by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. The path of salvation was open for all. Guru Nanak Dev Ji preached social equality. Guru Nanak Dev Ji condemned the caste system in strong words. In order to put his message of social equality into practice, he founded two institutions i.e. Sangat and Pangat. No discrimination of caste was observed while preparing the Langar.

Question 14.
How far were the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji different from the Bhakti reformers?
Answer:
According to Guru Nanak Dev Ji, God is formless. He never acquires the human form. The Bhakti preachers regard Krishna and Rama as the incarnations God. Guru Nanak Dev Ji was against idol-worship, while the other religious preachers had full faith in it. Guru Nanak Dev Ji believed in leading a married life. The Bhakti preachers thought it to be a big hurdle, in the way of salvation. Guru Nanak Dev Ji founded two institutions of Sangat and Pangat. The Bhakti preachers did not set up any such institution.

Question 15.
‘Guru Nanak Dev Ji was a revolutionary.’ Give any four arguments in favour of it.
Answer:

• Guru Nanak Dev Ji rejected the concept of incarnation in strong words.
• Guru Nanak Dev Ji also raised his voice against idol-worship,
• Guru Nanak Dev Ji preached against caste system. The Hindu society was based on caste system.
• Guru Nanak Dev Ji called the Hindu rituals useless.

Question 16.
Guru Nanak Dev Ji was a reformer. Give any four arguments in its favour.
Answer:

• Guru Nanak Dev Ji was a great reformer. He never spoke ill of any god or goddess,
• Guru Nanak Dev Ji opposed the jealousy and social division arising out of caste system,
• Guru Nanak Dev Ji never opposed the observing of rituals hut said that these rituals could not be equal to the true devotional worship of God.
• He never condemned the knowledge given in Hindu scriptures.

Question 17.
How and where did Guru Nanak Dev Ji spend last 18 years of his life?
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji spent the last 18 years of his life with his family at Kartarpur. During this period, he set up the institutions of Sangat and Pangat. Sangat meant the congregation, which gathered to hear the Bani of the Guru everyday. Pangat means to sit in a queue and take food together. In this Langar (the community kitchen), no discrimination of caste, creed or religion was observed. Guru Nanak Dev Ji composed 976 Shabads. of Guru Amar Das Ji jmd Guru Ram Das Ji

Question 18.
What was Guru An gad Dev Ji’s contribution to the development of Sikhism?
Or
What did Guru Angad Dev Ji do for the development of Sikhism?
Answer:

• A new dimension was given to Gurmukhi script, so that people may understand it easily,
• Sangat and Pangat institutions were further strengthened. These institutions gave a shattering blow to the caste-system,
• He maintained strict discipline in Guru’s Darbar.
• He founded Goindwal Sahib.

Question 19.
What contribution was made by Guru Angad Dev Ji to improve Gurmukhi script?
Or
What impact the popularisaiton of Gurmukhi by Guru Angad Dev Ji leave l the growth of Sikhism?
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji made requisite improvements in this script and gave it a new look. As a result, it became easy for people to understand it. All the Sikh scriptures were subsequently written in this script. As this script became popular, the Brahmin class suffered a major set back, because they considered Sanskrit as the only language of religion. The popularity of Gurmukhi proved helpful in the spread of Sikhism. This script also proved very helpful in the spread of education among the Sikhs.

Question 20.
How did Guru Angad Dev Ji denounce the Udasi sect?
Answer:
The Udasi sect was founded by Baba Sri Chand Ji, the elder son of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. This sect laid emphasis on ‘Sanyas’ or renunciation, whereas Guru Nanak Dev Ji held strong belief in family life. The remaining tenets of Udasi sect were same as those of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. As a consequence, many people began to join the Udasi sect. Therefore, Guru Angad Dev Ji made it clear in unequivocal terms that Sikhism was essentially a religion of householders and no true Sikh could be an Udasi.

Question 21.
‘Guru Angad Dev Ji was a great disciplinarian.’ Do you agree to it?
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji was a great disciplinarian. Once two Raagis (bards) Satta and Balwand in the Darbar of Guru Ji grew very proud of their melodious voice. In their vanity, they started violating the orders of Guru Angad Dev Ji. As a result, he expelled both the Raagis from the Darbar. Soon they realised their folly. Later on, when they begged pardon, Guru Angad Dev Ji forgave them.

Question 22.
Write a brief note on the meeting between Guru Angad Dev Ji and Humayun.
Answer:
The Mughal emperor Humayun suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Sher Shah Suri in 1540 A.D. After this defeat, Htlmayun reached Khadur Sahib to seek Guru Angad Dev Ji’s blessings. Guru Angad Dev Ji was then in such deep meditation that he did not open his eyes. Humayun took it as his insult. In a fit of anger, he put his hand on the hilt of his sword. Guru Angad’ Dev Ji opened’ his eyes and questioned Humayun where was that sword while fighting against Sher Shah Suri. Humayun felt ashamed and he apologised to Guru Angad Dev Ji.

Question 23.
What do you know about Sangat?
Answer:
Sangat means a congregation of the Sikhs. This Sangat gathered in the morning and evening to listen to the Bani (Hymns) of Guru Angad Dev Ji. This institution of Sangat was established by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Angad Dev Ji developed it further. Any man or woman could join the Sangat without the discrimination of caste, creed or religion. Sangat was considered as God’s incarnation.

Question 24.
What do you mean by Pangat or Langar?
Or
What do you know about Langar System?
Or
Write a note on Pangat or Langar.
Answer:
Pangat or Langar was established by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Angad Ji continued it and Guru Amar Das Ji further developed this institution. Guru Am Das Ji declared that none could meet him without taking Langar. He gave the slogan of first Pangat and then Sangat. This institution greatly helped in eradicating caste system and untouchability in the society.

Question 25.
Write a short note on Sangat and Pangat.
Answer:
Sangat means a congregation of the Sikhs. This Sangat gathered in the morning and evening to listen to the Bani (Hymns) of Guru Angad Dev Ji. This institution of Sangat was established by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Angad Dev Ji developed it further. Any man or woman could join the Sangat without the discrimination of caste, creed or religion. Sangat was considered as God’s incarnation.

Pangat or Langar was established by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Angad Ji continued it and Guru Amar Das Ji further developed this institution. Guru Am Das Ji declared that none could meet him without taking Langar. He gave the slogan of first Pangat and then Sangat. This institution greatly helped in eradicating caste system and untouchability in the society.

Question 26.
What problems had Guru Amar Das Ji to face in the early years of his pontificate?
Answer:

• Guru Amar Das Ji had to face the opposition of Dasu and Datu, the two sons of Guru Angad Dev Ji. They claimed that being sons of a Guru, they had a right to Gurgaddi.
• Baba Sri Chand, elder son of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, staked his claim to the Gurgaddi. So, he also started opposing Guru Amar Das Ji.

Question 27.
Give the contribution of Guru Amar Das Ji for the development of Sikhism.
Or
Study the contribution of Guru Amar Das Ji to the growth of Sikhism.
Answer:

• First of all he completed the work on Baoli, initiated at Goindwal Sahib. Soon it became a central place of pilgrimage for the Sikhs,
• The Langar system was further developed,
• The Manji system established by the Guru gave a new impetus to the spread of Sikhism,
• The Guru kept Sikhism aloof from Udasi sect, and thus, saved it from merging into Hinduism.

Question 28.
What was the importance of the construction of the Baoli of Goindwal Sahib in Sikh History?
Or
Why is Goindwal Sahib called the centre of Sikhism?
Answer:
The construction work of the Baoli at Goindwal Sahib was the first significant step of Guru Amar Das Ji towards the development at Sikhism. It was started in 1552 A.D. and it was completed in 1559 A.D. Guru Ji had two objectives in its construction. First, he wanted to give the Sikhs a separate place of pilgrimage so that they could be separated from the Hindus. Secondly, he wanted to solve the water problem of the people of that place. It gave the Sikhs a place of pilgrimage of their own. 1

Question 29.
Describe briefly the social reforms of Guru Amar Das Ji.
Or
Discuss the social reforms introduced by Guru Amar Das Ji.
Or
Why is Guru Amar Das Ji called a social reformer?
Answer:

• He condemned in strong words the social evil of sati.
• Guru Ji opposed Id marriage and purdah system also,
• He was in favour of widow re-marriage. He condemned all kinds of intoxicants.

Question 30.
What do you know about Manji system?
Or
Write a note on Manji system.
Answer:
The setting up of Manji system was a great achievement of Guru Amar Das Ji. The number of the Sikhs had greatly increased during his Gurgaddi. So it was not possible for him to reach every Sikh personally. In order to intensify the propaganda of Sikhism, he created 22 Manjis. Head of each Manji was called Manjidar. He could go anywhere in connection with the propaganda. Manjidar motivated people to come into the fold of Sikhism. Besides, he used to collect money from the Sikhs and passed it on to Guru Amar Das Ji.

Question 31.
What type of relations did Guru Amar Das Ji have with the Mughals?
Or
Explain the relations between Mughal emperor Akbar and Guru Amar Das Ji.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji had good relations with the Mughals. At that time, Akbar was the Mughal ruler of India. Akbar came to Goindwal Sahib to convey his gratitude towards Guru Amar Das Ji in 1568 A.D. He ate Langar with other people before meeting Guru Amar Das Ji and complied with the tradition of partaking food in the Langar. He was very impressed by the personality of Guru Amar Das Ji and the Langar system. Akbar’s visit to Goindwal Sahib enhanced the prestige of Guru Amar Das.

Question 32.
Explain the contribution of Sri Guru Ram Das Ji to the growth of Sikhism.
What was the contribution of Guru Ram Das Ji to Sikh religion?
Or
Give a brief account of the contribution of Guru Ram Das Ji to the growth of Sikhism.
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji remained on Gurgaddi from 1574 A.D. to 1581 A.D. First of all, he set up Ramdaspura (Amritsar). Guru Ji started Masand system for collecting money from the Sikhs, which was required for the preaching and developmental works of the Sikh Panth. Guru Ram Das Ji put an end to the long standing tussle between the Sikhs and the Udasis, thus, ensuring a new era. Guru Ram Das Ji continued the institutions of Sangat and Pangat.

Question 33.
What is the importance of the foundation of Ramdaspura (Amritsar) in Sikh History?
Answer:
The most important contribution of Guru Ram Das Ji towards the Sik’ Panth was the foundation of Ramdaspura or Amritsar. In 1577 A.D. he found Ramdaspura. He settled fifty two other traders belonging to different trades at the place in order to make it popular. It soon became a famous trade centre. The foundat of Ramdaspura or Amritsar occupies an important place in the history of Sikhisr

Question 34.
Write a note on Udasi Sect.
Or
Write a brief note on Baba Sri Chand Ji.
Answer:
The Udasi sect was founded by Baba Sri Chand Ji, the elder son of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Many Sikhs, impressed by the asceticism of Sri Chand Ji, began to join Udasi sect. It stressed on the life of renunciation. Guru Amar Das Ji had strongly opposed the Udasi sect. He said that a true Sikh could not be an Udasi. A settlement was however reached between the Sikhs and the Udasis during Guru Ram Das Ji’s pontificate.

Guru Arjan Dev Ji and His Martyrdom:

Question 35.
What were the difficulties faced by Guru ALT} an Dev Ji immediately after his accession to Gurgaddi? Explain briefly.
Or
What were the difficulties faced by Guru Arjan Dev Ji when he became the Guru?
Answer:
At the time of accession to Gurgaddi, Guru Arjan Dev Ji had to face the opposition firstly of his elder brother Prithi Chand. He vehemently protested against his supersession. The fanatic Muslims of the Punjab could not bear the growing influence of the Sikhs in Punjab. They incited Jahangir against Guru Ji. Chandu Shah was the Diwan of Lahore. He had sent a proposal to Guru Arjan Dev Ji for marriage of his daughter to his son Hargobind Ji. But’Guru Arjan Dev Ji declined the proposal. As a result, Chandu Shah turned a sworn enemy of Guru.Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 36.
What was Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s contribution to the development of Sikhism?
Or
Give a brief account of the organizational works of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:

• By making Sri Harmandir Sahib at Amritsar, Guru Arjan Dev Ji gave the Sikhs their most sacred place of pilgrimage,
• He got built three new towns i.e. Tam Taran, Hargobindpur and Kartarpur.
• He built a Baoli at Lahore,
• The development of Masand system was one of his greatest achievements.

Question 37.
Write a brief note on Sri Harmandir Sahib.
Or
Describe briefly importance of the foundation of Sri Harmandir Sahib by ru Arjan Dev Ji.
Or
rive a brief account of the foundation and importance of Sri Harmandir ib.
Or
Briefly describe the importance of the foundation of Sri Harmandir Sahib.
Answer:
The building of Sri Harmandir Sahib is one of the greatest achievements of Guru Aijan Dev Ji. It was constructed in the midst of Amrit Sarovar. Guru Arjan Dev Ji got its foundation laid by a famous Sufi saint, Mian Mir Ji in 1588 A.D. Harmandir means “Temple of God”. Guru Aijan Dev Ji kept the height of the building of Sri Harmandir Sahib lower than those erf the surrounding buildings and said, “What is humble, shall be exalted.” Soon, Sri Harmandir Sahib became the leading pilgrimage centre of the Sikhs.

Question 38.
What do you know about Masand system? Explain.
Or
Examine the organisation and development of Masand system.
Or
Who started Masand system? What were its aims?
Or
Write a short note on Masand system.
Or
Write a short note on Masand system and its importance.
Answer:
‘Masand’ is derived from the Persian word Masnad which means ‘a high place’. This system was set up by Guru Ram Das Ji, but its real development took place dining Guru Aijan Dev Ji’s time. Guru Aijan Dev Ji announced that each Sikh should offer Daswandh (one tenth of income) to him. He appointed Masands to collect Daswandh from the Sikh Sangat. The Masands not only collected Daswandh but also preached Sikhism. Masand system played a significant role in the evolution of the Sikh movement.

Question 39.
Write a short note on Tarn Taran and its importance.
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji, founded the city of Tarn Taran in 1590 A.D. Here a Sarovar named as Tarn Taran was also dug. Tam Taran means that any pilgrim, who takes bath in this Sarovar shall get salvation from transmigration. Tam Taran also became a famous holy place of the Sikhs. As a result, thousands of Jats of the Majha became the followers of Gum Aijan Dev Ji and embraced Sikhism. The services of these Jats towards Sikhism was of great value.

Question 40.
Write a note on Prithi Chand.
Or
Who was Prithi Chand? Why did he oppose Guru Aijan Dev Ji?
Answer:
Prithi Chand or Prithia was elder brother of Gum Aijan Dev Ji. He was t! founder of Mina Sect. He was very selfish and cunning. That is why Gum Ram D Ji gave the Gurgaddi to Gum Aijan Dev Ji instead of giving it to him. On hearing t decision, Prithi Chand got furious. He hoped that his son Meharban would get Gurg; after GunT Aijan Dev Ji. But When Gum Aijan Dev Ji was blessed with a Hargobind, all his hopes seemed to dash to the ground. Therefore, he became a sworn enemy of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 41.
Who was Chandu Shah? Why did he oppose Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Or
Write a short note on Chandu Shah.
Or
Why Chandu Shah opposed Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Answer:
Chandu Shah was the Diwan of Lahore. He was looking for a suitable match for his daughter. His messengers proposed the name of Hargobind, son of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, for his daughter. On hearing this Chandu Shah was enraged and remarked that brick baked for a palace cannot be used for a gutter. But after being persuaded by his wife, he agreed to the proposal. Again he sent his messengers to Guru Arjan Dev Ji with this proposal. Guru Arjan Dev Ji turned down the proposal. On hearing this Chandu Shah got very angry and became Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s sworn enemy.

Question 42.
Mention the main causes for the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Or
What were the causes of martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:

• Jahangir could not tolerate the flourshing of Sikhism.
• Chandu Shah, the Diwan of Lahore sent a proposal of his daughter’s marriage to Hargobind, the son of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. When this proposal was not accepted, Chandu Shah turned Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s sworn enemy.
• The help rendered to Khusrau, the elder son of Jahangir, by Guru Arjan Ji became an immediate reason for the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
• Prithi Chand could not succeed the Gurgaddi, so he became a sworn enemy of Guru Arjun Dev Ji.

Question 43.
Describe the role of Naqshbandis in the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Sahib.
Answer:
Naqshabandis played an important role, in the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Sahib. Naqshbandi was an order started by fanatic Muslims. Naqshbandis were rnraged to see the increasing influence of the Sikhs in Punjab. Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi, he leader of Naqshbandis had great influence in Mughal Darbar. So, he also instigated ahangir against Guru Sahib. Therefore, Jahangir decided to take action against urn Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 44.
What was the immediate cause of the martyrdom of. Guru Arjan lib?
Answer:
Help of Khusrau by Guru Arjan Sahib became the immediate cause of Guru a Sahib’s mart clom. Prince Khusrau was the eldest son of Jahangir. He revolted ist his father some time after his enthronement. Khusrau came to seek Guru Arjan Sahib’s blessings. It is said that Guru Arjan Sahib put a tilak on his forehead. When Jahangir came to know about all this he got a golden opportunity to take stem action against Guru Arjan Sahib.

Question 45.
Was Guru Arjan Dev Ji martyred for political or religious causes? Write briefly.
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji was martyred on May 30,1606 A.D. at Lahore. Religious causes were responsible for this martyrdom. By reading Tuzak-i-Jahangiri, it becomes evident that Jahangir wanted to liquidate Guru Aijan Dev Ji for religious reasons. He wanted to put a check on the growing influence of the Sikhs in Punjab. He wanted only Islam to flourish in India. He falsely implicated Guru Arjan Dev Ji alleging that he had helped Prince Khusrau.

Question 46.
Write the importance of Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s martyrdom.
Or
Briefly describe the importance of martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Or
What is the significance of martyrdom of Guru Aijan Dev Ji.
Answer:
The martyrdom of Gum Arjan Dev Ji gave a new turn to the Sikh history. The peace loving Sikhs flared up as a result of this martyrdom. It became evident to them that taking to dr ms was now essential. That is why Gum Hargobind Ji adopted a New Policy. He carried two swords of Miri and Pirj. In this way, Gum Arjan Dev Ji turned the Sikhs into saint-soldiers. After the martyrdom of Gum Arjan Dev Ji, the era of friendship between the Sikhs and the Mughals came to an end.

Question 47.
What contribution was made by Guru-Hargobind ‘Ji in the transformation of Sikhism?
Or
Briefly describe the achievements of Guru Hargobind Ji’s pontificate.
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji remained on Gurgaddi from 1606 A.D. to 1645 A.D. He wore two swords of Miri and Piri. Gum Ji resolved to organise an army to face the tyrant Mughals. He got a fortress erected called Lohgarh for the protection of Amritsar. Gum Hargobind Ji got Akal Takht Sahib built in front of Sri Harmandir Sahib. Jahangir was alarmed at the growing influence of Sikhism. During the regime of Shah Jahan the Mughals fought four battles with Guru Hargobind Sahib. The Sikhs won all these battles.

Question 48.
What were the mail! causes of adoption of New Policy (Miri ai Piri) by Guru Hargobind Ji?
Or
Why did Guru Hargobind Sahib adopt the New Policy
Answer:

• Jahangir was a fanatic Sunni Muslim. He could not tolerate the flourisl Guru Arjan Sahib in 1606 A.D. It infuriated the Sikhs and aroused anger in them. So they decided to arm themselves against the Mughals.

Question 49.
What were the main features of Guru Hargobind Ji’s New Policy?
Or
What do you know about the New Policy or Miri and Piri of Guru Hargobind Ji?
Or
What was the New Policy of Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji? What were its main features?
Answer:

• Guru Hargobind Sahib sat on Gurgaddi with great pomp and show. He wore two swords of Miri and Piri.
• Guru Hargobind Ji decided to keep an army for the protection of the Sikh Panth.
• Guru Hargobind Sahib announced that the Sikhs should offer horses and arms in place of money,
• With the objective of making Amritsar secure and protected, he got a fortress, Lohgarh constructed.

Question 50.
What do you know about the Miri and Piri?
Or
What is ‘Miri’ and ‘Piri’? Describe its historical importance.
Or
What do you mean by Miri and Piri?
Or
Briefly describe the importance of the New Policy of Guru Hargobind Ji.
Answer:
At the time of ascending Gurgaddi Guru Hargobind Ji, he decided to wear two swords of Miri and Piri. The sword of Miri symbolised temporal power and the sword of Piri symbolised the spiritual power. The wearing of these two swords by Guru Hargobind Ji meant that, hence forward, he would guide the Sikhs in both worldly and religious matters. Thus, Guru Hargobind Ji turned the Sikhs into saint- soldiers.

Question 75.
Write a brief note on the creation of Khalsa Panth.
Or
When, where and how was the Khalsa founded?
Or
How was Khalsa sect created?
Answer:
The foundation of Khalsa Panth was laid by Guru Gobind Singh Ji on the 30th of March, 1699 A.D., on the eve of Baisakhi at Kesgarh Sahib in Sri Anandpur Sahib. Guru Ji appeared on the stage with his sword unsheathed and spoke, “Is there any Sikh who would sacrifice his life for Dharma?” When Guru Sahib repeated his call for the third time, Bhai Daya Ram Ji offered himself for sacrifice. Subsequently Bhai Dharam Das Ji, Bhai Mohkam Chand Ji, Bhai Sahib Chand Ji and Bhai Himmat Rai Ji presented themselves for sacrifice. In this way, Guru Gobind Singh Ji selected the ‘Panj Payaras’, and thus laid the foundation of the Khalsa.

Question 76.
Explain the main principles of the Khalsa.
Answer:

• For every person who wishes to join the Khalsa Panth, it is essential to drink the Nectar of Immortality,
• Every Khalsa man will use ‘Singh’ with his name and Khalsa woman ‘Kaur’ with her name,
• Every Khalsa will worship no god or goddess but only one God.
• Every Khalsa will wear the five emblems i.e.Kes, Kangha, Kara, Kachha and Kirpan.

Question 77. What was the importance of creation of Khalsa Panth in the Sikh History?
Or
Study the importance of the creation of Khalsa.
Answer:

• With its establishment, a large number of people began to join Sikhism.
• It also led to the establishment of an ideal society,
• There was no room for the concept of high and low in it. All the castes were treated equally,
• Guru Gobind Singh Ji instilled a new spirit among the Sikhs by creating Khalsa.

Question 78.
Write a brief note on the first battle of Sri Anandpur Sahib.
Answer:
The increasing power of Guru Gobind Singh Ji alarmed the Hill Chiefs. Raja Bhim Chand of Kahlur asked Guru Gobind Singh Ji to vacate Sri Anandpur Sahib. Guru Gobind Singh Ji clearly refused to comply with his demand. He clarified that Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib had made full payment for the land, when he founded this town. At this Bhim Chand formed a joint front with the cooperation of other Hill Chiefs. The allied forces under the command of Raja Bhim Chand besieged the fort of Sri Anandpur Sahib in 1701 A.D. When the Hill Chiefs saw that there were no chances of their success they made peace.

Question 79.
Write a brief note on the second battle of Sri Anandpur Sahib.
Answer:
The allied army of Hill Chiefs and the Mughals besieged the fort of S Anandpur Sahib in 1704 A.D. As the siege of the fort got prolonged, 40 Sikhs ga Bedawa to Guru Ji and left the fort. So, the allied army played a trick. They toe oaths on the Quran and the cow to assure Guru Gobind Singh Ji that they would not harm him if he vacated the fort of Sri Anandpur Sahib. But, as soon as Guru Gobind Singh Ji came out of the fort, the joint army fell upon the Sikhs.

Question 80.
Give a brief account of the battle of Chamkaur Sahib.
Answer:
After Guru Gobind Singh Ji left the fort of Sri Anandpur Sahib, Guru Gobind Singh Ji took shelter in a Garhi (mud fortress) in Chamkaur Sahib along with his 40 Sikhs. Soon, thousands of Mughal soldiers laid siege to the Garhi. The battle of Chamkaur Sahib was fought on 22 December, 1704 A.D. It was a bloody battle. In this battle, the two elder sons of Guru Ji, Sahibzada Ajit Singh and Sahibzada Jujhar Singh caused havoc among the allied ranks and ultimately laid down their lives.

Question 81.
Write a brief note on the battle of Khidrana (Sri Mukatsar Sahib).
Answer:
The Faujdar of Sirhind Wazir Khan had made a surprise attack on the army of Guru Gobind Singh Ji at Khidrana on December 29,1705 A.D. The Sikhs exhibited bravery in this battle also. In this battle, Guru Gobind Singh Ji got a glorious victory. Impressed by sacrifice made by the 40 Sikhs and on the request of their dying leader Mahan Singh, Guru Ji blessed them with the boon of salvation (Mukti). In this way Khidrana got the name of Sri Muktsar Sahib.

Question 82.
How did Gurp Gobind Singh Ji settle the sectarian divisions and external dangers to Sikhism?
Answer:
Guru Gobind Singh Ji founded Khalsa Panth in 1699 A.D. to deal with the sectarian divisions and external dangers to Sikhism. Guru Ji declared that all his Sikhs were his Khalsa and they were directly related to him. In this way Masands ceased to be the middlemen. Minas, Dhirmalias and Ramraias were expelled from the Sikh Panth. In order to deal with the external dangers, Guru Gobind Singh Ji ordered ‘ all the Sikhs to remain equipped with weapons.

Question 83.
What do you know about literary activities of Guru Gobind Singh Ji?
Or
Describe the literary activities of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
Or
Evaluate the literary activities of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
Answer:
Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s contribution in the field of literature is invaluable. He himself was a poet and a literature of high order. Guru Ji used Punjabi, Hindi, Sanskrit, Persian and Arabic languages in his writings. His great works are Jaap Sahib, Bachitar Natak, Akal Ustat, Zafarnama, Chandi Di Var etc. Guru Gobind lingh Ji had accorded patronage to 52 top-class poets in his Darbar.

Question 84.
What is Zafarnama?
Or
Write a short note on Zafarnama.
Answer:
Zafamama is a letter of victory written by Guru Gobind Singh Ji to Aurangzeb. It was written in Persian. It was written from Dina Kangar. In this letter Guru Gobind Singh Ji boldly explained about his oppression and injustice and breaking of oaths taken on the Quran by his officials. He accused Aurangzeb of betrayal of faith.

Question 85.
What is the importance of social reforms of Guru Gobind Singh Ji in History?
Answer:

• He created Khalsa Panth and brought about a social revolution. By joining it, people of low castes got an equal status with the people of high castes.
• Women were also administered Amrit and made equal to men.
• Guru Gobind Singh Ji told his followers to shim alcoholic drinks and other intoxicants,
• He instilled a new spirit of bravery and fearlessness in his Sikhs.

Question 86.
“Guru Gobind Singh Ji was a builder par excellence.” Do you agree to this argument?
Answer:
Undoubtedly, Guru Gobind Singh Ji was a great organiser. Guru Gobind Singh Ji gave a proof of his organising ability by creating Khalsa Panth. Really, it was a great wonder that infused a new spirit among people. They became great warriors and were ready to sacrifice everything for the sake of their religion. They did not heave a sigh of relief until they put an end to the Mughal and Afghan rule in Punjab and established their independent rule.

Question 87.
Mention any four characteristics of Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s personality.
Answer:
Guru Gobind Singh Ji was a great warrior and general of his time.
He was a great social reformer.
He was a man of high character.
Guru Gobind Singh Ji was a great religious leader.

Short Answer Type Questions (Type-2):

Question 1.
Give a brief account of the contribution of Guru Nanak Dev Ji to Sikhism.
Answer:
When Guru Nanak Dev Ji was born in the 15th century, the political, social and religious condition of India was pitiable. The Muslims belonged to the ruling class. They hated the Hindus and perpetrated cruelty on them. Religion had been reduced to the level of mere outward show. People were groping in the darkness of ignorance. Condition of womenfolk in society was very deplorable Gum Nanak Dev Ji undertook travels in the various parts of the country and abroad to dispel superstitions prevalent among people and to bring awareness in them. Gum Nanak Dev Ji preached to worship only one God, to lead pious and tmthful life, to give equal rights to women and to shun superstitions.

Wherever he went, he deeply impressed people through his teachings. Gum Nanak Dev Ji raised a voice against the tyranny of the ruling class and officials and injustice. He founded two institutions namely Sangat and Pangat. A new religious brotherhood had come into being in the lifetime of Gum Nanak Dev Ji. Before he breathed his last in 1539 A.D. Gum Nanak Dev Ji appointed Bhai Lehna (Gum Angad Dev Ji) as his successor. The appointment of Gum Angad Dev Ji proved very significant for the development of Sikh Panth.

Question 2.
What do you mean by Udasis? What were the aims of Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s Udasis?
Or
What were the aims and importance of the Udasis of Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
Answer:
Udasis of Gum Nanak Dev Ji mean the travels undertaken by him. Main objective of Gum Nanak Dev Ji’s Udasis was to dispel ignorance and superstitions of the people. He wanted to convey the message of universal brotherhood of mankind and worship of the only one God to the people. Both the religions i.e. Hinduism and Islam had gone astray and forgotten their true principles. The Brahmans and Mullas, whose duty was to guide people, had themselves turned corrupt and characterless. When the religious leaders themselves grope in the dark, it is not difficult to ascertain the condition of the common people. The people had started worshipping a number of gods, goddesses, graves, trees, snakes, stones etc.

In this way, the true spirit of religion had disappeared. The society was divided into many castes and sub-castes. People of one caste hated the people of the other castes. Condition of womenfolk in society was pitiable. They were treated as a man’s shoe. Guru Nanak Dev Ji started his Udasis to show a new path to the people, who were groping in darkness.

Question 3.
Write a brief note on any five important Udasis of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji started his Udasis from Saidpur. Here, he was invited to a grand feast hosted by Malik Bhago, the prominent landlord of the area. But Guru Nanak Dev Ji declined the invitation and stayed at Bhai Lalo’s house, who was a poor carpenter. It offended Malik Bhago. He asked Guru Nanak Dev Ji to explain his conduct. The Guru explained the difference by saying that Bhai Lalo’s bread had been earned by honest labour, and that of Malik Bhago’s had been obtained by exploitation of the poor. At Talumba, Guru Nanak Dev Ji met Sajjan thug, a cheat.

He used to loot the travellers staying at his inn. He was so much moved by Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s Bani that he fell at the Guru’s feet and confessed all his misdeeds. He spent the rest of his life in preaching Sikhism. At Gorakhmata, Guru Nanak Dev Ji told the Sidh Jogis that man cannot attain salvation by wedring earrings, by blowing horns or by rubbing ashes on the body. Salvation could be attained through purity of seul. At Jagannath Puri, Guru Nanak Dev Ji told that there is no need to offer Aarti to God as the nature is doing this job. At Mecca, Guru Nanak Dev Ji proved that Allah (God) is not confined to any one particular direction, but He is omnipresent.

Question 4.
Write an essence of the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Or
Give a brief account of the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Or
Write any five teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:
According to Guru Nanak Dev Ji, God is one. He is formless and omnipresent. He is immortal. He is omnipotent and kind. He is the Creator, Sustainer and Destroyer of the world. So, we should not worship any other god or goddess except Him. The Guru accepted Maya as the biggest hurdle in the way of salvation. A worldly man remains involved in Maya. Maya allures man to itself and in ignorance, he comes and goes. The Guru told that lust, anger, greed, attachment and pride are the five enemies of man. Due to these, man remains trapped in the cycle of birth and death.

Guru Nanak Dev Ji strongly condemned the prevalent superstitions and outward show of religion. Guru Ji deemed that a person is truly religious, who is internally pure. According to him, salvation was not possible without a Guru (a teacher). The real Guru is God Himself, who provides knowledge through Shabad (Word). According to Guru Nanak Dev Ji, it -S impossible to attain salvation in the absence of right conduct. “Abide pure amidst the impurities of the world” was the core of his teachings.

Question 5.
What was Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s concept of God?
Or
What were the views of Guru Nanak Dev Ji about God?
Or
Describe the nature of God according to Mul Mantra of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji believed in one God only. According to Guru Nanak Dev Ji, God is the Creator, Sustainer and Destroyer of the world. His manifestations may be many, but He is one and only one. God has two forms. He is Nirguna (without attributes) as well as Saguna (with attributes). By His order (Hukam) men, animals, birds, rivers, mountains, forests etc. came into existence. God does not merely create. Having brought the world into being He watches over it and cares for it. According to Guru Nanak Dev Ji, God is the Sovereign Lord, the wielder of absolute authority. Everything happens in accordance with His will. Nothing can happen against His will.

Guru Nanak Dev Ji says that the universe created by God is unstable and temporary but God is immortal. He is beyond the cycle of birth, death and rebirth. According to Guru Nanak Dev Ji, God is formless. He cannot be described in words. He cannot be seen with human eyes. But, even then, He is omnipresent. According to Guru Nanak Dev Ji, the ways of God are strange and unpredictable. He is present everywhere in the water, in the sky and On the earth. Therefore we should not think Him far from us. He is always within us.

Question 6.
What type of religious beliefs and rituals were condemned by Guru 1 Nanak Dev Ji?
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji condemned all the blind faiths of religion prevalent in society. He opposed idol-worship, Vedic rituals, going to the pilgrimages, and other rituals connected with important occasions of life. The Brahmans were the main supporters of these rituals. He did not approve of the ideology of the Jogis for two reasons:

The Jogis lacked faith in God. They remained away from society and shirked social responsibilities. Guru Nanak Dev Ji did not believe in the concept of incarnation. So, he rejected the Vaishnav sect also.

He criticised the religious beliefs of Mullas, the so-called religious leaders of Islam. Guru Nanak Dev Ji did not accept the practice of wearing saffron clothes, putting ear-rings, rubbing ashes all over the body, putting holy mark on forehead, blowing a conch and worshipping of graves etc. Guru Nanak Dev Ji said that a man is truly religious when one is internally pure.

Question 7.
What was Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s concept of Maya?
Answer: Guru Nanak Dev Ji regarded Maya as the biggest hurdle in the way of man’s salvation. The multicoloured Maya allures man to itself. An unregenerate man remains engrossed in worldly things such as wealth, status, beautiful women, sons etc. It is ‘called Maya. In fact, the entire creation is God’s Maya. It is a snare. An unregenerate man does not know the difference between the Creator and His creation. He does not realize that all other than God, is subject to annihilation.

Maya, whom, he loves S’ much does not accompany him after his death. It separates man from God, by keepin him absorbed in worldly things. One who yields to Maya also remains caught in th cycle of transmigration. By accumulating riches i.e. gold, silver etc., a man consider himself to be a great person of the world. But actually, he is collecting poison for himself. Thus, he ruins his life by being caught in ‘dubidha’ (misery arising from affiliation to anything other than God).

Question 8.
What is the importance of ‘Guru’ in Guru Nanak Dev’s teachings?
Or
What was the concept of “Guru” according to Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
Answer:
In his teachings Guru Nanak Dev Ji laid much emphasis on Guru. The Guru is a ladder by means of which one attains salvation. Without the Guru’s guidance, no one can attain salvation. An unregenerate (manmukh) man remains engrossed in worldly enjoyments. It is the Guru, who purifies his mind. He can become one with God, if he follows the instructions of the Guru. A union with the Guru results in killing the ego.

The misery born of vices ends and the good fortune is awakened. The Guru gives knowledge about Truth, Nam and Shabad. The Guru dispels the darkness of ignorance. Only the Guru leads a man from darkness (ignorance) to light (realisation). It is not easy to get a true Guru. One cannot get Guru without the Nadar (grace) of God. It is worthy to note that when Guru Nanak Dev Ji talks of Guru, he does not refer to arty human Guru. The human-Gurus are blind. A true Guru is God Himself, who is revealed through the Word (Shabad).

Question 9.
Write the views of Guru Nanak Dev Ji about the women.
Answer:
The condition_of womenfolk during Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s time was very miserable. They were considered equal in status to a man’s shoe in society. They were regarded as a commodity of sensual pleasure and they could be sold or purchased like animals. Many evils existed among them like child marriage, polygamy, purdah system, sati system and divorce etc. For these reasons, birth of a female child was considered an ill-omen. Guru Nanak Dev Ji strongly criticised the prevalent evils relating to women. He launched a forceful campaign to enhance the respect of women in society.

He opposed , child-marriage, polygamy, purdah system and sati system etc. He was in favour of women’s equal rights to men. In this regard Guru Nanak Dev Ji allowed women to join Sangat and Pangat. Guru Ji said that woman who gave birth to great emperors, should not be called inferior. He was in favour of giving education to women also.

Question 10.
What was the social meaning and significance of Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s message?
Or
What was the impact of teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
Answer:
The social meaning of Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s message is very important. His message was for everyone. Any man or woman could follow the path shown by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. The path of salvation was open for all. Guru Nanak Dev Ji preached social equality. Guru Nanak Dev Ji condemned the caste system in strong words. In order to put his message of social equality into practice, he founded two institutions i.e. Sangat and Pangat. No discrimination of caste was observed while preparing the Langar. Guru Nanak Dev Ji strongly criticised uryust policies of the riders and corruption existing In his time. Besides the ruling class, Guru Nanak Dev Ji condemned in unequivocal terms the corrupt officials of the government. In this way, Guru Nanak Dev Ji identified himself with the masses.

Question 11.
How far were the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji different from the Bhakti reformers?
Answer:
The teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji were different from the teachings of other religious preachers in many ways. According to Guru Nanak Dev Ji, God is formless. He never acquires the human form. The Bhakti preachers regard Krishna and Rama as the incarnations of God. Guru Nanak Dev Ji was deadly against idol-worship, while the other religious preachers had full faith in it. Guru Nanak Dev Ji appointed Guru Angad Dev Ji, his successor for preaching Sikhism and continuing the Gurgaddi. On the other hand, very few Bhakti preachers continued the tradition of establishing Gurgaddi.

As a result, they could not maintain their identity for long. Guru Nanak Dev Ji believed in leading a married life. The Bhakti preachers thought it to be a big hurdle, in the way of salvation. Guru Nanak Dev Ji founded two institutions of Sangat and Pangat. Anybody could join these without any discrimination of caste and creed. The Bhakti preachers did not set up any such institution. Guru Nanak Dev Ji did not consider Sanskrit a holy language. He preached his teachings in Punjabi, the language of the masses. Most of the Bhakti preachers gave Sanskrit the status of a holy language.

Question 12.
How and where did Guru Nanak Dev Ji spend last 18 years of his life?
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dfev Ji established Kartarpur (Abode of God) on the banks of the Ravi in 1521 A.D. He spent the last 18 years of his life with his family at this place. During this period, he set up the institutions of Sangat and Pangat. Sangat meant the congregation, which gathered to hear the Bani of the Guru everyday. Every man or woman could join the Sangat without any discrimination. Only the name of God was recited and chanted in the Sangat. Pangat means to sit in a queue and take food together. In this Langar (the community kitchen), no discrimination of caste, creed or religion was observed.

Both these institutions proved helpful in the spread of Sikhism. Besides, Guru Nanak Dev Ji composed 976 Shabads. This work of the Guru proved extremely useful for the development of Sikhism. Main Bani of Guru Nanak Dev Ji includes Japji Sahib, Var Majh, Sidh Gosht, Var Malhar, Barah Maha and Patti etc.

Question 13.
What was Guru Angad Dev Ji’s contribution to the development of Sikhism?
Or
What did Guru Angad Dev Ji do for the development of Sikhism?
Or
Write five achievements of Guru Angad Dev Ji for the development o Sikhism.
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji remained on Gurgaddi from 1539 A.D. to 1552 A.D. He took many important steps for the development of Sikhism during his gurgaddi. He made Khadur Sahib his main centre of preaching. A new dimension was given to Gurmukhi script, so that people may understand it easily. Guru Angad Dev Ji compiled the Bani of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and himself which was composed under Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s name. It proved as the first step in Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s compilation of Guru Granth Sahib. Sangat and Pangat institutions were further strengthened. These institutions gave a shattering blow to the caste-system. Guru Angad Dev Ji maintained strict discipline among his followers. He did a praiseworthy work by keeping Sikhism aloof from the Udasi sect.

Question 14.
What contribution was made by Guru Angad Dev Ji to improve Gurmukhi script?
Answer:
Although Gurmukhi script had come into being well before Guru Angad Dev Ji, but anybody could get confused by reading it. So Guru Angad Dev Ji made requisite improvements in this script and gave it a new look. As a result, it became easy for people to understand it. All the Sikh scriptures were subsequently written in this script. As this script became popular, the Brahman class suffered a major setback, because they considered Sanskrit, as the only language of religion.

The popularity of Gurmukhi proved helpful in the spread of Sikhism. This script reminds the Sikhs of their duty towards Guru. This script also proved very helpful in the spread of education among the Sikhs. Besides, a separate identity of the Sikhs from Hindus was established. Undoubtedly, the spread of Gurmukhi script gave a new impetus to the development of Sikhism. „

Question 15.
‘Guru Angad Dev Ji was a great disciplinarian.’ Do you agree to it?
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji was a great disciplinarian. Once two Raagis (bards) Satta and Balwand in the Darbar of Guru Ji grew very proud of their melodious voice. They began to boast that it was on account of their skill in music that the Guru Angad Dev Ji had grown popular. In their vanity, they started violating the orders of the Guru Angad Dev Ji. Guru Angad Dev Ji could not tolerate it. As a result, he expelled both the Raagis from the Darbar. Soon they realised their folly. Later on, when they begged pardon and Bhai Ladha Ji intervened, Guru Angad Dev Ji forgave them. In this way, Guru Angad Dev Ji set an example of maintaining strict discipline in Guru’s Darbar (court.)

Question 16.
Write a short note on the importance of Sangat and Pangat.
Or
What do you know about Sangat?
Or
What do you mean by Pangat or Langar?
Or
Write a note on Pangat or Langar.
Answer:
1. Sangat: Sangat means a congregation of the Sikhs. This Sangat gathered in the morning and evening to listen to the Bani (Hymns), and teachings of Guru Angad Dev Ji. This institution of Sangat was established by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Angad Dev Ji developed it further. Any man or woman could join the Sangat without the discrimination of caste, creed or religion. Sangat was considered as God’s incarnation. This institution greatly helped in eradicating inequality in society and in organising the Sikhs. Undoubtedly, this institution proved very significant in the development of Sikhism.

2. Pangat: Pangat or Langar was established by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Angad Dev Ji continued it and Guru Amar Das Ji further developed this institution. Guru Amar Das Ji declared that none could meet him without taking Langar. He gave the slogan of first Pangat and then Sangat. The Mughal emperor Akbar and the King of Haripur also had partaken Langar before meeting Guru Amar Das Ji. Langar used to continue till late night.

The left over Langar was given to birds and animals. Langar was open for people of all religions and castes. The contribution of Langar was significant for the spread of Sikhism. This institution greatly helped in eradicating caste system and untouchability in the society. As a result of this institution, a feeling of mutual brotherhood developed among the Sikhs.

Question 17.
What problems had Guru Amar Das Ji to face in the early years of his pontificate?
Answer:
In the early ydars of his pontification, Guru Amar Das Ji had to face the opposition of Dasu and Datu, the two sons of Guru Angad Dev Ji. They claimed that being sons of a Guru, they had a right to Gurgaddi. Therefore, they refused to accept Guru Amar Das Ji as Guru. Baba Sri Chand, elder son of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, staked his claim to the Gurgaddi.

So, he also started opposing Guru Amar Das Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji’s growing popularity also made Muslims of Goindwal jealous of the Sikhs. They started harassing the Sikhs in many ways. Guru Amar Das Ji asked the Sikhs to remain calm. The orthodox Hindus also started opposing Guru Amar Das Ji for his social reforms. They considered these reforms an interference in their religion.

Question 18.
Give the contribution of Guru Amar Das Ji for the development of Sikhism.
Or
Write down the five services done by Guru Amar Das Ji for the development of Sikh religion.
Or
Make a mention of the five major contributions of Guru Amar Das Ji to the growth of Sikhism.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji remained on Gurgaddi from 1552 A.D. to 1574 A.D. During this span of time, he did appreciable job for the development of the Sikh Panth. First of all he completed the work on Baoli, initiated at Goindwal Sahib. Eighty four steps were built to reach this Baoli. Guru Sahib declared that anybody who recited Japji on each step and took a dip in the Baoli with pure mind and devotion, will get salvatior from the cycle of 84 lakh lives. It became a central place of pilgrimage for the Sikhs. The Langar system was further developed.

The Guru declared that nobody high or low. could see him, unless he had “partaken Langar. The Manji system established by the. Guru gave a new impetus to the spread of Sikhism. The Guru kept Sikhism aloof from Udasi sect, and thus, saved it from merging into Hinduism. Guru Amar Das Ji strongly. criticised the prevalent social evils like sati system, purdah system, ban on widow- marriage, caste-system and use of intoxicants etc. Guru Amar Das Ji started special rituals suited for the occasions of birth, death and marriage among the Sikhs. He composed Bani under the name of Nanak. Guru Amar Das Ji appointed Bhai Jetha Ji (Guru Ram Das Ji) as his successor.

Question 19.
What was the importance of the construction of the Baoli of Goindwal Sahib in Sikh History?
Answer:
The first significant step undertaken by Guru Amar Das Ji for the development; of Sikhism was the construction of a Baoli at Goindwal Sahib. The construction work of the Baoli was started in 1552 A.D. and it was completed in 1559 A.D. Guru , Ji had two objectives in its construction. First, he wanted to give the Sikhs a separate place of pilgrimage so that they could be separated from the Hindus.

Secondly, he wanted to solve the water problem of the people of that place. Eighty four steps were ; built to reach the Baoli. After its construction was over, Guru Ji declared, “Whoever would attentively and reverently repeat the Japji on every step after a bath. in the Baoli would escape from the wandering in the wombs of the 84 lakhs of living creatures.” The construction of Baoli Sahib proved a very important step in the development of Sikhism. It gave the Sikhs a place of pilgrimage of their own.

Question 20.
Describe briefly the social reforms of Guru Amar Das Ji.
Or
Describe any five reforms of Sri Guru Amar Das Ji.
Or
Discuss the social reforms introduced by Guru Amar Das Ji.
Or
Why is Guru Amar Das Ji called a social reformer?
Or
Give an account of the four major social reforms of Guru Amar Das Ji.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji was a great social reformer. He condemned in strong words the social evil of sati, which was prevalent in society for centuries. According to this system, when some unfortunate woman lost her husband, she was forcibly burnt alive in the burning pyre along with her dead husband. Guru Ji opposed child marriage and purdah system also. These evils had further worsened the condition of the women. Guru Amar% Das Ji was in favour of widow marriage. He emphatically criticised the prevalent caste System and untouchability.

In order to eradicate this evil, he made it obligatory for everyone to partake Langar before meeting him. Thus, Guru Amar Das Ji preached , the message of universal brotherhood of mankind. Guru Amar Das Ji was against the use of wine and other intoxicants. He introduced new rites for thd Sikhs to be followed on the occasions of birth, death and marriage. Thus, Guru Amar Das Ji laid the foundation of a new society.

Question 21.
What was the Manji system? How did it contribute to the development of Sikhism?
Or
What do you know about Manji system?
Or
Write a note on Manji system.
Answer:
The setting up of Manji system was a great achievement of Guru Amar Das Ji. The number of the Sikhs had greatly increased during his Gurgaddi. So it was not possible for him to reach every Sikh personally. In order to intensify the propaganda of Sikhism, he created 22 Manjis. Head of each Manji was called Manjidar. This post of Manjidar was given to very devoted and pious Sikhs only. The area of a Manjidar for propaganda was not restricted to one place.

He could go anywhere in connection with the propaganda. Manjidar motivated people to come into the fold of Sikhism. Besides, he used to collect money from the Sikhs and passed it on to Guru Amar Das Ji. Since the Manjidar sat on a cot (Manji) while addressing congregations, this system came to be known as Manji system in Sikh history. The Manji system gave a big thrust to the missionary activities of the Sikhs.

Question 22.
What type of relations did Guru Amar Das Ji have with the Mughals?
Or
Explain the relations between Mughal emperor Akbar and Guru Amar Das Ji.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji had good relations with the Mughals. At that time, Akbar was the Mughal ruler of India. As a result of Guru Amar Das Ji’s prayer, Akbar had succeeded in the expedition of Chittor. So Akbar came to Goindwal Sahib to convey his gratitude towards Guru Amar Das Ji in 1568 A.D. He complied with the tradition of partaking food in the Langar with other people before meeting Guru Amar Das Ji. He was very impressed by the personality of Guru Amar Das Ji.and the Langar system. He offered a few villages as Jagir for the conduct of Langar. The offer was declined by Guru Amar Das Ji. Thereupon, Akbar granted this Jagir to Bibi Bhani, daughter of Guru Amar Das Ji. In short, Akbar’s visit to Goindwal not only enhanced the prestige of Guru Amar Das, but it also made Sikhism more popular.

Question 23.
Explain the contribution of Sri Guru Ram Das Ji to the growth of Sikhism.
Or
What was the contribution of Guru Ram Das Ji to Sikh religion?
Or
Give a brief account of the contribution of Guru Ram Das Ji to the growth of Sikhism.
Or
Guru Ram Das Ji played a vital role for the development of Sikhism. Discuss.
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji remained on Gurgaddi from 1574 A.D. to 1581 A.D. First of all, he set up Ramdaspura (Amritsar). Guru Ram Das Ji established 52 trades in this city. This bazaar came to be known as Guru Ka Bazaar. Besides, he initiated the digging of two ponds i.e. Amritsar and Santokhsar here. Guru Ji started Masand system for collecting money from the Sikhs, which was required for the preaching and developmental works of the Sikh Panth. Masand system played a vital role in consolidating the development of Sikhism. Guru Ram Das Ji put an end to the long standing tussle between the Sikhs and the Udasis, thus, ensuring a new era. Guru Ram Das Ji continued the institutions of Sangat and Pangat. He also composed his Bani. He strongly condemned the evils prevalent in society. Before breathing his last in 1581 A.D. Guru Ram Das Ji appointed his younger son, Guru Aijan Dev Ji as his successor. Thus, Guru Ram Das Ji made a significant contribution to the development of Sikhism during his pontificate.

Question 24.
What is the importance of the foundation of Ramdaspura (Amritsar) in Sikh History?
Answer:
The most important contribution of Guru Ram Das Ji towards the Sikh Panth was the foundation of Ramdaspura or Amritsar. After assuming Guruship, he himself settled here. In 1577 A.D. he founded Ramdaspura. He settled fifty two other traders belonging to different trades at this place in order to make it popular and attract people. The market formed by these traders came to be known as ‘Guru Ka Bazaar’. It soon became a famous trade centre.

Guru Ram Das Ji planned to construct two sarovars (tanks) Amritsar and Santokhsar at Ramdaspura. First, the digging of the Amritsar sarovar was started. Baba Buddha Ji was entrusted to look after this project. Later on the name of Ramdaspura came to be known as Amritsar. The foundation of Amritsar occupies an important place in the history of Sikhism. It gave Sikhs a separate place of pilgrimage, which soon developed into the most famous centre of religious propagation.

Question 25.
Write a note on Udasi Sect.
Or
Write a brief note on Baba Sri Chand Ji.
Answer:
The Udasi sect was founded by Baba Sri. Chand, the elder son of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Many Sikhs, impressed by the asceticism of Sri Chand, began to join Udasi sect, which stressed the life of aloofness or renunciation. On the other hand, Guru Nanak Dev Ji was in favour of family life. The other principles of Udasi sect were in tune with the principles of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Under such circumstances, it was feared that the Sikhs might forget the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and adopt Udasi sect. So Guru Amar Das Ji strongly opposed the Udasi sect. He said that a true Sikh could not be an Udasi. A settlement was however reached between the Sikhs and the Udasis during Guru Ram Das Ji’s pontificate. This settlement ushered in a new era. Now the Udasis left no stone unturned in preaching Sikhism. Consequently, Sikhism made rapid strides.

Question 26.
Write a brief note on the difficulties faced by Guru Arjan Dev Ji immediately after his accession to Gurugaddi.
Or
What were the difficulties faced by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, when he became the Guru?
Answer:
At the time of accession to Gurgaddi, Guru Arjan Dev Ji had to face the opposition firstly of his elder brother Prithi Chand. He vehemently protested against his supersession. He declared that so long as he did not get Gurgaddi, he would not let Guru Arjan Dev Ji take any respite. So, he started instigating the Mughal Emperor, Akbar by every means to take stern action against Guru Aijan Dev Ji. The fanatic Muslims of the Punjab could not bear the growing influence of the Sikhs in Punjab. So, they spoke against Guru Arjan Dev Ji, first to Akbar and then to Jahangir. Akbar had paid no heed to them, while Jahangir was much incited by them. Chandu Shah was the Diwan of Lahore.

He was in search of a groom for his daughter. His messengers recommended the name of Hargobind, the son of Guru Arjan Dev Ji for the proposal. When Chandu Shah heard the name of Hargobind, he flew into a rage and said that he couldn’t lay the ornamental tile of a top storey into a gutter. But being persuaded by his wife, Chandu Shah agreed to the proposal. As the words of Chandu Shah had by now reached Guru Arjan Dev Sahib, so he declined the proposal. As a result, Chandu Shah turned a sworn enemy of Guru Arjan Dev Ji and kept on hatching conspiracies against Guru Arjan Sahib.

Question 27.
What was Guru Aijan Dev Ji’s contribution to the development of Sikhism?
Or
Throw a brief light on five important achievements of Guru Aijan D,ev Ji.
Or
Give a brief account of the organizational works of Guru Aijan Dev Ji.
Answer:
The contribution of Guru Arjan Dev Ji in the development of Sikhism was very significant. During his Gurgaddi (1581-1606) he did admirable job for the development of Sikhism. By making Sri Harmandir Sahib at Amritsar, Guru Arjan Dev Ji gave the Sikhs their most sacred place of pilgrimage. He got built three new towns i.e. Tam Taran, Hargobindpur and Kartarpur in Bari Doab and’Jalandhar Doab regions. He got a Baoli dug at Lahore. The development of Masand System was one of his greatest achievements.

The Masands collected Daswand from the Sikhs’ income besides preaching Sikhism. The compilation of Guru Granth Sahib in 1604 A.D. by Guru Arjan Dev Ji is considered his crowning achievement. The Sikhs consider it their most sacred scripture. Guru Arjan Dev Ji encouraged the trade of horses in order to make his Sikhs prosperous from economic point of view. Guru Arjan Dev Ji infused a new spirit into Sikhism with his martyrdom in 1606 A.D.

Question 28.
Write a brief note on Sri Harmandir Sahib.
Or
Describe briefly importance of the foundation of Sri Harmandir Sahib by Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Or
Give a brief account of the foundation and importance of Sri Harmandir Sahib.
Or
Briefly describe the importance of the foundation of Sri Harmandir Sahib.
Answer:
The building of Sri Harmandir Sahib is one of the greatest achievements of Guru Aijan Dev Ji. It was constructed in the midst of Amrit Sarovar. Guru Arjan Dev Ji got its foundation laid by a famous Sufi saint, Mian Mir in 1588 A.D. Harmandir means ‘Temple of God’. Guru Arjan Dev Ji kept the height of the building of Sri Harmandir Sahib lower than those of the surrounding buildings and said, “What is humble, shall be exalted.” Four doors were built on four sides of Sri Harmandir Sahib, which meant people could come in this temple from all four comers of the world without any discrimination.

The construction of Harmandir Sahib was completed in 1601 A.D. Guru Arjan Dev Ji declared that every visitor to Sri Harmandir Sahib would get the benefit of 68 Hindu pilgrimages. If a pilgrim baths in Amrit Sarovar with a pure heart, he would get salvation. It deeply impressed the people and they began to come here in a large number. Soon, Sri Harmandir Sahib became the leading pilgrimage centre of the Sikhs.

Question 29.
What do you know about Masand system? Explain.
Or
Examine the organisation and development of Masand system.
Or
Who started Masand system? What were its aims?
Or
Give a brief description of Masand system.
Or
Write a short note on Masand system and its importance.
Answer:
‘Masand’ is derived from the Persian word Masnad which means ‘a high place’. This system was set up by Guru Ram Das Ji, but its real development took place during Guru Aijan Dev Ji’s time. The number of Sikhs had greatly increased by that time. So Guru Aijan Dev Ji needed money for Langar (community kitchen) and other developmental works of the Sikhs. Guru Ram Das Ji announced that each Sikh should offer Daswandh (one tenth of income) to him. He appointed Masands to collect Daswandh from the Sikh Sangat. The Masands not only collected Daswandh but also preached Sikhism.

The Masands deposited the money collected from the Sikhs with Guru Ram Das Ji on the occasions of Diwali and Baisakhi at Amritsar. Masand system proved very useful in the beginning. It played a significant role in the evolution of the Sikh movement. Moreover, the system ensured a steady flow of the resources to the Guru’s treasury. Later on, the Masands turned corrupt and they started creating problems for the Gurus. As a result, Guru Gobind Singh Ji did away with this system.

Question 30.
Write a short note on Tara Taran and its importance.
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji, in order to propagate Sikhism in Majha tract of the Punjab, founded the city of Tam Taran in 1590 A.D. This city is 24 kms to the South of Amritsar. Here a Sarovar named as Tam Taran was also dug. Tarn Taran means that any pilgrim who takes bath in this Sarovar shall get salvation from transmigration. Tarn Taran also became a famous holy place of the Sikhs. As a result, thousands of Jats of the Majha became the followers of Gum Arjan Dev Ji and embi aced Sikhism. The services of these Jats towards Sikhism were of great value. By their nature and habits, these Jats turned Sikhism into a warrior race. Later on, they turned out Mughals and Afghans from Punjab and established an independent Sikh empire.

Question 31.
Write a note on Prithi Chand.
Or
Who was Prithi Chand? Why did he oppose Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Or
Who was Prithi Chand (Prithia)? How did he act against Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Answer:
Prithi Chand or Prithia was the eldest son of Guru Ram Das Ji and elder brother of Gum Arjan Dev Ji. He was the founder of Mina Sect. He was very selfish and cunning. That is why Guru Rain Das Ji gave the, Gurgaddi to Gum Arjan Dev Ji instead of giving it to him. On hearing this decision, Prithi Chand got furious. He had been dreaming of getting the Gurgaddi since long. As such, he started opposing Guru Aijan Dev Ji, when the latter got Gurgaddi.

He started grabbing the offerings .meant for Langar. He hoped that his son Meharban would get Gurgaddi after Guru Arjan Dev Ji. But when Gum Arjan Dev Ji was blessed with a son, H&rgobind, all his hopes seemed to dash to the ground. Therefore, he became a sworn enemy of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. He convened with the Mughal officials and started hatching conspiracies against Guru Arjan Dev Ji. These conspiracies became a major cause of Gum Arjan Dev Ji’s martyrdom.

Question 32.
Who was Chandu Shah? Why did he oppose Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Or
Write a short note on Chandu Shah.
Answer:
Chandu Shah was the Diwan of Lahore. He was looking for a suitable match for his daughter. In connection with this he sent his messengers in different parts. When they returned, they proposed the name of Hargobind, son of Gum Arjan Dev Ji, for his daughter. On hearing this Chandu Shah was enraged and remarked that he couldn’t marry his daughter with the son of a beggar. A brick baked for a palace cannot be used for a gutter. But after being persuaded by his wife, he agreed to the proposal. So, he sent his messengers to Guru Aijan Dev Ji with the proposal of his daughter’s marriage with Hargobind.

By this time the Sikhs had come to know about the remarks of Chandhu Shah against the Guru. So they asked Guru Arjan Dev Ji to turn down this proposal. Consequently, Guru Aijan Dev Ji did the same. On hearing this Chandu Shah got very angry and became Guru Aijan Dev Ji’s sworn enemy. Then, he planned a conspiracy against Guru Aijan Dev Ji. First he incited Mughal Emperor, Akbar and later on Jahangir. Jahangir decided to take stem action against Guru Aijan Dev Ji.

Question 33.
Mention the main causes for the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Or
Examine five major causes of martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
Jahangir’s religious fanaticism was the main cause of Gum Aijan Dev Ji’s martyrdom. He was an orthodox Muslim, so he did not want any religion to flourish except Islam. Influence of the Sikhs in Punjab was growing day by day and it irked him. He was on the look out for an opportunity to check it. It becomes clear by reading his autobiography, Tuzak-i-Jahangiri. The compilation of Adi Granth Sahib by Guru Aijan Dev Ji also became a cause of his martyrdom. The opponents of Gum Aijan Dev Ji started inciting Jahangir by saying that in Adi Granth Sahib much was written against Islam. Jahangir ordered Guru Aijan Dev Ji to delete a few words from Adi Granth Sahib but Guru Aijan Dev Ji declined to comply with his orders.

Chandu Shah, the Diwan of Lahore was also searching for a match for his daughter. His advisors suggested to marry his daughter to Hargobind, son of Gum Aijan Dev Ji. On hearing this proposal he used some derogatory remarks against Gum Aijan Dev Ji. Guru Arjan Dev Ji refused to accept this proposal for his son. Consequently, Chandu Shah turned Gum Aijan Dev Ji’s sworn enemy. ‘The help rendered to Khusrau, the elder son of Jahangir, by Guru Aijan Dev Ji became an immediate reason for the martyrdom of Gum Aijan Dev Ji. It is said that Gum Aijan Dev Ji supported Khusrau in his rebellion against his father, Jahangir.

Question 34.
Describe the role of Naqshbandis in the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Sahib.
Answer:
Naqshbandis played an important role in the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Sahib. Naqshbandi was an order started by fanatic Muslims. Its headquarters was at Sirhind. Naqshbandis were enraged to see the increasing influence and powers of the Sikhs in Punjab. The main reason was that the Muslims were intolerant to any other religion prospering and developing. Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi, the leader of Naqshbandis had great influence in Mughal Darbar. So, he also instigated Jahangir against Guru Aijan Sahib. Therefore, Jahangir decided to take action against Gum Arjan Sahib.

Question 35.
What was the immediate cause of the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Sahib?
Answer:
Help of Khusrau by Gum Aijan Sahib became the immediate cause of Guru Arjan Sahib’s martyrdom. Prince Khusrau was the eldest son of Jahangir. He revolted against his father some time after his enthronement. When the Mughal forces tried to arrest him, he ran to Punjab. On reaching Punjab, Khusrau came to Tam Taran to seek Guru Arian Sahib’s blessings. Being the grandson of Akbar with whom Guru Aijan Sahib had very good relations, it was but natural that he won Guru Aijan Sahib’s sympathy. Moreover anybody was free to come to the home of Guru Aijan Dev Ji to receive his blessings.

It is said that Guru Aijan Sahib put a tilak on his forehead and gave him all sorts of help required by him to go to Kabul. When Jahangir came to know about all this he got a golden opportunity to take stern action against Guru Aijan Sahib. He ordered Lahore Governor, Murtaza Khan to execute him by giving severe physical tortures, and to confiscate the whole of his property.

Question 36.
When and where was Guru Aijan Dev Ji executed? The main reason of his martyrdom was religious. Give arguments in its favour.
Or
Was Guru Arjan Dev Ji a political offender? Briefly explain.
Or
Was Guru Arjan Dev Ji executed for political or religious causes? Write briefly.
Answer:
Guru Aijan Dev Ji was martyred on May 30,1606 A.D. at Lahore. Religious causes were responsible for his martyrdom. Guru Aijan Dev Ji did not render any help to Khusrau. Question does not arise that Guru Ji put tilak on the forhead of Khusrau, as it was against the Sikh traditions. Jahangir has nowhere mentioned about it in his autobiography, Tuzak-i-Jahangiri, that Guru Aijan Dev Ji had met Prince Khusrau about a month before the martyrdom. Had Guru Aijan Dev Ji committed any crime, he would have invited the royal wrath at once.

By reading Tuzak-i-Jahangiri, it becomes evident that Jahangir wanted to liquidate Guru Aijan Dev Ji for religious reasons. He wanted to put a check on the growing influence of the Sikhs in Punjab. He wanted only Islam to flourish in India. He was in search of an opportunity against Guru Aijan Dev Ji. He falsely implicated Guru Aijan Dev Ji alleging that he had helped Prince Khusrau. Consequently, Guru Aijan Dev Ji was martyred.

Question 37.
Write the importance of Guru Aijan Dev Ji’s martyrdom.
Or
Briefly describe the importance of martyrdom of Guru Aijan Dev Ji.
Answer:
The martyrdom of Guru Aijan Dev Ji gave a new turn to the Sikh history. The peace loving Sikhs flared up as a result of this martyrdom. It became evident to them that taking to arms was now essential for the protection of their religion. That is why Guru Hargobind Ji adopted a New Policy. He carried two swords of Miri and Piri. The Miri sword stood for worldly power, while the Piri sword symbolised religious power. In this way, Guru Hargobind Ji turned the Sikhs into saint-soldiers. After the martyrdom of Guru Aijan Dev Ji, the era of friendship between the Sikhs and the Mughals came to an end.

A long drawn struggle between the Sikhs and the Mughals ensued after this. The struggle proved ruinous for the Mughals. On the other hand, it played the role of organising the Sikhs. Besides, Sikhism gained popularity with the martyrdom of Guru Aijan Dev Ji. Undoubtedly, the martyrdom of Guru Aijan Dev Ji proved a milestone in Singh.

Question 38.
What contribution was made by Guru Hargobind Sahib in the transformation of Sikhsim?
Or
Briefly describe the achievements of Guru Hargobind Sahib’s pontificate.
Or
Discuss the contribution of Guru Hargobind Sahib for the development of Sikhsim.
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Sahib remained on Gurgaddi from 1606 A.D. to 1645 A.D. The contribution of Guru Hargobind Sahib towards the transformation of Sikh Panth was great. He ascended the Gurgaddi with great pomp and show. He acquired the title of‘Sacha Padshah’ and wore two swords of Miri and Piri. Miri was the symbol of temporal power, while Piri stood for spiritual power. Guru Ji resolved to organise an army to face the tyrant Mughals. He ordered his Sikhs to offer him horses and arms. He got a fortress erected called Lohgarh for the protection of Amritsar.

Guru Hargobind Sahib got Akal Takht Sahib built in front of Sri Harmandir Sahib to discuss the political and military problems of the Sikhs. Jahangir was alarmed at the growing influence of Sikhism, so, he detained Guru Sahib for some time in the fort of Gwalior. During the regime of Shah Jahan the Mughals fought four battles with Guru Hargobind Sahib. The Sikhs won all these battles. Guru Hargobind Sahib founded a new town, named Kiratpur. He also did a lot qf work in preaching Sikhism.

Question 39.
What were the main causes of adoption of New Policy (Miri and Piri) by Guru Hargobind Ji?
Answer:
1. Change in the Religious Policy of the Mughals : Before Jahangir, the . relations between the Mughals and the Sikhs were very cordial. The Mughal emperor, Akbar showed great reverence for the Sikh Gurus. During .the time of Guru Amar Das Ji, Akbar himself came to Goindwal Sahib and partook Langar. He donated 500 bigha land to Guru Ram Das Ji and waived off the revenue of farmers in Punjab for one year. In 1605, Jahangir ascended the throne of the Mughal empire. He was a fanatic Sunni Muslim. He could not tolerate the flourishing of any other religion except Islam. In the changed \ circumstances, Guru Sahib had to adopt a New Policy.

2. Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Sahib : Being a fanatic Sunni Muslim, Jahangir martyred Guru Arjan Sahib in 1606 A.D. The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Sahib infuriated the Sikhs and aroused anger in them. Now, it became apparent to them that they would have to arm themselves against the Mughals. In this way, the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Sahib was largely responsible for the adoption of New Policy by Guru Hargobind Ji.

3. Last Message of Guru Arjan Sahib: Before his martyrdom, Guru Arjan Sahib sent a message through his Sikhs to his son, Hargobind Ji, “Let him sit fully armed on his throne and maintain an army to the best of his ability.” These words of Guru Arjan

Question 40.
What were the main features of Guru Hargobind’s New Policy?
Or
What do you know about the New Policy or Miri and Piri of Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji?
Or
Discuss the concept of Miri-Piri.
Answer:
Under the changed circumstances, Guru Hargobind Sahib resolved to adopt a New Policy. He sat on Gurgaddi with great pomp and show. He started wearing gaudy clothes like those of emperors and also acquired the title of Sacha Padshah. He wore two swords of Miri and Piri. The sword of Miri stood for worldly power, while Piri sword symbolised the spiritual power. Guru Hargobind Ji decided to keep an army for the protection of the Sikh Panth. Guru Hargobind Sahib announced that the Sikhs should offer horses and arms in place of money. With the objective of making Amritsar secure and protected, he got a fortress, Lohgarh constructed.

He got Akal Takht constructed in front of Sri Harmandir Sahib to guide the Sikhs in political and other worldly matters. In this way, he turned his Sikhs into saint-soldiers. As a result of this New Policy, the relations between the Sikhs and the Mughals grew tense. If Guru Hargobind Sahib had not adopted the New Policy, the sacred brotherhood of the Sikhs would have either not sqrvived or would have relapsed into the class of monks and mendicants.

Question 41.
What do you know about the Miri and Piri?
Or
What is ‘Miri’ and ‘Piri’? Describe its historical importance.
Or
Briefly describe the importance of the New Policy of Guru Hargobind Ji.
Answer:
At the time of ascending Gurgaddi, Guru Hargobind Sahib fully realised the changed circumstances and danger looming ahead for Sikhism. Consequently, he decided to wear two swords of Miri and Piri. The sword of Miri symbolised temporal power and the sword of Piri symbolised the spiritual power, one to smite the oppressor and the other to protect the innocent. The wearing of these two swords by Guru Hargobind Sahib meant that, hence forward, he would guide the Sikhs in both worldly and religious matters. Guru Hargobind Sahib advised the Sikhs to recite True Name on the one hand and to carry arms for their protection on the other hand.

Thus, Guru Hargobind Sahib turned the Sikhs into saint-soldiers. This policy of Miri and Piri exercised a tremendous impact on Sikh history. Firstly, it infused a new spirit of confidence among the Sikhs. Secondly, the Sikhs had taken up arms now, in order to fight against injustice and for the protection of their religion. Thirdly, it sharpened the differences between the Mughals and the Sikhs. Fourthly, Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji founded the Sant Khalsa in accordance with the New Policy. Fifthly, a long drawn out struggle started between the Sikhs and the Mughals. As a consequence of this policy, the Sikhs became victorious.

Question 42.
Write a short note, on the imprisonment of Guru Hargobind Ji at Gwalior.
Or
Why did Jahangir arrest Guru Hargobind Ji?
Answer:
A few years after the assumption of Guruship by Guru Hargobind Ji, Jahangir called Guru Sahib to Delhi and imprisoned him in the fort of Gwalior. Why was Guru Hargobind Sahib taken prisoner? There is a difference of opinion among historians on this point. Some historians are of the view that Chandu Shah’s conspiracy was responsible for it. After the martyrdom of Guru Aijan Sahib, Chandu Shah once again tried to persuade Guru Hargobind Sahib, to accept the proposal of his daughter’s marriage. When Guru Hargobind Sahib replied that he was not prepared to marry the daughter of his father’s assassin, Chandu Shah was enraged beyond measure. He vowed to avenge this insult.

He instigated Jahangir aganist Guru Hargobind Ji. Consequently, Jahangir imprisoned the Guru. Most of the historians agree to the view that Jahangir imprisoned Guru Sahib for adopting the New Policy. It had aroused suspicions in the mind of Jahangir and the detractors of Guru Aijan Sahib poisoned his ears that Guru Hargobind Ji was preparing for a rebellion. The historians differ on the point as to how long Guru Hargobind Sahib was kept in prison in the fort of Gwalior. It is assessed for the historical facts that Guru Hargobind Sahib remained imprisoned in the fort of Gwalior for two years He. from 1606 to 1608 A.D.

Question 43.
Write a short note on relations between.Guru Hargobind Sahib and Mughal emperor Jahangir.
Answer:
In 1605 A.D. Jahangir ascended the throne of Mughal Empire. He was a fanatic Sunni Muslim. In a bid to crush the Sikh Movement, he martyred Guru Arjan Sahib in 1606 A.D. The martyrdom of Guru Aijan Sahib infuriated the Sikhs. Guru Hargobind Ji decided to arm the Sikhs against the Mughals. Guru Hargobind Ji adopted his famous New Policy. This new policy infuriated Jahangir. He called Guru Hargobind Sahib to Delhi and imprisoned him in the fort of Gwalior. The historians differ on the point as to how long Guru Hargobind Sahib was kept in prison in the fort of Gwalior.

At the insistence of Bhai Jetha and Sufi saint, Mian Mir, Jahangir ordered Guru Sahib’s release. Alongwith Guru Hargobind Ji, 52 other kings imprisoned in the fort were also released. Because of this, Guru Hargobind Sahib began to be called as “Bandi Chhor Baba”. After the release, the relation between Guru Hargobind Sahib and Jahangir took a friendly turn.

Question 44.
What were the causes of battles between Guru Hargobind Ji and the Mughals?
Answer:
Following were the causes of battles between Guru Hargobind Ji and the Mughals (Shah Jahan):

(1) Shah Jahan was a great orthodox. He got Guru Arjan Sahib Ji’s baoli at Lahore lied with debris and converted the building meant for Langar (community food) into mosque. This act of Shah Jahan caused a wave of resentment.

(2) Naqashbandi was a movement launched in Punjab by fanatic Muslims. Its leader Sheikh Masoom instigated Shah Jahan against Guru Hargobind Sahib. Being an orthodox, he was easily influenced by their words and turned against Guru Hargobind Sahib.

(3) The New Policy of Guru Hargobind Sahib became the major factor in widening ‘ the gulf between Guru Hargobind Sahib and Shah Jahan. This policy largely added to the military power of Guru Hargobind Sahib. Guru Hargobind Ji recruited many fugitives of the Mughal army in his army. Moreover, Guru Hargobind Sahib had assumed some royal symbols and Sikh devotees had started addressing him as Sacha Padshah (true emperor). Shah Jahan couldn’t tolerate it.

(4) The Kaulan’s affair further embittered the relationship between Guru Hargobind Sahib and Shah Jahan. Kaulan was the daughter of Qazi Rustam Khan of Lahore. She was greatly impressed by the teachings of Guru Aijan Sahib and read them with fondness. How could the fanatic Sunni Muslim tolerate that his daughter in his own home should read ‘bani’ (hymns) of the Sikhs? So he started poisoning Shah Jahan’s ears against Guru Sahib.’ It had its desired impact.

Question 45.
Give a brief account of the battle of Amritsar fought between Guru , Hargobind Sahib and the Mughals.
Answer:
The first battle between the Sikhs and the Mughals was fought during Guru Hargobind Sahib’s time, at Amritsar in 1634 A.D. A royal hawk was the immediate cause of this battle. It is said that at that time the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan was .hunting in a forest near Amritsar along with his soldiers. On the other hand, Guru Hargobind Sahib was also hunting in the same forest along with his Sikhs. During this hunt a hawk which was presented to Shah Jahan by the emperor of Iran flew away. It fell into the hands of the Sikhs and they refused to give it back to the Mughals.

Consequently, Shah Jahan sent an army of 7000 soldiers under the command of Mukhlis Khan to teach a lesson to the Sikhs. The Sikh soldiers fought with the Mughal army with great valour and determination. Mukhlis Khan was killed in this battle. Consequently, the Mughal army took to its heels. Thus, the Sikhs became victorious in this first battle. This victory enhanced the morale of the Sikhs.

Question 46.
Write a short note on the battle of Lahira fought in the times of Guru ; Hargobind.
Answer:
Soon after the battle of Amritsar, second battle was fought between the Mughals the Sikhs at a place called Lahira (near Bathinda). The immediate cause of this ;. battle was two horses named Dilbag and Gulbag. Two Masands named Bakht Mai and Tara Chand were bringing these horses from Kabul to present them to Guru Hargobind Sahib. On the way, the Mughals dispossessed them of these horses and sent them to the royal stable. Bhai Bidhi Chand, a devotee of Guru Hargobind Ji could no tolerate it. He went in disguise as a grass cutter and brought out both the horses from the royal stable and sent them to Guru Hargobind Sahib. When Shah Jahan heard news, he was very angry.

He immediately sent a large army under the command of Lala Beg and Qamar Beg to crush the power of the Sikhs. A fierce battle was fought between the Mughals and the Sikhs at a place called Lahira. The Mughals had to suffer a heavy loss of life and both their commanders Lala Beg and Qamar Beg were killed. Bhai Jetha too was martyred in this battle. The Sikhs emerged victorious in this battle.

Question 47.
What do you know about the battle of Kartarpur fought between Guru Hargobind Ji and the Mughals?
Answer:
The third battle between the Mughals and the Sikhs was fought at Kartarpur in 1635 A.D. The cause of this battle was Painda Khan. He was the commander of the Pathan troop in the army of Guru Hargobind Sahib. He had given a proof of his bravery in the battle of Amritsar. But, now he had become arrogant. He stole a hawk of Guru Sahib and gave it to his son-in-law. When Guru Hargobind Sahib enquired about it, he pretended ignorance. Later on when Guru Hargobind Sahib came to know about his lie, Guru Hargobind Sahib dismissed him from the job. Painda Khan decided to avenge this insult. He sought refuge with Shah Jahan. He instigated Shah Jahan to take military action against Guru Hargobind Sahib.

As a result, Shah Jahan sent an army under Painda Khan and Kale Khan to take action against Guru Hargobind Ji. A fierce battle was fought between the two armies at Kartarpur. The Sikh soldiers fought very bravely in this battle. Guru Hargobind Sahib’s two sons, Bhai Gurditta Ji and Tegh Bahadur Ji showed rare feats of bravery. Kale Khan, Painda Khan and his son Qutub Khan were killed in this battle while fighting with Guru Hargobind Sahib. The Mughal army too suffered heavy losses and had to face a crushing defeat.

Question 48.
Write briefly about Guru Hargobind’s battles with the Mughals. What is their significance in Sikh History?
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji fought four battles against the Mughals in Shah Jahan’s time from 1634 to 1635 A.D. The first battle was fought at Amritsar in 1634 A.D. A royal hawk proved to be an immediate cause of this battle. This hawk had fallen into the hands of the Sikhs and they refused to give it back to the Mughals. Shah Jahan sent a vast army under the command of Mukhlis Khan to teach the Sikhs a lesson. The Sikhs fought bravely in this battle and became victorious. The second battle was fought at Lahira in 1634 A.D. The two horses, Dilbag and Gulbag became the root cause of this battle.

The Mughals suffered heavy losses in this battle. The third battle was fought at Kartarpur between Guru Hargobind Ji and the Mughals in 1635 A.D. Gurditta and Tegh Bahadur, the two sons of Guru Hargobind displayed their rare feats of bravery in this battle. In the same year, the last battle between the Mughals and Guru Hargobind Sahib was fought at Phagwara. Despite their limited resources, the Sikhs came out victorious in these battles. It spread the fame of Sikhism, far and wide and a large % number of people embraced it.

Question 49.
Why is Guru Hargobind Sahib known as Bandi Chhor Baba?
Answer:
The Mughal emperor Jahangir had detained Guru Hargobind Sahib in the >rt of Gwalior. In this fort were confined 52 other kings for political reasons. These kings were very much impressed by Guru Hargobind Sahib’s personality. They did not feel any difficulty in the company of Guru Hargobind Sahib. But when Jahangir decided to release Guru Hargobind Sahib, these kings became restless at the very thought of separation. Guru Hargobind Sahib had also developed sympathy for these kings.

Therefore, Guru Hargobind Sahib sent a message to Jahangir that he would not get released from the fort of Gwalior as long as 52 kings confined in the same fort were also not released. Consequently, Jahangir had to order the release of these 52 kings also. In this way, Guru Hargobind Sahib came to be known as Bandi Chhor Baba (emancipator of captives.

Question 50.
Write a note on Akal Takht.
Or
Explain briefly the importance of building of Akal Takht in Sikh History.
Or
What is the importance of the construction of Sri Akal Takht?
Answer:
The construction of Akal Takht (The eternal throne) Sahib by Guru Hargobind Sahib was his stupendous work. Its construction was started by Guru Hargobind Sahib in 1606 A.D. in front of Harmandir Sahib. This project was completed in 1609 A.D. It had a 12 feet high platform which resembled the Mughal throne. Here Guru Hargobind Sahib used to sit in a princely attire and guide the Sikhs in political and military affairs. From here he used to witness wrestling bouts and other martial arts of the Sikhs. At this place he recruited soldiers and received arms and horses from the Masands.

The professional bards sang ballads of unrivalled heroism with a view to infuse a new confidence into the Sikhs. At this very place Guru Hargobind Sahib used to settle the disputes of the Sikhs also like a king in court. In fact, Akal Takht served the purpose of supreme court for the Sikhs. Very soon Akal Takht became a famous hub of the . political activities of the Sikhs.

Question 51.
Give a brief account of the relations of Guru Hargobind Ji with the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan.
Answer:
Shah Jahan became the new emperor of the Mughals in 1628 A.D. During his time, relations between the Sikhs and the Mughals became strained. Firstly, Shah Jahan was a very orthodox emperor. He got the Baoli, built by Guru Arjan Dev Ji at Lahore, filled with filth and converted the Langar building into a mosque. Secondly, Naqshbandis started inciting Shah Jahan against the Sikhs with redoubled zeal. Thirdly, Shah Jahan did not like Guru Sahib’s keeping an army and the Sikhs calling him Sacha Padshah. Fourthly, Kaulan, daughter of a Qazi of Lahore became Guru Hargobind Ji’s disciple.

For this, the Qazi instigated Shah Jahan to take stem steps against the Sikhs. During 1634-35 A.D. four battles were fought between the Sikhs and the Mughals at Amritsar, Lahira, Kartarpur and Phagwara. In these battles the Sikhs became victorious while the Mughals had to face defeat. As a result, the fame of Guru Hargobind Sahib spread far and wide.

Question 52.
Write a short note on the relations between Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji and the Mughal emperors.
Answer:
The Mughal emperors Jahangir and Shah Jahan were contemporaries of Guru Hargobind Ji. Both of them were religiously intolerant. In order to crush the popularity of Sikh movement J ahangir had martyred Guru Arjan Sahib in 1606 A.D. The relations between the Mughals and the Sikhs became strained. After few years, he detained Guru Hargobind Sahib in the fort of Gwalior. The historians differ on the point as to how long Guru Hargobind Sahib was kept in prison in the fort of Gwalior. After some time, Jahangir ordered his release and the relations between both took a new turn.

In 1627, Shah Jahan became the new Mughal emperor. He was a great orthodox. As a result, the relations between the Sikhs and the Mughals once again became strained. In 1634-35 A.D. four battles at Amritsar, Lahira, Kartarpur and Phagwara were fought between them. In these battles Guru Hargobind Ji emerged victorious. The victories in these battles increased the self-confidence of the Sikhs.

Question 53.
Why is pontificate of Guru Har Rai Ji considered important in the development of Sikhism?
Or
Write a short note on Guru Har Rai Ji.
Answer:
Guru Har Rai Ji remained on Gurgaddi from 1645 to 1661 A.D. His pontificate is considered peaceful in Sikh History. In order to preach Sikhism, Guru Har Rai Ji travelled to different parts of the Punjab i.e. Jalandhar, Amritsar; Kartarpur, Gurdaspur, Ferozepur, Patiala, Ambala, Kamal and Hissar. Besides, he sent his preachers outside Punjab. During his journey to the Malwa region, Guru Sahib blessed Phul, that he would become great and * his descendants would rule. This prophecy of Guru Sahib turned out to be true. Dara Shikoh, the elder son of Shah Jahan was a devoted follower of Guru Har Rai Ji. In 1658 A.D. he was defeated by Aurangzeb. Thereafter, Dara Shikoh visited Guru Har Rai Ji to seek his blessings.

Guru Har Rai Ji boosted his morale. After Aurangzeb firmly established himself on the throne he summoned Guru Har Rai Ji to Delhi. Guru Har Rai Ji sent his elder son Ram Rai to Delhi. In order to save himself from Aurangzeb’s wrath he wrongly interpreted a hymn of Adi Granth Sahib. Consequently, the Guru declared Ram Rai unfit for Guruship and nominated his younger son Har Krishan Ji as the next successor of the Sikhs.

Question 54.
Write a brief note on Guru Har Krishan Ji. Why was he called Bal Guru?
Or
Write a short note on Guru Har Krishan Ji.
Answer:
Guru Har Krishan Ji was the younger son of Guru Har Rai Ji. His pontificate began in 1661 A.D. Thus, he became the 8th Guru of the Sikhs. At the time of his
assumption of Guruship he was only five years old. That is why Guru Har Krishan Ji is also known as the Child Guru (Bal Guru) in Sikh History. Ram Rai, the elder brother of Guru Har Krishan Ji stoutly opposed him. He considered himself to be the real claimant of Guruship. He tried his best to wrest Guruship from ‘his brother but when he did not succeed, he sought help from Aurangzeb, who called Guru Har Krishan Ji to Delhi. Guru Har Krishan Ji went to Delhi in 1664 A.D.

He stayed at the house of Mirza Raja Jai Singh. Cholera and small pox had broken out in Delhi in those days. Guru Har Krishan Ji devoted himself to the help of the sick, the poor and the orphAnswer: He himself became a victim of small pox and was taken ill. He breathed his last on March 30,1664 A.D., but before that he uttered the words ‘Baba Bakala’ which meant that his successor would be found at Bakala.

Question 55.
Give a brief account of the travels of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Or
What do you know about the travels of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji?
Answer:
During his pontificate (1664-1675 AD.), Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji travelled extensively in and outside Punjab. The object of these travels was to dispel the ignorance of people and to preach Sikhism. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji started his travels in 1664 A.D. from Amritsar. Thereafter, he went to Walla, Ghukewali, Khadur Sahib, Goindwal Sahib, Tam Taran, Khem Karan, Kiratpur and Bilaspur etc. After his travels in the Punjab Guru Ji travelled to the east of India.

During this travel, he visited Saifabad,*Dhamdhan, Delhi, Mathura, Barindaban, Agra, Kanpur, Paryag, Banaras, Gaya, Patna, Dacca (Dhaka) and Assam etc. After these travels, Guru Ji visited many famousplaces of the Punjab along with his family. His travels proved very useful for the development of Sikhism. People in a large number came into the fold of Sikhism.

Question 56
Name the sincere Sikh who searched for the Ninth Guru and why?
Or
Which Sikh devotee identified the ninth Guru and why?
Answer:
Before breathing his last in 1664 A.D., Guru Har Krishan Ji had hinted to the Sikh Sangat that his successor would be found at Baba Bakala. When the news reached Baba Bakala that Guru Sahib had expired without naming the next Guru, 22 impostors grabbed this golden opportunity and established 22 Manjis at Baba Bakala. Each one of them called himself the real Guru. It was a moment of great crisis for the Sikh Panth. At such a time, a sincere Sikh, Makhan Shah Lubana found the solution to this crisis. He was a trader. Once, when his ship was caught in a storm on the high seas, he had prayed to Guru Sahib, with pure heart that he would offer 500 gold mohars at the feet of Guru Ji, if his ship was saved.

With the blessings of Guru Ji, his ship was saved from being sunk. As per his promise, he reached Baba Bakala along with his family to offer 500 gold mohars. He was taken aback, when he found 22 Gurus. He made a plan to search out the real Guru.

He went to every ‘guru’ turn by turn and, offered two mohars each. The impostor gurus gladly accepted these. Last of all when . Makhan Shah Lubana offered two mohars to Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji, the latter said, “When your ship was sinking, youpromised to offer 500 mohars and now you are offering. only two.” On hearing it, he was oveijoyed. He went atop the house and shouted aloud, “Guru Ladho Re, Guru Ladho re,” which meant that I have found the real Guru. In this way, the Sikhs accepted Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji as their Guru.

Question 57.
What were the causes of the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji?
Or
Highlight the causes of the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Or
Study the causes responsible for the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Answer:
Aurangzeb’s fanaticism became the main cause of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s martyrdom. Aurangzeb became the emperor of Mughals in 1658 A.D. He could not tolerate the existence of any other religion except Islam. He got many temples of the Hindus razed to the ground and constructed mosques in their place. Restrictions were imposed on the festivals and customs of the Hindus. He also issued the order to demolish many Sikh Gurdwaras. At “this time, Naqashbandis, a fanatic Sunni Muslim sect started poisoning the ears of Aurangzeb and incited him to act against the Sikhs.

They could not bear the growing influence of the Sikhs in and outside the Punjab. Ram Rai started. hatching a conspiracy against Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji to get Guruship, and it had the desired effect on Aurangzeb. The outcry of Kashmiri Pandits became the immediate ‘ cause of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s martyrdom. At that time, Aurangzeb was bent oh. converting all the Pandits of Kashmir to Islam. Those, who refused, were slain. Seeing’ no way out, they requested Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji, to come to their rescue and Guru Ji accepted their request.

Question 66.
Write a brief note on the creation of Khalsa Panth.
Answer:
The foundation of Khalsa Panth was laid by Guru Gobind Singh Ji on the 30th of March, 1699 A.D., on the eve of Baisakhi at Anandpur Sahib. Following were the main principles of Khalsa Panth:

• It was essential for everyone who wanted to join Khalsa Panth to take Khande-da-Pahul.
• Every Khalsa man would suffix Singh with his name and the Khalsa woman would suffix Kaur with her name.
• Every Khalsa would not worship any god or goddess other than God.
• Every Khalsa must wear five K’s i.e. Kes, Kanga, Kara, Kachha and Kirpan.
• Every Khalsa would get up early in the morning and recite Bani after taking a bath.
• Each Khalsa would earn his living honestly and give l/10th of his income in charity.
• Each Khalsa would wield weapons and be always ready to fight for the protection of religion.
• Every Khalsa would remain away from the use of tobacco and other intoxicants.
• Every Khalsa would not believe in caste system.
• Every Khalsa would address one another by uttering “Waheguru Ji Ka Khalsa, Waheguru Ji Ki Fateh.” The creation of Khalsa Panth by Guru Gobind Singh Ji ushered a new era in the history of the Sikhs.

Question 67.
When was the Khalsa created by Guru Gobind Singh Ji? What are its main principles?
Or
Explain the main principles of the Khalsa.
Or
Make a brief mention of the main principles of the Khalsa.
Or
Write the main principles of the Khalsa Panth founded by Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
Answer:
Guru Gobind Singh Ji created Khalsa on March 30,1699 A.D. Its main principles were:

• For every person who wishes to join the Khalsa Panth, it is essential to drink the Nectar of Immortality (Sikh baptism).
• Every Khalsa man will use ‘Singh’ with his name and Khalsa woman ‘Kaur’ with her name.
• Every Khalsa will worship no god or goddess but only one God.
• Every Khalsa will wear the five emblems i.e. Kes (hair), Kangha (comb), Kara (iron bangle), Kachha (underwear) and Kirpan (sword).
• Every Khalsa will sacrifice his all for the protection of his Dharma and country.
• Every Khalsa will wake up at dawn, take a bath and recite Gurbani.
• Every Khalsa will earn his livelihood by the sweat of his brow and donate 0th of his earnings for the spread of Dharma.
• Every Khalsa will wear weapons and be ready to fight for righteous causes.
• The Khalsa while meeting each other will hail, “Wahe Guru Ji Ka Khalsa, Wahe Ji Ki Fateh.
• No Khalsa will smoke, make use of intoxicants and have extra-marital relations.
• No Khalsa will believe in caste system and think in terms of high and low.

Question 68.
What was the importance of creation of Khalsa Panth in the Sikh History?
Or
Study the importance of the creation of Khalsa.
Answer:
The creation of the Khalsa in 1699 A.D. by Guru Gobind Singh Ji is considered one of the most important events of the Sikh History. With its establishment, a large number of people began to join Sikhism. It also led to the establishment of an ideal society. There was no room for the concept of high and low in it. All the castes were treated equally. Thus, the downtrodden people got an uplift after many centimes. It also gave a rude jolt to the age-old superstitions and customs. Gum Gobind Singh Ji instilled a new spirit among the Sikhs by creating Khalsa.

The weakest of the weak among the Sikhs became a lion in spirit. Sword became his constant companion. To tolerate injustice was now considered a sin by every Sikh. Their bravery set up new examples. Thus, a revolutionary change was effected in their character. In the long run, they succeeded in putting an end to the Mughal rule and established an independent Sikh empire under Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Question 69.
Write a brief note on the First battle of Anandpur Sahib.
Answer:
After the creation of the Khalsa in 1699 A.D., a-large number of people began to join Sikhism. The increasing power of Gum Gobind Singh Ji alarmed the Hill Chiefs. Raja Bhim Chand of Kahlur, in whose territory Anandpur Sahib was situated, asked Gum Gobind Singh Ji to vacate Anandpur Sahib. Guru Gobind Singh Ji clearly refused to comply with his demand. He clarified that Gum Tegh Bahadur Sahib had made full payment for the land, when he founded this town. At this Bhim Chand formed a joint front with the cooperation of other Hill Chiefs.

The allied forces under the command of Raja Bhim Chand besieged the fort of Anandpur Sahib in 1701 A.D. This siege continued for many days. Though, Gum Gobind Singh Ji had a very limited number of soldiers inside the fort, yet he was able to offer stiff resistance to the aggressors. When the Hill Chiefs saw that there were no chances of their success they made peace with Gum Gobind Singh Ji. It was only a tactic of Hill Chiefs to have time to launch a more vigorous attack on Gum Gobind Singh Ji.

Question 70.
Write a brief note on the Second battle of Anandpur Sahib.
Answer:
Though the Hill Chiefs had made a peace treaty with Gum Gobind Singh Ji in 1701 A.D., yet they wanted to take revenge upon him for their humiliation. With this end in view, they sought the help of the Mughals. The allied army besieged the fort Anandpur Sahib in 1704 A.D. Though, it tried several times to enter the fort yet their efforts were fmstrated by the brave Sikh warriors. As the siege of the for prolonged, the Sikhs felt the shortage of provisions. When the patience of the ‘ began to waver due to hunger, they requested Guru Gobind Singh. Ji to leave the Anandpur Sahib.

Guru Gobind-Singh Ji advised the Sikhs to wait for a few more days and to have patience. But, 40 Sikhs gave Bedawa (Document of Denunciation) to Guru Ji and left the fort. On the other hand, the combined forces were also tired of the prolonged siege of the fort. In the event of defeat, they were to face infamy. So, they played a trick. They took oaths on the Quran and the cow to assure Guru Gobind Singh Ji that they would not harm him if he vacated the fort of Anandpur Sahib. But, as soon as Guru Gobind Singh Ji came out of the fort, the joint army fell upon the Sikhs.

Question 71.
Give a brief account of the battle of Chamkaur Sahib.
Answer:
After Guru Gobind Singh Ji left the fort of Anandpur Sahib, the Mughal army chased him. Guru Gobind Singh Ji took shelter in a Garhi (mud fortress) in Chamkaur Sahib along with his 40 Sikhs. Soon, thousands of Mughal soldiers laid siege to the Garhi. The battle of Chamkaur Sahib was fought in 1704 A.D. It was a bloody battle. In this battle, the two elder sons of Guru Ji, Sahibzada Ajit Singh and Jujhar Singh exhibited such feats of warfare and bravery that the Mughals were taken aback. Both of them caused havoc among the allied ranks and ultimately laid down their lives.

It is impossible to find any other example of such rare bravery as the Sikhs showed in this battle. On the request of five Sikhs, Guru Ji decided to leave the Garhi of Chamkaur. While leaving the Garhi, Guru Gobind Singh Ji challenged the Mughal army that it could cause no harm to him.

Question 72.
Write a brief note on the battle of Khidrana (Sri Mukatsar Sahib).
Answer:
The battle of Khidrana was the last and decisive battle fought between Guru Gobind Singh Ji and the Mughals. Facing severed hardships in the forests of Machhiwara, Guru Gobind Singh Ji reached Khidrana. When theTVIughal army came to know about it, the Faujdar of Sirhind, Wazir Khan planned to attack Guru Ji at Khidrana. Taking a vast army, he attacked the army of Guru Gobind Singh Ji at Khidrana on December 29, 1705 A.D. The Sikhs exhibited bravery in this battle also. They launched such a fierce attack on the Mughal army that it fled from the field. In this way, in the last battle Guru Gobind Singh Ji got a glorious victory.

The 40 Sikhs who had parted company with Guru Ji in the second battle of Anandpur Sahib also fought to their last in this battle. Impressed by their sacrifice and on the request of their dying leader Mahan Singh, Guru Ji tore away the Bedawa (Document of Denunciation) and blessed them with the boon of salvation (Mukti). In this way Khidrana got the name of Sri Mukatsar Sahib.

Question 73.
What do you know about literary activities of Guru Gobind Singh Ji?
Or
Describe the literary activities of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
Or
‘valuate the literary achievements of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
Answer:
Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s contribution in the field of literature is invaluable. He elf was a poet and a literateur of high order. Most of his literature was lost in the Sirsa river at the time of his retreat from Anandpur Sahib to Chamkaur Sahib. Still the literature that survived and reached us, is a sufficient proof of his being a great scholar. Guru Ji used Punjabi, Hindi, Sanskrit, Persian and Arabic languages in his writings. His great works are Jaap Sahib, Bachitar Natak, Akal Ustat, Zafamama, Chandi Di Var etc. These writings are so forceful that they even arouse the dormant energies of depressed people. Guru Gobind Singh Ji had accorded patronage to 52 top- class poets in his Durbar. Among these, the names of Senapat, Nand Lai, Gopal and Udai Rai are very prominent.

Question 74.
What is Zafamama?
Or
Write a note on Zafamama.
Answer:
Zafamama is a letter of victory written by Guru Gobind Singh Ji to Aurangzeb. It was written in Persian. It was written from Dina Kangar. It was sent through Bhai Dayala to Aurangzeb who was in Deccan at that time. In this letter Guru Gobind Singh Ji boldly explained about his oppression and injustice and breaking of oaths taken on the Quran by his officials. He accused Aurangzeb of betrayal of faith. Guru Ji writes, “O Aurangzeb you call yourself a religious man, but you don’t have a grain of truth in you. You don’t have any faith in Khuda (God) and Mohammad. Is it bravery that your army of lakhs, invades our fort and starving Sikhs? You and your army officials, all are traitors and cowards.

Though you are a king of kings and a renowned army commander, you are miles and miles away from religion. You have one thing on the lips and quite another in the heart.” This letter of Guru Gobind Singh Ji deeply impressed the mind of Aurangzeb. He sent a message to Guru Gobind Singh Ji for a personal meeting. Guru Sahib was yet on his way, when Aurangzeb expired.

Question 75.
“Gum Gobind Singh Ji was a builder par-excellence.” Do you agree to this argument?
Answer:
Undoubtedly, Guru Gobind Singh Ji was a great organiser. The Mughal government of Aurangzeb was not at all prepared to tolerate any movement, especially the Sikh movement. It brought about the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji. Masand system among the Sikhs had become thoroughly corrupt. The Hindus had been crestfallen since long. The Hill Chiefs had connived’with the Mughal government due to their vested interests. Despite these adverse factors Guru Gobind Singh Ji gave a proof of his organising ability by creating Khalsa Panth.

Really, it was a great wonder that infused a new spirit among people. They became great warriors and were ready the sacrifice everything for the sake of their religion. They did not heave a sigh of rel until they put an end to the Mughal and Afghan rule in Punjab and established t) independent rule. It was indeed a great contribution of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.

Question 76.
Mention any five characteristics of Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s personality.
Answer:
Guru Gobind Singh Ji was a great warrior and general of his time. He was expert in horse-riding, deft in the use of bow and arrow, and other weapons. He himself commanded his army in every battle. He used to remain unnerved in the battlefield despite heavy odds. In spite of limited resources, Guru Sahib gained glorious success against the Hill Chiefs and the Mughals. Guru Gobind Singh Ji was as brave and fearless as a lion.

Although, he had to undergo innumerable hardships, he never reconciled with oppression and tyranny. Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s Zafamama addressed to Aurangzeb is a testimony of his fearlessness. Guru Gobind Singh Ji was a great religious leader. He fought against the Mughals for the protection of religion and sacrificed everything. He persuaded his followers to worship only God and to recite Gurbani. He was also a superb scholar. His great works include Jaap Sahib, Bachitar Natak and Zafamama. In these works, he used Punjabi, Hindi, Sanskrit, Arabic and Persian languages. Undoubtedly, the literary heritage of Guru Gobind Singh was very rich.

Answer in One Word to One Sentence:

Question 1.
Mention the total number of Gurus of the Sikhs.
Answer:
The total number of Gurus of the Sikhs is ten.

Question 2.
Who was the founder of Sikhism?
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji was the founder of Sikh religion,

Question 3.
Who started Sikh religion and when?
Answer:
Sikh religion was started by Guru Nanak Dev Ji in 1469 A.D.

Question 4.
When and where was Guru Nanak Dev Ji born?
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji was born in 1469 A.D. at Talwandi (in Pakistan).

Question 5.
Who is the author of “Satgur Nanak Pargatiya Miti Dhund Jag Chanan Hoa”?
Answer:
Bhai Gurdas Ji is the author of these words.

Question 6.
What is the present name of Guru Nanak’s birth place?
Answer:
Nankana Sahib.

Question 7.
Name the parents of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Or
What was the name of Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s father?
Or
What was the name of Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s mother?
Answer:
Mehta Kalu and Tripta Devi.

Question 8.
To which clan did the father of Gum Nanak Dev Ji belong?
Answer:
The father of Guru Nanak Dev Ji belonged to Khatri clan of Bedi caste.

Question 9.
Who was Mehta Kalu?
Answer:
He was the fathefr of Gum Nanak Dev Ji.

Question 10.
Who was Tripta Devi?
Answer:
She was the mother of Gum Nanak Dev Ji.

Question 11.
Why was Gum Nanak Dev Ji named ‘Npnak’?
Answer:
Gum Nanak Dev Ji got this name, because he was born at the place of his mother’s parents.

Question 12.
What was the name of the sister of Gum Nanak Dev Ji?
Answer:
The name of Gum Nanak Dev Ji’s sister was Nanaki.

Question 13.
Name any two teachers of Gum Nanak Dev Ji from whom he got education in childhood.
Answer:
Pt. Gopal and Maulvi Qutub-ud-din.

Question 14.
To whom was Gum Nanak Dev Ji married?
Answer:
Bibi Sulakhni.

Question 15.
Name the sons of Gum Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:
Sri Chand and Lakhmi Das.

Question 16.
Why was Gum Nanak Dev Ji sent to Sultanpur?
Answer:
Gum Nanak Dev Ji was sent to Sultanpur to do a job.

Question 17.
To whom was Gum Nanak Dev Ji sept at Sultanpur?
Answer:
To his brother-in-law Jairam at Sultanpur.

Question 18.
At which place did Guru Nanak Dev Ji get the enlightenment?
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji got the enlightenment in 1499 A.D in Kali Bein rivulet at Sultanpur.

Question 19.
What was the first utterance of Guru Nanak Dev Ji after enlightenment?
Or
Where from and with which words did Guru Nanak Dev Ji start his preaching work?
Answer:
“Na Ko Hindu, Na Ko Musalman”.

Question 20.
What is meant by the Udasis of Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s Udasis were his travels.

Question 21.
What was the purpose of Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s Udasis?
Answer:
To dispel the ignorance and superstitions prevalent among people and to preach Holy Name.

Question 22.
When and from where did Guru Nanak Dev Ji start his first Udasi?
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji started his first Udasi from Saidpur (Eminabad) in 1499 A.D.

Question 23.
How many years Guru Nanak Dev Ji spent in Udasis?
Answer:
21 years.

Question 24.
Which was the constant companion of Guru Nanak Dev ji during his Udasis?
Or
Who was the Companion of Guru Nanak Dev Ji at the time of Udasis (Religions Tour).
Answer:
Bhai Mardana Ji.

Question 25.
Who became the first follower of Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
Answer:
Bhai Lalo.

Question 26.
Why did Guru Nanak Dev Ji refuse the food of Malik Bhago*?
Answer:
It was not earned by honest meAnswer:

Question 27.
Where did Guru Nanak Dev Ji meet Sajjan Thug (Cheat)?
Answer:
Talumba.

Question 28.
What lesson was given to the people of Kurukshetra by Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
Answer:
They should concentrate on the internal purity rather than external things.

Question 29.
How did Guru Nanak Dev Ji condemn the blind faith of the Hindus at Haridwar?
Answer:
Their throwing of water would reach the other world.

Question 30.
Where Guru Nanak Dev Ji watered to sun towards west instead of East?
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji watered to sun towards west instead of East at Haridwar.

Question 31.
What message did Guru Nanak Dev Ji give to the Yogis at Gorakhmata?
Answer:
At Gorakhmata Guru Nanak Dev Ji gave the message to the Yogis that salvation can be attained by not external show off but by internal purity of soul.

Question 32.
Who was Nur Shahi?
Answer:
Nur Shahi was the famous witch of Kamrup.

Question 33.
With which Pandit Guru Nanak Dev Ji held discussion at Banaras?
Answer:
Pandit Chattar Dass.

Question 34.
At which temple of Orissa Guru Nanak Dev Ji told the real meaning of Aarti?
Answer:
Jagan Nath Puri temple in Orissa.

Question 35.
What was told to the Siddhas of Kailash Parbat by Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
Answer:
To serve the humanity.

Question 36.
Which ruler of Ceylon met Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
Answer:
Shivnath.

Question 37.
Which incident took place with Guru Nanak Dev Ji at Mecca?
Or
Narrate the incident which happened with Guru Nanak Dev Ji at Mecca.
Answer:
Qazi Rukun-ud-Din shifted Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s feet to the other side, Kaba also shifted to that side.

Question 38.
With what name is Hasan Abdal now known?
Answer:
Panja Sahib.

Question 39.
Which Mughal king arrested Guru Nanak Dev Ji for some time?
Answer:
Babar.

Question 40.
What was the concept of God of Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
Answer:
According to Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s views, God is one.

Question 41.
Write two prominent teachings of Guru Nanak Dev ji.
Answer:
God is one and He is omnipotent.

Question 42.
Explain the concept of Kirat by Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:
One should earn his bread by honest labour.

Question 43.
How many enemies of man have been indentified by Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
Answer:
Five.

Question 44.
What is the concept of Guru in Sikh religion, according to Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
Answer:
Guru is the ladder by means of which one reaches God.

Question 45.
What is the importance of meditation of God according to Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
Answer:
Without the meditation of God the coming of man into this world is fruitless.

Question 46.
Name any one trait of Manmukh (Unregenerate Man).
Answer:
A Manmukh is always surrounded by sensual lust.

Question 47.
What is self-surrender?
Answer:
Self-surrender means to give up ego. It is very essential to reach God.

Question 48.
What is Nadar?
Answer:
Nadar means the benevolence of God.

Question 49.
What is Hukam?
Answer:
Hukam means the decree of God.

Question 50.
What is the concept of Kirat?
Answer:
Kirat means the earning by one’s honest labour.

Question 51.
What is meant by ‘Anjan Mahe Niranjan’?
Answer:
It means leading a simple and pious life amidst the impurities of the world.

Question 52.
Give the substance of Guru Nanak Dev ji’s teachings in three words.
Answer:
Do honest labour, utter Nam and eat after distributing.

Question 53.
Who started the tradition of Kirtan?
Answer:
The institution of Kirtan was started by Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

Question 54.
Guru Nanak Dev Ji was a social reformer. Write a point in your favour.
Answer:
He strongly opposed and criticised child marriage, purdah system and sati system among women.

Question 55.
When and which town was set up by Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji established Kartarpur in 1521 A.D.

Question 56.
Which Guru established a town on the bank of Ravi? Also write the name of the town.
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji established Kartarpur on the bank of Ravi.

Question 57.
What does the word Kartarpur stand for?
Answer:
Kartarpur means the abode of God.

Question 58.
Which two institutions were established at Kartarpur by Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
Answer:
Sangat and Pangat.

Question 59.
Which Guru created the institution of Sangat and Pangat and at which place?
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji created the institution of Sangat and Pangat at Kartarpur Sahib.

Question 60.
What is the meaning of Sangat?
Answer:
Sangat means the congregation which listens to the hymns of Guru.

Question 61.
What is the meaning of Pangat?
Answer:
Pangat means a group of people sitting in a queue to eat Langar.

Question 62.
Which Guru started the Langar system?
Answer:
Guru Ka Langar was started by Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

Question 63.
Where did Guru Nanak Dev Ji spend his last years?
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji spent his last years in Kartarpur (Pakistan).

Question 64.
Name only two compositions of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:

• Japji Sahib,
• Barah Maha.

Question 65.
Which Guru Sahib pronounces Babar-Bani?
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji pronounced Babar-Bani.

Question 66.
In which year and where did Guru Nanak Dev Ji inmersed in Eternal Light?
Answer:
1539 A.D.

Question 67.
Whom did Guru Nanak Dev Ji appoint his successor?
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji.

Question 68.
Who gave the name of Guru Angad to Bhai Lehna Ji?
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

Question 69.
What is the importance of the appointment of successor by Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
Answer:
It led to the continution of Gurugaddi in Sikhism.

Question 70.
Who was the second Guru of Sikhism?
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji.

Question 71.
What was the period of Guruship of Guru Angad Dev Ji?
Answer:
1539 to 1552 A.D.

Question 72.
When and where was Guru Angad Dev Ji born?
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji was born in 1504 A.D. at Matte-di-Sarai in Mukatsar.

Question 73.
Who was the father of Guru Angad Dev Ji?
Answer:
Pheru Mai was the father of Gum Angad Dev Ji.

Question 74.
Name the mother of Guru Angad Dev ji.
Answer:
Sabhrai Devi.

Question 75.
What was the original name of Guru Angad Dev Ji?
Answer:
Gum Angad Dev Ji’s original name was Bhai Lehna Ji.

Question 76.
Which was the religious headquarter of Guru Angad Dev Ji?
Answer:
Khadur Sahib (Amritsar) was the religious headquarter of Guru Angad Dev Ji.

Question 77.
Guru Angad Dev Ji improved which script?
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji improved Gurmukhi script.

Question 78.
Which town second Guru established?
Answer:
Second Gum established Goindwal Sahib.

Question 79.
Who laid the foundation of Goindwal Sahib and when?
Or
Who founded Goindwal Sahib?
Answer:
Gum Angad Dev Ji laid the foundation of Goindwal Sahib in 1546 A.D.

Question 80.
Which two institutions were developed by Guru Angad Dev Ji?
Answer:
Sangat and Pangat.

Question 81.
Name one important contribution of Guru Angad Dev Ji to the development of Sikh Panth.
Or
How did Guru Angad Dev Ji spread Sikhism?
Answer:
He made the Gurmukhi script popular.

Question 82.
Who managed Langar system at Khadur Sahib during Guru Angad Dev Ji’s time?
Or
Guru Angad Dev Ji appointed his wife as incharge of which institution at Khadur Sahib?
Answer:
Bibi Khivi Ji.

Question 83.
What was the effect of Langar system?
Answer:
Langar system gave a crushing blow to the caste system of the Hindus.

Question 84.
Who was the founder of Udasi sect?
Answer:
Baba Sri Chand Ji.

Question 85.
What do you mean by Udasis sect?
Answer:
This sect laid emphasis on asceticism.

Question 86.
Name the two singers (Ragis) punished by Guru Angad Dev Ji with a view to infuse discipline in the Sikh religion.
Or
Who were the important Kirtan reciters of Guru Angad Dev Ji’s period who defied the discipline of the Sangat?
Answer:
Satta and Balwand.

Question 87.
Which Mughal emperor came to Khadur Sahib, to see Guru Angad Dev Ji?
Answer:
Humayun.

Question 88.
Whom did Guru Angad Dev Ji appoint his successor?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji.

Question 89.
Who was the third Guru of the Sikhs?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji.

Question 90.
What was the period of his pontificate?
Answer:
1552 to 1574 A.D.

Question 91.
What was the name of father and mother of Guru Amar Das Ji?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji’s mother was Sulakhni Devi and father was Tej Bhan Bhalla.

Question 92.
When was Guru Amar Das Ji born?
Answer:
1479 A.D.

Question 93.
How old was Guru Amar Das Ji when he succeeded to Guruship?
Answer:
73 years.

Question 94.
Name the sons of Guru Amar Das Ji.
Or
Who were Mohan and Mohri?
Answer:
The names of Guru Amar Das Ji’s sons were Mohan and Mohri.

Question 95.
Name the daughters of Guru Amar Das Ji.
Answer:
The names of Guru Amar Das Ji’s daughters were Bibi Bhani and Bibi Dani.

Question 96.
Who was Bibi Bhani?
Answer:
Bibi Bhani was the daughter of Guru Amar Das Ji.

Question 97.
Who got the Baoli of Goindwal Sahib constructed?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji.

Question 98.
What was the purpose of the construction of the Baoli at Goindwal Sahib?
Answer:
Its purpose was to give the Sikhs a pilgrimage of their own.

Question 99.
How many steps were built in the Baoli of Goindwal Sahib?
Answer:
84 steps of the Baoli were constructed.

Question 100.
Mention any one contribution of Guru Angad Dev Ji.
Answer:
Contsruction of Baoli at Goindwal Sahib.

Question 101.
By which Guru was Manji system raised and why?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji raised Manji system to carry on the missionary work of Sikhism.

Question 102.
Which Guru started Manji system and how many Manjis were there?
Answer:

• Manji system was started by Guru Amar Das Ji.
• There were 22 Manjis.

Question 103.
What contribution was made by Manji system to the development of Sikhism?
Answer:
Manji system made praiseworthy contribution towards making Sikh religion popular.

Question 104.
Which is the famous Bani of Guru Amar Das ji?
Answer:
Anand Sahib.

Question 105.
Which Guru Sahib pronounced Anand Sahib Bani?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji pronounced Anand Sahib Bani.

Question 106.
Write any one work done by Guru, Amar Das Ji to improve the condition of society.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji advocated equal rights of women as men.

Question 107.
Write any one work done by Guru Amar Das Ji to improve the condition of womanhood.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji abolished the sati system.

Question 108.
Which Mughal emperor came to Goindwal Sahib to see Guru Amar Das Ji?
Answer:
Akbar.

Question 109.
Which Mughal emperor took Langar sitting in Pangat at Goindwal Sahib?
Answer:
Mughal emperor Akbar took Langar in Pangat at Goindwal Sahib.

Question 110.
Which Guru made the Guruship hereditary?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji.

Question 111.
Whom did Guru Amar Das Ji appoint his successor?
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji,

Question 112.
When did Guru Amar Das Ji die?
Answer:
1574 A.D.

Question 113.
Who was the fourth Guru of the Sikhs?
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji.

Question 114.
What was the duration of pontificate of Guru Ram Das Ji?
Answer:
1574 A.D. to 1581 A.D.

Question 115.
When and where was Guru Ram Das Ji born?
Answer:
1534 A.D.

Question 116.
What was Guru Ram Das Ji’s original name?
Answer:
Bhai Jetha Ji.

Question 117.
What was the name of the father of Guru Ram Das Ji?
Answer:
The name of his father was Hari Das Ji.

Question 118.
Name the wife of Gum Ram Das Ji.
Answer:
Bibi Bhani Ji.

Question 119.
Who was Prithi Chand?
Answer:
Prithi Chand was the eldest son of Guru Ram Das Ji and the eldest brother of Guru Aijan Dev Ji.

Question 120.
When did Gum Ram Das Ji occupy the Gum’s seat?
Answer:
1574 A.D.

Question 121.
Mention any one achievement of Gum Ram Das Ji.
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji founded Ramdaspura.

Question 122.
Who founded Ramdaspura?
Or
Which town was established by fourth Gum Ram Das Ji?
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji founded the city of Ramdaspura.

Question 123.
What is the importance of founding Ramdaspura?
Answer:
The Sikhs got their sacred place of worship.

Question 124.
When and which Gum laid the foundation of Amritsar?
Answer:
The foundation of Amritsar was laid in 1577 A.D. by Guru Ram Das Ji.

Question 125.
During which Guru’s time was the settlement between the Sikhs and Udasis made?
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji.

Question 126.
Who started Masand system?
Or
Who started Masand system in Shikhism?
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji started Masand system

Question 127.
Give any one aim of the Masand system.
Answer:
To collect offerings from Sikh Sangat.

Question 128.
Which Mughal king visited Guru Ram Das Ji?
Answer:
Akbar.

Question 129.
Which Sikh Guru started Lavan system of marriage?
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji.

Question 130.
Whom did Guru Ram Das Ji appoint his successor?
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 131.
Who was the fifth Guru of the Sikhs?
Answer:
Guru Aijan Dev Ji,

Question 132.
When and where Guru Aijan Dev Ji was born?
Answer:
Goindwal Sahib.

Question 133.
Give the names of the father and mother of Gum Aijan Dev Ji.
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji was the father of Guru Aijan Dev Ji and that of his mother’s name was Bibi Bhani Ji.

Question 134.
Mention the pontificate of Gum Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
1581 to 1606 A.D.

Question 135.
Who was Prithi Chand?
Answer:
Prithi Chand was Guru Aijan Dev Ji’s elder brother.

Question 136.
Which sect was founded by Prithi Chand?
Answer:
Mina sect.

Question 137.
Why was Prithi annoyed with Gum Arjan Dev Ji?
Answer:
Prithi was annoyed with Guru Arjan Dev Ji, because he considered himself the real claimant of the Gurgaddi.

Question 138.
Whose son was Meharban?
Answer:
Meharban was the son of Prithi Chand.

Question 139.
Name any one important achievement of Gum Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
Guru Aijan Dev Ji founded Sri Harmandir Sahib at Amritsar.

Question 140.
What is meant by Sri Harmandir Sahib?
Answer:
By Sri Harmandir Sahib is meant the place of God’s residence.

Question 141.
By which Guru was Sri Harmandir Sahib got built?
Answer:
Guru Aijan Dev Ji got built Sri Harmandir Sahib.

Question 143.
Who was the first Head Granthi of Sri Harmandir Sahib?
Answer:
The first Head Granthi of Sri Harmandir Sahib was Baba Buddha Ji.

Question 144.
Why four doors have been built on four sides of Sri Harmandir Sahib?
Or
What do the four doors of Sri Harmandir Sahib indicate?
Answer:
The four doors indicated that the doors of Sri Harimandir Sahib were open for people coming from all four directions without any discrimination.

Question 145.
What is meant by the word ‘Kartarpur’?
Answer:
The word Kartarpur means ‘The abode of God’.

Question 146.
What is meant by Tam Taran?
Answer:
Tarn Taran means that a person can swim across the world by bathing in the tank of Tam Taran.

Question 147.
Who founded the town of Tam Taran?
Answer:
Gum Arjan Eev Ji founded Tam Taran.

Question 148.
Define the word ‘Masand’.
Answer:
The word Masand is derived from Persian word Masnad which means ‘high place’.

Question 149.
Point out any one main cause which led to the starting of Masand system.
Answer:
To collect money from the Sikhs.

Question 150.
Give any one aim of the Masand System.
Answer:
To preach Sikh religion.

Question 151.
What was the need of the compilation of Adi Granth Sahib?
Answer:
To provide the Sikhs their separate religious scripture.

Question 152.
When and where was Adi Granth Sahib compiled?
Answer:
The Adi Granth Sahib was compiled in 1604 A.D. at Ramsar.

Question 153.
When and by whom was Adi Granth Sahib compiled?
Answer:
The Adi Granth Sahib was compiled in 1604 A.D. by Gum Arjan Sahib.

Question 154.
Who helped Gum Arjan Dev Ji in compiling the Adi Granth Sahib?
Answer:
Bhai Gurdas Ji.

Question 155.
When was Adi Granth Sahib installed in Sri Harmandir Sahib?
Answer:
The Adi Granth Sahib was installed in Sri Harmandir Sahib on 16 August, 1604 A.D.

Question 156.
Who. was the first Head Granthi of Sri Harmandir Sahib?
Answer:
Baba Buddha Ji.

Question 157.
Which Guru composed the maximum Shabads (Hymns) for Adi Granth Sahib?
Answer:
Guru Aijan Dev Ji.

Question 158.
The Bani of how many Bhagats have been included in Adi Granth Sahib.
Answer:
The Bani of 15 Bhagats is included in the Adi Granth Sahib.

Question 159.
Name any two Bhagats whose compositions are included in Adi Granth Sahib.
Answer:

• Bhagat Kabir Ji,
• Baba Farid Ji.

Question 160.
Name the main religious book of the Sikhs.
Answer:
The main religious book of the Sikhs is Adi Granth or Guru Granth Sahib.

Question 161.
Who was Baba Buddha Ji?
Answer:
Baba Buddha Ji was the first Head Granthi of Sri Darbar Sahib, Amritsar.

Question 162.
Name the central shrine of the Sikhs.
Answer:
Sri Harmandir Sahib, Amritsar is the central shrine of the Sikhs.

Question 163.
Who was Chandu Shah?
Answer:
Chandu Shah was the Diwan of Lahore.

Question 164.
Who was Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi?
Answer:
Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi was the head of Naqashbandi order.

Question 165.
Who was Prince Khusrau?
Answer:
Prince Khusrau was the eldest son of Jahangir.;

Question 166.
Who was the first martyr among the Sikh Gurus?
Answer:
The first martyr among the Sikh Gurus was Guru Aijan Dev Ji.

Question 167.
During which Mughal emperor’s period Guru Aijan Dev Ji was martyred?
Answer:
Guru Aijan Dev Ji was martyred during Mughal emperor Jahangir’s period. Question 168. Describe the main reason for the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. Answer: The main reason for the martyrdom of Guru Aijan Dev Ji was the religious fanaticism of Jahangir.

Question 169.
When was Guru Arjan Dev Ji martyred?
Answer:
May 30,1606 A.D.

Question 170.
When and where was Guru Arjan Dev Ji martyred?
Answer:
Guru Aijan Dev Ji was martyred on May 30,1606 A.D. at Lahore.

Question 171.
Write down the result of the martyrdom of Guru Aijan Dev Ji.
Answer:

• The martyrdom inflammed the sentiments of the Sikhs.
• It entirely changed the character of the peaceful Sikh movement.

Question 172.
Who was the sixth Guru of the Sikhs?
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji.

Question 173.
What was the name of new system started by sixth Guru?
Answer:
Miri and Piri.

Question 174.
Give the period of Guruship of Guru Hargobind Ji.
Answer:
1606 A.D. to 1645 A.D.

Question 175.
When and where was Guru Hargobind Ji born?
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji was born at Wadali village in Amritsar in 1595 A.D.

Question 176.
Name the parents of Guru Hargobind Ji.
Answer:
Mother Ganga Devi Ji and Father Guru Aijan Dev Ji.

Question 177.
Who was Bibi Veero?
Answer:
Bibi Veero was the daughter of Guru Hargobind Ji.

Question 178.
Give any one reason which led to the adoption of New Policy by Guru Hargobind Ji.
Answer:
The martyrdom of Guru Aijan Dev Ji.

Question 179.
Give any one feature of Guru Hargobind Ji’s New Policy.
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji wore two swords of Miri and Piri.

Question 180.
What is meant by the Miri?
Answer:
The sword of Miri symbolised worldly power.

Question 181.
What is meant by Piri?
Answer:
The sword of Piri stood for spiritual power.

Question 182.
State the importance of the New Policy of Guru Hargobind’Ji.
Answer:

• Sikhs became Saint-Soldiers.
• The Jats of Punjab embraced Sikhism in great number.

Question 183.
By whom was the Akal Takht Sahib built and when?
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji got built the Akal Takht Sahib in 1606 A.D.

Question 184.
What is meant by the Akal Takht?
Answer:
The Akal Takht means the seat of God.

Question 185.
Which main works were done by Guru Hargobind Ji at Akal Takht Sahib?
Answer:
He used to consider political and worldly affairs of the Sikhs.

Question 186.
By which Mughal emperor and where was Guru Hargobind Ji kept as a prisoner?
Answer:
The Mughal emperor Jahangir got Guru Hargobind Ji imprisoned in the fort of Gwalior.

Question 187.
Why did the Mughal emperor Jahangir get Guru Hargobind Ji imprisoned in the fort of Gwalior?
Answer:
It was due to the political and military activities of Guru Hargobind Ji.

Question 188.
Which king imprisoned 6th Guru Hargobind Sahib and where?
Answer:
Mughal king Jahangir imprisoned Guru Hargobind Sahib in the fort of Gwalior.

Question 189.
Why is Guru Hargobind Ji called Bandi-Chhor (emancipator) Baba?
Or
Who is called Bandi-Chhor Baba and why?
Or
Which Guru is addressed as ‘Bandi-Chhor’?
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji is called ‘Bandi-Chhor Baba’, because he got 52 other imprisoned kings released along with his own release from the fort of Gwalior.

Question 190.
Who was Kaulan?
Answer:
Kaulan was the daughter of Qazi Rustum Khan.

Question 191.
Describe any one reason for straining of relations between Sikhs and Shah Jahan.
Answer:
Religious fanaticism of Shah Jahan.

Question 192.
When and where was the first battle between Guru Hargobind Ji and Mughals (Shah Jahan) fought?
Answer:
Amritsar in 1634 A.D.

Question 193.
Who won the battle of Amritsar?
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji.

Question 194.
Which new town was established by Guru Hargobind Ji?
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji established the new town of Kiratpur Sahib.

Question 195.
What does the word ‘Kiratpur’ mean?
Answer:
Kiratpur means a place where God is praised.

Question 196.
When and where did Guru Hargobind Ji immersed with immortal?
Answer:
In 1645 A.D. at Kiratpur Sahib.

Question 197.
Who was Guru Hargobind Ji’s successor?
Or
Whom did Guru Hargobind Sahib appoint his successor?
Answer:
Guru Har Rai Ji.

Question 198.
When and where was Guru Har Rai Ji born?
Answer:
January 30, 1630 A.D at Kiratpur Sahib.

Question 199.
What is the name of the seventh Guru of the Sikhs?
Answer:
Guru Har Rai Ji was the seventh Guru of the Sikhs.

Question 200.
What is the period of Guruship of seventh Guru Har Rai Ji?
Answer:
He remained on Gurgaddi from 1645 A.D. to 1661 A.D.

Question 201.
When did Guru Har Rai Ji leave this mortal world?
Answer:
Guru Har Rai Ji left this mortal world in 1661 A.D.

Question 202.
Whom did Guru Har Rai Ji appoint his successor?
Answer:
Guru Har Krishan Ji.

Question 203.
Who was the eighth Guru of the Sikhs?
Answer:
Guru Har Krishan Ji was the eighth Guru of the Sikhs.

Question 204.
When and where Guru Har Krishan Ji was born?
Answer:
He was born on 7th July, 1656 A.D. at Kiratpur Sahib.

Question 205.
Who was the ‘Bal Guru’ of the Sikhs?
Answer:
Gum Har Krishan Ji was the ‘Bal Gum’ of the Sikhs.

Question 206.
What is the period of Guruship of seventh Gum Har Krishan Ji?
Answer:
1661 to 1664 A.D.

Question 207.
When and where did Guru Har Krishan Ji immersed with immortal?
Answer:
Gum Har Krishan Ji immersed with immortal in Delhi in 1664 A.D.

Question 208.
When and where was Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji born?
Answer:
Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji was born on April 1, 1621 A.D. in Amritsar.

Question 209.
Name the parents of Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Answer:
The name of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s mother was Nanaki, while his father’s name was Gum Hargobind Ji.

Question 210.
What was the childhood’s name of Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji?
Or
What was the former name of Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji?
Answer:
Tyag Mai.

Question 211.
What was the name of Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji’s son?
Answer:
The name of Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji’s son was Gobind Das.

Question 212.
Who said, “Gum Ladho Re, Gum Ladho Re” and for which Gum?
Answer:
Makhan Shah Lubana said these words for Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji.

Question 213.
For how long did Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji remain on Gurgaddi?
Answer:
1664 A.D. to 1675 A.D.

Question 214.
Who was Dhir Mai?
Answer:
Dhir Mai was the eldst son of Baba Gurditta Ji.

Question 215.
Who was Ram Rai?
Answer:
Ram Rai was the eldest son of Gum Har Rai Ji.

Question 216.
What was the objective of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s travels?
Answer:
The objective of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s travels was to preach Sikhism and to dispel the ignorance of the people.

Question 217.
Name two famous places out of Punjab visited by Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Answer:
Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji visited (i) Delhi (ii) Assam.

Question 218.
Name two famous places of Punjab visited by Guru Tegh Bahadur.
Answer:
Two famous places of Punjab visited by Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji are (i) Amritsar, (ii) Goindwal Sahib.

Question 219.
What was the original name of Anandpur Sahib?
Answer:
The original name of Anandpur Sahib was Makhowal.

Question 220.
What was the main cause of the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji?
Answer:
Aurangzeb couldn’t tolerate the increasing power of the Sikhs.

Question 221.
What was the main reason for martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji?
Answer:
Over the appeal of Kashmiri Pandits.

Question 222.
Who was the Governor of Kashmir at the time of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji?
Answer:
Sher Afghan.

Question 223.
Who was the ruler at the time of martyrdom of Ninth Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji?
Answer:
Aurangzeb was the ruler at the time of martyrdom of Ninth Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.

Question 224.
When, where and in which Mughal ruler’s regime the execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur took place?
Answer:
The Mughal emperor, Aurangzeb, got Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji executed on November 11, 1675 A.D. in Delhi.

Question 225.
When and where was Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji martyred?
Answer:
Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was martyred on November 11,1675 A.D. at Chandani Chowk, Delhi.

Question 226.
Mention any one important result of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s martyrdom.
Answer:
A chapter of long drawn struggle between the Sikhs and the Mughals started.

Question 227.
Name the Guru known as “Hind-Di-Chadar”.
Answer:
Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji is known as Hind-Di-Chadar.

Question 228.
Who was the 10th and last Guru of the Sikhs?
Answer:
The 10th and the last Guru of the Sikhs was Guru Gobind Singh Ji.

Question 229.
When and where was Guru Gobind Singh Ji born?
Answer:
Guru Gobind Singh Ji was born on December 26, 1666 A.D. at Patna.

Question 230.
Name the parents of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
Answer:
Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s mother’s name was Gujari and father’s name was Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji.

Question 231.
What was the original name of Guru Gobind Singh Ji?
Answer:
The original name of Gum Gobind Singh Ji was Gobind Das.

Question 232.
Where did Guru Gobind Singh Ji spend his childhood?
Answer:
He spent his childhood in Patna Sahib.

Question 233.
For how long did Guru Gobind Singh Ji remain on Gurgaddi?
Answer:
Gum Gobind Singh Ji remained on Gurgaddi for 33 years from 1675 A.D. to 1708 A.D.

Question 234.
Name the four sons of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
Answer:
The four sons of Gum Gobind Singh Ji were

• Ajit Singh,
• Jujhar Singh,
• Zorawar Singh and
• Fateh Singh.

Question 235.
Who was the ruler of Kahlur (Bilaspur) during Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s time?
Answer:
Bhim Chand.

Question 236.
Give the name of the Nagara (Drum) of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
Answer:
Ranjit Nagara.

Question 237.
When and where was the first battle between Guru Gobind Singh Ji and Hill Chiefs fought?
Or
When and between whom was the battle of Bhangani fought?
Answer:
The battle of Bhangani was fought between Guru Gobind Singh Ji and HiH Chiefs in 1688 A.D.

Question 238.
When and between whom was the battle of Nadaun fought?
Answer:
The battle of Nadaun was fought between Gum Gobind Singh Ji and the Mughals in 1690 A.D.

Question 239.
What was the first name of Anandpur Sahib?
Answer:
Makhowal.

Question 240.
State the importance of Anandpur Sahib.
Answer:
Gum Gobind Singh Ji laid the foundation of Khalsa here.

Question 241.
Which Guru, where and when did the Khalsa Srijana?
Answer:
Gum Gobind Singh Ji did the Khalsa Srijana at Keshgarh Sahib on March 30, 1699 A.D.

Question 242.
Where and which Guru laid the foundation of the Khalsa?
Answer:
Gum Gobind Singh laid the foundation of the Khalsa at Anandpur Sahib.

Question 243.
When and where was the Khalsa founded?
Answer:
The foundation of the Khalsa was laid on March 30, 1699 A.D. at Anandpur Sahib.

Question 244.
Write the main reason of the creation of Khalsa.
Answer:
To defend dharma and finish tyranny.

Question 245.
How many Pyaras were blessed by Guru Gobind Singh Ji?
Answer:
Five.

Question 246.
Name one principle of the Khalsa.
Answer:
Each Khalsa will worship only one God and none else.

Question 247.
How do Khalsa men greet one another?
Answer:
The Khalsa men greet one another with “Waheguru Ji Ka Khalsa, Waheguru Ji Ki Fateh”.

Question 248.
How many symbols was each Khalsa enjoined to wear by Guru Gobind Singh Ji?
Answer:
Five.

Question 249.
Which Guru created five-beloved and where and when?
Answer:
Guru Gobind Singh Ji created five beloved in Anandpur Sahib at 1699 A.D.

Question 250.
Name any results of the foundation of Khalsa.
Answer:
The foundation of Khalsa infused a new enthusiasm among the Sikhs.

Question 251.
When was the first battle of Anandpur Sahib fought?
Answer:
1701 A.D.

Question 252.
Name the Faujdar of Sirhind who had ordered to brick alive the two younger sons of Guru Gobind Singh Ji in a wall in Sirhind.
Answer:
Wazir Khan.

Question 253.
Who was the Faujdar of Sirhind during the pontificate of Guru Gobind Singh Ji?
Answer:
Wazir Khan.

Question 254.
When did the battle of Chamkaur Sahib take place?
Answer:
The battle of Chamkaur Sahib was fought in 1704 A.D.

Question 255.
In which battle were the two elder sons of Guru Gobind Singh Ji got martyrdom?
Answer:
In the battle of Chamkaur Sahib.

Question 256.
In which place the two younger sahibjadas of Guru Gobind Singh Ji got martyred?
Answer:
Sirhind.

Question 257.
Guru Gobind Singh wrote a letter to Aurangjeb from which place?
Answer:
Dina Kangar.

Question 258.
Where and by whom was Zafamama written?
Answer:
Zafamama was written by Guru Gobind Singh Ji at Dina Kangar.

Question 259.
Who was Bhai Daya Singh?
Answer:
He delivered Zafamama to Aurangzeb.

Question 260.
Which was the last battle fought between Guru Gobind Singh Ji and the Mughals?
Answer:
Khidrana.

Question 261.
To which battle were the 40 Muktas (emancipators) related?
Answer:
Battle of Khidrana.

Question 262.
When and where did Bhai Mahan Singh become martyr?
Answer:
Bhai Mahan Singh became a martyr in the battle of Khidrana in December 1705 A.D.

Question 263.
When did the battle of Khidrana take place?
Answer:
The battle of Khidrana was fought in 1705 A.D.

Question 264.
Why is Talwandi Sabo called Guru Di Kashi?
Answer:
Talwandi Sabo is called Guru Di Kashi because Guru Gobind Singh Ji wrote a lot of literature here.

Question 265.
Who wrote Bachitar Natak and Zafarnama?
Answer:
Bachitar Natak and Zafarnama were written by Guru Gobind Singh Ji.

Question 266.
From which source do we get the information about the biography, of Guru Gobind Singh Ji?
Answer:
We get the information about the biography of Guru Gobind Singh Ji from Bachitar Natak.

Question 267.
When and which Guru gave Adi Granth the status of Guru Granth Sahib?
Or
Guru Gobind Singh bestowed Gurtagaddi to whom and when?
Answer:
Guru Gobind Singh Ji gave Adi Granth the status of Guru Granth Sahib at Oct. 6, 1708 A.D. at Nanded.

Question 268.
When and where did Guru Gobind Singh Ji immerse in Eternal Light?
Answer:
Guru Gobind Singh Ji immersed in Eternal Light in Nanded on October 7, 1708 A.D.

Fill in the Blanks:

1. Guru Nanak Dev Ji was born in ……………
Answer:
1469 A.D.

2. The name of the father of Guru Nanak Dev Ji was ………………
Answer:
Mehta Kalu.

3. The name of the sister of Guru Nanak Dev Ji was ……………..
Answer:
Nanaki.

4. The name of the mother of Guru Nanak Dev Ji was ……………..
Answer:
Tripta Devi.

5. Guru Nanak Dev Ji did ‘Sacha Sauda’ with …………. rupees.
Answer:
20.

6. Guru Nanak Dev Ji did a job in Modikhana at ……………..
Answer:
Sultanpur Lodhi.

7. Guru Nanak Dev Ji got the enlightenment at the age of …………… years.
Answer:
30.

8. After enlightenment Guru Nanak Dev Ji uttered the first words ……………..
Answer:
Na Ko Hindu, Na Ko Musalman.

9. Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s Udasis were his ……………..
Answer:
travels.

10. The main purpose of Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s Udasis was to ……………..
Answer:
dispel the ignorance among the people.

11. …………….. was the constant companion of Guru Nanak Dev Ji during his Udasis.
Answer:
Bhai Mardana.

12. Guru Nanak Dev Ji met Sajjan Thug at …………….
Answer:
Talumba.

13. Guru Nanak Dev Ji established the two institutions of …………….. and ……………..
Answer:
Sangat/Pangat:

14. Guru Nanak Dev Ji immersed in Eternal Light in ……………..
Answer:
1539 A.D.

15. Guru Nanak Dev Ji nominated ……………….. as his successor.
Answer:
Bhai Lehna Ji.

16. ……………… was the second Guru of the Sikhs.
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji.

17. The original name of Guru Angad Dev Ji was ……………..
Answer:
Bhai Lehna Ji.

18. Guru Angad Dev Ji assumed Guruship in ………………
Answer:
1539 A.D.

19. Guru Angad Dev Ji popularised …………….. script.
Answer:
Gurmukhi.

20. ……………… was the founder of Udasi Sect.
Answer:
Baba Sri Chand Ji.

21. The third Guru of the Sikhs was ……………..
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji.

22. Guru Amar Das Ji assumed Guruship in …………….
Answer:
1552 A.D.

23. Guru Amar Das Ji got the Baoli of ……………….. constructed.
Answer:
Goindwal Sahib.

24. Manji system was raised by …………….
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji.

25. ………….. was the fourth Guru of the Sikhs.
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji.

26. The original name of Guru Ram Das Ji was …………….
Answer:
Bhai Jetha Ji.

27. Guru Ram Das Ji assumed Guruship in ………………
Answer:
1574 A.D.

28. Guru Ram Das Ji founded Ramdaspura in ……………..
Answer:
1577 A.D.

29. …………….. started Masand System.
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji.

30. Guru Aijan Dev Ji was the ……………….. Guru of the Sikhs.
Answer:
fifth.

31. Guru Aijan Dev Ji assumed Guruship in ……………..
Answer:
1581 A.D.

32. Prithi Chand started the ……………. sect.
Answer:
Mina.

33. Chandu Shah was the Diwan of ………………
Answer:
Lahore.

34. Sri Harmandir Sahib was constructed by …………….
Answer:
Sufi Saint Guru Aijan Dev Ji.

35. The foundation of Sri Harmandir Sahib was laid by …………..
Answer:
Sufi Saint Mian Mir.

36. ……………….. compiled the Adi Granth Sahib.
Answer:
Guru Aijan Dev Ji.

37. The great work of compiling Adi Granth Sahib was completed in ……………….
Answer:
1604 A.D.

38. …………………. was appointed as first Granthi in Sri Harmandir Sahib.
Answer:
Bhai Buddha Ji.

39. Guru Aijan Dev Ji was martyred in ……………
Answer:
1606 A.D.

40. Guru Hargobind Ji was born in …………..
Answer:
1595 A.D.

41. ……………. was the father of Guru Hargobind Ji.
Answer:
Guru Aijan Dev Ji.

42. Guru Hargobind Ji occupied Guru’s seat in ………….
Answer:
1606 A.D.

43. …………… adopted the Miri and Piri System.
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji.

44. The Akal Takht Sahib was constructed by …………….
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji.

45. The construction of the Akal Takht Sahib was started in ……………
Answer:
1606 A.D.

46. ……………. is called Bandi Chhor Baba.
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji.

47. The Battle of Amritsar was fought in …………….
Answer:
1634 A.D.

48. ………….. and ………… the two horses were responsible for the Battle of Lahira.
Answer:
Dilbagh/Gulbagh.

49. Guru Hargobind Ji established the new town …………….
Answer:
Kiratpur Sahib.

50. Guru Hargobind Ji immersed in Eternal Light in …………..
Answer:
1645 A.D.

51. ………… was the seventh Guru of the Sikhs.
Answer:
Guru Har Rai Ji.

52. Guru Har Rai Ji was born in ……………
Answer:
1630 A.D.

53. Guru Har Rai Ji succeeded to Guruship in …………….
Answer:
1645 A.D.

54 ……………. was the eighth Guru of the Sikhs.
Answer:
Guru Har Krishan Ji.

55. Guru Har Krishan Ji assumed Guruship in ………………
Answer:
1661 A.D.

56. ……………. is remembered as Bal Guru.
Answer:
Guru Har Krishan Ji.

57. …………. was the ninth Guru of the Sikhs.
Answer:
Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.

58. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was born at ……………
Answer:
Amritsar.

59. The name of the father of Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji was ……………..
Answer:
Gum Hargobind Ji.

60. The name of the mother of Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji was ……………
Answer:
Nanaki.

61. The childhood name of Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji was …………….
Answer:
Tyag Mai.

62. The name of the son of Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji was ……………..
Answer:
Gobind Rai.

63. Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji was found by ………….
Answer:
Makhan Shah Lubana.

64. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji assumed Guruship in ……………..
Answer:
1664 A.D.

65. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was martyred on the order of ………………
Answer:
Aurangzeb.

66. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was martyred on …………….. in Delhi.
Answer:
November 11, 1675 A.D.

67. Guru Gobind Singh Ji was ………….. Guru of the Sikhs.
Answer:
tenth.

68. Guru Gobind Singh Ji was born on ……………..
Answer:
December 26, 1666 A.D.

69. Guru Gobind Singh Ji was born at …………….
Answer:
Patna Sahib.

70. …………. was the father of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
Answer:
Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.

71. The name of the mother of Guru Gobind Singh Ji was ………………
Answer:
Gujari.

72. Guru Gobind Singh Ji’got Gurgaddi in …………..
Answer:
1675 A.D.

73. The first Battle of …………. was fought between Guru Gobind Singh Ji and Hill Chiefs.
Answer:
Bhangani.

74. The battle of Bhangani was fought in ……………
Answer:
1688 A.D.

75. The battle of Nadaun was fought in …………….
Answer:
1690 A.D.

76. Guru Gobind Singh Ji laid the foundation of Khalsa on …………..
Answer:
March 30, 1699 A.D.

77. The foundation of Khalsa was laid at …………… by Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
Answer:
Anandpur Sahib.

78. The first ‘Panj Pyaras’ of Guru Gobind Singh was ………….
Answer:
Bhai Daya Ram Ji.

79. The first battle of Anandpur Sahib was fought in ………….
Answer:
1701 A.D.

80. The second battle of Anandpur Sahib was fought in ………………
Answer:
1704 A.D.

81. The battle of …………… was the last battle fought between Gum Gobind Singh Ji and the Mughals.
Answer:
Khidrana.

82. Gum Gobind Singh immersed in Eternal Light in ……………
Answer:
1708 A.D.

True Or False:

1. Guru Nanak Dev Ji was born in 1469 A.D.
Answer:
True

2. The birth place of Guru Nanak Dev Ji is called Punja Sahib now-a-days.
Answer:
False

3. The name of the father of Guru Nanak Dev Ji was Mehta Kalu.
Answer:
True

4. Sabrai Devi was the mother of Gum Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:
False

5. Nanaki Ji was sister of Gum Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:
True

6. Gum Nanak Dev Ji belonged to Bedi caste.
Answer:
True

7. Gum Nanak Dev Ji did Sacha Sauda with 40 Rupees.
Answer:
False

8. Gum Nanak Dev Ji started his first Udasi at Saidpur.
Answer:
True

9. Gum Nanak Dev Ji started two institutions of Sangat and Pangat.
Answer:
True

10. Gum Nanak Dev Ji believed in One God.
Answer:
True

11. Gum Nanak Dev Ji believed in the Caste system and Idol worship.
Answer:
False

12. Gum Nanak Dev Ji laid emphasis on the equal rights of men and women.
Answer:
True

13. Gum Nanak Dev Ji immersed in Eternal light in 1539 A.D.
Answer:
True

14. Gum Angad Dev Ji was the third gum of the Sikhs.
Answer:
False

15. Bhai Lehna Ji was the original name of Gum Angad Dev Ji.
Answer:
True

16. Gum Angad Dev Ji became the second Gum of the Sikhs in 1539 A.D.
Answer:
True

17. Baba Sri Chand Ji founded Udasi sect.
Answer:
True

18. Gum Angad Dev Ji had a meeting with the Mughal Emperor Akbar.
Answer:
False

19. The third Gum of the Sikhs was Gum Amar Das Ji.
Answer:
True

20. Gum Amar Das Ji took Gum’s seat in 1552 A.D.
Answer:
True

21. Gum Amar Das Ji got built the Baoli at Goindwal Sahib.
Answer:
True

22. Manji system was established by Gum Ram Das Ji.
Answer:
False

23. Gum Ram Das Ji was the fourth Gum of the Sikhs.
Answer:
True

24. The original name of Gum Ram Das Ji was Bhai J6tha Ji.
Answer:
True

25. Gum Ram Das Ji founded Ramdaspura in 1578 A.D.
Answer:
False

26. Masand system was started by Gum Amar Das Ji.
Answer:
False

27. Gum Arjan Dev Ji was the fifth Gum of the Sikhs.
Answer:
True

28. Mina sect was founded by Prithi Chand.
Answer:
True

29. Chandu Shah was the Diwan of Multan.
Answer:
False

30. Harmandir Sahib was constructed by Gum Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
True

31. The constmction of Harmandir Sahib was started in 1688 A.D.
Answer:
False

32. The foundation stone of Harmandir Sahib was laid by Sufi Saint Mian Mir Ji.
Answer:
True

33. Development of Masand system was one of the greatest achievements of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
True

34. Baba Buddha Ji started the writing of Adi Granth Sahib.
Answer:
False

35. Guru Arjan.Dev Ji was martyred in 1606 A.D.
Answer:
True

36. Aurangzeb ordered the execution of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
False

37. Guru Hargobind Ji was the seventh Guru of the Sikhs.
Answer:
False

38. Guru Hargobind Ji was born in 1595 A.D.
Answer:
True

39. Guru Arjan Dev Ji was the father of Guru Hargobind Ji.
Answer:
True

40. Guru Hargobind Ji held the Gurugaddi in 1606 A.D.
Answer:
True

41. Guru Hargobind Ji adopted the policy of Miri and Piri.
Answer:
True

42. Guru Arjan Dev Ji started the construction of the Akal Takht.
Answer:
False

43. Guru Hargobind Ji is called ‘Bandi Chhor Baba’.
Answer:
True

44. The first battle between the Sikhs and the Mughals was fought in 1634 A.D. at Amritsar.
Answer:
True

45. Guru Hargobind Ji established a new town named Kiratpur Sahib.
Answer:
True

46. True Gum Hargobind Ji immersed in Eternal light in 1635 A.D.
Answer:
False

47. Gum Har Rai Ji was the seventh Gum of the Sikhs.
Answer:
True

48. Gum Har Rai Ji was born in 1630 A.D.
Answer:
True

49. Baba Buddha Ji was the father of Gum Har Rai Ji.
Answer:
False

50. The name of the mother of Gum Har Rai Ji was Bibi Nihal Kaur.
Answer:
True

51. True Gum Har Rai Ji assumed Gumship in 1661 A.D.
Answer:
False

52. Gum Har Krishan Ji was the eighth Guru of the Sikhs.
Answer:
True

53. Gum Har Krishan Ji is known as Bal Gum.
Answer:
True

54. Gum Har Krishan Ji immersed in Eternal light in 1664 AD.
Answer:
True

55. The ninth Gum of the Sikhs was Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Answer:
True

56. Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji was born at Amritsar.
Answer:
True

57. Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji was born in 1621 A.D.
Answer:
True

58. The name of the father of Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji was Har Krishan.
Answer:
False

59. The mother’s name of Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji was Gujari.
Answer:
False

60. Tyag Mai was the original name of Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Answer:
True

61. The name of the son of Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji was Gobind Rai.
Answer:
True

62. Makhan Shah Lubana found Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Answer:
True

63. Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji sat on Gum’s seat in 1664 A.D.
Answer:
True

64. Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji first of all reached Amritsar.
Answer:
True

65. Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji founded a new town Chak Nanaki.
Answer:
True

66. Aurangzeb reimposed Jaziya tax on Hindus in 1664 A.D.
Answer:
False

67. Sher Afghan was the Governor of Kashmir during the time of Aurangzeb.
Answer:
True

68. On the orders of Aurangzeb, Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji was martyred in Delhi.
Answer:
True

69. Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji was martyred on 11th November, 1675 A.D.
Answer:
True

70. Guru Gobind Singh Ji was the tenth Guru of the Sikhs.
Answer:
True

71. Guru Gobind Singh Ji was born on 22nd December, 1666 A.D.
Answer:
True

72. The father of Guru Gobind Singh Ji was Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Answer:
True

73. Gujari was the name of the mother of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
Answer:
True

74. The original name of Gum Gobind Singh Ji was Gobind Rai.
Answer:
True

75. The battle of Bhangani was fought in 1688 A.D.
Answer:
True

76. Gum Gobind Singh Ji created Khalsa in 1699 A.D.
Answer:
True

77. Gum Gobind Singh Ji selected the Five Payaras at the time of creation of the Khalsa.
Answer:
True

78. The first battle of Anandpur Sahib was fought in 1701 A.D.
Answer:
True

79. The second battle of Anandpur Sahib was fought in 1706 A.D.
Answer:
False

80. The battle of Chamkaur Sahib was fought in 1704 A.D.
Answer:
True

81. Gum Gobind Singh Ji wrote Zafaraama in Persian language.
Answer:
True

82. The battle of Khidrana was fought in 1705 A.D.
Answer:
True

83. Bachitra Nataka is the autobiography of Gum Gobind Singh Ji.
Answer:
True

84. Gum Gobind Singh Ji immersed in Eternal Light in Nanded.
Answer:
True

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Who was the founder of Sikhism?
(a) Guru Nanak Dev Ji
(b) Guru Angad Dev Ji
(c) Guru Hargobind Ji
(d) Guru Gobind Singh Ji
Answer:
(a) Guru Nanak Dev Ji

2. When was Guru Nanak Dev Ji born?
(a) 1459 A.D.
(b) 1469 A.D.
(c) 1478 A.D.
(d) 1489 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1469 A.D.

3. What was the name of Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s father?
Answer:
(a) Mehta Kalu
(b) Jai Ram
(c) Sri Chand
(d) pheru Mal
Answer:
(a) Mehta Kalu

4. Who was Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s sister?
(a) Nanaki Ji
(b) Bhani Ji
(c) Dani Ji
(d) Khivi Ji
Answer:
(a) Nanaki Ji

5. With how much money Guru Nanak Dev Ji did Sacha Sauda?
(a) Rs. 10
(b) Rs. 20
(c) Rs. 30
(d) Rs. 40.
Answer:
(b) Rs. 20

6. What was the purpose of Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s Udasis?
(a) To dispel the ignorance prevalent among people
(b) To preach holy name
(c) To preach universal brotherhood of mankind
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

7. From where did Guru Nanak Dev Ji start his first Udasi?
(a) Gorakhmatta
(b) Haridwar
(c) Saidpur
(d) Kurukshetra
Answer:
(c) Saidpur

8. Where did Guru Nanak Dev Ji meet Sajjan Thug?
(a) Talumba
(b) Saidpur
(c) Delhi
(d) Dhubri
Answer:
(a) Talumba

9. Which Qazi stopped Guru Nanak Dev Ji to sleep with his feet towards Kaba at Mecca?
(a) Bahuddin
(b) Kutubbuddin
(c) Rukunuddin
(d) Behlol
Answer:
(c) Rukunuddin

10. When did Guru Nanak Dev Ji reside in Kartarpur?
(a) 1519 A.D.
(b) 1520 A.D.
(c) 1521 A.D.
(d) 1522 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1521 A.D.

11. What is the concept of God of Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
(a) He is Supreme
(b) He is Immortal
(c) He is Nirguna and Saguna
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above

12. Who started the tradition of Kirtan?
(a) Guru Nanak Dev Ji
(b) Guru Amar Das Ji
(c) Guru Arjan Dev Ji
(d) Guru Gobind Singh Ji
Answer:
(a) Guru Nanak Dev Ji

13. Whom did Guru Nanak Dev Ji nominate his successor?
(a) Bhai Jetha Ji
(b) Bhai Durga Ji
(c) Bhai Lehna Ji
(d) Sri Chand Ji
Answer:
(c) Bhai Lehna Ji

14. When did Guru Nanak Dev Ji immerse in Eternal Light?
(a) 1519 A.D.
(b) 1529 A.D.
(c) 1539 A.D.
(d) 1549 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1539 A.D.

15. Who was the second Guru of the Sikhs?
(a) Guru Amar Das Ji
(b) Guru Ram Das Ji
(c) Guru Angad Dev Ji
(d) Guru Aijan Dev Ji
Answer:
(c) Guru Angad Dev Ji

16. What was the original name of Guru Angad Dev Ji?
(a) Bhai Jetha Ji
(b) Bhai Lehna Ji
(c) Bhai Gurditta Ji
(d) Bhai Dasu Ji
Answer:
(b) Bhai Lehna Ji

17. When did Guru Angad Dev Ji take the Guru’s seat?
(a) 1529 A.D.
(b) 1538 AD.
(c) 1539 A.D.
(d) 1552 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1539 A.D.

18. Which was the religious Headquarter of Guru Angad Dev Ji?
(a) Goindwal Sahib
(b) Amritsar
(c) Khadur Sahib
(d) Sultanpur Lodhi
Answer:
(c) Khadur Sahib

19. Which Guru Sahib popularized the Gurmukhi Script?
(a) Guru Nanak Dev Ji
(b) Guru Angad Dev Ji
(c) Guru Amar Das Ji
(d) Guru Gobind Singh Ji
Answer:
(b) Guru Angad Dev Ji

20. Who was the founder of Udasi sect?
(a) Baba Sri Chand Ji
(b) Baba Lakshmi Das Ji
(c) Baba Mohan Ji
(d) Baba Mohri Ji
Answer:
(a) Baba Sri Chand Ji

21. Who was the third Guru of the Sikhs?
(a) Guru Angad Dev Ji
(b) Guru Ram Das Ji
(c) Guru Amar Das Ji
(d) Guru Arjan Dev Ji
Answer:
(c) Guru Amar Das Ji

22. When did Guru Amar Das Ji sit on Gurgaddi?
(a) 1539 A.D.
(b) 1550 A.D.
(c) 1551 A.D
(d) 1552 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1552 A.D.

23. Who got built the Baoli at Goindwal Sahib?
(a) Guru Angad Dev Ji
(b) Guru Amar Das Ji
(c) Guru Ram Das Ji
(d) Guru Aijan Dev Ji
Answer:
(b) Guru Amar Das Ji

24. How many stairs (steps) were constructed in the Baoli of Goindwal Sahib?
(a) 62
(b) 72
(c) 73
(d) 84
Answer:
(d) 84

25. Which Guru started Manji System?
(a) Guru Angad Dev Ji
(b) Guru Amar Das Ji
(c) Guru Ram Das Ji
(d) Guru Aijan Dev Ji
Answer:
(b) Guru Amar Das Ji

26. Name the centre of religious activities of Guru Amar Das Ji?
(a) Amritsar
(b) Goindwal Sahib
(c) Khadur Sahib
(d) Lahore
Answer:
(b) Goindwal Sahib

27. When did Guru Amar Das Ji immerse in Eternal ‘Light?
(a) 1552 A.D.
(b) 1564 A.D.
(c) 1568 A.D.
(d) 1574 A-D.
Answer:
(d) 1574 A-D.

28. Who was the fourth Guru of the Sikhs?
(a) Guru Ram Das Ji
(b) Guru Amar Das- Ji
(c) Guru Aijan Dev Ji
(d) Guru Har Krishan Ji
Answer:
(a) Guru Ram Das Ji

29. What was the original name of Guru Ram Das Ji?
(a) Bhai Bala Ji
(b) Bhai Jetha Ji
(c) Bhai Lehna Ji
(d) Bhai Mardana Ji
Answer:
(b) Bhai Jetha Ji

30. When did Guru Ram Das Ji assume Gurgaddi?
(a) 1534 A.D.
(b) 1552 A.D.
(c) 1554 A.D.
(d) 1574 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1574 A.D.

31. Who founded Ramdaspura or Amritsar?
(a) Guru Amar Das Ji
(b) Guru Ram Das Ji
(c) Guru Aijan Dev Ji
(d) Guru Hargobind Ji
Answer:
(b) Guru Ram Das Ji

32. Which Guru started Masand system?
(a) Guru Ram Das Ji
(b) Guru Aijan Dev Ji
(c) Guru Amar Das Ji
(d) Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji
Answer:
(a) Guru Ram Das Ji

33. During which Guru’s pontificate was the settlement between the Sikhs and Udasis made?
(a) Guru Angad Dev Ji
(b) Guru Amar Das Ji
(c) Guru Ram Das Ji
(d) Guru Aijan Dev Ji
Answer:
(c) Guru Ram Das Ji

34. Who was the fifth Guru of the Sikhs?
(a) Guru Ram Das Ji
(b) Guru Aijan Dev Ji
(c) Guru Hargobind Ji
(d) Guru Har Krishan Ji
Answer:
(b) Guru Aijan Dev Ji

35. When was Guru Aijan Dev Ji born?
(a) 1539 A.D.
(b) 1560 A.D.
(c) 1563 A.D.
(d) 1574 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1563 A.D.

36. Where was Guru Aijan Dev Ji born?
(a) Amritsar
(b) Khadur Sahib
(c) Goindwal Sahib
(d) Tam Taran
Answer:
(c) Goindwal Sahib

37. Which sect was founded by Prithia?
(a) Mina
(b) Udasi
(c) Haijas
(d) Niranjania
Answer:
(a) Mina

38. When did Gum Aijan Dev Ji succeed to Gurgaddi?
(a) 1580 A.D.
(b) 1581 A.D.
(c) 1585 A.D.
(d) 1586 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1581 A.D.

39. Who was Chandu Shah?
(a) Diwan of Lahore
(b) Faujdar of Jalandhar
(c) Subedar of Punjab
(d) Diwan of Multan
Answer:
(a) Diwan of Lahore

40. When did Gum Aijan Dev Ji laid the foundation of Sri Harmandir Sahib?
(a) 1581 A.D.
(b) 1585 A.D.
(c) 1587 A.D.
(d) 1588 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1588 A.D.

41. Who laid the foundation stone of Sri Harmandir Sahib?
(a) Guru Aijan Dev Ji
(b) Baba Farid Ji
(c) Sufi Saint Mian Mir Ji
(d) Bhai Buddha Ji
Answer:
(c) Sufi Saint Mian Mir Ji

42. Who helped Guru Aijan Dev Ji in compiling the Adi Granth Sahib?
(a) Baba Buddha Ji
(b) Bhai Gurdas Ji
(c) Bhai Mohkam Chand Ji
(d) Bhai Mani Singh Ji
Answer:
(b) Bhai Gurdas Ji

43. When was compilation of Adi Granth Sahib completed?
(a) 1600 A.D.
(b) 1601 A.D.
(c) 1602A.D.
(d) 1604 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1604 A.D.

44. Who was appointed the first Granthi of Harimandir Sahib?
(a) Bhai Gurdas Ji
(b) Bhai Mani Singh Ji
(c) Baba Buddha Ji
(d) Baba Deep Singh Ji
Answer:
(c) Baba Buddha Ji

45. What was the name of autobiography of Jahangir?
(a) Tuzak-a-Babari
(b) Tuzak-a-Jahangiri
(c) Jahangimama
(d) Aalamgimama
Answer:
(b) Tuzak-a-Jahangiri

46. Who was the first Sikh Guru to be martyred?
(a) Guru Nanak Dev Ji
(b) Guru Amar Das Ji
(c) Guru Aijan Dev Ji
(d) Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji
Answer:
(c) Guru Aijan Dev Ji

47. Where was Guru Aijan Dev Ji martyred?
(a) Delhi
(b) Amritsar
(c) Lahore
(d) Multan
Answer:
(c) Lahore

48. When was Guru Aijan Dev Ji martyred?
(a) 1604 A.D.
(b) 1605 A.D.
(c) 1606 A.D.
(d) 1609 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1606 A.D.

49. Who was the sixth Guru of the Sikhs?
(a) Guru Aijan Dev Ji
(b) Guru Hargobind Ji
(c) Guru Har Rai Ji
(d) Guru Harkrishan Ji
Answer:
(b) Guru Hargobind Ji

50. When did Guru Hargobind Ji succeed to Gurgaddi?
(a) 1506 A.D.
(b) 1556 A.D.
(c) 1605 A.D.
(d) 1606 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1606 A.D.

51. Which Guru started the policy of Miri and Piri?
(a) Guru Aijan Dev Ji
(b) Guru Hargobind Ji
(c) Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji
(d) Guru Gobind Singh Ji
Answer:
(b) Guru Hargobind Ji

52. Which Guru started construction of Akal Takht?
(a) Guru Amar Das Ji
(b) Guru Aijan Dev Ji
(c) Guru Hargobind Ji
(d) Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji
Answer:
(c) Guru Hargobind Ji

53. Which Guru is also known as ‘Bandi Chhor Baba’?
(a) Banda Singh Bahadur
(b) Bhai Mani Singh Ji
(c) Guru Hargobind Ji
(d) Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji
Answer:
(c) Guru Hargobind Ji

54. When was the battle of Amritsar between Guru Hargobind Ji and the Mughals fought?
(a) 1606 A.D.
(b) 1624 A.D.
(c) 1630 A.D.
(d) 1634 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1634 A.D.

55. When did Guru Hargobind Ji immerse in Eternal Light?
(a) 1628 A.D.
(b) 1635 A.D.
(c) 1638 A.D.
(d) 1645 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1645 A.D.

56. Who was the seventh Guru of the Sikhs?
(a) Guru Hargobind Ji
(b) Guru Har Rai Ji
(c) Guru Harkrishan Ji
(d) Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji
Answer:
(b) Guru Har Rai Ji

57. When did Guru Har Rai Ji take Guru’s seat?
(a) 1635 A.D.
(b) 1637 A.D.
(c) 1645 A.D.
(d) 1655 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1645 A.D.

58. Who was the eighth Guru of the Sikhs?
(a) Guru Harkrishan Ji
(b) Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji
(c) Guru Har Rai Ji
(d) Guru Gobind Singh Ji
Answer:
(a) Guru Harkrishan Ji

59. Which Guru is known as ‘Bal Guru5 in The Sikh History?
(a) Guru Ram Das Ji
(b) Guru Har Rai Ji
(c) Guru Harkrishan Ji
(d) Guru Gobind Singh Ji
Answer:
(c) Guru Harkrishan Ji

60. When did Guru Harkrishan Ji succeed to gurgaddi?
(a) 1645 A.D.
(b) 1956 A.D.
(c) 1661 A.D.
(d) 1664 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1661 A.D.

61. When did Guru Harkrishan Ji immerse in Eternal Light?
(a) 1661 A.D.
(b) 1662 A.D.
(c) 1663 A.D.
(d) 1664 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1664 A.D.

62. Who was the nineth Guru of the Sikhs?
(a) Guru Amar Das Ji
(b) Guru Har Rai Ji.
(c) Guru Harkrishan Ji
(d) Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji
Answer:
(d) Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji

63. When was Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji born?
(a) 1601 A.D.
(b) 1621 A.D.
(c) 1631 A.D.
(d) 1656 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1621 A.D.

64. What was the childhood name of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji?
(a) Hari mal
(b) Tyag Mai
(c) Bhai Lehna Ji
(d) Bhai Jetha Ji
Answer:
(b) Tyag Mai

65. What was the name of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s father?
(a) Guru Hargobind Ji
(b) Guru Har Rai Ji
(c) Guru Harkrishan Ji
(d) Baba Gurditta Ji
Answer:
(a) Guru Hargobind Ji

66. Name the person who proved that Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji. was the actual Guru of the Sikhs :
(a) Makhan Shah Mastuana
(b) Makhan Shah Lubana
(c) Baba Buddha Ji
(d) Bhai Gurdas Ji
Answer:
(b) Makhan Shah Lubana

67. When did Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji sit on Gurgaddi?
(a) 1661 A.D.
(b) 1664 A.D.
(c) 1665 A.D.
(d) 1666 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1664 A.D.

68. Which Mughal ruler ordered the execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji?
(a) Jahangir
(b) Shah Jahan
(c) Aurangzeb
(d) Bahadur Shah
Answer:
(c) Aurangzeb

69. Where was Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji martyred?
(a) Lahore
(b) Delhi
(c) Amritsar
(d) Patna
Answer:
(b) Delhi

70. When was Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji martyred?
(a) 1661 A.D.
(b) 1664 A.D.
(c) 1665 A.D.
(d) 1675 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1675 A.D.

71. Who was the tenth Guru of the Sikhs?
(a) Guru Hargobind Ji
(b) Guru Gobind Singh Ji
(c) Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji
(d) Guru Harkrishan Ji
Answer:
(b) Guru Gobind Singh Ji

72. When was Guru Gobind Singh Ji born?
(a) 1646 A.D.
(b) 1656 A.D.
(c) 1666 A.D.
(d) 1676 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1666 A.D.

73. Where was Guru Gobind Singh Ji born?
(a) Patna Sahib
(b) Goindwal Sahib
(c) Khadur Sahib
(d) Anandpur Sahib
Answer:
(a) Patna Sahib

74. What was the name of the. father of Gum Gobind Singh Ji?
(a) Gum Hargobind Ji
(b) Guru Har Rai Ji
(c) Gum Harkrishan Ji
(d) Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji
Answer:
(d) Gum Tegh Bahadur Ji

75. Who was the mother of Gum Gobind Singh Ji?
(a) Gujari Ji
(b) Nanaki Ji
(c) Sulakhani Ji
(d) Khivi Ji
Answer:
(a) Gujari Ji

76. What was the childhood name of Gum Gobind Singh Ji?
(a) Gobind Nath
(b) Gobind Rai
(c) Bhai Jetha Ji
(d) Bhai Lehna Ji
Answer:
(b) Gobind Rai

77. When did Gum Gobind Singh Ji succeed to Gurgaddi?
(a) 1666 A.D.
(b) 1670 A.D.
(c) 1672 A.D.
(d) 1675 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1675 A.D.

78. When was the battle of Bhangani fought?
(a) 1686 A.D.
(b) 1687 A.D.
(c) 1688 A.D.
(d) 1690 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1688 A.D.

79. When was the battle of Nadaun fought?
(a) 1688 A.D.
(b) 1690 A.D.
(c) 1694 A.D.
(d) 1695 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1690 A.D.

80. Which Guru laid the foundation of Khalsa?
(a) Guru Nanak Dev Ji
(b) Guru Aijan Dev Ji
(c) Guru Hargobind Ji
(d) Guru Gobind Singh Ji
Answer:
(d) Guru Gobind Singh Ji

81. When did Guru Gobind Singh Ji founded Khalsa?
(a) 1688 A.D.
(b) 1690 A.D.
(c) 1695 A.D.
(d) 1699 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1699 A.D.

82. Where did Guru Gobind Singh Ji founded Khalsa?
(a) Amritsar
(b) Anandpur Sahib
(c) Kiratpur Sahib
(d) Goindwal Sahib
Answer:
(b) Anandpur Sahib

83. How many symbols were to be worn by each Khalsa as told at the time of foundation of Khalsa by Guru Gobind Singh Ji?
(a) Two
(b) Three
(c) Four
(d) Five
Answer:
(d) Five

84. When was the First battle of Anandpur Sahib fought?
(a) 1699 A.D.
(b) 1701 AD.
(c) 1703 A.D.
(d) 1704 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1701 AD.

85. When was the Second Battle of Anandpur Sahib fought?
(a) 1701 A.D.
(b) 1702 A.D.
(c) 1704 A.D.
(d) 1705 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1704 A.D.

86. When was the battle of Chamkaur Sahib fought?
(a) 1702 A.D.
(b) 1703 A.D.
(c) 1704 A.D.
(d) 1706 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1704 A.D.

87. In which language Guru Gobind Singh Ji wrote Zafamama?
(a) Hindi
(b) Sanskrit
(c) Punjabi
(d) Persian
Answer:
(d) Persian

88. To which battle ‘40 Muktas’ were related?
(a) Battle of Chamkaur Sahib
(b) Battle of Khidrana
(c) First battle of Anandpur Sahib
(d) Second battle of Anandpur Sahib
Answer:
(b) Battle of Khidrana

89. Who composed Bachitra Natak?
(a) Guru Nanak Dev Ji
(b) Guru Arjan Dev Ji
(c) Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji
(d) Guru Gobind Singh Ji
Answer:
(d) Guru Gobind Singh Ji

90. When was Guru Gobind Singh immersed in Eternal Light?
(a) 1705 A.D.
(b) 1706 A.D.
(c) 1707 A.D.
(d) 1708 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1708 A.D.

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class English Book Solutions English Main Course Book Chapter 4 Journey by Night Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 English Main Course Book Chapter 4 Journey by Night

Answer the following questions in brief:

Question 1.
Who was Sher Singh Bahadur ?
(शेर सिंह बहादुर कौन था ?)
Answer:
He was a famous hunter. He lived in Laldwani village. His name was Sher Singh. The word ‘Bahadur’ was added to his name like a medal.

वह एक प्रसिद्ध शिकारी था। वह लालदवानी गांव में रहता था। उसका नाम शेर सिंह था। ‘बहादुर’ शब्द उसके नाम के साथ एक तमगे की भांति जुड़ गया था।

Question 2.
Where did he get the big scar from?
(उसे घाव का बड़ा निशान कहां से प्राप्त हुआ ?)
Answer:
Once Sher Singh Bahadur tried to save a comrade from a tiger. The tiger attacked Sher Singh Bahadur also, and tore his flesh to the bone. Thus Sher Singh Bahadur got

एक बार शेर सिंह बहादुर ने एक साथी को एक बाघ से बचाने का यत्न किया। बाघ ने शेर सिंह बहादुर पर भी आक्रमण कर दिया और उसकी चमड़ी को हड्डी तक फाड़ दिया। इस प्रकार शेर सिंह बहादुर की खोपड़ी, उसकी पीठ और कन्धे पर घाव का एक बड़ा निशान बन गया।

Question 3.
Why were there no men in the village?
(गांव में कोई आदमी क्यों नहीं था ?)
Answer:
All men of the village had gone to the jungle with a hunting party. That was why there were no men in the village.
गांव के सभी आदमी एक शिकारी-टोली के साथ जंगल गए हुए थे। इसी कारण से गांव में कोई आदमी नहीं था।

Question 4.
What had happened to the other children ?
(अन्य बच्चों को क्या हुआ था ?)
Answer:
They all had died. It was cholera and influenza that had taken their lives.
वे सभी मर गए थे। यह हैज़ा और फ़्लू था जिसने उनकी जाने ले ली थीं।

Question 5.
Why could Sher Singh’s mother not take her son to the hospital ?
(शेर सिंह की मां अपने बेटे को अस्पताल क्यों नहीं ले जा सकती थी ?)
Answer:
Sher Singh’s father had gone to the jungle with a hunting party. His mother could not leave home. She had to look after the cattle and attend to the field. So she could not take her son to the hospital.

शेर सिंह का पिता शिकार करने वाली एक टोली के साथ जंगल गया हुआ था। उसकी माता घर छोड़कर नहीं जा सकती थी। उसे पशुओं की देखभाल करनी थी और खेत का भी ध्यान रखना था। इसलिए वह अपने बेटे को अस्पताल नहीं ले जा सकती थी।

Question 6.
How did Sher Singh carry his brother ?
(शेर सिंह अपने भाई को कैसे उठा कर ले गया ?)
Answer:
Sher Singh’s mother took one of her two saris. She made a sling with it. Sher Singh put it round his forehead and down his back. It was in this sling that he carried his brother.

शेर सिंह की मां ने अपनी दो साड़ियों में से एक साड़ी ली। उसने इसके साथ एक गलपट्टी बनाई। शेर सिंह ने इसे अपने माथे के साथ टिका कर अपनी पीठ की तरफ लटका लिया। इसी झूले में वह अपने भाई को उठा कर ले गया।

Question 7.
What happened at the first river ?
(पहली नदी पर क्या हुआ ?)
Answer:
The first river was very shallow. Sher Singh was able to cross it without much difficulty. He had to go very slowly because the stones were slimy.

पहली नदी बहुत कम गहरी थी। शेर सिंह इसे अधिक कठिनाई के बिना ही पार करने में सफल हो गया। उसे बहुत धीरे-धीरे जाना पड़ा क्योंकि पत्थर बहुत फिसलन वाले थे।

Question 8.
What was the condition of the second river ? What had happened to the bridge ?
(दूसरी नदी की क्या दशा थी ? पुल को क्या हुआ था ?)
Answer:
The second river was in flood. It had a bamboo bridge. But now the bridge was gone. It lay broken in the flooded river.
दूसरी नदी में बाढ़ आई हुई थी। इस पर बांस का बना एक पुल था। किन्तु अब पुल जा चुका था। यह बाढ़ आई नदी में टूटा पड़ा था।

Question 9.
How did Sher Singh cross the second river ?
(शेर सिंह ने दूसरी नदी कैसे पार की ?)
Answer:
Sher Singh made a rope from grass. He tied it round himself and his brother. Then he moved forward inch by inch through the flooded river. It was only his courage that helped him to cross the river.

शेर सिंह ने घास से एक रस्सा बनाया। उसने इसे अपने तथा अपने भाई के गिर्द बांध लिया। फिर वह बाढ़ वाली नदी में एक-एक इंच करके आगे बढ़ने लगा। यह केवल उसका साहस ही था जिसने नदी को पार करने में उसकी सहायता की।

Question 10.
How did they reach the hospital after crossing the rivers ?
(नदियों को पार करने के बाद वे अस्पताल कैसे पहुंचे ?)
Answer:
Sher Singh was too tired to walk. He went crawling some distance. Then he did not know what happened. After that, he only knew he and his brother were in a bullock cart and then a truck. Thus they reached the hospital.

शेर सिंह इतना थक गया था कि चल नहीं सकता था। वह कुछ दूरी तक रेंगते हुए चलता गया। फिर उसे पता न रहा कि क्या हुआ। उसके बाद केवल उसे इतना ही पता चला कि वह और उसका भाई एक बैलगाड़ी में थे और फिर एक ट्रक में। इस तरह वे अस्पताल पहुंच गए।

Question 11.
What did the doctor say?
(डाक्टर ने क्या कहा ?)
Answer:
The doctor called Sher Singh a brave boy. He called him Sher Singh Bahadur. He said, “Your brother will live. Come and see.”
डाक्टर ने शेर सिंह को एक वीर लड़का कहा। उसने उसे शेर सिंह बहादुर कह कर बुलाया। उसने कहा, “तुम्हारा भाई जीवित रहेगा। आओ और देखो।”

Answer the following questions in your own words:

Question 1.
Explain the circumstances in which Kunwar was carried to the hospital.
(उन परिस्थितियों का वर्णन कीजिए जिनमें कंवर को अस्पताल ले जाया गया था।)
Answer:
Kunwar had severe pain in his stomach. The pain was getting worse and worse. So the boy had to be taken to hospital. Sher Singh’s father was not at home. There was no other man also in the village. His mother, too, could not leave home. Thus there was none but Sher Singh to carry Kunwar to the hospital. And he did it like a hero.

कंवर के पेट में सख्त दर्द था। पीड़ा अति भयंकर होती जा रही थी। इसलिए लड़के को अस्पताल ले जाना पड़ना था। शेर सिंह का पिता घर पर नहीं था। गांव में कोई दूसरा पुरुष भी नहीं था। उसकी मां भी घर छोड़ कर नहीं जा सकती थी। इस प्रकार कंवर को अस्पताल ले जाने के लिए वहां शेर सिंह के अतिरिक्त और कोई नहीं था। तथा उसने यह काम एक योद्धा की भांति किया।

Question 2.
Write a few lines about the character-sketch of Sher Singh.
(शेर सिंह के चरित्र-चित्रण के बारे में कुछ पंक्तियां लिखें।)
Answer:
Sher Singh was only twelve but had the courage of a lion. He carried his sick brother to the Kalaghat hospital. It was eighty kilometres from the village. Sher Singh had to face many dangers on the way. But he did not lose courage. At last, he was able to reach the Kalaghat hospital. He saved the life of his brother.

शेर सिंह केवल बारह वर्ष का था किन्तु उसमें एक शेर जैसा हौसला था। वह अपने बीमार भाई को कालाघाट अस्पताल तक उठा कर ले गया। यह गांव से अस्सी किलोमीटर की दूरी पर था। शेर सिंह को रास्ते में बहुत से खतरों का सामना करना पड़ा। किन्तु उसने हौसला न छोड़ा। अन्त में वह कालाघाट अस्पताल पहुंचने में सफल हो गया। उसने अपने भाई का जीवन बचा लिया।

Question 3.
Describe Sher Singh’s father.
Answer:
Sher Singh’s father was a famous hunter. He was very brave and fearless. He was known far and wide. The word ‘Bahadur’ was added to his name like a medal. Once he tried to save a comrade from a tiger. The tiger gave him a big scar on his skull, back and shoulder.

शेर सिंह का पिता एक प्रसिद्ध शिकारी था। वह बहुत वीर तथा निडर था। वह दूर-दूर तक प्रसिद्ध था। उसके नाम के साथ ‘बहादुर’ शब्द एक तमगे की भांति जुड़ गया था। एक बार उसने एक साथी को एक बाघ से बचाने की कोशिश की। बाघ ने उसे उसकी खोपड़ी, पीठ और कन्धे पर एक बड़ा घाव का निशानं दे दिया।

Textual Vocabulary & Grammar

Identify and match the sounds made by the animals under column A to the sounds in column B :

1. bees — buzz
2. birds — chirp
3 cats — mew
4. cocks — crow
5. cows — low or moo
6. dogs — bark
7. donkeys — bray
8. frogs — croak
9. horses — neigh
10. lions — roar
11. owls — hoot
12. snakes — hiss
13. wolves — howl

Add the correct suffixes to the words given in the brackets, choosing from the list given below :

-dom ; -ness ; -hood.

1. We salute the (wise) and (martyr) of those who fought for the (free) of our country.
2. His journey from (child) to (man) was full of struggle.
3. (Good) and (sweet) of behaviour are of no avail if one lacks in (bold) of character.
4. (Parent) brings responsibilities.
5. He lost his (king) to the enemy.
6. (Happy) is a state of mind.
Answer:
1. wisdom, martyrdom, freedom
2. childhood, manhood
3. Goodness, sweetness, boldness
4. Parenthood
5. kingdom
6. Happiness.

Fill in the following blanks with the words given in the box :

cursed; passed by; written; remove; middle; stone; lazy; attempted; lesson; road ; stumbled

Once upon a time there lived a king who believed in hard work. But he was distressed because his people had become lazy. One day, to teach them a lesson, he put a big stone in the middle of the road. One of his ministers passed by in his carriage. He did not even ask his servants to remove the stone. Then some merchants came. They saw the stone and cursed the government for this and went away. Many people came and went, but no one attempted to remove it. A child was going to school. He stumbled and fell down. He got up and pushed the stone away from the road. There lay a box full of gold under it, on which was written : “This gold is meant for the one who removes the stone.”

Fill in the blanks with the correct verb forms of the italicized words :

1. It is an old belief; you may …………….. it or not. (belief)
2. Why don’t you …………….. your dog properly ? (food)
3. Researches have shown that plants also ……………. . (breath)
4. Don’t let the liquid ……………… (drop)
5. The cattle …….. ……. on these fields. (grass)
6. Pray to God to …………….. all. (bliss)
7. You can ……………… your dress. (choice)
8. …. and let live. (life) .
9. The lawyer tried his best to ……………. him guilty. (proof)
10. On every festival day, he went to the village to ……………… the poor. (cloth)
Answer:
1. believe
2. feed
3. breathe
4. drip
5. graze
6. bless
7. choose
8. Live
9. prove
10. clothe.

Correct the following sentences :

1. The football match ended to a draw.
2. Our Principal is a honest lady.
3. He is senior than me.
4. She is a M.A., B.Ed.
5. Mr. Sharma is a honourable man.
6. He is an European.
7. He is an one-eyed man.
8. I read Tribune every day.
9. This is an useful article.
10. A lion is the king of forest.
Answer:
1. The football match ended in a draw.
2. Our Principal is an honest lady.
3. He is senior to me.
4. She is an M.A., B.Ed.
5. Mr. Sharma is an honourable man.
6. He is a European.
7. He is a one-eyed man.
8. I read The Tribune every day.
9. This is a useful article.
10. The lion is the king of the forest.

Fill in the blanks with correct Prepositions :

1. All mothers look …………….. their children.
2. Do not look ……………. upon the poor.
3. My teacher asked me to look ……… the word in the dictionary.
4. The officer promised to look …. the matter.
5. Shiela looks ………………. him as her son.
6. Prices are looking …………
Answer:
1. after
2. down
3. up
4. into
5. upon
6. up.

Pronunciation Practice

Say the following words aloud:

Creative Writing and Extended Reading

1. Read sorne books on the stories of brave children who received awards for bravery on the Republic Day. Discuss these with your friends.
2. Imagine that you are Sher Singh. What would you do in a similar situation?
3. Write a paragraph on : A Village without a Hospital.
4. Have you ever performed any great act of social service in your life? Describe it in a few lines.

Objective Type Questions

Answer the following in one word / phrase / sentence :

Question 1.
Where did Sher Singh live ?
Answer:
He lived in a hilly village.

Question 2.
Who is the writer of the story, ‘Journey by Night ?
Answer:
Norah Burke.

Question 3.
How old was Sher Singh ?
Answer:
He was about 12 years old.

Question 4.
What was Sher Singh’s father known as ?
Answer:
He was known as ‘Sher Singh Bahadur’.

Question 5.
What was Sher Singh’s father an expert in ?
Answer:
In hunting wild animals.

Question 6.
What seemed trophies to Sher Singh’s father?
Answer:
The wound marks on his body.

Question 7.
Who was Kunwar ?
Answer:
The younger brother of Sher Singh.

Question 8.
How far was the hospital where Kunwar was to be taken?
Answer:
About 80 kilometres away.

Question 9.
Who was to take Kunwar to the hospital ?
Answer:
Sher Singh, his elder brother.

Question 10.
Did Sher Singh’s efforts bear fruit ?
Answer:
Yes, his brother’s life was saved.

Complete the following :

1. Kunwar was Sher Singh’s ………..
2. Sher Singh’s father was an …………………. in hunting ……….
3. Sher Singh’s father went on a ………….. expedition.
4. Sher Singh carried Kunwar on his back to the
5. Sher Singh had to save himself from ……………… on the way.
6. Kunwar would ……………… but for the efforts made by Sher Singh.
Answer:
1. younger brother
2. expert, wild animals
3. hunting
4. hospital
5. wild beasts
6. have died.

Write True or False, against each statement :

1. Kunwar was the elder brother of Sher Singh.
2. Sher Singh was an expert Shikari.
3. Sher Singh carried his younger brother all the way to the hospital.
4. The hospital was in the nearest town.
5. The entire distance to the hospital was frequented by wild beasts.
6. In spite of his efforts, Sher Singh could not save his younger brother.
Answer:
1. False
2. False
3. True
4. False
5. True
6. False.

Choose the correct option for each of the following:

Question 1.
Sher Singh lived in ………………….
(a) a jungle
(b) a big town
(c) an ashrama
(d) a hilly village.
Answer:
(d) a hilly village.

Question 2.
Sher Singh and Kunwar were …………..
(a) cousins
(b) classmates
(c) real brothers
(d) fast, friends.
Answer:
(c) real brothers

Question 3.
Kunwar had been struck with ………………..
(a) a severe headache
(b) flu
(c) a severe pain in the stomach pain in the stomach
(d) malaria.
Answer:
(c) a severe pain in the stomach pain in the stomach

Question 4.
Sher Singh proved himself a …….
(a) brave boy
(b) responsible person
(c) loving brother
(d) all the above.
Answer:
(d) all the above.

Use Of Textual Words / Phrases

1. Several – There are several places of worship on the banks of the Holy Ganges.
2. Resort – Gandhiji took to fasting as a last resort.
3. Doomed – He is doomed to die if he does not give up drinking.
4. Expedition – Army men went on the Himalayan expedition.
5. Scar – Even the scar on her face did not spoil her beauty.
6. Trodden – The child got trodden under the feet of the huge animal.
7. Glazed – The school compound had a border of glazed tiles.
8. Decimated – The hurricane decimated the national property.
9. Mauled – The mountain bear mauled her face.
10. Cliff – We went on a picnic by the side of a cliff.
11. Jostle – The rowdy boys jostled in the crowd of ladies.
12. Squeal – The children in the train got afraid of the squeal of the engine.
13. Snort – We snorted with laughter on hearing his joke.
14. Plod – The old man plodded along the hilly path.
15. Delirious – The drunkard ran into a delirious state of mind.
16. Maelstrom- All the fishermen along with their boats were caught in the maelstrom.
17. Deluge – People are still talking about the Mumbai deluge.
18. Stumble – He stumbled over a stone and fell down.
19. Poach – Poaching of animals is banned in this state.

Journey by Night Summary in English

Journey by Night Introduction:

It is a story of rare courage shown by a 12-year-old boy. His name was Sher Singh. His younger brother had fallen ill. His father was not at home. His mother was not in a position to leave home. The city hospital was many miles away. So, Sher Singh carried his little brother on his back and set out for the city. He had to pass through a hilly area that was full of many dangers. A thick forest and two hilly rivers fell on the way. But Sher Singh braved all these dangers with great courage. The only thought in his mind was to reach the city hospital as soon as possible. At last, Sher Singh was able to reach the hospital with his brother. Everybody was surprised to hear the story of his great courage. The doctor at once gave first aid to Sher Singh’s brother. The doctor said that the boy was out of danger. Sher Singh was really a Sher, a lion. He had saved the life of his brother at a great risk to his own life.

Journey by Night Summary in English:

Sher Singh lived in a hilly village. He was about twelve years old. His father was known far and wide as Sher Singh Bahadur since he was a very brave and famous shikari. The father was an experienced hunter. He usually went out to help the hunting expeditions into the jungle and remained away from home for many days together. He was an expert in hunting wild animals. His body bore a number of wound-marks, which he took as the trophies of his various fights with several dangerous jungle beasts.

Sher Singh had a little brother named Kunwar. He was several years younger to Sher Singh. The two brothers lived with their parents in Laldwani village near a jungle. One day, Sher Singh Bahadur had gone with a hunting expedition. All the men of Laldwani village had also gone as beaters (men employed to drive animals towards those waiting to shoot or photograph them). In his father’s absence, the little boy, Kunwar, fell seriously ill. He had a severe pain in the stomach. His condition was getting from bad to worse.

The child did not respond to home remedies. The helpless mother said that Kunwar must be taken to hospital at Kalaghat, which was 80 kilometres away. Seeing the fear of death in Kunwar’s eyes, Sher Singh at once decided to do the job of taking his brother to the Kalaghat hospital. His mother made a sling with one of her two saris. She put it around Sher Singh’s forehead and down his back. She then put the sick Kunwar into the sling.

It was evening when Sher Singh set off on his difficult and dangerous journey to Kalaghat. Soon it was night and the moon appeared in the sky. Sher Singh continued to walk on and on. He saw the marks of a bear’s paw in the dust. It made him quicken his steps. Presently, he climbed on to a cliff above a river bed. He felt tired, and put his sick brother down. All of a sudden, he heard the squeal of elephants. Luckily, the elephants moved on and disappeared into the forest. Relieved of this fresh fear, Sher Singh got ready to restart his journey. However, his difficulties were not yet over.

Sher Singh was to cross two rivers on the way. The first river was a shallow one. There was not much water in it. He crossed it easily. But the second river was in flood. It was midnight and the flooded river was making a roaring sound as it flowed. Sher Singh hoped to cross this river by the bridge over it. But when he came closer, he found that the bamboo bridge over this river had broken and was submerged into water.

Sher Singh was disappointed but he kept up his courage. Making a rope of grass, he tied it round his brother and himself. He then entered the river. At first he found it impossible to move. But his firm determination and his courage enabled him to cross the river. He went on slowly but determinedly. He was thoroughly drenched in the ice-cold water.

At last, Sher Singh reached the metalled road that led to Kalaghat. He got a lift first in a bullock cart, then in a truck. Soon the brave boy was dropped at the hospital of Kalaghat. He put his sick brother under the treatment of the doctor there. After some time, the doctor came out in the verandah. He told Sher Singh that his brother was out of danger. He said that Sher Singh was a brave boy. He took him in so that he could see his sick brother.

Journey by Night Summary in Hindi

Journey by Night Introduction:

यह कहानी एक 12-वर्षीय शेर सिंह नामक लड़के के अद्वितीय साहस की कहानी है। उसका छोटा भाई अति बीमार पड़ गया और उसका पिता घर पर नहीं था। उसकी मां बच्चे को उठा कर अनेक मील दूर शहर के अस्पताल में नहीं ले जा सकती थी। इसलिए शेर सिंह अपने छोटे भाई को अपनी पीठ पर उठा कर शहर के लिए चल दिया। दुर्गम पहाड़ी रास्ते में उसे अनेक खतरों का सामना करना पड़ा। रास्ते में एक जंगल और दो नदियां भी पड़ती थीं। नदियों में बाढ़ आई हुई थी और उन्हें बिना किसी नाव के पार करना असम्भव बात थी।

किन्तु शेर सिंह ने किसी भी खतरे की परवाह न की। उसके मन में एक ही लक्ष्य था कि वह अपने भाई को जल्दी से जल्दी शहर के अस्पताल में पहुंचा सके। जब घोर कष्ट झेलने के बाद शेर सिंह अपने भाई सहित अस्पताल पहुंचा तो उसके साहस को देख कर सभी लोग चकित रह गए। डॉक्टर ने प्राथमिक उपचार के बाद शेर सिंह से कहा कि उसका भाई अब खतरे से बाहर था। शेर सिंह वास्तव में ही एक शेर (अथवा सिंह) की भांति बहादुर था। उसने अपने भाई के जीवन को बचा लिया। यदि वह साहस न दिखलाता तो उसके भाई की अवश्य ही मृत्यु हो जानी थी।

Journey by Night Summary in Hindi:

कहानी का विस्तृत सार बारह-वर्षीय शेर सिंह एक पहाड़ी गांव में रहता था। उसका पिता शेर सिंह बहादुर के नाम से दूर-दूर तक प्रसिद्ध था। वह एक तजुरबेकार साहसी शिकारी था। अनेक शिकारी टोलियां उसकी सहायता लिया करती थीं। इसलिए शेर सिंह बहादुर कई-कई दिनों तक घर से बाहर रहा करता था। उसके शरीर पर अनेक घावों के निशान थे जो एक प्रकार से जंगली जानवरों के साथ उसकी लड़ाई के पदक थे।

शेर सिंह का एक छोटा भाई था जिसका नाम कंवर था। वह शेर सिंह से कई वर्ष छोटा था। दोनों भाई अपने माता-पिता के साथ एक जंगल के समीप लालदवानी नामक गांव में रहते थे। एक दिन शेर सिंह बहादुर एक शिकारी टोली के साथ गया हुआ था। लालदवानी गांव के अन्य पुरुष भी इस टोली की सहायता के लिए उनके साथ गए हुए थे। पिता की अनुपस्थिति में कंवर सख्त बीमार हो गया। उसके पेट में बहुत ज़ोर का दर्द था। घर में कई देसी ढंगों का उस पर प्रयोग किया गया किन्तु उसकी हालत बिगड़ती ही गई।

बेबस होकर मां ने शेर सिंह से कहा कि वह कंवर को कालाघाट के अस्पताल में ले जाए। कालाघाट का यह अस्पताल लालदवानी से अस्सी किलोमीटर की दूरी पर था। शेर सिंह ने जब पीड़ा से भरी हुई अपने भाई की आंखों को देखा तो उसे ऐसा लगा मानो कंवर मर रहा हो। शेर सिंह ने तुरन्त निश्चय कर लिया कि वह कंवर को ले कर कालाघाट के अस्पताल में अवश्य जायेगा। उसकी मां ने अपनी दो साड़ियों में से एक साड़ी ली और इससे एक झूला-सा बना दिया जिसे शेर सिंह ने अपने माथे के साथ टिका कर अपनी पीठ की तरफ लटका लिया। फिर उसकी मां ने इस लटकते हुए कपड़े में बीमार कंवर को डाल दिया।

जब शेर सिंह ने कालाघाट के लिए अपनी कठिन यात्रा आरम्भ की तो सांझ हो चुकी थी। शीघ्र ही रात हो गई और चांद निकल आया। शेर सिंह चलता गया। उसने धूल में रीछ के पैरों के निशान देखे। शेर सिंह ने अपनी गति कुछ तेज कर दी क्योंकि वह जानता था कि वह रीछ कहीं समीप ही इधर-उधर होगा। शीघ्र ही, वह नदी के तल के ऊपर की ओर स्थित चट्टान पर पहुंच गया।

चट्टान की चढ़ाई में वह बहुत थक गया। इसलिए थोड़ा आराम करने के लिए वह नीचे बैठ गया। उसने अपने बीमार भाई को नीचे ज़मीन पर लिटा दिया। अचानक उसे हाथियों की आवाजें सुनाई दीं। वे एक-दूसरे को धक्के लगाते हुए और चिंघाड़ते हुए चले जा रहे थे। भाग्यवश, वे दूसरी चट्टान पर थे और शेर सिंह से कुछ दूरी पर थे। वे उसी चट्टान पर चलते गए और शीघ्र ही नज़र से ओझल हो गए। जब हाथियों का भय समाप्त हो गया तो शेर सिंह फिर से चलने के लिए तैयार हो गया। और अगले ही पल वह अपनी पीठ पर कंवर को उठाए हुए चलने लगा।

शेर सिंह ने अभी दो नदियां पार करनी थीं। पहली नदी छोटी थी जिसमें अधिक पानी नहीं था। यह उसने आसानी से पार कर ली। किन्तु दूसरी नदी में बाढ़ आई हुई थी। शेर सिंह को आशा थी कि वह इस नदी को पुल द्वारा पार कर लेगा किन्तु उसकी आशा निराशा में बदल गई जब उसने देखा कि नदी पर बना हुआ बांस का वह पुल पानी में डूबा हुआ था। शेर सिंह बहुत निराश हुआ किन्तु उसने साहस न छोड़ा। उसने घास की एक रस्सी बनाई और यह अपने भाई के चारों और इस तरह बांध ली कि वह उसकी पीठ से न गिर सके। फिर वह पानी में घुस गया। आरम्भ में पानी के तेज़ वेग के कारण उसे अपने पांव उखड़ते हुए प्रतीत होते थे, किन्तु धीरे-धीरे अद्वितीय साहस के द्वारा उसने नदी को पार कर लिया। नदी के बर्फीले पानी में वह पूरी तरह भीग गया था और सर्दी से कांपने लगा था।

धीरे-धीरे चलता हआ शेर सिंह कालाघाट को जाने वाली सडक तक पहुंच गया। पहले एक बैलगाडी वाले ने तथा फिर एक ट्रक चालक ने उसे अपने वाहन में बिठा लिया। शीघ्र ही इस वीर बालक को उसके भाई सहित कालाघाट अस्पताल में पहुंचा दिया गया। शेर सिंह के भाई का डॉक्टर ने तुरन्त इलाज शुरू कर दिया। कुछ समय के बाद डॉक्टर ने बाहर आकर ‘शेर सिंह-बहादुर’ पुकारते हुए आवाज़ लगाई। उसने शेर सिंह को बतलाया कि अब उसका भाई खतरे से बाहर था। फिर वह शेर सिंह को अन्दर ले गया ताकि वह वहां अपने छोटे भाई को देख सके।

Journey by Night Translation in Hindi

(Page 39) Sher Singh’s little brother …….. you find him.

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. cheerful-प्रसन्नचित्त ; 2. carried off-(मृत्यु द्वारा) ले जाया गया ; 3. wring outनिचोड़ना ; 4. rags-~-चीथड़े ; 5. resort-आश्रय, ठिकाना ; 6. doomed—दुर्भाग्य को प्राप्त।

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Sher Singh’s little brother, Kunwar, lay in the hut with a pain in his stomach that was getting worse. Sher Singh himself was only 12 years old, small and cheerful, a child of the jungle, and his brother was several years younger. There had been other children of course, but they were dead, carried off by cholera and influenza. “I will wring out rags in boiling water and lay them on his stomach,” said mother.

She did not weep. She had lived through everything. The steaming clothes did nothing. After a while, Sher Singh’s mother said, “He must be carried to the hospital at Kalaghat.” Then Sher Singh knew that his brother was dying, for all jungle people know that the hospital is the last resort of the doomed. “I will run for my father,” he cried. “It may be days before you find him.”

अनुवाद

शेर सिंह का छोटा भाई कंवर झोंपड़ी में अपने पेट में पीड़ा की वजह से पड़ा हुआ था जो अधिकाधिक भयंकर होती जा रही थी। शेर सिंह स्वयं केवल बारह वर्ष का था, छोटे से शरीर वाला प्रसन्नचित्त, जंगल में रहने वाला बच्चा, और उसका भाई उससे कई वर्ष छोटा था। वहां निस्सन्देह अन्य बच्चे भी हुए थे, किन्तु वे मर चुके थे, हैजा और इन्फ्लु एंजा ने उनकी जाने ले ली थीं।। “मैं उबलते हुए पानी में चीथड़ों को निचोड़ कर निकालूंगी और उसके पेट के ऊपर रखूगी,” मां ने कहा वह रोई नहीं थी। वह हर चीज़ भोग चुकी थी।

भाप निकलते हुए कपड़ों का कोई असर न हुआ। कुछ देर के बाद शेर सिंह की मां ने कहा, “उसे कालाघाट के अस्पताल ले जाना होगा।” तब शेर सिंह समझ गया कि उसका भाई मर रहा था, क्योंकि जंगल में रहने वाले सभी लोग जानते है कि दुर्भाग्यग्रस्त लोगों का अन्तिम सहारा अस्पताल होता “मैं भाग कर बापू को बुला लाता हूँ,” उसने ऊंचे स्वर में कहा। “इस से पहले कि तुम उसे ढूंढ पाओ, कई दिन लग सकते हैं।”

(Page 39-41) sher singh’s father ………….. eyes shut, recovering.

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. cultivating-खेती करते हुए; 2. expedition-किसी विशेष उद्देश्य के लिए साहसपूर्ण यात्रा; 3. game-शिकार किए जाने वाले जानवर; 4. skull-खोपड़ी; 5. scar-घाव का निशान; 6. comradeसाथी; 7. beater-ढोल आदि पीट-पीट कर जंगली जानवरों को उनके छिपने के स्थान से बाहर भगाने वाला व्यक्ति; 8. glazed-शीशे जैसे चमकते हुए आवरण वाला; 9. starve-भूखे मरना; 10. sling-गलपट्टी; 11. immediately-तुरन्त; 12. whispered-धीमी आवाज़ में बोली; 13. despair-निराशा; 14. get there-वहां पहुंचना; 15. set off-रवाना हुआ; 16. track-तंग रास्ता; 17. poached-चोरी से शिकार करते; 18. decimated-दसवां भाग नष्ट करना; 19. beasts of prey-शिकार किए जाने वाले जानवर; 20. domestic-घरेलू: 21. blazed-चमक रहा था ; 22. shaggy-खुरदरा; 23. glance round-इधरउधर नज़र घुमाना; 24. uneasily-बेचैनी से; 25. mauled-बुरी तरह से घायल; 26. cliff-खड़ी ढलान वाली चट्टान; 27. thrilled-फड़कने लगीं।

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Sher Singh’s father was known far and wide as Sher Singh Bahadur-the Brave-a famous hunter, with the title ‘Bahadur’ added to his name like a medal because of all he had done. He lived his life here in Laldwani village, grazing his animals, cultivating his bit of land. But whenever an expedition entered the jungle in search of big game, they sent for Bahadur, the Brave. All along his skull and back and shoulder went a scar where claws had opened his flesh to the bone when he was pulling a comrade away from a tiger.

Now he was away in the jungle with an expedition. All the men of Laldwani village too were away, as beaters. In this mud and grass hut, upon the floor of trodden earth, Kunwar lay crying sometimes,but mostly glazed and silent. Sher Singh saw death in his young brother’s eyes.

“There are no men in the village,” he said. “I will take him.” His mother must stay behind to mind the cattle and work on the land without which they would all starve; and he and she both understood this without saying so. She took one of her two saris and, making a sling for Sher Singh, lifted up Kunwar, and put him into it. Sher Singh could feel immediately the heat of the boy’s body burning through the cotton cloth on his back. He felt the weight, too, and wondered how he was going to manage.

“He is too big for you,” his mother whispered in despair. “You will never get there.Sher Singh said nothing. He set off into the jungle in the orange glow of evening. Kalaghat was 80 kilometres away, but Sher Singh hoped that if he could get through the jungle and cross the two rivers in between, he might get a lift in a bullock cart or perhaps even a broken-down truck, for the last part of his journey.

He was alone on the track that wound into the forest, into night. Not quite alone, though. Around him lay the forest in which the struggle of life continued as it had done since the beginning of the world. The deer were now so poached and decimated that the beasts of prey had to kill domestic animals for food. Sometimes even men.

Night fell. The sky blazed with stars. Presently, the moon rose. The sight of bear tracks in the dust – the square front paw and long back one, with the shaggy claws – made him glance round uneasily. He had once seen a man who had been mauled by a bear, all his face torn away. He quickened his steps. Soon, on a cliff above a river-bed, Sher Singh knew he could go no further without rest. He set Kunwar down gently. Suddenly all Sher Singh’s muscles, shrinking back to their natural positions, thrilled with piercing pain. He layagainst a tree with his eyes shut, recovering.

अनुवाद

शेर सिंह का पिता दूर-दूर तक शेर सिंह बहादुर के नाम से प्रसिद्ध था – बहादुर अर्थात् वीर – एक मशहूर शिकारी, जिसके नाम के साथ बहादुर का खिताब एक तमगे की भांति जुड़ गया था, उन सब कामों की वजह से जो वह कर चुका था। उसने अपना जीवन यहां लालदवानी गांव में बिताया था, अपने जानवरों को चराते हुए, अपनी थोड़ी-सी ज़मीन पर खेती करते हुए। किन्तु जब कभी कोई दल जंगल में किसी बड़े शिकार की खोज में प्रवेश करता, तो वे बहादुर अर्थात् उस वीर को बुलवा भेजते।

उसकी पूरी खोपड़ी तथा पीठ और कन्धे के ऊपर घाव का एक निशान बना हुआ था जहां पंजों ने उसकी चमड़ी को हड्डियों तक फाड़ दिया था जब वह एक साथी को एक बाघ से बचा कर खींचने की कोशिश कर रहा था। अब वह एक दल के साथ जंगल में गया हुआ था। लालदवानी गांव के सभी पुरुष भी ढोल पीटने वालों के रूप में गए हुए थे। गीली मिट्टी और घास की बनी इस झोंपड़ी में, पैरों से कुचली मिट्टी के फर्श के ऊपर कंवर लेटा हुआ था, कभी-कभी चिल्ला उठता, किन्तु अधिकतर समय सफेद पड़ा हुआ तथा शान्त।

शेर सिंह को अपने छोटे भाई की ‘आंखों में मौत दिखलाई पड़ गई। “गांव में कोई आदमी नहीं है,” उसने कहा। “मैं उसे ले जाऊंगा।” उसकी मां को पशुओं की देखभाल करने के लिए पीछे रहना पड़ना था और ज़मीन का काम करना था, अन्यथा जिसके बिना वे सभी भूखों मर जाते; तथा वह और उसकी मां दोनों इस बात को बिना कहे समझते थे। उसने अपनी दो साड़ियों में से एक ली, शेर सिंह के लिए एक गलपट्टी बना दी, कंवर को उठाया, और उसे इसमें डाल दिया। शेर सिंह तुरन्त लड़के के शरीर की गर्मी को महसूस कर सकता था, जो सूती कपड़े में से उसकी गर्दन के ऊपर तपता हुआ लग रहा था। उसे बोझ भी महसूस हुआ और हैरानी में सोचने लगा कि इसको कैसे संभाल पायेगा। “वह तुम्हारे लिए ज्यादा ही बड़ा है,”

उसकी मां निराशा में फुसफुसा दी। “तुम वहां कभी पहुंच नहीं पाओगे।” शेर सिंह ने कुछ न कहा। वह सांझ की संतरई चमक में जंगल के अन्दर को चल दिया। कालाघाट वहां से 80 किलोमीटर दूर था, किन्तु शेर सिंह को आशा थी कि यदि वह जंगल में से निकल गया और बीच की दो नदियों को पार कर गया, तो हो सकता है उसे अपनी यात्रा के अन्तिम भाग के लिए किसी बैलगाड़ी में सवारी मिल जाए, अथवा रास्ते में बिगड़ा हुआ कोई ट्रक मिल जाए। वह उस रास्ते पर अकेला था जो घूमता हुआ जंगल के अन्दर को जा रहा था, और रात के जैसा अन्धेरा होता जा रहा था। तो भी वह बिल्कुल अकेला नहीं था। उसके गिर्द वह जंगल था जिसमें जीवन का संघर्ष वैसे ही जारी था जैसे यह संसार के आरम्भ से चलता आ रहा था।

मृगों का अब चोरी-चोरी इतना शिकार होने लगा था और उनकी गिनती इतनी कम हो गई थी कि शिकारी जानवरों को अब अपने भोजन के लिए घरेलू जानवरों को मारना पड़ रहा था। कई बार आदमियों को भी। रात हो गई। आकाश तारों से चमक उठा। थोड़े ही समय में चांद चढ़ आया। धूल में किसी रीछ के पैरों के निशान – आगे वाले वर्गाकार पंजे और पीछे वाले लम्बे-लम्बे, खुरदरे पंजों सहित इन्हें देखकर वह बेचैनी सहित चारों तरफ नज़र दौड़ाने लगा।

एक बार उसने एक आदमी देखा था जिसे एक रीछ ने बुरी तरहघायल कर दिया था, उसका पूरा चेहरा चिरा पड़ा था। शेर सिंह ने अपने कदम तेज़ कर लिए। शीघ्र ही एक नदी-तल के ऊपर की तरफ एक खड़ी ढलान वाली चट्टान पर पहुंचने के बाद शेर सिंह जान गया कि वह आराम किए बिना और आगे नहीं जा सकता था। उसने कंवर को धीरे से नीचे डाल दिया। अचानक शेर सिंह की सभी मांसपेशियां सिकुड़ कर अपनी पहले वाली स्वाभाविक स्थिति में आ गईं और तीखी पीडाकरती हुईं फड़कने लगीं। वह एक पेड़ से टेक लगाकर अपनी आंखें बन्द करके पड़ा रहा, अपनी शक्ति फिर से प्राप्त करता हुआ।

(Page 41) It was then ………….. in his hands.

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. jostle-धक्के लगाना; 2. squeal-तीखी चीख; 3. trunk-हाथी की सूंड; 4. chilled-अति ठण्डा पड़ गया; 5. fright-भय; 6. snorted—नाक से कर्कश शब्द निकाला; 7. trumpetedचिंघाड़ा; 8. scrambled—संघर्ष किया; 9. slime—कीचड़; 10. thanks goodness-ईश्वर का शुक्र है; 11. impermanent-अस्थाई; 12. swashed up–कोलाहलपूर्ण गति की; 13. twinkled-टिमटिमाया; 14. glitter-चमक; 15. plodded—भारी कदमों के साथ कठिनाईपूर्वक चला; 16. panted—हांफने लगा; 17. fierce भयानक; 18, crest-चोटी; 19. submerged-पानी में डूबा हुआ; 20. churning-ज़ोर-ज़ोर से घूमता हुआ; 21. crashed-ज़ोर से टकराते हुए।

Text

It was then he heard the jostle and squeal of elephants. Below him on each side of the shallow river-bed, the elephants travelled. He could see the cows and the babies, and one great old tusker. He was playing his trunk to and fro to learn whatever the breeze could tell him; and suddenly he hesitated. The trunk came round towards the boys.

Sher Singh chilled with fright. With Kunwar to carry, he could neither climb nor run. Prayer after prayer fled up from his frightened spirit. The tusker snorted, trumpeted, shook his head. Suddenly he hurried on angrily up the river-bed, and all the herd with him. They disappeared. Sher Singh breathed another prayer, of thanks this time, and made ready to move with Kunwar on his back once again.

He scrambled down into the river-bed. Though the water was only waist-deep, he had to go slowly because of slime on the stones. Thanks goodness there was a bridge at the second river, he thought. That bridge was an impermanent thing made of bamboo poles, stones and thick grass. But it was at least a bridge As Sher Singh swashed up on to the shore, water twinkled in his footprints before sinking into the sand. Coming up out of the river were another set of prints – a tiger’s, and there was glitter in them too. Even as he looked, they dried. He plodded steadily on, and his body panted and sobbed.

Towards midnight, he heard the second river from far away, a steady roar of flood. When he came out on the shore, he saw it. A big head of snow must have melted yesterday, because from bank to bank, the river foamed. He looked for the bridge. It was not there. Only a fierce crest of water showed where it lay, submerged .

He could hear the river grinding its teeth. Then a tree, churning over and over, crashed against the drowned bridge, which heeled and broke, throwing up its bamboo ribs like a fan. Sher Singh set Kunwar down and brought him water from the river in his hands.

अनुवाद

तभी उसे हाथियों की चीखों और एक-दूसरे को धक्के लगाने की आवाज़ सुनाई दी। उसके नीचे की तरफ कम गहराई वाले नदी-तल के दोनों तरफ हाथी चलते हुए जा रहे थे। वह हथिनियों, उनके बच्चों और एक बहुत बड़े बूढ़े हाथी को देख सकता था। वह अपनी सूंड को इधर-उधर घुमा रहा था, जानने के लिए, जो भी मन्द पवन उसे बता सकती थी, और अचानक वह रुक गया। उसकी सूंड घूम कर लड़कों की तरफ आई। शेर सिंह भय से अति ठण्डा पड़ गया। जबकि उसके पास उठाने को कंवर था, वह न तो ऊपर को चढ़ सकता था और न ही भाग सकता था। उसकी भयभीत आत्मा

में से एक-के-बाद एक करके प्रार्थनाएं निकलने लगीं। हाथी ने आवाज़ करते हुए नाक में से फुफकारा लगाया, चिंघाड़ लगाई, और अपना सिर झटकाया। अचानक वह नदी-तल के ऊपर की तरफ को क्रोधपूर्वक भाग लिया, तथा उसके साथ-साथ पूरा झुंड भाग लिया। वे ओझल हो गए। शेर सिंह ने अपने श्वासों में एक अन्य प्रार्थना पढ़ी, इस बार धन्यवाद के रूप में, और अपनी पीठ पर कंवर

को फिर से उठाए हुए तैयार हो गया। वह ज़ोर लगाता हुआ नीचे की तरफ नदी-तल के अन्दर की तरफ़ चल दिया। यद्यपि पानी केवल कमर तक ही गहरा था, उसे |,धीरे-धीरे जाना पड़ा, क्योंकि पत्थरों के ऊपर कीचड़ जमा हुआ था। ईश्वर का शुक्र है कि वहां दूसरी नदी के ऊपर एक पुल था, उसने ऐसा अपने मन में सोचा। वह पुल एक अस्थाई चीज़ था जो बांस के खम्भों, पत्थरों और घनी घास का बना हुआ था। किन्तु कम से कम यह एक पुल तो था। जब शेर सिंह कठिनाईपूर्वक तट पर चढ़ कर गया, तो पानी उसके पांवों से बने निशानों में टिमटिमा रहा था, रेत में सोखे जाने से पूर्व। नदी से बाहर आने के बाद पैरों के निशानों का वहां एक अन्य जोड़ा था एक बाघ के पांव, और वहां उनमें भी चमक थी। जब वह अभी उन्हें देख ही रहा था कि वे सूख गए। वह भारी कदमों के साथ धीरे-धीरे चलता गया, तथा उसका शरीर हांफ रहा था और सिसक रहा था।

को फिर से उठाए हुए तैयार हो गया। वह ज़ोर लगाता हुआ नीचे की तरफ नदी-तल के अन्दर की तरफ़ चल दिया। यद्यपि पानी केवल कमर तक ही गहरा था, उसे ,धीरे-धीरे जाना पड़ा, क्योंकि पत्थरों के ऊपर कीचड़ जमा हुआ था। ईश्वर का शुक्र है कि वहां दूसरी नदी के ऊपर एक पुल था, उसने ऐसा अपने मन में सोचा। वह पुल एक अस्थाई चीज़ था जो बांस के खम्भों, पत्थरों और घनी घास का बना हुआ था।

किन्तु कम से कम यह एक पुल तो था। जब शेर सिंह कठिनाईपूर्वक तट पर चढ़ कर गया, तो पानी उसके पांवों से बने निशानों में टिमटिमा रहा था, रेत में सोखे जाने से पूर्व। नदी से बाहर आने के बाद पैरों के निशानों का वहां एक अन्य जोड़ा था एक बाघ के पांव, और वहां उनमें भी चमक थी। जब वह अभी उन्हें देख ही रहा था कि वे सूख गए। वह भारी कदमों के साथ धीरे-धीरे चलता गया, तथा उसका शरीर हांफ रहा था और सिसक रहा था।

आधी रात के लगभग उसे दूसरी नदी की आवाज़ दूर से ही सुनाई दी, बाढ़ के पानी की निरन्तर आती हुई आवाज़। जब वह जंगल से बाहर इसके किनारे पर पहुंचा तो उसे यह दिखाई पड़ गई। बर्फ का एक विशाल स्रोत अवश्य ही कल के दिन पिघल आया होगा, क्योंकि एक किनारे से दूसरे किनारे तक नदी झाग से भरी हुई थी। उसने पुल को ढूंढने की कोशिश की।

यह वहां नहीं था। केवल पानी की एक भयानक चोटी से पता चल रहा था कि यह कहां पर था, पानी में डूबा हुआ। अपने दान्त पीसती हुई नदी की आवाज़ को वह सुन सकता था। फिर एक पेड़ जो ज़ोर-ज़ोर से घूमता हुआ आ रहा था, डूबे हुए पुल के साथ आकर टकराया, जो एक तरफ को झुक गया और टूट गया, इसके बांस की बनी कमानियां एक पंखे की भांति ऊपर को उठ आईं। शेर सिंह ने कंवर को नीचे डाला और उसके लिए नदी में से पानी अपने हाथ में लेकर आया।

(Page 42-43) “My brother ……… Come and see.”

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. delirious-बेसुध, तेज़ बुखार में बड़बड़ाता हुआ; 2. whispered—धीमी आवाज़ में बोला; 3. plaiting-गूंथना; 4. flattened-चपटा किया; 5. maelstrom-भंवर; 6. split-टूटा हुआ; 7. deluge-बड़ी बाढ़; 8. deafened—बहरा कर दिया; 9. banged—चोट लगाई; 10. bruised—खरोंच आ गई; 11. spray-बौछार; 12. gasping-हांफते हुए; 13. stumbled—ठोकर खा गया; 14. tremblingकांपते हुए; 15. crawling-रेंगते हुए; 16. heralding-पूर्व-सूचना देते हुए; 17. bullock cart-बैलगाड़ी।

Text

“My brother -” the delirious little boy whispered, and drank.Sher Singh gathered grass and, plaiting it into a rope, tied it round his brother and himself so they would keep together. Then he entered the water just above the bridge. The river seized them and flattened them against the wreck. Unable to move at first, he edged forward into the maelstrom, feeling for the split ends of bamboo.

The deluge deafened him, timber banged and bruised him. It was so cold he could hardly keep his hold. He could not get his breath in the spray, and he did not know if his brother lived or died. But he kept the child’s head above water, and moved slowly. Gasping in mortal struggle, he was deaf, blinded, frozen, drowned.

Gradually, the river seemed to lose power.They were through. After that, Sher Singh did not know what happened. He was wet and ice-cold but he stumbled on, his knees bent and trembling. They gave way. He was crawling. Then there was a road and the barking of the dogs, heralding a village.

Suddenly, somehow — people.After that, the next he knew they were in a bullock cart, then a truck.

“Where have you come from, boy?” “Laldwani.”“You carried him alone ? Across the river in flood ?”
They were at the hospital.
Sher Singh felt shy of the big building. He did not go in. Much later, the doctor came out on the verandah.
“Sher Singh Bahadur, are you there ?” he called out. . …
“My father is not here,” replied the boy, going up to the verandah. “But I am Sher Singh.”
“You are the boy who brought the child Kunwar in from Laldwani ?”
“Yes.”
Then a smile broke all over the doctor’s great gentle face.
“Then you are Sher Singh Bahadur – the Brave !” he said. “Your brother will live. Come and see.”

अनुवाद

‘मेरे भाई-‘ तेज़ बुखार में बड़बड़ाते हुए नन्हें लड़के ने कहा, और इसे पी गया।शेर सिंह ने घास इकट्ठी की और गूंथ कर एक रस्से के रूप में बनाते हुए इसे अपने भाई के गिर्द और स्वयंअपने गिर्द इस तरह बांध लिया जिससे वे साथ-साथ रह सकें। फिर वह पुल के बिल्कुल ऊपर वाली तरफ से पानी में प्रवेश कर गया। नदी ने उन्हें पकड़ कर टूटे हुए पुल के साथ दे मारा। पहले तो वह हिलने में असमर्थ हो गया, किन्तु फिर वह धीरे-धीरे आगे भंवर के अन्दर की तरफ बढ़ने लगा, बांस के टूटे हुए सिरों को महसूस करने की कोशिश करता हुआ। प्रलयकारी बाढ के शोर से वह बहरा हो रहा था, लकड़ियां उसके साथ टकरा रही थीं और उसे खरोंच रही थीं।

बाढ़ का पानी इतना ठण्डा था कि वह अपनी पकड़ मुश्किल से ही बना पा रहा था। पानी की बौछार में वह मुश्किल से ही सांस ले पा रहा था, तथा उसे इस बात का कोई पता नहीं था कि उसका भाई जीवित था या मर गया था। किन्तु उसने बच्चे का सिर पानी के ऊपर किए रखा, और धीरे-धीरे चलता गया। इस घातक संघर्ष में हांफता हुआ, ‘वह बहरा हो रहा था, अन्धा हो रहा था, बर्फ की भांति जम रहा था और डूब रहा था। धीरे-धीरे नदी की शक्ति कम होती हुई प्रतीत हुई। वे इसे पार कर चुके थे। इसके बाद शेर सिंह को पता न चला कि क्या हुआ था।

वह गीला हुआ पड़ा था और बर्फ की तरह ठण्डा किन्तु वह लड़खड़ाता हुआ चलता गया, उसके घुटने झुकने लगे थे और कांप रहे थे। वे जवाब दे गए। वह घुटनों के बल रेंगने लगा। फिर वहां एक सड़क आ गई, और कुत्तों का भौंकना सुनाई दिया, यह सूचित करते हुए कि वहां कोई गांव था। अचानक, किसी तरह-आदमी दिखाई दिए। इसके बाद, अगली बात जो वह जान पाया यह थी कि वे एक बैलगाड़ी में सवार थे, और फिर एक ट्रक में।

“अरे लड़के, तुम कहां से आए हो ?” “लालदवानी से।” “तुम उसे अकेले ही उठा कर लाए हो ? उस बाढ़ वाली नदी के पार से ?” वे अस्पताल में पहुंच चुके थे। शेर सिंह उस बड़ी इमारत को देखकर झिझक गया। वह अन्दर न गया। इसके बहुत देर बाद डाक्टर बाहर बरामदे में आया। “शेर सिंह बहादुर, क्या तुम वहां हो ?” उसने पुकारते हुए कहा। “मेरा बापू यहां नहीं है,” लड़के ने उत्तर दिया,ऊपर बरामदे तक जाते हुए। “किन्तु मैं शेर सिंह यहां “क्या तुम वही लड़के हो जो बच्चे कंवर को लालदवानी से यहां लेकर आए हो ?” “जी।” फिर डाक्टर के विशाल कोमल चेहरे पर एक मुस्कान खिल आई। “तब तुम ही शेर सिंह बहादुर हो – वीर शेर कहा। “तुम्हारा भाई खतरे से बाहर है। आओ और देख लो।”

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class English Book Solutions English Main Course Book Chapter 3 Budgeting Your Time Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 English Main Course Book Chapter 3 Budgeting Your Time

Answer the following questions in brief:

Question 1.
Why is money considered so important ?
(पैसे को इतना महत्त्वपूर्ण क्यों माना जाता है ?)
Answer:
It is said that money makes the mare go. That is why money is considered important.
ऐसा कहा जाता है कि दाम बनाए काम। यही कारण है कि पैसा महत्त्वपूर्ण माना जाता है।

Question 2.
What do people believe about the power of money ?
(लोग पैसे की शक्ति के बारे में क्या विश्वास रखते हैं ?)
Answer:
They believe that the power of money is great.
उनका विश्वास है कि पैसे की शक्ति महान् होती है।

Question 3.
Does time wait for anyone ?
(क्या समय किसी की प्रतीक्षा करता है ?)
Answer:
No, time doesn’t wait for anyone.
नहीं, समय किसी की प्रतीक्षा नहीं करता।

Question 4.
What type of precious moment should not be lost ?
(किस तरह का कीमती पल नष्ट नहीं किया जाना चाहिए ?)
Answer:
There is sometimes a moment that can make or mar person’s whole future. Such a moment is precious. It should not be lost.
कई बार ऐसा पल आता है जो किसी व्यक्ति के पूरे भविष्य को बना या मिटा सकता है। ऐसा पल कीमती होता है। इसे खोया नहीं जाना चाहिए।

Question 5.
What do we mean by saying : Art is long and time is fleeting?
(इस कहावत का क्या अर्थ होता है- कला लम्बी है और समय तेज़ी से भाग रहा है ?)
Answer:
Art here means the work that one has to do in one’s life. Man has a lot of work to do in his life. But the time with him is running out fast.
कला का यहां अर्थ है वह काम जो व्यक्ति को अपने जीवन में करना होता है। व्यक्ति को अपने जीवन में ढेरों काम करने होते हैं। किन्तु उसके पास जो समय है, वह तेज़ी से समाप्त होता जा रहा है।

Question 6.
Which is the most important time for doing something?
(कोई काम करने के लिए सबसे महत्त्वपूर्ण समय कौन सा होता है ?)
Answer:
The present is the most important time to do anything.
कोई भी काम करने के लिए वर्तमान सबसे महत्त्वपूर्ण समय होता है।

Question 7.
Why must one be punctual ?
(आदमी को समय का पाबन्द क्यों होना चाहिए ?)
Answer:
An opportunity once missed is lost for ever. Time once lost can never be regained. Therefore, one must be punctual.
एक बार हाथ से निकला अवसर सदा के लिए खो जाता है। एक बार खो गए समय को दबारा प्राप्त नहीं किया जा सकता। इसलिए व्यक्ति को समय का पाबन्द अवश्य होना चाहिए।

Question 8.
Is it useful to cry over the spilt milk or blame our stars for our failures ?
(क्या बह गए दूध पर रोना अथवा अपनी असफलताओं के लिए अपने ग्रहों को दोषी ठहराना कोई लाभदायक होता है ?)
Answer:
No, it is useless to do so if we are ourselves responsible for our failure.
नहीं, ऐसा करना बेकार होता है यदि हम स्वयं ही अपनी असफलता के लिए जिम्मेदार हों।

Answer the following questions in your own words:

Question 1.
What should be the guiding principle of our life, and why?
(हमारे जीवन का मुख्य सिद्धान्त क्या होना चाहिए और क्यों ?)
Answer:
“Now or never’ should be the guiding principle of our life. Time is always fleeting. Time once lost can never be regained. Therefore, we should always act in the present. We should never put off till tomorrow what we can do today.

अभी या कभी नहीं’ यही हमारे जीवन का मुख्य सिद्धान्त होना चाहिए। समय सदा भागता चला जाता है। एक बार खोया समय दोबारा कभी हाथ नहीं आता है। इसलिए हमें सदा वर्तमान में ही क्रिया करनी चाहिए। हमें आज का काम कल पर कभी नहीं छोड़ना चाहिए।

Question 2.
Why is the budgeting of time important ?
(समय-रूपी आय-व्यय का हिसाब रखना क्यों ज़रूरी होता है ?)
Answer:
We have very limited time at our disposal. But the work we have to do is very long.Life today has become very fast. Every moment has become precious. Therefore, the budgeting of time is important.

हमारे पास समय बहुत सीमित है। किन्तु जो काम हमें करना है वह बहुत लम्बा है। आज का जीवन बहुत तेज़ हो गया है। प्रत्येक पल कीमती हो गया है। इसलिए समय का बजट बनाना महत्त्वपूर्ण हो
गया है।

Question 3.
Reproduce, in your own words, the dialogue between the Yaksha and Yudhishthira.
(यक्ष तथा युधिष्ठिर के मध्य हुए वार्तालाप को अपने शब्दों में लिखिए।)
Answer:
Yaksha was a god. He asked Yudhishthira what the best time for doing a thing was. Yudhishthira replied that Now or the Present was the most important time to do a thing.

यक्ष एक देवता था। उसने युधिष्ठिर से पूछा कि कोई काम करने के लिए सर्वोत्तम समय क्या होता है। युधिष्ठिर ने उत्तर दिया कि अब अथवा वर्तमान कोई भी काम करने के लिए सर्वोत्तम समय
होता है।

Tick (✓) the correct choice :

Question 1.
The power of ‘Time’ is :
(a) little.
(b) nil.
(c) great.
(d) dangerous.
Answer:
(c) great.

Question 2.
Every moment is :
(a) useless.
(b) good.
(c) precious.
(d) long.
Answer:
(c) precious.

Question 3.
To get success :
(a) time should be wasted.
(b) we need not be punctual.
(c) we should budget time.
(d) we should postpone things.
Answer:
(c) we should budget time.

Textual Vocabulary & Grammar

Question 1.
Match the words in column A with their synonyms in column B :
Answer.
1. wealth = money
2. significant = important
3. wasted = squandered
4. tough = hard
5. valuable = precious
6. detrimental = harmful
7. single = lonely

Match the words in column A with their meanings in column B :

1. believe = to have faith
2. whole = complete
3. trickle = to flow in drops
4. lag = to remain behind
5. crucial = very important
6. principle = law or rule
7. pine = to feel sad or distressed
8. put off = to postpone

Fill in the blanks with the words given in the box :

mare; power; regained; tough; journey; mar; future; admission; repent; excellent

1. The patient ……………. consciousness after a few hours.
2. Success is a …………… not a destination.
3. His …………… is not secure.
4. No …………… without permission.
5. He showed an ……………. result.
6. The question paper was very …………
7. He has only one …………….. in his stable.
8. You are not aware of his ……………
9. Your bad habits will …………….. your life.
10. You should ……….. of what you have done.
Answer:
1. regained
2. journey
3. future
4. admission
5. excellent
6. tough
7. mare
8. power
9. mar
10. repent.

Change the voice in the following sentences :

1. The boy ate the mango.
2. I do not know him.
3. Your conduct surprises me.
4. This pot contains milk.
5. Your action annoyed him.
6. We should help the poor.
7. The police have arrested the thief.
8. He has finished his work.
Answer.
1. The mango was eaten by the boy.
2. He is not known to me.
3. I am surprised at your conduct.
4. Milk is contained in this pot.
5. He was annoyed at your action.
6. The poor should be helped.
7. The thief has been arrested.
8. His work has been finished by him.

Fill in the following blanks with suitable Articles:

1. She has …………… beautiful look.
2. ……………. sun rises in ……………. east.
3. I read …………….. Tribune daily.
4. He is …………… honest person.
5. I need ………….. new uniform.
6. Haridwar is …………….. holy place.
7. Iron is …………….. useful metal.
8. It is raining; I need ……………. umbrella.
Answer:
1. a
2. The, the
3. The
4. an
5. a
6. a
7. a
8. an.

Fill in the following blanks with suitable Prepositions :

1. It is no use crying ……………. spilt milk.
2. He died …………….. cholera.
3. He looks ……………. the child in the absence of his mother.
4. They went deep …. …. the jungle.
5. John was made ……………. steel.
6. He congratulated me ………….. my success.
7. He is not aware . ……………. his shortcomings.
8. I have no faith …………….. you.
9. It is very kind ………….. you to help me.
10. Please remember me …………….. your parents.
Answer:
1. over
2. of
3. after
4. into
5. of
6. on
7. of
8. in
9. of
10 to.

Give one word for each of the following:

1. One who never dies — immortal
2. One who believes in God — theist
3. One who is present everywhere — omnipresent
4. Government by the people — democracy
5. One who makes gold ornaments — goldsmith

Pronunciation Practice

Say the following words aloud:

Creative Writing and Extended Reading

1. Make a list of various virtues. Think and write how they are important for us.
2. How do you spend your leisure? Write in ten lines.

Objective Type Questions

Answer the following in one word / phrase / sentence :

Question 1.
Name the author of the chapter, ‘Budgeting Your Time’.
Answer:
D.V. Jindal.

Question 2.
What is generally considered the most important thing in life ?
Answer:
It is money.

Question 3.
Whose power is greater than that of money ?
Answer:
Time is definitely more powerful.

Question 4.
What cannot be regained once it is lost ?
Answer:
It is time.

Question 5.
How can we make the best use of time ?
Answer:
By saving every second of our life.

Question 6.
Where is every passing moment taking us to ?
Answer:
To our grave.

Question 7.
What happens to those who are behind time?
Answer:
They are left behind others.

Question 8.
Should we blame the stars when we fail ?
Answer:
No, we ourselves are responsible for our actions.

Question 9.
What importance should we give to ‘Now or never’ ?
Answer:
We should make it our guiding principle.

Question 10.
What must we do with the time at our disposal ?
Answer:
We must budget it carefully.

Complete the following

1. ………………. makes the mare go.
2. Power of …………………. is greater than that of …………..
3. Time can ……………… or ………………. our whole future.
4. Every ……………….. in our life is important.
5. An opportunity ………………. is an ……………….. lost for ever.
6. In the chapter, ………………. put in a question to Yudhishthira.
Answer:
1. Money
2. time, money
3. make, mar
4. second
5. missed, opportunity
6. Yaksha.

Write True or False against each statement :

1. The famous proverb is ‘Time makes the mare go’.
2. Time is more powerful than money.
3. Lost time can be regained with a little effort.
4. A second, a very small unit of time, should be ignored.
5. The habit of punctuality helps us a lot.
6. Crying over the spilt milk is a sign of intelligence.
Answer:
1. False
2. True
3. False
4. False
5. True
6. False.

Choose the correct option for each of the following :

Question 1.
Money makes the ……………. go.
(a) horse
(b) world
(c) mare
(d) universe.
Answer:
(c) mare

Question 2.
……… is not as important as time.
(a) Money
(b) Punctuality
(c) A mare
(d) A man.
Answer:
(a) Money

Question 3.
We should ……………… our time very carefully.
(a) budget
(b) while away
(c) waste
(d) fritter.
Answer:
(a) budget

Question 4.
……………… should be the guiding principle of our life.
(a) Budget-making
(b) Money
(c) Our possessions
(d) Punctuality.
Answer:
(d) Punctuality.

Use Of Textual Words /Phrases

1. Money makes the mare go —Saving money is very important as it makes the mare go.
2. Take time by the forelock — You must take time by the forelock if you want to reach the top.
3. Doyen — William Shakespeare is called as the doyen of English literature.
4. Tide — You must make use of this title, otherwise, you’ll repent.
5. Pine — It is no use pining now; you did not action time.
6. Make or mar — Some decisions are really important; they can make or mar our lives.
7. Squandered — John has squandered all the money left by his other.
8. Crucial — You must take your doctor’s advice seriously; it is crucial.
9. Prosperous —  She is the daughter of a prosperous bank officer.
10. Detrimental — Smoking is detrimental to health.

Budgeting Your Time Summary in English

Budgeting Your Time Introduction:

In this chapter, the writer brings out the importance of budgeting our time. We have to budget a thing if its availability is limited in relation to its expenditure. The time at our disposal is also very limited. But the work we have to do in our life is very long. Therefore, we must budget our time. We have to take notice of every moment that is passing. Present is the most important time to do a thing. Time once lost can never be regained. Therefore, we must be punctual in our life. Every moment is precious. Those who forget it, have to repent later when no remedy is possible.

Budgeting Your Time Summary in English:

Money is said to be the most important thing in life. Money makes the mare go. The power of money is great, but the power of time is still greater. Money once lost can be regained. But time once lost is lost for ever. If you do not make the best use of time, you are sure to be doomed. There come some moments in life that can make or mar a person’s whole future. We must take notice of such moments.

They are very precious. One must act in time before it is too late. Those who take no notice of time, have to repent later when there is no remedy. Every second in life is important. Therefore, we must save every second and thus make the best use of time. Man’s life is very short. But he has a lot to do. Every moment is taking us nearer to the grave. Therefore, we must make the best use of our time.

We must be punctual in all our activities. Those who are behind time, are left behind in their life also. An opportunity missed once is missed for ever. It is no use crying over spilt milk. We should not blame the stars when we are ourselves responsible for our failure. Once Yaksha, a god, asked Yudhishthira, “What is the best time for doing a thing ?” Yudhishthira replied, “Now !” The work in hand is the most important work to do. And the present is the most important time to do it. “Now or Never must be the guiding principle in our life. We should never put off till tomorrow what we can do today.

Life in the present age has become very fast. A slip of even a second can result in doom for us.. Therefore, every single second has its importance. Every moment of life is precious. Any carelessness towards the importance of time can prove very harmful to any society. Therefore, we must learn to budget our time. We can hope for a good tomorrow only if we know the value of today. Therefore we should never forget the value of NOW in our life.

Budgeting Your Time Summary in Hindi

Budgeting Your Time Introduction:

पाठ का संक्षिप्त परिचय इस लेख में लेखक अपने समय का हिसाब रखने के महत्त्व को दिखाता है। हमें ऐसी चीज़ का हिसाब रखना पड़ता है जिसकी उपलब्धि इसके खर्च के मुकाबले में सीमित हो। हमारे पास समय की उपलब्धि भी बहुत सीमित है। किन्तु वह काम जो हमें अपने जीवन में करना है बहुत लम्बा है। इसलिए हमें अपने समय का हिसाब अवश्य रखना चाहिए। हमें प्रत्येक पल को ध्यान में रखना होता है जो गुज़र रहा है। किसी काम को करने के लिए वर्तमान सब से महत्त्वपूर्ण समय होता है। एक बार खोए हुए समय को दोबारा कभी प्राप्त नहीं किया जा सकता है। इसलिए हमें अपने जीवन में समय का पाबन्द होना चाहिए। प्रत्येक पल कीमती होता है। वे जो इसे भूल जाते हैं, उन्हें बाद में पछताना पड़ता है जब कोई इलाज सम्भव नहीं होता।

Budgeting Your Time Summary in Hindi:

पैसे को जीवन में सब से महत्त्वपूर्ण चीज़ कहा जाता है। दाम बनाए काम। पैसे की ताकत बहुत होती है, किन्तु समय की ताकत उससे भी बड़ी होती है। पैसा एक बार खो जाए तो उसे दोबारा प्राप्त किया जा सकता है। किन्तु एक बार खोया हुआ समय सदा के लिए खो जाता है। यदि आप समय का सर्वोत्तम इस्तेमाल नहीं करेंगे, तो आपका निश्चित ही विनाश हो जाएगा। जीवन में कुछ ऐसे अवसर आते हैं जो किसी व्यक्ति के सम्पूर्ण भविष्य को बना या बिगाड़ सकते हैं। हमें ऐसे अवसरों का ज़रूर ध्यान रखना चाहिए।

वे बहुत कीमती होते हैं। व्यक्ति को समय रहते क्रिया करनी चाहिए इससे पहले कि बहुत देर हो जाए। वे लोग जो समय की तरफ कोई ध्यान नहीं देते, उन्हें बाद में पछताना पड़ता है जब वहां कोई इलाज नहीं रहता है। जीवन का हर पल महत्त्वपूर्ण होता है। इसलिए हमें प्रत्येक पल बचाना चाहिए और इस तरह समय का सर्वोत्तम प्रयोग करना चाहिए। मनुष्य का जीवन बहुत छोटा है। किन्तु उसे बहुत काम करना होता है। हर पल हमें हमारी कब्र के नजदीक ले जा रहा होता है। इसलिए हमें अवश्य ही अपने समय का सर्वोत्तम इस्तेमाल करना चाहिए।

हमें अपनी सभी क्रियाओं में समय का पाबन्द होना चाहिए। वे लोग जो समय के पीछे रह जाते हैं, वे अपने जीवन में भी पीछे रह जाते हैं। ऐसा अवसर जो एक बार हाथ से निकल जाता है, वह सदा के लिए निकल जाता है। दूध गिर जाने पर रोने का कोई लाभ नहीं होता। हमें अपने ग्रहों को दोष नहीं देना चाहिए जब हम स्वयं ही अपनी असफलता के लिए जिम्मेदार हों। .. एक बार यक्ष जो एक देवता था, उसने युधिष्ठिर से पूछा, “कोई काम करने के लिए सर्वोत्तम समय क्या होता है..?”

युधिष्ठिर ने कहा, “अब का समय!” हाथ में लिया काम करने को सबसे महत्त्वपूर्ण काम होता है, तथा इसे करने का सबसे महत्त्वपूर्ण समय वर्तमान का होता है। ‘अभी या कभी नहीं’-यह हमारे जीवन का मुख्य सिद्धान्त होना चाहिए। हमें आज का काम कल पर कभी नहीं छोड़ना चाहिए।

वर्तमान युग में जीवन बहुत तेज़ गति वाला हो गया है। एक पल की भी चूक हमारे लिए प्रलयकारी हो सकती है। इसलिए प्रत्येक पल का अपना ही महत्त्व होता है। जीवन का प्रत्येक पल कीमती होता है। समय के महत्त्व के प्रति कोई भी लापरवाही किसी भी समाज के लिए बहुत हानिकारक हो सकती है। हम एक प्रसन्नतापूर्ण भविष्य की केवल तब आशा कर सकते हैं यदि हम आज के महत्त्व को जानते होंगे। इसलिए हमें अपने जीवन में ‘अब’ के महत्त्व को कभी नहीं भूलना चाहिए।

Budgeting Your Time Translation in Hindi

(Page 31) Money, they say ……………. is no remedy.

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. age old – बहुत पुरानी ; 2. regained – दोबारा प्राप्त किया जाना ; 3. Time and tide wait for none – समय और भाग्य किसी की प्रतीक्षा नहीं करते ; 4. forelock – माथे के ऊपर के बाल ; 5. take time by the forelock – समय को हाथ से निकलने न देना ; 6. destined – भाग्य में लिखा होना ; 7. doomed – सत्यानाश होना ; 8. doyen – पितामह ; 9. tide at the flood – ज्वार, उठती हुई लहर ; 10. shallows – तट के समीप कम गहरा पानी ; 11. mar – नष्ट करना ; 12. rarely – विरले ही ; 13. pine – दुःखी होना।

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Money, they say, is the most important thing in life. Money makes the mare go, is an age old saying. The power of money, people believe, is great. But greater still is the power of TIME. Money once lost can be regained time once lost is lost for ever. Time and tide wait for none. If you do not make the best use of time and do not take time by the forelock, you are destined to be doomed. Shakespeare, the doyen of English literature, wrote : There is a tide in the affairs of men, Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune; Omitted, all the voyage of their life

Is bound in shallows and in miseries. (Shakespeare : Julius Caesar) During the tough course of the journey of life, rarely comes the time which can make or mar a person’s whole future. Such a precious moment must not be allowed to go unnoticed. One must act in time before it is too late. This can be possible only if we are alive and alert to the importance of every single second in our lives. Those who waste time and let it pass unnoticed, have to repent and pine, only बिना when there is no remedy.

अनुवाद

कहते हैं कि पैसा जीवन में सबसे महत्त्वपूर्ण चीज़ होता है। दाम बनाए काम, यह एक बहुत पुरानी कहावत है। लोग ऐसा विश्वास करते हैं कि पैसे की शक्ति बहुत होती है। किन्तु उससे भी बड़ी शक्ति समय की होती है। पैसा एक बार खो जाए तो इसे फिर से प्राप्त किया जा सकता है; समय एक बार खो जाए, तो सदा के लिए खो जाता है। समय और भाग्य किसी की प्रतीक्षा नहीं करते। यदि आप समय का सर्वोत्तम इस्तेमाल नहीं करते और समय को पूरा काबू नहीं करते, तो आपका अन्तिम भाग्य में सत्यानाश ही होगा। अंग्रेजी साहित्य के पितामह शेक्सपियर ने लिखा था मनुष्यों के जीवन में एक ज्वार-भाटा आता है। जिसे यदि इसकी चरम सीमा पर पकड़ लिया जाए तो तकदीर बन जाती है। निकल जाने दिया जाए, तो उनके जीवन-रूपी पूरी यात्रा बन्ध जाती है दलदल और दुःखों में।

(शेक्सपियर के ‘जूलियस सीज़र’ से) जीवन की यात्रा के कठिन मार्ग के दौरान विरले ही कोई ऐसा अवसर होता है जो किसी व्यक्ति के पूरे भविष्य को बना सकता है या बिगाड़ सकता है। ऐसे कीमती पल को बिना ध्यान दिए निकलने नहीं देना चाहिए। व्यक्ति को अवश्य ही समय पर क्रिया करनी चाहिए, इससे पहले कि बहुत देरी हो जाए। ऐसा केवल तभी सम्भव है यदि

हम अपने जीवन में एक-एक पल के महत्त्व के प्रति सजग और सचेत हों। ऐसे लोग जो समय को नष्ट करते हैं और इसे बिना ध्यान दिए निकल जाने देते हैं, उन्हें पछताना और दुःखी होना पड़ता है, केवल जब वहां इस का कोई इलाज नहीं रहता है।

(Page 32) ‘Every second in life ….. lives today.

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. add up to – जमा हो कर बन जाते हैं ; 2. trickle – बूंद ; 3. mickle – एक भारी मात्रा ; 4. squandered – गंवाया जाना ; 5. drain – नाली ; 6. for nothing – व्यर्थ ही ; 7. fleeting – जल्दी से भागती हुई ; 8. traverse — पार करना, तय करना ; 9. at our disposal – हमारे अधिकार में ; 10. imperative – अत्यावश्यक ; 11. available – उपलब्ध ; 12. punctual – समय का पाबन्द ; 13. crucial — निर्णायक ; 14. globalisation – वैश्वीकरण ; 15. space travel – अन्तरिक्ष यात्रा ; 16. fraction – छोटा अंश ; 17. spell – परिणाम निकलना ; 18. disaster – घोर विपत्ति ; 19. budgeting – के प्रयोग में सावधान, बचत करना ; 20. apathy – उदासीनता ; 21. detrimental – हानिकारक ; 22. bequeathe – वसीयत में देना।

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Every second in life is important. Seconds add up to minutes, hours, days and months.Many a trickle makes a mickle. Why not then save every second to make the best use of time ? If you do not do that, a lot of time is squandered down the drain for nothing. Life is short and uncertain.

‘Art is long and time is fleeting,’ said a poet. We’ve a lot to do, a long road to traverse but time at our disposal is very short. Who knows when God Almighty may send a call ? In fact, every beat of our heart is taking us a step nearer to the grave. Therefore, it is imperative that one should make the best use of the time available.

One must learn to be punctual in all one’s activities. Those who are behind time, lag behind in their life too. An opportunity missed is an opportunity lost for ever. By being late, you may miss an important train, a crucial flight, a career-making job or an admission to an excellent course. It is no use crying over spilt milk or blaming the stars when you are yourself responsible for your failure.Yaksha, a god, asked Yudhishthira :

“What is the best time for doing a thing?” The wise son of Kunti said, “Now !” The work in hand is the most important work and the PRESENT is the most important time to do it. ‘Now or Never’ must be our guiding principle in life. Never put off till tomorrow, they say, what you can do today.

In this age of globalisation, super-computers and space travel, life is moving so fast that a slip of even a fraction of a second can spell doom and disaster. Every single second has, therefore, its own importance. That is why the concept of budgeting one’s time is fast catching up. Every moment of life is precious and any careless attitude or apathy towards the importance of time can prove highly detrimental to any society. We can hope for a good tomorrow only if we know the value of today. We are duty-bound to bequea the a happy and prosperous future to the coming generations. This is possible only if we know the value of NOW in our lives today.

अनुवाद

हमारे जीवन में प्रत्येक पल महत्त्वपूर्ण होता है। सैकण्ड जुड़ कर मिनट, घण्टे, दिन और महीने बन जाते हैं। बूंद बूंद से घड़ा भर जाता है। तो फिर समय का सर्वोत्तम इस्तेमाल करने के लिए प्रत्येक पल को क्यों न बचाया जाए? यदि तुम ऐसा नहीं करोगे, तो बहुत-सा समय व्यर्थ ही नाली में बह जाएगा। जीवन छोटा है और अनिश्चित ‘काम बहुत है और समय तेज़ी से भाग रहा है,’ एक कवि ने कहा था। हमें करने को बहुत काम है, एक लम्बी सड़क पार करनी है, किन्तु हमारे पास समय बहुत कम है।

कौन जानता है कि कब सर्वशक्तिमान ईश्वर बुलावा भेज दे? वास्तव में हमारे दिल की प्रत्येक धड़कन हमें एक कदम हमारी कब्र के और नज़दीक ले जा रही है। इसलिए यह अत्यावश्यक है कि व्यक्ति उपलब्ध समय का सर्वोत्तम इस्तेमाल करे। व्यक्ति को अपनी सभी क्रियाओं में समय का पाबन्द होना सीखना चाहिए। वे लोग जो समय से पीछे रह जाते | हैं, वे अपने जीवन में भी पीछे रह जाते हैं। एक बार खोया हुआ अवसर सदा के लिए खोया जाता है। देरी हो जाने से आप किसी महत्त्वपूर्ण गाड़ी, किसी निर्णायक उड़ान, किसी जीवन बना देने वाली नौकरी अथवा किसी शानदार

कोर्स में दाखिले के अवसर से चूक सकते हैं। चिड़ियों द्वारा खेत चुग लिए जाने पर रोने का अथवा ग्रहों को दोष देने का कोई लाभ नहीं होता यदि आप अपनी असफलता के लिए स्वयं ही ज़िम्मेदार हैं। यक्ष जो एक देवता था, उसने युधिष्ठिर से पूछा, “कोई काम करने के लिए सर्वोत्तम समय कौन-सा होता है?” कुन्ती के बुद्धिमान पुत्र ने कहा, “अब का समय!” जो काम हाथ में हो, वह सबसे महत्त्वपूर्ण काम होता है, तथा वर्तमान का समय इसे करने के लिए सब से महत्त्वपूर्ण समय होता है।

अभी या कभी नहीं’-हमारे जीवन का मुख्य सिद्धान्त होना चाहिए। कहते हैं कि आज का काम कल पर कभी नहीं छोड़ना चाहिए। वैश्वीकरण, सुपर-कम्प्यूटरों और अन्तरिक्ष-यात्रा के इस युग में जीवन इतनी तेज़ गति से चल रहा है कि एक सैकण्ड का कुछ अंश भी हाथ से निकल जाने पर सर्वनाश अथवा महा-विपत्ति आ सकती है। इसलिए एक-एक सैकण्ड का अपना ही महत्त्व होता है। इसी कारण अपने समय का बजट बनाने सम्बन्धी विचार ज़ोर पकड़ता जा रहा है।

जीवन का प्रत्येक पल कीमती है तथा समय के महत्त्व के प्रति कोई भी लापरवाही वाला व्यवहार अथवा उदासीनता किसी भी समाज के लिए बहुत हानिकारक ह सकता है। हम एक अच्छे कल की केवल तब आशा कर सकते हैं यदि हमें आज के मूल्य का ज्ञान हो। हम कर्तव्य बद्ध हैं कि आने वाली पीढ़ियों के लिए एक प्रसन्नतापूर्ण और प्रगतिशील भविष्य छोड़ कर जाएं। ऐसा केवल तब सम्भव है यदि हम आज के अपने जीवनों में वर्तमान के महत्त्व को पहचानें।

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(क) भाषा – बोध

I. शब्दार्थ

नाड़ी = शरीर की रक्त वहन करने वाली शिरा। संपूर्ण = सारा। विश्व = संसार। अपेक्षा = बजाए की तुलना में। कार्य स्थल = काम करने का स्थान। जटिल = कठिन। संरचना = बनावट। वयस्क = अठारह वर्ष से अधिक आयु वाला। सूक्ष्मदर्शी = एक यंत्र, जिसमें छोटी चीज़ का बड़ा आकार दिखाई देता है। अनीमिया = रक्ताल्पता (रक्त की कमी)। विकसित = बनना, बढ़ना। उत्पादन = निर्माण, बनना। परिवर्तन = बदलाव। निरंतर = लगातार। जमावड़ा = इकट्ठा होना। बेझिझक = बिना संकोच। घुसपैठ = पहुँच। द्रव्य = तरल पदार्थ। नामुराद = जिस की कोई कामना न हो। स्वेच्छा = अपनी इच्छा से। अत्यन्त = बहुत। संकल्प = इरादा, निश्चय। पर्याप्त = काफ़ी। व्यर्थ = बेकार।

II. इन मुहावरों और लोकोक्ति के अर्थ समझते हुए वाक्यों में प्रयोग करें

चैन की साँस लेना, प्राण देना, शहीद होना, साँस में साँस आना, हाथ कंगन को आरसी क्या।
उत्तर:
1. चैन की साँस लेना-भूकंप के झटकों के बाद पुत्र को सुरक्षित घर वापस आया देख माँ ने चैन की सांस ली।
2. प्राण देना-देश की आजादी के लिए लाखों देश भक्तों ने अपने प्राण दे दिए थे।
3. शहीद होना-वीर सैनिक दुश्मन के टेंक को बम से उड़ाने के बाद शहीद हो गया था।
4. साँस में साँस आना-मेरे पीछे लगे कुत्ते को जब तुमने मार भगाया तब मेरी साँस में साँस आई।
5. हाथ कंगन को आरसी क्या-तुम्हारे बस्ते में से मैंने अपनी कॉपी तुम्हारे सामने ही निकाली है और तुम स्वयं को अभी भी चोर नहीं मान रहे। अब तुम्हीं बताओ कि हाथ कंगन को आरसी क्या?

(ख) विषय – बोध

I. इन प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो वाक्यों में लिखें

प्रश्न (क)
रक्त के कितने अंग होते हैं ? उनके नाम लिखें।
उत्तर:
रक्त में चार अंग होते हैं-प्लाज्मा, लाल रक्त कोशिकाएं, सफेद रक्त कणिकाएं और प्लेटलेट्स।

प्रश्न (ख)
लाल कोशिकाओं का रंग किस पदार्थ के कारण लाल होता है ?
उत्तर:
लाल कोशिकाएं हीमोग्लोबिन के कारण लाल होती हैं।

प्रश्न (ग)
हीमोग्लोबिन किस-किस तत्व का बना होता है ?
उत्तर:
हीमोग्लोबिन लोहे और प्रोटीन से बना होता है।

प्रश्न (घ)
लाल कोशिकाओं का मुख्य कार्य क्या है ?
उत्तर:
लाल कोशिकाएँ फेफड़ों से ऑक्सीजन को शरीर के अंगों तक और कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड को शरीर से बाहर फिंकवाती हैं।

प्रश्न (ङ)
लाल कोशिकाओं का विकास कहाँ होता है ?
उत्तर:
लाल कोशिकाओं का विकास बोन मैरो में होता है।

प्रश्न (च)
श्वेत कोशिकाएँ क्या कार्य करती हैं ?
उत्तर:
श्वेत कणिकाएँ बाहरी रोगाणुओं से लड़ कर शरीर को स्वस्थ रखती हैं।

प्रश्न (छ)
प्लेटलेट्स कोशिकाएँ रक्त जमाव में कैसे सहायता करती हैं ?
उत्तर:
पारदर्शी प्लेटलेट्स प्लाज्मा में उपस्थित विशेष प्रोटीन के साथ मिल कर मकड़ी के जाल की तरह एक बढ़िया-सा जाल लाल कोशिकाओं को रोक देता है। पपड़ी के रूप में जम कर यह रक्त जमाव कर देता है।

प्रश्न (ज)
प्लाज्मा का विकास शरीर के किस अंग में होता है ?
उत्तर:
प्लाज्मा का विकास जिगर (लिवर) में होता है।

प्रश्न (झ)
एक वयस्क स्त्री और पुरुष में प्रति किलोग्राम रक्त की कितनी मात्रा होती है ?
उत्तर:
एक वयस्क स्त्री में प्रति किलोग्राम में 67 सी०सी० और पुरुष में 75 सी०सी० रक्त की मात्रा होती है।

प्रश्न (ज)
किस आयु वर्ग के व्यक्ति रक्तदान कहाँ-कहाँ पर जाकर कर सकते हैं ?
उत्तर:
अठारह वर्ष से लेकर पैंसठ वर्ष आयु वर्ग के स्वस्थ व्यक्ति किसी मान्यता प्राप्त ब्लड बैंक, रक्त शिविर या आवश्यकता पड़ने पर किसी भी मरीज को रक्तदान कर सकते हैं।

II. इन प्रश्नों के उत्तर चार या पाँच वाक्यों में लिखें :

प्रश्न (क)
रक्त के मुख्य अंग कौन-कौन से हैं ? प्रत्येक अंग के बारे में लिखें।
उत्तर:
रक्त के मुख्य अंग प्लाज्मा, लाल कोशिकाएँ, श्वेत कोशिकाएँ और प्लेटलेट्स होते हैं। प्लाज्मा हल्के पीले रंग का द्रव्य है जिसमें उसके अन्य सभी अंग तैरते रहते हैं और इसी की सहायता से अपना-अपना काम करते हैं। इसका विकास जिगर (लिवर) में होता है। लाल रक्त कोशिकाएँ हीमोग्लोबिन की उपस्थिति के कारण लाल होती हैं। इनका आकार बालूशाही की तरह होता है। ये फेफड़ों से ऑक्सीजन लेकर शरीर के अंगों तक भेजती हैं तथा कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड को फेफड़ों के द्वारा शरीर से बाहर निकालती हैं। श्वेत कोशिकाएँ बोन मैरो में बनती हैं। इनकी संख्या लाल कोशिकाओं से बहुत कम होती है पर ये आकार में उनसे दुगुनी बड़ी होती हैं। ये शरीर में प्रवेश करने वाले रोगाणुओं से लड़ती हैं और शरीर को रोगों से बचाती हैं। प्लेटलेट्स पारदर्शी छोटी सपाट प्लेटों जैसे होते हैं। ये रक्त को बहने से रोकने के लिए जमाव क्रिया में सहायता करते हैं।

प्रश्न (ख)
लाल कोशिकाओं के बारे में आपने क्या सीखा ?
उत्तर:
लाल कोशिकाओं का रंग सदा लाल होता है और इसका कारण इनमें उपस्थित हीमोग्लोबिन होता है जो लोहे और प्रोटीन से बनता है। लाल कोशिकाओं की बनावट दोनों ओर से दबी बालूशाही जैसी होती है। किसी वयस्क पुरुष में रक्त की एक बूंद में इनकी संख्या लगभग पचास लाख तक होती है लेकिन स्त्रियों और बच्चों में इनकी संख्या इससे भिन्न होती है। लाल कोशिकाएँ दिन-रात काम करती हैं और फेफड़ों से ऑक्सीजन ले कर शरीर के सभी अंगों तक पहुँचाती हैं। ये ही कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड को फेफड़ों के माध्यम से शरीर से बाहर निकलती हैं। लाल कोशिकाएं बोन-मैरो में बनती हैं और इनकी आयु . चार महीने ही होती है।

प्रश्न (ग)
श्वेत कोशिकाओं के बारे में आपने क्या सीखा ?
उत्तर:
श्वेत रक्त कोशिकाएं बोन मैरो में बनती हैं। ये प्लाज्मा में तैरती रहती हैं। ये लाल कोशिकाओं से आकार में दो गुणा बड़ी होती हैं लेकिन संख्या में बहुत कम होती हैं। रक्त की एक बूंद में इनकी संख्या लगभग दस हज़ार होती है। ये शरीर में प्रवेश करने वाले रोगाणुओं से लड़ती हैं और उन्हें मार कर बीमारियों से हमारी रक्षा करती हैं। किसी चोट से निकली मवाद या पस भरी हुई श्वेत रक्त कोशिकाएं ही होती हैं। इनकी आयु कुल छ: सात घण्टे ही होती है। ये आवश्यकतानुसार बढ़ कर शरीर की रक्षा करती हैं और इन्हें किसी विशेष प्रकार के भोजन की आवश्यकता नहीं होती।

प्रश्न (घ)
प्लेटलेट्स की क्या भूमिका है ?
उत्तर:
प्लेटलेट्स प्लाज़मा में तैरने वाले पारदर्शी छोटी-छोटी सपाट-प्लेटों की तरह होते हैं। ये शरीर से बहने वाले रक्त की जमाव-क्रिया में सहायता देती हैं। रक्त के प्रति घन मिलीमीटर में इनकी संख्या लगभग डेढ़ लाख से चार लाख तक होती है। चोट लग जाने की स्थिति में ये एक विशेष प्रोटीन के साथ मिलकर मकड़ी के जाल की तरह जालासा बना देती है जिससे लाल रक्त कणिकाएं बाहर बहनी बन्द हो जाती हैं। समय के साथ ये त्वचा के साथ विकसित होकर घाव को भर देती हैं। इन्हें किसी विशेष भोजन की आवश्यकता नहीं होती। ये अपनी तरह की अन्य कोशिकाओं को स्वयं विकसित कर लेती

प्रश्न (ङ)
प्लाज़मा के बारे में आपने क्या जाना ?
उत्तर:
प्लाज़मा रक्त का प्रमुख अंग है जिसमें रक्त की अन्य कोशिकाएं अपने-अपने कार्य करने के लिए तैरती रहती हैं। हल्के-पीले रंग के इस द्रव्य की उपस्थिति में ही रक्त के अंग अपने काम को पूरा कर पाते हैं। यह जिगर (लिवर) में बनता है और इसकी रचना अनेक प्रकार के प्रोटीन्ज़ से होती है। आवश्यकता पड़ने पर जिगर (लिवर) इसका विकास सामान्य की अपेक्षा आठ गुणा तेज़ी से कर सकता है।

प्रश्न (च)
रक्त दान करना क्यों जरूरी है ?
उत्तर:
प्रत्येक मनुष्य के जीवन के लिए रक्त बहुत आवश्यक होता है। यह जीवन का प्रमुख आधार है। यह कृत्रिम रूप से नहीं बनाया जा सकता। यह बोन मैरो में ही बनता है। दुर्घटनाओं, भयंकर बीमारियों, बड़े आप्रेशनों आदि के कारण अनेक बार शरीर में रक्त कम हो जाता है जिसे तत्काल पूरा करने के लिए स्वस्थ लोगों के रक्तदान से सहायता लेनी ही पड़ती है। ऐसा करने से रक्तदाता को कोई क्षति नहीं होती लेकिन ज़रूरतमन्द व्यक्ति की जान बच जाती है। रक्तदान को इसीलिए महादान भी कहा जाता है।

(ग) व्यावहारिक व्याकरण

I. इन शब्दों के विपरीत अर्थ वाले शब्द बनायें

उपस्थित = …………………
उचित = …………..
इच्छा = …………..
आवश्यकता = …………..
नियमित = …………..
स्वस्थ = …………..
हिंसा = …………..
पूर्ति = …………..
जन्म = …………..
एक = …………..
ग्रहण = …………..
सामान्य = …………..
उत्तर:
उपस्थित = अनुपस्थित
उचित = अनुचित
इच्छा = अनिच्छा
आवश्यकता = अनावश्यकता
नियमित = अनियमित
स्वस्थ = अस्वस्थ
हिंसा = अहिंसा
पूर्ति = अपूर्ति
जन्म = मरण
एक = अनेक
ग्रहण = त्याग
सामान्य = असामान्य।

II. इन शब्दों में से मूल शब्द पहचान कर लिखें

सम्पूर्ण = …………..
संरचना = …………..
संकल्प = …………..
सुरक्षित = …………..
नियमित = …………..
विकसित = …………..
प्रदर्शित = …………..
सुरक्षा = …………..
उत्तर:
सम्पूर्ण = पूर्ण
संरचना = रचना
संकल्प = कल्प
सुरक्षित = रक्षा
नियमित = नियम
विकसित = विकास
प्रदर्शित = दर्श
सुरक्षा = रक्षा

III. इन शब्दों के पर्यायवाची शब्द लिखें-

रक्त = …………..
स्वस्थ = …………..
नाड़ी = …………..
भूमिका = …………..
घुसपैठ = …………..
उत्तर:
रक्त = लहू, शोणित
स्वस्थ = निरोग, हृष्टपुष्ट
नाड़ी = नली, रक्तवाहिनी
भूमिका = पृष्ठभूमि, प्रस्तावना
घुसपैठ = बलपूर्वक प्रवेश, बँसना।

IV. इन रेखांकित विशेषण शब्दों के भेद का नाम लिखिए

प्रश्न (क)
मेरा रंग लाल होता है। (गुणवाचक विशेषण)
उत्तर:
गुणवाचक विशेषण।

प्रश्न (ख)
वयस्क पुरुष में मेरी एक बूंद में इनकी संख्या लगभग पचास लाख होती है।
उत्तर:
वयस्क = गुणवाचक विशेषण, एक = निश्चित संख्यावाचक विशेषण। लगभग पचास लाख-अनिश्चित संख्यावाचक विशेषण।

प्रश्न (ग)
इनके स्थान पर नई कोशिकाएं जन्म ले लेती हैं।
उत्तर:
नई = गुणवाचक विशेषण।

प्रश्न (घ)
हमें सदैव सन्तुलित भोजन लेना चाहिए।
उत्तर:
सन्तुलित-गुण वाचक विशेषण।

प्रश्न (ङ)
मेरी श्वेत कोशिकाएं आपके शरीर में किसी रोगाणु की घुसपैठ के समय किसी बहादुर सिपाही की तरह बचाव के लिए आती हैं।
उत्तर:
श्वेत = गुणवाचक विशेषण, बहादुर = गुणवाचक विशेषण।

अतिरिक्त ज्ञान:

(क) अपने रक्त समूह (ब्लड ग्रुप) की जाँच करवायें। अपना रक्त समूह नोट करके रखें।
(ख) रक्त समूह आठ प्रकार के होते हैं ए-पाजिटिव, ए-नेगेटिव, बी-पाजिटिव, बी-नेगेटिव, ए-बी पाजिटिव, ए-बी नेगेटिव, ओ-पाज़िटिव, ओ-नेगेटिव।
(ग) मान्यता प्राप्त संस्था को ही रक्त दान करें।
(घ) रक्त बेचना दण्डनीय अपराध है।

PSEB 8th Class Hindi Guide रक्त की आत्मकथा Important Questions and Answers

बहुविकल्पीय प्रश्न निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर सही विकल्प चुनकर लिखें

प्रश्न 1.
किसके कारण इन्सानों का जीवन चलता है ?
(क) माँस
(ख) खाल
(ग) बाल
(घ) रक्त।
उत्तर:
रक्त।

प्रश्न 2.
रक्त का रंग क्या होता है ?
(क) लाल
(ख) नीला
(ग) पीला
(घ) बैंगनी।
उत्तर:
लाल।

प्रश्न 3.
कोशिकाएँ सदा किसमें तैरती हैं ?
(क) प्लेटों में
(ख) प्लाज्मा में
(ग) प्लैटिनिम में
(घ) प्लाटों में।
उत्तर:
प्लाज्मा में।

प्रश्न 4.
हीमोग्लोबिन की कमी से कौन-सा रोग होता है ?
(क) अफारा
(ख) आसियाना
(ग) अनीमिया
(घ) शूगर।
उत्तर:
अनीमिया।

प्रश्न 5.
रक्त में लाल कोशिकाओं की आयु कितने मास की होती है ?
(क) दो
(ख) तीन
(ग) चार
(घ) पाँच।
उत्तर:
चार

प्रश्न 6.
कितने वर्ष की आयु का स्वस्थ व्यक्ति रक्तदान कर सकता है ?
(क) 15-20
(ख) 18-50
(ग) 18-60
(घ) 18-65.
उत्तर:
18-65.

प्रश्न 7.
लाल कोशिकाओं का विकास कहाँ होता है ?
(क) बौनमैरी में
(ख) प्लाज्मा में
(ग) प्रोटीन में
(घ) प्लेटलेस में।
उत्तर:
बोनमैरी में।

प्रश्न 8.
रक्त में मुख्य रूप से कितने अंग होते हैं ?
(क) दो
(ख) तीन
(ग) चार
(घ) पाँच।
उत्तर:
दो।

रक्त की आत्मकथा Summary

रक्त की आत्मकथा पाठ का सार

रक्त अपनी कहानी सुनाते हुए कहता है कि उसके कारण ही हम इन्सानों का जीवन चलता है। वह निरन्तर हमारी नाड़ियों में बहता रहता है। लाल रंग का रक्त शरीर से किसी भी कारण बाहर निकलने पर पानी की तरह बहता है। रक्त के मुख्य रूप से दो हिस्से होते हैं-प्लाज्मा और कोशिकाएँ। कोशिकाएँ सदा प्लाज्मा में तैरती रहती हैं। रक्त का 55 प्रतिशत भाग प्लाज्मा होती है और शेष 45 प्रतिशत भाग लाल कोशिकाएँ, श्वेत कोशिकाएँ और पारदर्शी प्लेटलेट्स कोशिकाएँ बनाती हैं। लाल कोशिकाओं के कारण रक्त लाल रंग का दिखाई देता है। किसी भी वयस्क पुरुष के खून की एक बूंद में लाल कोशिकाओं की लगभग संख्या पचास लाख होती है। बच्चों और स्त्रियों में इनकी संख्या बदल जाती हैं। इनका लाल रंग हीमोग्लोबिन नामक एक पदार्थ के कारण होता है। लाल कोशिकाओं की बनावट ऐसी होती है जैसे बालूशाही को दोनों ओर से दबाया गया हो। ये लाल कोशिकाएँ दिन-रात चौबीसों घंटे ऑक्सीजन को फेफड़ों से शरीर के अंगों तक पहुँचाती हैं और कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड को फेफड़ों के माध्यम से बाहर फेंकती हैं। हीमोग्लोबिन लोहे और प्रोटीन से बनता है। यदि रक्त में हीमोग्लोबिन कम हो जाए तो अनीमिया नामक बीमारी हो जाती है। लाल कोशिकाओं का विकास ‘बोन मैरो’ नामक पदार्थ में होता है जो हड्डियों के खोखले भाग में भरा होता है। बोन मैरो का तीन-चौथाई भाग श्वेत कोशिकाओं और प्लेटलेट्स बनाने का कार्य करता है।

रक्त में लाल कोशिकाओं की आयु चार महीने ही होती है। रक्त के निर्माण के लिए हम सब को प्रोटीन, लोह तत्व और विटामिन खाने चाहिएं। यदि रक्त अधिक मात्रा में बह जाए तो बोन मैरो इसके उत्पादन को आठ गुणा तक बढ़ा सकती है। रक्त का प्रत्येक हिस्सा हमारे लिए उपयोगी होता है। श्वेत कोशिकाएँ शरीर का सुरक्षा कवच बनती हैं और आकार में लाल कोशिकाओं से दो गुणा बड़ी होती हैं, पर संख्या में कम होती हैं। ये रोगाणुओं से लड़ती हैं। जब ये मर जाती हैं तो पस या मवाद के रूप में दिखाई देती हैं। इनकी आयु छ:-सात घंटे ही होती है। प्लाज्मा में तैरती प्लेटलेट्स कोशिकाएँ छोटी-छोटी पारदर्शी प्लेटों की तरह होती हैं। ये रक्त की जमाव क्रिया में सहायक होती हैं। इनकी संख्या प्रति घन मिलीमीटर में डेढ़ लाख से चार लाख तक होती है। जब कभी चोट लगती है तो ये प्लाज्मा में उपस्थित एक विशेष प्रोटीन के साथ मिल कर एक जाल-सा बना देती है जिससे खून बहना बंद हो जाता है। जरूरत पड़ने पर प्लेटलेट्स अपने जैसी कोशिकाओं को स्वयं बना लेते हैं। इन्हीं के कारण हम मच्छरों से फैलने वाले ‘डेंगू’ से बच पाते हैं। हल्के-पीले रंग का प्लाज्मा अन्य सभी अंगों को साथ लेकर कार्य करता है। कोशिका के तीनों अंग इसी में तैरते रहते हैं। प्लाज्मा तरह-तरह के प्रोटीन्ज़ से बनता है और इसका विकास जिगर (लिवर) में होता है। जब कभी कोई व्यक्ति रक्त दान करता है तो जिगर सामान्य की अपेक्षा आठ गुना तेज़ी से इसका निर्माण कर देता है। किसी वयस्क पुरुष के शरीर में रक्त की मात्रा 75 सी०सी० प्रति किलोग्राम और वयस्क स्त्री में यह 67 सी०सी० प्रति किलोग्राम होती है। जरूरत पड़ने पर अपना रक्त दूसरों को दान दिया जा सकता है। रक्त फैक्ट्रियों में नहीं बनाया जा सकता। इसलिए इसे जरूरतमंद लोगों को देना चाहिए। अठारह से पैंसठ वर्ष का कोई भी स्वस्थ व्यक्ति प्रत्येक तीन महीने बाद रक्त दान कर सकता है। अब ऐसी अनेक मशीनें हैं जो रक्त के हिस्सों को अलग-अलग कर सकती हैं और अलग-अलग रोगियों को उन्हें दिया जा सकता है। रक्त बहुत उपयोगी है और इसे हिंसा के द्वारा कभी नहीं बहाना चाहिए।

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 2 ईदगाह Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Hindi Chapter 2 ईदगाह

Hindi Guide for Class 8 PSEB ईदगाह Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) भाषा – बोध

I. शब्दार्थ

ईद = मुसलमानों का प्रसिद्ध त्योहार। ईदगाह = ईद के दिन मुसलमानों के एकत्र होकर नमाज़ पढ़ने की जगह। रमजान = रोजा रखने का महीना। बिसात = पूंजी। जाज़िम = दरी के ऊपर बिछाने की छपी चादर। विपन्नता = ग़रीबी। सिजदे = सिर झुकाना। कवायद = मार्च, परेड। हिंडोला = झूला। जिरह = बहस। आपत्ति = एतराज। वजू = नमाज़ पढ़ने से पहले हाथ-मुँह धोने का काम। कोष = खज़ाना। भिश्ती = मशक से पानी ढोने वाला। घुड़कियाँ = धमकी देना। स्नेह = प्यार। कचोट = चुभन । दामन = आँचल। सहसा = अचानक। रहस्य = भेद।

II. निम्नलिखित शब्दों का अर्थ लिखकर वाक्यों में प्रयोग करेंकोष, बिसात, स्नेह, दामन, हिंडोला, कचोट।

उत्तर:
कोष = खज़ाना-हमारा राष्ट्रीय कोष अच्छी स्थिति में है। बिसात = हैसियत, जमा पूंजी-अपनी बिसात देखकर व्यापार करो। स्नेह = प्यार-माता का अपने बच्चे से स्वाभाविक स्नेह होता है। दामन = आँचल-कभी अपने दामन पर बुराई का काला धब्बा मत लगने दो। हिंडोला = झूला-हिंडोला देखकर बच्चे उस पर बैठने के लिए मचल उठते हैं। कचोट = चुभन-उसे क्यों कचोट रहे हो, अपना काम करो।

III. निम्नलिखित मुहावरों का वाक्यों में प्रयोग करें

पैरों में पर लगना, दिल बैठ जाना, राई का पर्वत बनाना, रंग जमाना, बाल भी बाँका न होना, भेंट हो जाना, मैदान मार लेना, मन गद्गद् हो जाना।
उत्तर:
पैरों में पर लगना – बच्चे को सम्भाल कर रखो, अब इसके पैरों में पर लग गए हैं।
राई का पर्वत बनाना – शीला तो हर बात को राई का पर्वत बना देती है, उस की बातों पर विश्वास मत किया करो।
रंग जमना – पार्टी में गायिका के आने पर रंग जमना शुरू हो गया था।
बाल भी बांका न होना – बस-दुर्घटना कितनी गंभीर थी, परन्तु नन्हें बच्चे का बाल भी बांका न हुआ।
भेंट हो जाना = मिल जाना-आज बरसों बाद मेरी रीना से भेंट हो गई थी।
मैदान मार लेना = जीत जाना-इस वर्ष तो हॉकी मैच में हमारे स्कूल ने मैदान मार लिया।
मन गद्गद् हो जाना = खुश हो जाना-पुरस्कार प्राप्त कर मेरा मन गद्गद् हो गया

(ख) विषय – बोध

I. रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति करो

(क) अमीना का दिल …………. रहा है।
(ख) इस्लाम की …………….. में सब बराबर हैं।
(ग) ईदगाह जाने वालों की ……………. नज़र आने लगी।
(घ) चिमटे ने सभी को …………. कर लिया।
(ङ) बुढ़िया का …………… तुरन्त स्नेह में बदल गया।
उत्तर:
(क) कचोट
(ख) निगाह
(ग) टोलियाँ
(घ) मोहित
(ङ) क्रोध।

II. इन प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो वाक्यों में लिखें

प्रश्न (क)
नमाज़ खत्म होने पर लोग क्या करते हैं ?
उत्तर:
नमाज़ खत्म होने पर लोग आपस में गले मिलते हैं।

प्रश्न (ख)
रमजान के कितने दिनों बाद ईद आती है ?
उत्तर:
रमजान के तीस दिनों बाद ईद आती है।

प्रश्न (ग)
ईद का त्योहार किस धर्म से सम्बन्धित है ?
उत्तर:
ईद का त्योहार मुस्लिम धर्म से सम्बन्धित है।

प्रश्न (घ)
हामिद हिंडोले में क्यों नहीं चढ़ता ?
उत्तर:
हामिद के पास केवल तीन पैसे थे। वह थोड़े-से मज़े के लिए उन पैसों को व्यर्थ खर्च करना नहीं चाहता था। इसलिए वह हिंडोले में नहीं चढ़ता।

III. इन प्रश्नों के उत्तर चार या पाँच वाक्यों में लिखें

प्रश्न 1.
ईद का त्योहार कब आता है ? इस दिन मुसलमान क्या करते हैं ?
उत्तर:
ईद का त्योहार रमजान के पूरे तीस रोजों के बाद आता है। इस दिन मुसलमान ईदगाह जाकर नमाज़ पढ़ते हैं। फिर आपस में गले मिलते हैं। इस त्योहार पर भारी मेला लगता है। बाज़ार सजते हैं। नये-नये कपड़ों से सजे लोग भिन्न-भिन्न प्रकार की चीजें खरीदते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
अमीना हामिद को मेले क्यों नहीं भेजना चाहती ?
उत्तर:
अमीना सोचती है कि गांव के बच्चे अपने-अपने बाप के साथ जा रहे हैं। वह उसे मेले में अकेला कैसे भेजे ? भीड़-भाड़ में बच्चा कहीं खो गया तो क्या होगा ? फिर यह नन्हा-सा बच्चा तीन कोस चलेगा कैसे ? पैरों में छाले पड़ जाएंगे। जूते भी तो उसके पास नहीं थे। इसी कारण अमीना हामिद को मेले में नहीं भेजना चाहती थी।

प्रश्न 3.
हामिद ने अपनी दादी के लिए चिमटा क्यों खरीदा ?
उत्तर:
हामिद ने अपनी दादी के लिए चिमटा इसलिए खरीदा क्योंकि रोटी पकाते समय उसकी बूढ़ी दादी के हाथ जल जाते हैं। घर में चिमटा नहीं है। हामिद ने सोचा कि चिमटे को पाकर दादी प्रसन्न हो जाएगी और दुआएँ देगी। उसकी उंगलियाँ नहीं जलेंगी। घर में एक काम की चीज़ भी हो जाएगी।

प्रश्न 4.
हामिद का चिमटा रुस्तमे हिन्द कैसे है ?
उत्तर:
हामिद का चिमटा रुस्तमे हिन्द इसलिए है, क्योंकि वह बड़ा बहादुर है। उसमें आग में कूदने की शक्ति है और आग में बहादुर ही कूद सकते हैं। उसके साथियों के मिट्टी के बने खिलौने वकील, भिश्ती और सिपाही बहादुरी का काम नहीं कर सकते। चिमटा अपने साथियों के खिलौनों को तोड़ भी सकता है। अतः वह रुस्तमे हिन्द है।

(ग) व्यावहारिक व्याकरण :

I. वचन बदलें

1. बन्दूक = बन्दूकें
आँख = …………
सड़क = ………..
किताब = ……….
दुआ = …………
उत्तर:
बन्दूक = बन्दूकें
आँख = आँखें
सड़क = सड़कें
किताब = किताबें
दुआ = दुआएँ

2. चिमटा = चिमटे
पैसा = ………..
खिलौना – ………..
ताँगा = ………..
हिंडोला = ………..
उत्तर:
चिमटा = चिमटे
पैसा = पैसे
खिलौना = खिलौने
ताँगा = ताँगे
हिंडोला = हिंडोले

3. टोली = टोलियाँ
घुड़की = ………..
उंगली = ………..
पसली = ………..
चर्खि = ………..
उत्तर:
टोली = टोलियाँ
घुड़की = घुड़की
उंगली = उँगलियाँ
पसली = पसलियाँ
चर्खि = चर्खियाँ

II. लिंग बदलें-

1. धोबी = धोबिन
सुनार = ………..
ग्वाला = ……….
तेली = ………..
उत्तर:
धोबी. = धोबिन
सुनार = सुनारिन
ग्वाला = ग्वालिन
तेली = तेलिन

2. ऊँट = ऊँटनी
सिंह = ……..
हंस = ………..
शेर = ………..
उत्तर:
ऊँट = ऊँटनी
सिंह = सिंहनी
हंस = हंसनी
शेर = शेरनी

3. दादा = दादी
चिमटा= ……..
बच्चा = ……..
लड़का= ……..
उत्तर:
दादा = दादी
चिमटा= चिमटी
बच्चा = बच्ची
लड़का= लड़की

III. विपरीतार्थक शब्द लिखें

प्रसन्न – ……………..
महँगा – ……………..
विवेक – ……………..
आगे – ……………..
धीरे – ……………..
धूप – ……………..
उत्तर:
प्रसन्न – अप्रसन्न
महँगा – सस्ता
विवेक – अविवेक
आगे – पीछे
धीरे – तेज़
धूप – छाँव

IV. इन भिन्नार्थक शब्द-युग्मों के अर्थ दिए गए हैं। इनके अर्थों को ध्यान में रखते हुए वाक्य बनाएँ

उत्तर:
I. मैं मोहन की ओर मुड़ा और उसका हाथ पकड़ लिया।
II. मैंने नरेश के कुल के विषय पर नदी के कूल पर सब कुछ जानना चाहा था।
II. सूर्यास्त के अभिराम दृश्य को आप अविराम निहार रहे थे।
IV. इस कलि काल में कोई कली भी सुरक्षित नहीं है।
V. घाट का शुल्क आज जमा कराना था पर शुक्ल धन के अभाव में ऐसा न कर पाया।
VI. सभी बच्चे क्रम से अपने-अपने कर्म के विषय में बतला रहे थे।
VII. आप के पास तो अपने प्रमाण-पत्रों का परिमाण बहुत अधिक है।
VIII. चिर काल से सुदामा इसी पुराने चीर का उपयोग कर रहा था। ।

V. इन वाक्यों में से संज्ञा शब्द छाँटकर उनके भेद का नाम लिखें

1. हामिद के पाँव में जूते नहीं हैं।
2. यह हिंडोला है।
3. हामिद खिसिया जाता है।
4. अमीना का दिल कचोट रहा है।
5. चिमटे ने सभी को मोहित कर लिया।
उत्तर:
1. हामिद-व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा। पाँव-जातिवाचक संज्ञा। जूतेजातिवाचक संज्ञा।
2. हिंडोला-जातिवाचक संज्ञा ।
3. हामिद-व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा।
4. अमीना–व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा। दिल-जातिवाचक संज्ञा ।
5. चिमटे-जातिवाचक संज्ञा।

VI. रेखांकित शब्दों में कौन-सा सर्वनाम है ?

प्रश्न 1.
यह देखो, हिंडोला है।
उत्तर:
यह-निश्चयवाचक

प्रश्न 2.
वह सबको ललचाई आँखों से देखता है।
उत्तर:
वह–अन्य पुरुषवाचक

प्रश्न 3.
यहाँ कोई धन और पद नहीं देखता।
उत्तर:
कोई-अनिश्चय वाचक

प्रश्न 4.
क्यों नहीं कुछ लेकर खाता ?
उत्तर:
क्यों-प्रश्नवाचक, कुछ-अनिश्चयवाचक

प्रश्न 5.
वे सब के सब आगे बढ़ जाते हैं।
उत्तर:
वे अन्य पुरुषवाचक

प्रश्न 6.
उसे ख्याल आया, दादी के पास चिमटा नहीं है।
उत्तर:
उसे-अन्य पुरुषवाचक

प्रश्न 7.
इसे क्या करेगा ?
उत्तर:
इसे-निश्चयवाचक

प्रश्न 8.
वह रोने लगी।
उत्तर:
वह-अन्य पुरुषवाचक।

(घ) रचनात्मक ज्ञान

प्रश्न (क)
मान लीजिए आप स्कूल की तरफ से शिमला शैक्षिक भ्रमण पर जाते हैं। वहाँ से आप अपने छोटे भाई-बहन के लिए कुछ न कुछ खरीद कर लाते हो। आप अपने दादादादी के लिए वहाँ से क्या खरीदकर लायेंगे? अपने शब्दों में लिखें।
उत्तर:
जब मैं स्कूल की तरफ से शिमला शैक्षिक भ्रमण के लिए जाऊँगा तो मैं अपने दादा जी के लिए लक्कड़ बाज़ार से एक सुंदर-सी मज़बूत छड़ी खरीद कर लाऊँगा। वे हर सुबह सैर करने जाते हैं। छड़ी से उन्हें सहारा मिलेगा, चलने में सहायता मिलेगी और आवारा कुत्ते भी उनके पास नहीं आएंगे। मैं अपनी दादी के लिए एक टोपी लाऊँगा। वे सर्दी में भी सिर पर शाल नहीं ओढतीं। टोपी से उनका सिर ठंड से बचा रहेगा।

प्रश्न (ख)
यदि आप साधन सम्पन्न हैं और आप अपने दोस्तों के साथ कहीं पिकनिक पर गये हैं। आपका कोई एक ऐसा दोस्त है जिसके पास आपके बनस्पित कम पैसे हैं तो क्या आप उसे चिढ़ा-चिढ़ाकर चीजें खायेंगे या मिल बाँटकर ; लिखें।
उत्तर:
मैं अपने दोस्त के प्रति उसे बुरा भाव प्रकट करने वाला कोई काम नहीं करूँगा। मैं उसके साथ मिल-बाँट कर खाऊँगा। मैं उसे महसूस ही नहीं होने दूंगा कि उसके पास कम पैसे हैं।

PSEB 8th Class Hindi Guide ईदगाह Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
ईदगाह में नमाज़ के दृश्य का वर्णन करें।
उत्तर:
ईदगाह में नमाज़ का दृश्य बहुत प्रभावशाली था। ज़मीन पर जाज़िम बिछा हुआ था। रोज़े रखने वालों की कई पंक्तियाँ लगी थीं। यहाँ सब लोग बराबर थे। अमीरग़रीब का कोई फर्क नहीं था। लाखों लोग सिजदे में एक साथ सिर झुकाते, फिर इकट्ठे खड़े हो जाते। एक साथ झुकते और एक साथ घुटनों के बल बैठ जाते। कई बार यही क्रिया होती।

प्रश्न 2.
हामिद के हाथ में चिमटा देखकर अमीना क्रोध में क्यों आई ?
उत्तर:
हामिद के हाथों में चिमटा देखकर अमीना को क्रोध इसलिए आया क्योंकि उसने तो हामिद को कुछ खाने-पीने के लिए, खिलौने के लिए या और कोई मनचाही चीज़ लाने के लिए पैसे दिए थे। लेकिन हामिद ने अपनी खुशी के लिए कुछ भी न लिया। इस पर अमीना को क्रोध आ गया। इसे क्या पता था कि उसी के सुख के लिए वह चिमय लाया है।

प्रश्न 3.
हामिद के चरित्र की प्रमुख विशेषताएँ लिखें।
उत्तर:
त्यागी – हामिद बड़ा त्यागी लड़का है। वह अमीना के दिए पैसे अपने लिए खर्च नहीं करता बल्कि उनसे वह दादी के लिए चिमटा लाता है, ताकि रोटी सेंकते समय उसकी अँगलियाँ न जलें। उन पैसों से वह न कोई खिलौना लेता है और न उससे खाने की चीजें खरीदता है।

संतोषी – हामिद के साथी महमूद, मोहसिन, नूरे और शम्मी ऊँटों और घोड़ों पर बैठ कर एक पैसे में पच्चीस चक्करों का मज़ा लेते हैं। लेकिन हामिद एक पैसा खोना नहीं चाहता, वह बड़ा सन्तोषी है। हामिद खिलौने के लिए भी पैसे खर्च नहीं करता और न मिठाई खाने की इच्छा रखता है।

बुद्धिमान् – वह अपने घर की हालत समझता है। जब उसके साथी चिमटा खरीदने पर उससे हँसी-मखौल करते हैं, तब वह अपनी युक्तियाँ देकर उनको कायल कर लेता है। सब उसे अपने खिलौने दिखाने लगते हैं और उसका चिमटा देखते हैं। हामिद अपने साथियों के मज़ाक को समझता है। इसीलिए वह मिठाइयों की बदनामी करता है और मिठाई नहीं खरीदता। उससे उसकी बुद्धिमत्ता प्रकट होती है।

बहुविकल्पीय प्रश्न निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर सही विकल्प चुनकर लिखें

प्रश्न 1.
‘ईदगाह’ कहानी के लेखक का नाम क्या है
(क) प्रेमचन्द
(ख) जैनेन्द्र
(ग) यशपाल
(घ) मीना शर्मा।
उत्तर:
प्रेमचन्द।

प्रश्न 2.
अमीना हामिद की क्या लगती है ?
(क) नानी
(ख) माता
(ग) दादी
(घ) चाची।
उत्तर:
दादी।

प्रश्न 3.
ईदगाह किन वृक्षों की घनी छांह में बनी हुई थी ?
(क) नीम
(ख) इमली
(ग) आम
(घ) जामुन।
उत्तर:
इमली।

प्रश्न 4.
हामिद के पास कितने पैसे थे ?
(क) दो
(ख) तीन
(ग) चार
(घ) पाँच
उत्तर:
तीन।

प्रश्न 5.
हामिद ने दादी के लिए क्या खरीदा ?
(क) चप्पल
(ख) चिमटा
(ग) चम्मच
(घ) चायदानी।
उत्तर:
चिमटा।

प्रश्न 6.
‘रुस्तमे हिंद’ कौन-सी वस्तु है ?
(क) सिपाही
(ख) वकील
(ग) भिश्ती
(घ) चिमटा।
उत्तर:
चिमटा।

प्रश्न 7.
रमज़ान के कितने रोजों के बाद ईद का दिन आता है ?
(क) बीस
(ख) तीस
(ग) चालीस
(घ) पचास।
उत्तर:
तीस।

प्रश्न 8.
हामिद कितने वर्ष का है ?
(क) 10-12
(ख) 12-13
(ग) 13-14
(घ) 14-15.
उत्तर:
13-14.

ईदगाह Summary

ईदगाह कहानी का सार

रमजान के पूरे तीस रोज़ के बाद आज ईद का दिन आया था। सारे गाँव में हलचल मची हुई थी। सब ईदगाह जाने की तैयारी कर रहे थे। लड़के सबसे ज्यादा खुश थे। वे बारबार अपने पैसे गिन रहे थे। हामिद उन सबसे ज्यादा प्रसन्न था। उसके पास केवल तीन पैसे थे। हामिद के माता-पिता मर चुके थे। अब वह अपनी बूढ़ी दादी अमीना के साथ रहता था और उसकी गोद में सोता था। गाँव में बच्चे अपने-अपने बाप के साथ मेले को जाने की तैयारी कर रहे थे। हामिद की दादी उसे अकेले मेले में भेजना नहीं चाहती थी। हामिद के जिद्द करने पर वह उसे भेजने के लिए मान गई थी। गाँव से टोलियाँ मेले के लिए चली तो हामिद भी साथ चल पड़ा। सब बच्चे कभी दौड़ कर आगे निकल जाते और कभी पेड़ के नीचे बैठ कर पीछे वालों का इन्तजार करने लगते। शहर को जाने वाला रास्ता शुरू हो गया था। ईदगाह जाने वालों की टोलियाँ नज़र आने लगी थीं। ग्रामीणों का यह दल अपनी ग़रीबी से बेखबर धीरे-धीरे चल रहा था। बच्चों को नगर की सभी चीजें बड़ी अनोखी लग रही थीं।
.इमली के घने वृक्षों की छाया में बनी हुई ईदगाह नज़र आने लगी थी। हजारों की संख्या में लोग एक के पीछे एक पंक्ति बना कर खड़े थे। ग्रामीणों का दल भी पिछली पंक्ति में जाकर खड़ा हो गया था। नमाज़ शुरू हुई। सभी सिर एक साथ सिजदे के लिए झुकते और फिर सब के सब एक साथ खड़े हो जाते। ऐसा कई बार हुआ।

नमाज़ खत्म होने पर सभी लोग एक-दूसरे के गले मिले। फिर सभी बच्चे मिठाई और खिलौनों की दुकानों पर टूट पड़े। बहुत-से लोग हिंडौला झूल रहे थे। हामिद के साथी महमूद, मोहसिन, नूरे और सम्मी घोड़ों और ऊँटों पर बैठे क्योंकि उनके पास पैसे थे। हामिद उन्हें दूर खड़ा देखता रहा। वह अपने तीन पैसे फ़िजूल में खर्च करना नहीं चाहता था। फिर महमूद, मोहसिन और नूरे ने अपनी पसन्द के खिलौने खरीदे। वे सब दो-दो पैसे के खिलौने थे। हामिद यह नहीं चाहता कि अपने पैसे खिलौनों पर खर्च करे। उसने अपनी दादी के लिए तीन पैसे में एक चिमटा खरीद लिया।

हामिद ने जब चिमटा ले जाकर अपनी दादी को दिखाया तो वह नाराज़ हुई। किन्तु जब हामिद ने बताया कि तवे से उसकी उँगलियाँ जल जाती थीं इसलिए उसने चिमटा खरीदा था तब यह सुनकर बूढ़ी दादी बच्चों की तरह रोने लगी और हामिद उसे चुप कराने और उसके आँसू पोंछने लगा था।

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class English Book Solutions English Main Course Book Chapter 2 Plants also Breathe and Feel Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 English Main Course Book Chapter 2 Plants also Breathe and Feel

Answer the following questions in your own words:

Question 1.
What was the event that surprised the world ?
(वह कौन-सी घटना थी जिसने सारे संसार को चकित कर दिया था ?)
Answer.
J.C. Bose had invented an instrument that could measure the growth of plants. He also proved that plants have hearts and can feel. He proved that plants can see. They can sense that a stranger is coming towards them. It was this discovery that surprised the world.

जे० सी० बोस ने एक ऐसे यन्त्र का आविष्कार किया था जो पौधों की वृद्धि को माप सकता था। उसने यह भी सिद्ध कर दिया कि पौधों का दिल होता है और वे महसूस कर सकते हैं। उसने सिद्ध कर दिया कि पौधे देख सकते हैं। वे भांप जाते हैं कि कोई अजनबी उनकी तरफ़ आ रहा है। यही खोज थी जिसने संसार को चकित कर दिया।

Question 2.
Name the instrument made by Jagdish Chandra Bose.
(जगदीश चन्द्र बोस द्वारा बनाए गए उपकरण का नाम बताएं।)
Answer.
Crescograph.
(क्रेस्कोग्राफ।)

Question 3.
What could the instrument measure ?
(यह उपकरण क्या माप सकता था ?)
Answer.
It could measure the growth of plants.
यह पौधों की वृद्धि को माप सकता था।

Question 4.
What was India known for in the nineteenth century ?
(उन्नीसवीं शताब्दी में भारत किस बात के लिए प्रसिद्ध था ?)
Answer.
India was known for its achievements in arts, literature and philosophy.
भारत कला, साहित्य और दर्शन-शास्त्र में अपनी प्राप्तियों के लिए प्रसिद्ध था।

Question 5.
Where did Bose go for higher studies ?
(उच्च शिक्षा प्राप्त करने के लिए बोस कहाँ गया ?)
Answer.
He went to England.
(वह इंग्लैंड गया।)

Question 6.
What did he have to struggle for ?
(उसे किस बात के लिए संघर्ष करना पड़ा ?)
Answer.
Bose worked as a Professor of Physics in Kolkata. But he was given only half of what was paid to a European Professor. Bose protested against it. In the end, he was given his due.

बोस कोलकाता में भौतिक विज्ञान के एक प्राध्यापक के रूप में काम करता था। परन्तु उसे उससे आधा वेतन मिलता था जितना एक यूरोपियन प्रोफेसर को दिया जाता था। बोस ने इसका विरोध किया। अन्त में उसे उसका अधिकार दे दिया गया।

Question 7.
What can plants feel ?
(पौधे क्या अनुभव कर सकते हैं ?)
Answer.
Plants can feel like human beings. They can feel tired, sad or happy.
पौधे मनुष्यों की तरह महसूस कर सकते हैं। वे थकान, उदासी या प्रसन्नता महसूस कर सकते हैं।

Question 8.
How can one be glorious ?
(व्यक्ति किस तरह यशस्वी बन सकता है ?)
Answer.
One can be glorious through one’s noble actions and hard work. Glory comes through action, not idleness.
व्यक्ति अपने अच्छे कामों और कठिन परिश्रम के द्वारा यशस्वी बन सकता है। यश क्रिया से प्राप्त होता है, निकम्मेपन से नहीं।

Write short notes on the following:

(निम्नलिखित पर नोट लिखिए)
1. Uses of crescograph
2. Jagdish Chandra Bose’s contribution to science
3. Jagdish Chandra Bose’s love for his country.
Answer.
1. Crescograph is a wonderful instrument. It can record the growth of plants. It shows how plants react to such things as light, noise and manures. It can show that plants feel like human beings. A crescograph can show that plants have a keen sight.

क्रेस्कोग्राफ एक अद्भुत यन्त्र है। यह पौधों की वृद्धि को माप सकता है। यह दिखाता है कि पौधे प्रकाश, शोर और खादों जैसी चीजों के प्रति कैसी प्रतिक्रिया करते हैं। यह दिखा सकता है कि पौधे मानव-जीवों की भांति महसूस करते हैं। एक क्रेस्कोग्राफ दिखा सकता है कि पौधों की नज़र तेज़ होती है।

2. J. C. Bose was a great scientist. He was interested in animal and plant life. He proved that all living things and lifeless objects behaved in the same way. He invented a wonderful instrument. It was called crescograph. With this instrument, he proved that plants can feel like human beings.

जे० सी० बोस एक महान वैज्ञानिक था। वह पशु और वनस्पति जीवन में रुचि रखता था। उसने सिद्ध कर दिया कि सभी जीव और निर्जीव चीजें एक ही तरह से व्यवहार करती हैं। उसने एक अद्भुत यन्त्र का आविष्कार किया। इसका नाम क्रेस्कोग्राफ था। इस यन्त्र के साथ उसने सिद्ध कर दिया कि पौधे मनुष्यों की भांति महसूस कर सकते हैं।

3. J. C. Bose was a great patriot. He was proud of his country. He was proud of India’s great past. And he had faith in the present generation also. He had faith in the intelligence of his countrymen. He was certain that they could do great things as their ancestors had done in the past.

जे० सी० बोस एक महान् देशभक्त था। उसे अपने देश पर गर्व था। उसे भारत के महान् अतीत पर गर्व था। तथा उसे वर्तमान पीढ़ी पर भी विश्वास था। उसे अपने देशवासियों की बुद्धिमानी पर विश्वास था। उसे विश्वास था कि वे महान् काम कर सकते थे जैसा कि उनके पूर्वज अतीत में किया करते थे।

Textual Vocabulary & Grammar

Question 1.
Match the persons listed in column A with their professions in column B :
Answer:
1. inventor — a person who makes things that did not exist before.
2. professor — a person who teaches in a college or a university.
3. artist — a person who makes things of art.
4. philosopher — a person who has a particular set of beliefs and ideas and is a lover of knowledge.
5. scientist — a person who does research in the field of science.
6. discoverer — a person who finds things that existed before.
7. follower — a person who supports someone else’s ideas and beliefs.
8. rebel — a person who fights against law.
9. writer — a person who writes books on various subjects.

Fill in the blanks with the words given in the box :

battle; cave; struggle; succeeded; reach; despair; defeated

Robert Bruce fought bravely but was ……….. He was hiding in a ………… and was lying in ………… He had been defeated many times. He was thinking of giving up the ………. On one of the walls of the cave, he noticed a spider trying to ………… its web. Eight times it fell down but ………. in the ninth attempt. On seeing this, Bruce also took heart again. He fought another …………. with his enemy and freed his country.
Answer:
defeated, cave, despair, struggle, reach, succeeded, battle.

Fill in the blanks with the words given in the box :

pleased; job; lying; threw; attention; disappointed; vacancy; seek; visited.

Once a smart-looking young man ………….. a business firm to …………. employment. The manager, though pleased, said, “There is no …………. in the firm right now.” As the man was ………….., he turned to leave. At the doorway, he saw a pin ………….. on the floor. He picked it up and …………. it into the dustbin. The manager was ……… with his habit of paying …………. to such small matters. He at once called him back and gave him a ………….
Answer:
visited, seek, vacancy, disappointed, lying, threw, pleased, attention, job.

State whether the words in italics are ‘adjectives’ or ‘nouns’:

1. She possesses a sound health. adjective
I hear a low sound coming from this side. noun

2. This ball is round in shape. adjective
I finished my fourth round only half a minute ago. noun

3. This colour is fast. adjective
I observe a fast every Monday. noun

4. She is wearing a very light dress. adjective
Please switch on the light. noun

5. He is a poor judge of people. adjective
Do not laugh at the poor and the needy. noun

Fill in the blanks by using the following conjunctions :

unless, while, although, when

1. We cannot get off the bus ………….. it slows down.
2. Make hay …………. the sun shines.
3. Mice will play …………… the cat is away.
4. He didn’t come to the party …………… we invited him.
5. ………….. he worked hard, he couldn’t succeed.
6. You cannot succeed ……………. you work hard.
7. Strike …………… the iron is hot.
8. The boat will sink …………… we bailout.
9. …………… the sun was shining, it wasn’t very warm.
10. The kidnappers told him that he would be killed …………… he cooperated.
Answer:
1. unless
2. while
3. when
4. although
5. Although
6. unless
7. while
8. when
9. Although
10. unless.

Fill in the blanks with the following determiners :

few, a few, the few, little, a little, the little

1. Asha said, “There is ………….. milk at home, so I cannot make tea for you.” Shiela said that she had ……………. milk in her kitchen with which they could make tea for both of them. When she went to her kitchen, she saw that her son had drunk ……………. milk she had.
Answer:
little, a little, the little.

2. The teacher noticed ………….. mistakes in Arjun’s assignment. He was surprised because Arjun usually made ……………. mistakes. The teacher corrected …. mistakes he had made.
Answer:
a few, few, the few.

Pronunciation Practice

Note the mismatch between sounds and spellings in the following words and say them aloud:

Extended Reading and Creative Writing

1. Make a list of the qualities of a gentleman. Discuss these with your classmate
2. How, according to you, should a teacher develop the personality of a child? Write your answer in 8-10 lines.

Use of textual words / phrases

1. Unique — Our Principal has a unique way of dealing with naughty students.
2. Approaching (adj) — Beware of the approaching danger.
3. Approaching (v) — The time is approaching when we will have to leave.
4. Amazed — I was amazed to see the jewellery she wore.
5. Victorious — The nation welcomed the victorious team home.
6. Temporary — She moved into some temporary accommodation.
7. Rebel — The rebels were dismissed from service.
8. Give up — You ought to give up smoking.
9. Stimulus — Praise always acts as a stimulus for little children.
10. Capable — Only human beings are capable of reason.
11. Glory — The glory of great men lasts for ever.
12. Undying — We have undying faith in God.

Objective Type Questions

Answer the following in one word/phrase / sentence :

Question 1.
Name the writer of the chapter.
Answer.
It is written by an anonymous writer.

Question 2.
What does the chapter talk about ?
Answer.
About plants.

Question 3.
According to the writer, what do the plants do like humans ?
Answer.
They also breathe and feel like them.

Question 4.
Who was Jagdish Chandra Bose ?
Answer.
He was a famous Indian scientist.

Question 5.
Where did Bose go for higher studies ?
Answer.
To England.

Question 6.
How was Bose as a man ?
Answer.
He was a man of principles.

Question 7.
Can plants feel tiredness, happiness, etc. ?
Answer.
Yes, they do have feelings like humans.

Question 8.
What machine did Bose build to prove his theory?
Answer.
It was Crescograph.

Question 9.
Where did he display his machine ?
Answer:
At the Paris Science Congress.

Question 10.
What confidence did he have about Indians ?
Answer:
He said that they were capable of great discoveries.

Complete the following :

1. Bose studied ……………….. at Calcutta University.
2. He went to …. for further studies.
3. Bose showed that the plants could also ……………. and
4. Bose found similarities between ………………. and non-living things.
5. People …………………. him when he first came out with his theory…….. was the name of the machine he had built.
Answer:
1. physics
2. England
3. breathe, feel
4. living
5. laughed at
6. Crescograph.

Write True or False against each statement :

1. Sir Jagdish Chandra Bose was born in England.
2. He received a salary equal to what a European got.
3. Bose was successful in proving his theory to the world.
4. Bose was interested in the plant life right from his boyhood.
5. He displayed his Crescograph at the English Convention.
6. He had a deep faith in the capability of all Indians.
Answer:
1. False
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. False
6. True

Choose the correct option for each of the following :

Question 1.
Bose graduated from ……………… university.
(a) Cambridge
(b) Oxford
(c) Paris
(d) Calcutta.
Answer:
(a) Cambridge

Question 2.
Bose was appointed as a professor of …………….
(a) Chemisty
(b) Physics
(c) General Science
(d) Higher Sciences.
Answer:
(b) Physics

Question 3.
Bose was interested in the plant life since …..
(a) his college
(b) his childhood.
(c) his boyhood
(d) his graduation.
Answer:
(c) his boyhood

Question 4.
According to Bose, plants could feel
(a) tiredness
(b) depression
(c) happiness
(d) all the above.
Answer:
(d) all the above.

Plants also Breathe and Feel Summary in English

Plants also Breathe and Feel Introduction:

Sir Jagdish Chandra Bose was a well-known Indian scientist. He studied animal and plant life. He proved that plants could feel and hear like human beings. To prove this, he designed and built a machine called ‘crescograph’. Scientists at the Paris Science Congress of 1900 were amazed to see this wonderful machine. Jagdish Chandra Bose made a name for himself and his country in the scientific world.

Plants also Breathe and Feel Summary in English:

Sir Jagdish Chandra Bose was a well-known Indian scientist. He was born in 1858 in a village in Bengal. He studied Physics at Calcutta (Kolkata) University. Then he went to England for further studies. He graduated from Cambridge and returned to India. He was appointed Professor of Physics in Presidency College, Calcutta (Kolkata).

In those days of British rule, an Indian usually received two-thirds of the salary paid to a European Professor. Jagdish Chandra Bose was given only half of a European Professor’s salary as his appointment was a temporary one. Sir J.C. Bose was a man of principles. He could not bear this injustice. He refused to touch any part of his salary for three years. In the three-year struggle between Bose and the government, Bose was victorious.

J. C. Bose now began his experiments. His work made him famous all over the world. He had been interested in animal and plant life since boyhood. He noticed that his wireless receiver showed signs of ‘tiredness’ after it had been in use for some time. But it regained its power after “rest”.

Jagdish Chandra Bose realised that there was a similarity in the behaviour of living and non-living things. He said that plants and animals had a life of their own and could become ‘tired’, ‘depressed or ‘happy’. People laughed at him. They did not take him seriously.

In order to prove that he was right, Jagdish Chandra Bose built a machine called ‘crescograph’. This machine proved that plants had hearts and were capable of feeling. It also indicated that plants had a keen sight. They reacted to rays of light and wireless waves. When J. C. Bose displayed this machine at the Paris Science Congress of 1900, the scientists were greatly amazed. Thus, through his invention, Bose made a name for himself and his country in the scientific world.

Plants also Breathe and Feel Summary in Hindi

Plants also Breathe and Feel Introduction:

सर जगदीश चन्द्र बोस एक प्रसिद्ध भारतीय वैज्ञानिक था। उसने पशु तथा वनस्पति जीवन का अध्ययन किया। उसने सिद्ध किया कि मनुष्यों की भान्ति पौधे भी अनुभव कर सकते हैं तथा सुन सकते हैं। इसे सिद्ध करने के लिए उसने ‘ऊस्कोग्राफ’ नामक मशीन का निर्माण किया। वर्ष 1900 के पैरिस विज्ञान सम्मेलन में शामिल हुए वैज्ञानिक इस शानदार मशीन को देखकर चकित रह गए। जगदीश चन्द्र बोस ने अपने आविष्कार के द्वारा विज्ञान जगत में अपना तथा अपने देश का नाम उज्जवल किया।

Plants also Breathe and Feel Summary in Hindi:

पाठ का विस्तृत सार सर जगदीश चन्द्र बोस एक महान् और प्रसिद्ध भारतीय वैज्ञानिक था। उसका जन्म 1858 ई० में बंगाल के एक गांव में हुआ था। उसने कलकत्ता (कोलकाता) विश्वविद्यालय में भौतिकी का अध्ययन किया। फिर वह उच्च शिक्षा के लिए इंग्लैण्ड चला गया। उसने कैम्ब्रिज से स्नातक की डिग्री प्राप्त की और भारत लौट आया। उसे कलकत्ता (कोलकाता) के प्रेसिडेन्सी कॉलेज में भौतिकी का प्राध्यापक नियुक्त किया गया। अंग्रेजी शासन के उन दिनों में एक भारतीय व्यक्ति को एक यूरोपियन प्राध्यापक के वेतन की अपेक्षा दोतिहाई वेतन मिलता था। जगदीश चन्द्र बोस को एक यूरोपियन प्राध्यापक के वेतन की अपेक्षा केवल आधा वेतन दिया गया था क्योंकि उसकी नियुक्ति अस्थायी तौर पर थी। सर जगदीश चन्द्र बोस एक सिद्धान्तवादी व्यक्ति था। वह इस अन्याय को सहन नहीं कर सकता था। उसने तीन वर्ष तक अपने वेतन को छुआ तक नहीं। आखिर सरकार तथा बोस के मध्य इस तीन-वर्षीय संघर्ष में बोस की विजय हुई।

जे० सी० बोस ने अब वह कार्य करना प्रारम्भ किया जिसके कारण उसकी ख्याति सारे विश्व में फैल गई। अपने लड़कपन से ही उसे पशुओं और पौधों के जीवन में रुचि थी। उसने देखा कि उसका वायरलेस रिसीवर कुछ समय चलने के पश्चात् ‘थकावट’ के लक्षण दर्शाता था, लेकिन थोड़े ‘विश्राम’ के बाद वह पुनः अपनी शक्ति प्राप्त कर लेता था। इससे बोस के विचारों को प्रेरणा मिली जिससे अनेक आविष्कारों का जन्म हुआ।

जगदीश चन्द्र बोस ने अनुभव किया कि निर्जीव तथा सजीव चीज़ों के व्यवहार में समानता होती है। उसने कहा कि पौधों और पशुओं का अपना जीवन होता है तथा वे ‘थक’ सकते हैं, ‘निराश’ हो सकते हैं या ‘प्रसन्न’ हो सकते हैं। लोगों ने बोस की इन बातों का मजाक उड़ाया और उसे गम्भीरता से न लिया।

स्वयं को सही सिद्ध करने के लिए जगदीश चन्द्र बोस ने ‘क्रेस्कोग्राफ’ नामक एक मशीन बनाई। इस मशीन ने सिद्ध कर दिया कि पौधों का हृदय होता है और वे अनुभव कर सकते हैं। इसने यह भी दिखलाया कि पौधों की दृष्टि और उनकी चेतना-शक्ति बहुत तेज़ होती है और वे प्रकाश की किरणों और वायरलैस तरंगों के प्रति सचेत होते हैं। जब जे० सी० बोस ने इस मशीन का प्रदर्शन 1900 में पैरिस के विज्ञान सम्मेलन में किया, तो वैज्ञानिक आश्चर्यचकित रह गए। इस तरह अपने आविष्कार के द्वारा बोस ने वैज्ञानिक संसार में अपना और अपने देश का नाम उज्जवल किया।

जगदीश चन्द्र बोस को भारतीयों की बुद्धिमता पर गहरा विश्वास था। उसका दृढ़ विश्वास था कि भारतीय लोग अपने पूर्वजों की भान्ति महान् आविष्कार कर सकते हैं। उसका यह विश्वास भी था कि एक अकेले व्यक्ति के लिए कोई प्रसन्नता नहीं हो सकती जब तक वह प्रसन्नता सब के लिए न हो।

Plants also Breathe and Feel Translation in Hindi

(Page 8) All of us know …………… the scientific world.

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. event-घटना ; 2. surprised-चकित कर दिया ; 3. scientificवैज्ञानिक ; 4. unique-अनोखा ; 5. instrument-उपकरण ; 6. measure-नापना ; 7. sight-दृष्टि ; 8. sense-चेतना-शक्ति ; 9. stranger-अजनबी ; 10. inventor-आविष्कारक ; 11. literature-साहित्य ; 12. philosophy-दर्शन-शास्त्र ; 13. science-विज्ञान ; 14. progressed—प्रगति की ; 15. inventionआविष्कार।

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[All of us know that plants have life, but how many of us know that they have hearts, can fell and see ? This extract tells us something about the scientist who made this dramatic discovery.] It was an event that surprised the scientific world. It was an undreamt of thing. Here was a man who had built a unique instrument an instrument that could measure the growth of plants. Here was a man who had proved with this wonderful machine that plants have hearts and can feel. The machine showed that plants have sight and a sense which tells them that a stranger is approaching.

“Your instrument is a wonderful thing,”said the great men who had come to the Paris Congress of Science, 1900. They were amazed as the inventor showed them how to use the machine. “What do you call this instrument ?“ they asked. “A crescograph,” replied Jagdish Chancira Bose, the great scientist, who had built this wonderful machine.

अनुवाद

[हम सभी जानते हैं कि पौधों में जीवन होता है, परन्तु हम में से कितने लोग जानते हैं कि पौधों में दिल भी होता है, वे भी महसूस कर सकते हैं और देख सकते हैं ? यह अंश हमें उस वैज्ञानिक के बारे में कुछ बताता है जिसने यह नाटकीय खोज की।] यह एक ऐसी घटना थी जिसने वैज्ञानिक जगत को आश्चर्यचकित कर दिया। यह एक ऐसी बात थी जिसे स्वप्न में भी सोचा नहीं जा सकता था। यहां एक ऐसा व्यक्ति था जिसने एक अद्वितीय उपकरण का निर्माण किया एक ऐसा उपकरण जो पौधों की वृद्धि को माप सकता था। यहाँ एक ऐसा व्यक्ति था जिसने अपनी अद्भुत मशीन के द्वारा यह सिद्ध कर दिया कि पौधों के भी दिल होते हैं और वे अनुभव कर सकते हैं।

इस मशीन ने यह दिखा दिया कि पौधों की दृष्टि होती है और उनके पास ऐसी चेतना-शक्ति होती है जो उन्हें बता देती है कि कोई अजनबी नज़दीक आ रहा है।”आपका उपकरण एक शानदार चीज़ है,” उन महान् पुरुषों ने कहा जो 1900 के विज्ञान-सम्बन्धी पैरिस सम्मेलन में शामिल हुए थे। उन्हें आश्चर्य हुआ जब आविष्कारक ने उन्हें बताया कि मशीन को कैसे प्रयोग किया जाता है। “आप इस उपकरण को क्या कहते हैं ?” उन्होंने पूछा। “एक क्रेस्कोग्राफ,” जगदीश चन्द्र बोस ने उत्तर दिया, वह महान् वैज्ञानिक जिसने इस शानदार मशीन का निर्माण किया था। “और इसका निर्माण कहां हुआ था ? ने पूछा।

उत्तर प्राप्त हुआ-“भारत में।” इस उत्तर ने और ज्यादा हैरानी पैदा कर दी। कला, साहित्य तथा दर्शन के क्षेत्र में अपनी महानता के लिए प्रसिद्ध था। परन्तु विज्ञान के क्षेत्र में इसने कोई विशेष प्रगति नहीं की थी। सर जगदीश चन्द्र बोस ने अपने आविष्कार से वैज्ञानिक जगत में अपना और अपने ेश का नाम ऊंचा किया।

(Page 9) Bose was born …….. of science

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. appointed—नियुक्त किया ; 2. struggle-संघर्ष ; 3. governmentसरकार ; 4. victorious—विजयी ; 5. usually-साधारणतया ; 6. received—प्राप्त किया ; 7. salaryवेतन ; 8. race—जाति ; 9. discoveries-आविष्कार, खोजें ; 10. faithful-वफ़ादार ; 11. followersशिष्य ; 12. rebel-विद्रोही, बाग़ी ; 13. refused—इन्कार किया ; 14. self-respect—आत्म-सम्मान ;19. interested-रुचि होना ; 20. tiredness-थकान ; 21. purpose-उद्देश्य ; 22. branch-शाखा ; 23. separately-अलग से ; 24. detail-विस्तार।

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Bose was born in 1858 in a village in Bengal. After studying physics at Calcutta University, he went to England for further studies. He graduated from Cambridge, then returned to India and was appointed Professor of Physics at Presidency College in Calcutta.

A three-year struggle began between Bose and the government, in which he was victorious. An Indian, in those days of British rule, usually received two-thirds of the salary paid to a European professor. Bose’s appointment was a temporary one, so he was given only half therate for a European. Bose was not the man to take this quietly.

He felt that people who did the same amount and same kind of work should be paid the same salary whatever race or nation they belonged to. It is worth remembering that discoveries do not come from the faithful followers and the yes-men of science; they come from the doubters and the rebels. Bose was, by nature, a rebel.

He refused to touch any part of his salary for three years. It was a question of his self-respect and he was not ready to give up his principles. In the end, victory was his. Bose now began the work which has made him famous all over the world. He had, from boyhood, been interested in animal and plant life, and now his work in physics led him back to his old love. He had noticed that his wireless receiver showed signs of ‘tiredness’ after it had been in use for some time, but, in some strange way, got back its power after being ‘rested’. Here was food for thought, the kind of thought from which great discoveries come.

Until the end of the Middle Ages, the world was looked on as one beautiful unit, created by God. Man believed that everything in the world, from man to rocks and stones, had its place and purpose. The discoveries of Galileo and Newton changed the world picture. Man began to study each branch of science separately with greater detail and there developed several different kinds of sciences. Bose, however, recognised a unity among all these different branches of science.

अनुवाद

बोस का जन्म 1858 में बंगाल के एक गांव में हुआ। कलकत्ता (कोलकाता) विश्वविद्यालय में भौतिकी के अध्ययन के पश्चात् वह आगे की पढ़ाई के लिए इंग्लैण्ड चला गया। उसने कैम्ब्रिज से स्नातक की परीक्षा पास की, फिर भारत लौट आया और कलकत्ता (कोलकाता) के प्रेसिडेन्सी कॉलेज में भौतिकी का प्राध्यापक नियुक्त हो गया। सरकार तथा बोस के मध्य एक तीन-वर्षीय संघर्ष शुरू हो गया जिसमें वह विजयी हुआ। अंग्रेज़ी शासन के उन दिनों में एक भारतीय को यूरोपियन प्राध्यापक के वेतन का दो-तिहाई प्राप्त होता था। बोस की नियुक्ति अस्थायी थी, इसलिए उसे यूरोपियन दर का केवल आधा दिया गया। बोस इसे चुपचाप सहन करने वाला व्यक्ति नहीं था। उसने महसूस किया कि जो लोग एक समान मात्रा में काम करते हैं और एक ही प्रकार का काम करते हैं, उन्हें बराबर वेतन मिलना चाहिए, भले ही वे किसी जाति या राष्ट्र से सम्बन्धित हों। यह बात याद रखने योग्य है कि आविष्कार वफ़ादार अनुयायियों तथा चापलूसवैज्ञानिकों द्वारा नहीं किए जाते; वे शंकालु एवं विद्रोही f वैज्ञानिकों द्वारा ही किए जाते हैं। बोस स्वभाव से ही विद्रोही था।

उसने तीन वर्ष तक अपने वेतन के किसी भी अंश को छूने से इन्कार कर दिया। यह उसके आत्म-सम्मान का प्रश्न था और वह अपने सिद्धान्तों को छोड़ने के लिए तैयार नहीं था। अन्त में विजय उसी की हुई। बोस ने अब वह काम आरम्भ किया जिसने उसे विश्व भर में प्रसिद्ध कर दिया है। वह लड़कपन से ही जीवों और पौधों के जीवन में रुचि रखता था और अब भौतिक शास्त्र में होने वाले उसके काम ने उसकी पुरानी रुचि को फिर से जगा दिया। उसने देखा कि उसके वायरलैस रिसीवर को ‘थकावट’ महसूस होने लगती थी जब इसे कुछ समय तक चलाए रखा जाता था, किन्तु विचित्र ढंग से यह ‘आराम’ करने के बाद अपनी पहले वाली शक्ति को फिर से प्राप्त कर लेता था। यहां सोचने की एक खुराक थी – ऐसी खुराक जिससे महान्

आविष्कार प्राप्त होते हैं। मध्यकाल के अन्त तक संसार को एक सुन्दर इकाई के रूप में देखा जाता था जिसकी रचना ईश्वर ने की। मनुष्य का विश्वास था कि विश्व की प्रत्येक वस्तु, इन्सान से लेकर चट्टानों और पत्थरों तक, अपना निजी स्थान और उद्देश्य रखती है। गैलिलियो तथा न्यूटन के आविष्कारों ने विश्व की तस्वीर को बदल दिया। मनुष्य ने विज्ञान की प्रत्येक शाखा का अलग-अलग तौर पर विस्तृत अध्ययन करना शुरू कर दिया और इस तरह कई प्रकार के विज्ञानों का विकास हुआ। किन्तु बोस ने विज्ञान की न सभी विभिन्न शाखाओं के बीच एकता को पहचाना।

(Page 10) He realized that …….. faith in the future.

कठिन शब्दार्थ-
1. realized-अहसास हुआ ; 2. similarity-समानता ; 3. behaviourव्यवहार ; 4. lifeless-निर्जीव ; 5. suggested—सुझाव दिया ; 6. kingdom-राज्य ; 7. depressed-उदास ; 8. happy-प्रसन्न ; 9. seriously-गम्भीरता से ; 10. proved—सिद्ध किया ; 11. built-बनाया, निर्माण किया; 12. maximum-अधिकतम ; 13. exactness-सटीकता ; 14. amazing-आश्चर्यजनक ; 15. instrument-उपकरण ; 16. manures-खादें ; 17. indicate-संकेत करना ; 18. keen—तीक्ष्ण, पैनी ; 19. approach-निकट पहुँचना ; 20. scientist-वैज्ञानिक ; 21. complete-पूर्ण, पूरा ; 22. mentionज़िक्र, चर्चा ; 23. concern-चिन्ता ; 24. faith—विश्वास ; 25. intelligence-बुद्धिमत्ता ; 26. countrymenदेशवासी ; 27. ancestors-पूर्वज ; 28. address-सम्बोधन, भाषण ; 29. convocation-दीक्षांत समारोह ; 30. glory-गौरव ; 31. idleness-निकम्मापन।

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He realized that there was a similarity in the behaviour of lifeless and living things. It was, however, not easy to convince others. People hold on to their old beliefs and do not like to change them. Bose suggested that the animal, vegetable and mineral kingdoms were one and had a great deal in common. He said that plants and metals had a life of their own and could become tired’, depressed’ or happy’. People laughed at him. They did not take him seriously.

Bose knew he was right and he proved it. To begin with, he designed and built a machine which recorded his findings- with maximum exactness. This was the ‘crescograph’, the amazing instrument which records the growth of plants. It magnifies the movement of plant tissues ten thousand times and can record the reaction of plants to manures, noise and other stimuli. The crescograph proved that Bose had not been wrong. It showed that plants have hearts and are capable of feeling. The crescograph indicated that plants have a keen sight and react to rays of light and wireless waves. The machine proved that plants have a special sense which tells them of the approach of a stranger.

The story of this great scientist will not be complete without some mention of his concern for India and her people. He had a deep faith in the intelligence of his countrymen. Bose was certain that they were as capable of doing great things today as their ancestors had done in the past. In an address at a convocation of the University of Mysore in November 1927, Sir Jagdish Chandra Bose spoke about India’s glory in the past and declared that it was action and not idleness that was responsible for that glory. He believed that there could be, no happiness for a single person unless it had been won for all. And this great scientist wanted his countrymen to have undying hope and faith in the future.

अनुवाद

उसे एहसास हुआ कि सजीव तथा निर्जीव वस्तुओं के व्यवहार में एक समानता होती है। फिर भी, दूसरों को सहमत करवाना आसान नहीं था। लोग अपने पुराने विश्वासों से चिपके रहते हैं और उन्हें बदलना नहीं चाहते हैं। बोस ने सुझाव दिया कि प्राणी, वनस्पति और खनिज जगत सब एक हैं और उनमें बहुत कुछ सांझा है। उसने कहा कि पौधों और धातुओं का अपना एक अलग जीवन होता है तथा वे ‘थकावट’, ‘उदासी’, या ‘प्रसन्नता’ महसूस कर सकते हैं। लोग उस पर हंस देते। उन्होंने उसकी बातों को गम्भीरता से नहीं लिया।

बोस जानता था कि वह सही है और उसने यह सिद्ध कर दिया। शुरू में उसने ऐसी मशीन का निर्माण किया जो उसकी खोजों को अधिकतम सटीकता से रिकार्ड कर सकती थी। यह ‘क्रेस्कोग्राफ’ था, एक आश्चर्यजनक उपकरण, जो पौधों की वृद्धि को रिकार्ड करता है। वह ौधों के तन्तुओं की गति को दस हज़ार गुणा बढ़ा कर बतलाता है तथा खादों, शोर और दूसरे उत्प्रेरक पदार्थों के प्रति पौधों की प्रतिक्रिया को रिकार्ड कर सकता है। क्रेस्कोग्राफ ने सिद्ध कर दिया कि बोस गलत नहीं था। इसने दिखा दिया कि पौधों का हृदय होता है और वे अनुभव करने की क्षमता रखते हैं। क्रेस्कोग्राफ ने दिखलाया कि पौधों की दृष्टि तेज़ होती है और वे प्रकाश की किरणों और बेतार तंरगों के प्रति प्रतिक्रिया करते हैं।

इस मशीन ने सिद्ध कर दिया कि पौधों में एक विशेष चेतना शक्ति होती है जो उन्हें निकट आते हुए किसी अजनबी के बारे में बता देती है। इस महान् वैज्ञानिक की कहानी उसकी भारत के प्रति और भारत के लोगों के प्रति चिन्ता की चर्चा किए बिना अधूरी रहेगी। उसे अपने देशवासियों की बुद्धिमत्ता पर पूरा विश्वास था। बोस को विश्वास था कि वे महान् कार्य करने में आज उतने ही समर्थ हैं जितने पुरातन काल में उनके पूर्वज हुआ करते थे। नवम्बर, 1927 में मैसूर विश्वविद्यालय के दीक्षान्त समारोह को सम्बोधित करते हुए जगदीश चन्द्र बोस ने भारत की प्राचीन ख्याति का वर्णन किया और घोषणा की कि उस ख्याति का

ज़िम्मेदार कर्म था न कि आलस्य। उसका विश्वास था कि जब तक प्रसन्नता सबके लिए जीती नहीं जाती, एक अकेला व्यक्ति प्रसन्न नहीं रह सकता था। और यह महान् वैज्ञानिक चाहता था कि उसके देशवासियों में भविष्य के लिए अनन्त आशा और विश्वास भरा रहे।

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 1 कोई नहीं बेगाना Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Hindi Chapter 1 कोई नहीं बेगाना

Hindi Guide for Class 8 PSEB कोई नहीं बेगाना Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) भाषा ज्ञान

I. शब्दार्थ

उत्तर:
गर्जना = तीव्र आवाज़, गरजने की क्रिया।
वीर बाँकुरे = बहादुर जवान।
मशक = भेड़ या बकरी की खाल की सिलाई कर के बनाया हुआ थैला जिस में भिश्ती पानी ढोते हैं।
समदृष्टि = सब को बराबर समझना।
बेगाना = पराया, अनजान।
माहेर = क्रुपा
सेवारात = सेवा में लीन।

II. अर्थ समझते हुए वाक्यों में प्रयोग करें :

घमसान, उपहार, समदृष्टि, उपकार, उपचार, दुःख हरना, जीवनदान देना, जान बचाना।
उत्तर:
(i) घमसान = आज के युग में किसी भी तरीके से धन इकट्ठा करने का घमसान मचा हुआ है, जो उचित नहीं है।
(ii) उपहार = मेरे जन्मदिन पर मम्मी-पापा ने मुझे उपहार में एक सुन्दर घड़ी दी है।
(ii) समदृष्टि = सभी की समदृष्टि ही समाज को ऊँचा उठा सकती है।
(iv) उपकार = आप के उपकार का मूल्य मैं कभी नहीं चुका सकता।
(v) उपचार = हमारे नगर में घायल पक्षियों के उपचार का सुन्दर प्रबन्ध किया गया
(vi) दुःख हरना = सभी प्राणियों के दुःख हरना तो ईश्वर के हाथ में ही है।
(vii) जीवनदान देना = डॉक्टरों के परिश्रम ने रोगी को जीवन दान देना लगभग निश्चित कर दिया था।
(viii) जान बचाना = अब रोगी की जान बचाना डॉक्टरों के लिए सम्भव है।

(ख) विचार बोध

I. इन प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो वाक्यों में लिखें :

प्रश्न (क)
भाई कन्हैया कौन था ?
उत्तर-भाई कन्हैया गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी के शिष्य थे और वे गुरु घर के एक सेवादार थे।

प्रश्न (ख)
वह घायलों की सेवा किस प्रकार करता था ?
उत्तर:
भाई कन्हैया प्यास से परेशान घायल लोगों को पानी पिला कर सेवा करता था।

प्रश्न (ग)
वह अपने और बेगाने का भेदभाव क्यों नहीं करता था ?
उत्तर:
उन्हें सभी इन्सानों में ईश्वर दिखाई देता था, इसलिए वह अपने और बेगाने में भेदभाव नहीं करता था।

प्रश्न (घ)
विरोधियों ने दशमेश पिता से उसकी क्या शिकायत की ?
उत्तर:
विरोधियों ने गुरु जी से शिकायत की थी कि वह युद्धभूमि में घायल पड़े मुसलमान सैनिकों को भी पानी पिलाता था जिससे वे जीवन दान पा जाते थे जिससे सिख वीरों की मेहनत बेकार हो जाती थी। वह बेगानों की सहायता करता है।

प्रश्न (ङ)
भाई कन्हैया ने गुरु जी को शिकायत का क्या उत्तर दिया ?
उत्तर:
भाई कन्हैया ने गुरु जी को शिकायत का उत्तर देते हुए कहा था कि उसे सभी में गुरु जी का रूप दिखता था। उसके लिए कोई पराया नहीं था।

प्रश्न (च)
गुरु जी ने भाई कन्हैया को मरहम क्यों दी ?
उत्तर:
गुरु जी भाई कन्हैया के इन्सानियत से भरे स्वभाव से खुश हो गए थे और उन्होंने उसे मरहम दी थी जिससे वह युद्धभूमि में घायल पड़े सैनिकों की पीड़ा और कष्टों को भी कम कर सके। वे किसी प्रकार का भेद-भाव नहीं करते थे।

II. इन काव्य-पंक्तियों की सप्रसंग व्याख्या करें :

“अव्वल अल्ला नूर वही है, कुदरत के सब बन्दे,
सब जग फैला नूर उसी का, कौन भले कौन मन्दे।”
उत्तर:
भाई कन्हैया ने गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी के समक्ष कहा था कि मैंने तो गुरुवाणी का केवल इतना ही अर्थ समझा है कि मुझे हर प्राणी में परम पिता परमात्मा ही दिखाई देते हैं। मुझे सभी अपने लगते हैं और कोई भी पराया नहीं लगता। वह परमात्मा ही तो सबसे श्रेष्ठ हैं, प्रमुख हैं, सर्वोपरि है। इस सृष्टि की ज्योति वही है और सारे इन्सान, सारे प्राणी उसी परमात्मा की कुदरत से उत्पन्न हुए हैं। सारे संसार में उसी का तेज फैला हुआ है। केवल वही है जिससे सारी सृष्टि बनी है। जब सभी उस परमात्मा की सन्तान हैं तो फिर कौन अच्छा है और कौन बुरा ? अर्थात् न कोई बुरा है और न अच्छा, न कोई छोटा है और न कोई बड़ा। सारे मानव एक-दूसरे के समान हैं। भाव है कि हमें धर्म और जाति के आधार पर मानव को नहीं बांटना चाहिए।

(ग) व्यावहारिक व्याकरण

I. ‘उप’ और ‘बे’ शब्दांश लगाकर नये शब्द बनायें :

उप + हार = उपहार
उप + वास = ………………..
उप + नयन = ………………..
उप + हास = ………………..
उप + कार = ………………..
बे + रहम = ………………..
बे + कायदा = ………………..
बे + कसूर = ………………..
बे + मेल = ………………..
बे + रोक = ………………..
बे + मिसाल = ………………..
उत्तर:
उप + हार = उपहार
उप + वास = उपवास
उप + नयन = उपनयन
उप + हास = उपहास
उप + कार = उपकार
बे + रहम = बेरहम
बे + कायदा = बेकायदा
बे + कसूर = बेकसूर
बे + मेल = बेमेल
बे + रोक = बेरोक
बे + मिसाल = बेमिसाल।

II. ‘गुरु’ लगाकर नये शब्द बनायें जैसे-गुरुवाणी

उत्तर:
गुरुकृपा, गुरुशिक्षा, गुरुप्रदत्त, गुरुदक्षिणा, गुरुदास, गुरुप्रशंसा, गुरुनिष्ठा, गुरुपद, गुरुपाद, गुरुगौरव, गुरुकुल, गुरुदीक्षा, गुरुप्रेम।

III. इन शब्दों के दो-दो पर्यायवाची शब्द लिखें :

शत्रु = …………..
युद्ध = …………..
धरती = …………..
पानी = …………..
गर्मी = …………..
उपहार = …………..
गुरु दुःख = …………..
बेगाना = …………..
मेहर = …………..
कृपा = …………..
नूर = …………..
हाथ = …………..
घाव = …………..
उत्तर:
शत्रु = दुश्मन , अरि।
युद्ध = लड़ाई , रण।
धरती = अवनि , पृथ्वी।
पानी = जल , नीरज।
गर्मी = ग्रीष्म , निदाघ।
उपहार = भेंट , सौगात।
गुरु = शिक्षक , बड़ा।
दुःख = पीड़ा , कष्ट।
बेगाना = पराया , अन्य।
मेहर = कृपा , दया।
कृपा = दया , करुणा।
नूर = प्रकाश , चमक।
हाथ = हस्त , कर।
घाव = चोट , जख्म।

IV. विपरीत अर्थ वाले शब्द लिखें:

युद्ध = ……………
दुःख = …………..
गुरु = …………..
मुश्किल = …………..
धरती = …………..
शत्रु = …………..
प्यास = …………..
शिकायत = …………..
उत्तर:
युद्ध = शान्ति
दुःख = सुख
गुरु = चेला (शिष्य)
मुश्किल = आसान
धरती = आकाश
शत्रु = मित्र
प्यास = तृप्ति/तृप्त
शिकायत = रजा/सुलह।

PSEB 8th Class Hindi Guide कोई नहीं बेगाना Important Questions and Answers

बहुविकल्पीय प्रश्न निम्नलिखित. प्रश्नों के उत्तर सही विकल्प चुनकर लिखें

प्रश्न 1.
‘कोई नहीं बेगाना’ कविता के कवि कौन हैं ?
(क) डॉ० योगेन्द्र बख्शी
(ख) डॉ० बच्चन
(ग) डॉ० रघुवंश ।
(घ) डॉ० संसार चन्द्र।
उत्तर:
डॉ. योगेन्द्र बख्शी।

प्रश्न 2.
कहाँ घमासान युद्ध हुआ था ?
(क) अमृतसर
(ख) पटना साहिब
(ग) आनन्दपुर साहिब
(घ) बंगला साहिब।
उत्तर:
आनन्दपुर साहिब।

प्रश्न 3.
दशमेश गुरु कौन हैं ?
(क) गुरु नानक देव जी
(ख) गुरु तेग बहादुर जी
(ग) गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी
(घ) गुरु रामदास जी।
उत्तर:
गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी।

प्रश्न 4.
कन्धे पर मशक उठाए पानी कौन पिला रहा था ?
(क) भाई बंदा
(ख) भाई कन्हैया
(ग) भाई रमैया
(घ) भाई सतनाम।
उत्तर:
भाई कन्हैया।

प्रश्न 5.
‘देखू हर प्राणी में प्रभुवर’ किसका मतलब है ?
(क) गुरुवाणी का
(ख) कन्हैया का
(ग) योगेन्द्र बख्शी का
(घ) रमैया का।
उत्तर:
गुरुवाणी का।

कोई नहीं बेगाना सप्रसंग व्याख्या

1. आनन्दपुर साहब के बाहर
जब हुआ युद्ध घमसान,
दशमेश गुरु का हर सिख
लड़ो हथेली पर रख जान।
तोपों की गर्जना भयंकर
‘सत श्री अकाल’ का गान,
अल्ला हू अकबर के नारे
बहरे कर देते थे कान।

शब्दार्थ:
घमसान = भयंकर, बहुत ज़ोर से। दशमेश = दशम् गुरु श्री गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी। हर = प्रत्येक। गर्जना = तीव्र आवाज़, गरजने की क्रिया।

प्रसंग:
यह पद्यांश डॉ० योगोन्द्र बख्शी द्वारा रचित ‘कोई नहीं बेगाना’ नामक कविता से लिया गया है। इसमें कवि ने आनन्दपुर साहब के बाहर सिखों और मुसलमानों के बीच हुए भयंकर युद्ध का वर्णन किया है।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहता है कि जब आनन्दपुर साहब के बाहर सिख-सैनिकों के साथ मुसलमानों की लड़ाई हुई थी तब दशम गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह की सेना का प्रत्येक सिख सिपाही मरने का डर छोड़ कर जी-जान से लड़ा था। तोपों की भयंकर आवाज़, सिख वीरों के द्वारा किया गया ‘सत श्री अकाल’ का गान और मुसलमान सैनिकों के ‘अल्ला हु अकबर’ के नारे कानों को बहरा कर रहे थे। भाव है कि दोनों पक्षों के सैनिक अति वीरता और साहस से एक-दूसरे के सामने अपनी-अपनी जीत के लिए डटे हुए थे।

विशेष:

1. कवि ने सिख सैनिकों और मुसलमानों के बीच हुई लड़ाई की भयंकरता को प्रकट किया है।
2. कवि की भाषा सरल और सरस है।

2. वीर बाँकुरे डटकर लड़ते
धरती पर बिछ-बिछ जाते,
गिरते-गिरते फिर उठते
पानी-पानी चिल्लाते।
गर्मी का यह कठिन महीना
उन वीरों पर भारी था,
जलते तपते मैदानों में
युद्ध अभी तक जारी था।

शब्दार्थ: वीर बाँकुरे = बहादुर जवान। कठिन = कठोर, मुश्किल। जारी = चलना, होना।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ हमारी पाठ्य-पुस्तक में संकलित कविता ‘कोई नहीं बेगाना’ से ली गई हैं। इसके रचयिता डॉ० योगेन्द्र बख्शी हैं। कवि ने सिखों और मुसलमान वीरों के बीच गर्मियों के मौसम में हुए भयंकर युद्ध का वर्णन किया है।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहता है कि सिख और मुसलमान सेनाओं के बहादुर जवान एकदूसरे के विरुद्ध डट कर लड़ रहे थे। वे एक-दूसरे के आघात से घायल होकर धरती पर गिरते जाते थे। वे गिर कर फिर लड़ने के लिए उठ जाते थे और अपनी प्यास बुझाने के लिए ‘पानी-पानी’ चिल्लाते थे। गर्मी का बहुत कष्टकारी महीना था। युद्ध लड़ने वाले दोनों तरफ के बहादुरों के लिए गर्मी का महीना बहुत भारी पड़ रहा था। सूर्य की गर्मी से मैदान तप रहे थे, दहक रहे थे लेकिन उनके कारण लड़ाई बन्द नहीं हो रही थी। दोनों पक्षों के बीच लड़ाई अभी तक बिना रुके हुए चल रही थी। भाव है कि सूर्य की तेज गर्मी और तपे हुए मैदान भी दोनों पक्षों की लड़ाई को रोकने में असफल रहे थे।

विशेष:

1. कवि ने सिख और मुस्लिम सैनिकों के बीच हुई भयंकर लड़ाई का वर्णन किया है जिसे विपरीत परिस्थितियां भी रोक नहीं पा रही थीं।
2. भाषा, सरल-सरस और जोश से भरी हुई है। |

3. जलती-तपती दोपहरी में
गुरुघर का इक सेवादार,
कन्धे पर इक मशक उठाए
देता पानी का उपहार।
संगत की सेवा करता
भाई कन्हैया उस का नाम
गुरुवाणी का भक्त अनोखा
करता जनसेवा का काम।

शब्दार्थ:
जलती-तपती = गर्मी से जली और तपी हुई। दोपहरी = दोपहर का समय। इक = एक। मशक = भेड़ या बकरी की खाल की सिलाई कर के बनाया हुआ थैला जिस में भिश्ती पानी ढोते हैं। उपहार = भेंट। अनोखा = अद्भुत ।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ डॉ० योगेन्द्र बख्शी द्वारा रचित कविता ‘कोई नहीं बेगाना’ से ली गई हैं जिसमें कवि ने सब मानव एक समान है का संदेश दिया है।

व्याख्या:
तेज गर्मी के कारण दोपहर का समय जल-सा रहा था; दहक रहा था। उस गर्मी में गुरुघर का एक सेवादार अपने कन्धे पर भेड़-बकरी की खाल से बनी एक मशक उठा कर सभी सैनिकों को पानी की भेंट दे रहा था। वह घायल और प्यासे सैनिकों को पानी पिला रहा था। सभी लोगों की समान रूप से सेवा करने वाले उस व्यक्ति का नाम भाई कन्हैया था। वह गुरुवाणी का अनूठा और अद्भुत भक्त था। वह लोगों की सेवा करने का काम करता था। भावार्थ है कि दोपहर की तेज गर्मी में अपनी तपन को भुला कर भाई कन्हैया सभी भेद- भावों से दूर रह लोगों की सेवा करता था। वह सच्चा सेवादार था।

विशेष:

1. कवि ने भाई कन्हैया के इन्सानी गुण को प्रकट किया है।
2. भाषा सरल और सरस है।

4. सब में गुरु का रूप देखता
सबकी सेवा करता था,
हर प्यासे की प्यास बुझाता
दुःख सभी के हरता था।
समदृष्टि थी शत्रु मित्र में
दोनों उसको एक समान,
हर घायल को पानी देना
होता उसका पहला काम।

शब्दार्थ: दुःख = कष्ट, पीड़ा। हरता = दूर करता, मिटाता। समदृष्टि = सब को बराबर समझना। शत्रु = दुश्मन। समान = बराबर ।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ हमारी पाठ्य-पुस्तक में संकलित कविता ‘कोई नहीं बेगाना’ से ली गई हैं जिसके रचयिता डॉ० योगेन्द्र बख्शी हैं। कवि ने भाई कन्हैया के इन्सानियत के भावों और सेवा-भाव को व्यक्त किया है।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहता है कि भाई कन्हैया सभी लोगों में अपने गुरु का रूप देखता था और उन सब की एक समान सेवा करता था। वह हर प्यासे की प्यास बुझाता था और गर्मी से उत्पन्न सभी के दुखों को मिटाता था। उसकी नज़र में न कोई शत्रु था और न कोई मित्र था। शत्रु और मित्र दोनों ही उसके लिए एक बराबर थे। युद्धभूमि में हर घायल व्यक्ति को पानी देना उसका पहला काम था। भाव है कि सच्चे इन्सान के मन में किसी के लिए अपनेपराये का भेदभाव नहीं होता।

विशेष:

1. कवि ने भाई कन्हैया के इन्सानियत और बड़प्पन के भावों को प्रकट किया है जिसके लिए सारे इन्सान एक बराबर थे।
2. कवि की भाषा सरल और सरस है।

5. हुई साँझ तो सिख वीरों ने
छेड़ी एक विरोधी तान,
जिनको मुश्किल से हम मारे
उनको देता जीवन दान।
लगता गुरुवर ! भाई कन्हैया
का दुश्मन से नाता है।
घायल शत्रु को जल देता,
उसकी जान बचाता है।

शब्दार्थ: साँझ = शाम, संध्या। वीरों = बहादुरों। तान = स्वर, आवाज़। मुश्किल = कठिनाई। नाता = सम्बन्ध।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ हमारी पाठ्य-पुस्तक में दी गई कविता ‘कोई नहीं बेगाना’ से ली गई हैं जिसके रचयिता डॉ० योगेन्द्र बख्शी हैं। भाई कन्हैया बिना किसी भेदभाव के घायल सिख और मुसलमान सैनिकों को पानी पिलाकर जीवन दान दिया करता था। सिख सैनिकों को यह अच्छा नहीं लगता था।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहता है कि जैसे ही शाम हुई और लड़ाई बन्द हुई वैसे ही सिख बहादुरों ने एक ही आवाज़ में भाई कन्हैया के विरोध में ऊँची आवाज़ उठाई। उन्होंने कहा कि जिन मुसलमान सैनिकों को वे मुश्किल से घायल करते थे उन्हें भी पानी पिला कर वह उन्हें नया जीवन-दान दे देता था। हे गुरु जी! हमें लगता है कि इसका दुश्मनों से कोई सम्बन्ध है। यह दुश्मन के घायल सिपाहियों को युद्ध भूमि में पानी पिलाता है और उनकी जान बचाता है। भाव है कि सिख वीरों को भाई कन्हैया का इन्सानियत का भाव भी दुश्मनी से भरा हुआ प्रतीत होता है क्योंकि वहाँ वह सिख वीरों को ही नहीं बल्कि मुसलमान सैनिकों को भी युद्धभूमि में पानी पिलाता था।

विशेष:

1. सिख वीरों के मन में उत्पन्न स्वार्थी भावों के कारण भाई कन्हैया पर दोषारोपण किया गया है।
2. भाषा सरल, सरस और भावपूर्ण है।

6. हँस कर बोले दशम पिता फिर
क्यों भाई क्या कहते हो,
ठीक शिकायत क्या सिखों की
सबकी सेवा करते हो ?
हाथ जोड़ कर चरण छुए
नतमस्तक हो वचन कहे,
गुरुवर ! सब को जल देता हूँ
मानो सब में आप रहे।

शब्दार्थ: दशम पिता = दशम गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी। चरण = पैर। नतमस्तक = सिर झुका कर प्रणाम करना।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ हमारी पाठ्य-पुस्तक में संकलित कविता ‘कोई नहीं बेगाना’ से ली गई हैं। इसके रचयिता डॉ० योगेन्द्र बख्शी हैं। सिख वीरों ने भाई कन्हैया पर आरोप लगाया था कि वे युद्धभूमि में मुस्लिम सैनिकों की पानी पिला कर सहायता करते थे। वे उनसे मिले हुए थे।

व्याख्या:
सिख वीरों के द्वारा लगाए गए आरोप को सुन कर दशम् गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी ने हँसते हुए भाई कन्हैया से पूछा कि क्यों भाई ! क्या सिखों की यह शिकायत ठीक थी कि वह सब की सेवा करते था। यह सुन कर भाई कन्हैया ने हाथ जोड़कर गुरु जी के पाँव छुए और सिर झुका कर ये शब्द कहे कि गुरुवर! मैं तो सभी को ऐसे पानी देता हूँ जैसे सब में आप ही विद्यमान हों। मुझे तो सब में आप ही दिखाई देते हैं। भाव है कि भाई कन्हैया को गुरु जी के प्रति अपार भक्ति के कारण सभी में वही दिखाई देते थे। उन्हें कोई भी पराया नहीं लगता था।

विशेष:

1. कवि ने भाई कन्हैया की अपार गुरु-भक्ति को सरल शब्दों में प्रकट कर दिया है।
2. भाषा सरल, सरस और भावपूर्ण है।

7. गुरुवाणी का मतलब मैंने
केवल बस इतना जाना,
देखें हर प्राणी में प्रभुवर
कोई नहीं है बेगाना।
अव्वल अल्ला नूर वही है
कुदरत के सब बन्दे,
सब जग फैला नूर उसी का
कौन भले कौन मन्दे।

शब्दार्थ:
मतलब = अर्थ। बेगाना = पराया, अनजान। अव्वल = प्रथम, पहला। अल्ला = ईश्वर। नर = ज्योति, प्रकाश, तेज, परमात्मा का नाम। कुदरत = प्रकृति । बन्दे = इन्सान । भले = अच्छे। मन्दे = बुरे।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ हमारी पाठ्य-पुस्तक में संकलित कविता ‘कोई नहीं बेगाना’ से ली गई हैं। इस कविता के रचयिता डॉ० योगेन्द्र बख्शी हैं। भाई कन्हैया ने गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी के प्रश्न का उत्तर देते हुए माना था कि उनके लिए कोई भी प्राणी न तो छोटा है और न ही बड़ा। वे सभी बराबर हैं जिनमें परमात्मा बसता है।

व्याख्या:
भाई कन्हैया ने गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी के समक्ष कहा था कि मैंने तो गुरुवाणी का केवल इतना ही अर्थ समझा है कि मुझे हर प्राणी में परम पिता परमात्मा ही दिखाई देते हैं। मुझे सभी अपने लगते हैं और कोई भी पराया नहीं लगता। वह परमात्मा ही तो सबसे श्रेष्ठ हैं, प्रमुख हैं, सर्वोपरि है। इस सृष्टि की ज्योति वही है और सारे इन्सान, सारे प्राणी उसी परमात्मा की कुदरत से उत्पन्न हुए हैं। सारे संसार में उसी का तेज फैला हुआ है। केवल वही है जिससे सारी सृष्टि बनी है। जब सभी उस परमात्मा की सन्तान हैं तो फिर कौन अच्छा है और कौन बुरा ? अर्थात् न कोई बुरा है और न अच्छा, न कोई छोटा है और न कोई बड़ा। सारे मानव एक-दूसरे के समान हैं। भाव है कि हमें धर्म और जाति के आधार पर मानव को नहीं बांटना चाहिए।

विशेष:

1. भाई कन्हैया के माध्यम से सृष्टि का रहस्य प्रकट किया गया है और उसी के आधार पर सब को एक समान माना गया है।
2. भाषा सरस और भावपूर्ण है। उर्दू शब्दों का प्रयोग किया गया है। |

8. दशम पिता गदगद हो बोले,
सच्चे सिख ! गुरु मेहर करे,
भेदभाव बिन सेवारत जो
उसके सिर प्रभु हाथ धरे।
यह मरहम भी ले लो मुझ से
तुम सबका उपकार करो,
हर घायल में प्रभु को देखो
घावों का उपचार करो।

शब्दार्थ:
गद्गद् = प्रसन्न। मेहर = कृपा। भेदभाव = अंतर; ऊँच-नीच का भाव। सेवारत = सेवा में लीन। हाथ धरे = कृपा करे। उपकार = भला, कल्याण। घावों = घाव, चोट, जख्म। उपचार = इलाज।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ हमारी पाठ्य-पुस्तक में संकलित कविता ‘कोई नहीं बेगाना’ से ली गई हैं जिसकी रचना डॉ० योगेन्द्र बख्शी ने की है। गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी ने भाई कन्हैया के उत्तर को सुनकर उसे आशीर्वाद दिया था और उस पर ईश्वर की कृपा बनी रहने की प्रार्थना की थी।

व्याख्या:
भाई कन्हैया के उत्तर को सुन कर दशम पिता गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी प्रसन्न हो गए, खुशी से भर उठे। उन्होंने उसे सम्बोधित करते हुए कहा कि हे सच्चे सिख ! ईश्वर तुम पर कृपा बनाये रखे। जो व्यक्ति बिना भेदभाव किए हुए समाज में रहते हुए सबकी सेवा करता रहता है, ईश्वर उसके सिर पर अपनी कृपा का हाथ सदा बनाए रखें। तुम मुझ से यह मरहम भी ले लो और बिना जात-पात और धर्म का ध्यान रखे हुए सब का भला करो, सब की सेवा करो। तुम हर घायल व्यक्ति में ईश्वर को देखो, सबको एक समान समझो और सब के घावों का ईलाज करो, उन्हें कष्टों से मुक्त करो। भाव है कि गुरु जी ने अपने मानवतावादी भावों से सबका कल्याण करने की बात सदा ही सबसे कही थी।

विशेष:

1. गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी ने समाज में व्याप्त भेदभाव का विरोध करते हुए सबको एक समान ईश्वर की सन्तान माना था।
2. भाषा सरल और सरस है।

कोई नहीं बेगाना Summary

कोई नहीं बेगाना कविता का सार

डॉ० योगेन्द्र बख्शी के द्वारा रचित कविता ‘कोई नहीं बेगाना’ मानवतावादी कविता है। इन्सान वही अच्छा होता है जो किसी में भी भेदभाव न करे। आनन्दपुर साहब के बाहर गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी की सेना की मुसलमानों से भयंकर लड़ाई हो रही थी। गर्मियों के दिन थे। सूर्य की गर्मी से सारे मैदान दहक-से रहे थे। युद्ध में हर वीर अपनी जान की परवाह किए बिना लड़ रहा था। तोपें गरज रहीं थीं। दोनों सेनाओं के सैनिक पूरे जोश में भरे हुए थे। सिख सैनिक ‘सत श्री अकाल’ का जयघोष कर रहे थे तो मुसलमान सैनिक ‘अल्ला हू अकबर’ के नारे लगा रहे थे। दोनों तरफ के सैनिक घायल हो-होकर धरती पर गिर रहे थे। वे तड़प रहे थे और प्यास के कारण पानी-पानी चिल्ला रहे थे। गुरुघर का एक सेवादार भाई कन्हैया कन्धे पर एक मशक लिए हुए सिखों और मुसलमानों को पानी पिला रहा था। उसे उन सभी घायल सैनिकों में गुरु का ही रूप दिखाई दे रहा था। वह अपने और पराये का कोई भेद नहीं कर रहा था। जब शाम हुई तो सिख सैनिकों ने गुरु जी से शिकायत की कि जिन मुसलमान सैनिकों को हम काट कर नीचे गिराते हैं उन्हें ही भाई कन्हैया पानी पिलाता है। उनकी जान बचा कर वह दुश्मन का काम कर रहा था। गुरु जी ने हँस कर भाई कन्हैया से इस शिकायत के बारे में पूछा। उसने हाथ जोड़ कर गुरु जी के पाँव छू कर अपना सिर झुकाते हुए कहा कि वह सभी को एक समान पानी पिलाता था क्योंकि उसे उन सभी में आप ही दिखाई दे रहे थे। गुरुबाणी के अनुसार तो उसे हर प्राणी में भगवान् ही दिखता था। कोई भी तो पराया नहीं। इस संसार के हर प्राणी में परमात्मा का ही तो नूर हैचाहे वह अच्छा है या बुरा। दशम गुरु ने प्रसन्न होकर कहा कि अरे सच्चे सिख, ईश्वर तुम पर कृपा करे। तुम मुझ से मरहम भी लो और इसे सभी घायलों के घावों पर लगाओ। तुम सभी से एक-सा व्यवहार करो।

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class English Book Solutions English Main Course Book Chapter 1 Grooming of a Boy Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 English Main Course Book Chapter 1 Grooming of a Boy

Answer the following questions in your own words:

Question 1.
All men are not just and true. Why is the author still hopeful ?
(सभी मनुष्य न्यायवान और सच्चे नहीं होते। लेखक फिर भी आशावान क्यों है ?)
Answer:
The author is hopeful because for every bad person, there is a good one also.
लेखक आशावान इसलिए है क्योंकि प्रत्येक बुरे मनुष्य के साथ-साथ वहां एक अच्छा आदमी भी है।

Question 2.
What should Lincoln’s son be steered away from ?
(लिंकन के पुत्र को किस बात से दूर ले जाया जाना चाहिए ?)
Answer:
He should be steered away from envy.
उसे ईर्ष्या से दूर ले जाया जाना चाहिए।

Question 3.
What should one never sell ?
(व्यक्ति को क्या कभी नहीं बेचना चाहिए ?)
Answer:
One should never sell one’s heart and soul.
व्यक्ति को अपने हृदय और अपनी आत्मा को कभी नहीं बेचना चाहिए।

Question 4.
Why does Lincoln not want his son to be cuddled ?
(लिंकन क्यों नहीं चाहता कि उसके बेटे को ज्यादा छाती से लगाया जाए.?)
Answer:
According to Lincoln, one becomes tough only by passing through the difficulties of life. So that is why he doesn’t want his son to be cuddled.
लिंकन के अनुसार, कोई व्यक्ति जीवन की कठिनाइयों में से गुज़र कर ही कठोर बनता है। इसी कारण से वह नहीं चाहता कि उसके पुत्र को ज़्यादा छाती से लगा कर रखा जाए।

Question 5.
How can one gain sublime faith in mankind ?
(व्यक्ति मनुष्य-जाति में उत्कृष्ट विश्वास कैसे रख सकता है ?)
Answer:
It can be done by having sublime faith in oneself also.
ऐसा स्वयं में उत्कृष्ट विश्वास रखने से भी किया जा सकता है।

Question 6.
What should one ponder about ?
(व्यक्ति को किस विषय में सोच-विचार करना चाहिए ?)
Answer:
One should ponder about the mystery of all the objects of nature.
व्यक्ति को प्रकृति के सभी पदार्थों के रहस्य के बारे में सोच-विचार करना चाहिए।

Question 7.
After listening to all the men, what should one do ?
(सभी लोगों को सुनने के पश्चात् व्यक्ति को क्या करना चाहिए ?)
Answer:
One should accept only that which is good and true.
व्यक्ति को केवल उन बातों को स्वीकार करना चाहिए जो अच्छी और सच्ची हों।

Question 8.
What should one beware of ?
(व्यक्ति को किससे बचना चाहिए ?)
Answer:
One should beware of the flatterers.
व्यक्ति को चापलूसों से बचना चाहिए।

Answer the following questions in your own words:

Question 1.
List the qualities which make a good human being.
(ऐसे गुणों की सूची बनाइए जो किसी व्यक्ति को अच्छा मानव बनाती हैं।)
Answer:
The following qualities make one a good human being : honesty, courage, patience, truthfulness, faith in oneself and faith in the goodness of mankind.
निम्नलिखित गुण व्यक्ति को एक अच्छा मानव बनाते हैं – ईमानदारी, साहस, धैर्य, सच्चाई, अपने ऊपर विश्वास तथा मानव-जाति की अच्छाई में विश्वास।

Question 2.
Make a list of the qualities you have in yourself.
(ऐसे गुणों की सूची बनाइए जो आप अपने में रखते हैं।)
Answer:
My motto of life is – ‘Do good, find good’. So I never think ill of others. I hate cruelty and dishonesty in any form.
मेरे जीवन का आदर्श उसूल है-‘कर भला, हो भला’। इसलिए मैं कभी दूसरों का बुरा नहीं सोचता हूं। मैं किसी भी रूप में निर्दयता और बेईमानी से घृणा करता हूं।

Tick (✓) the correct statements as found in the lesson text :

Question 1.
Lincoln’s son will learn that
a. all men are not just.
b. all men are not true.
Answer:
(a) ✓
(b) ✓

Question 2.
He should be taught that
a. for every scoundrel there is a hero.
b. for every selfish politician there is a dedicated leader.
c. for every success there is a failure.
d. for every enemy there is a friend.
Answer:
(a) ✓
(b) ✓
(c) ✗
(d) ✓

Question 3.
He should have faith in–
a. everyone.
b. himself.
c. his own ideas.
d. mankind.
Answer:
(a) ✗
(b) ✓
(c) ✓
(d) ✓

Textual Vocabulary & Grammar

Match the words in column A with their meanings in column B :
Answer:
1. selfish — One who is interested in self only.
2. dedicated — One who performs his duty with devotion.
3. scoundrel — One who shows no moral conscience.
4. honourable — One who is respected by all.
5. impatient – One who has no patience.
6. cynic – One who believes that everyone is bad.
7. just — One who is reasonable and fair.

Fill in the blanks with adjective forms of the following words :

honour; courage; enjoy; wonder; faith; envy

1. Mr. Satish is an ………………. man; everyone in the town respects him.
2. Do not be jealous; be ………………
3. The dog is a ………………… animal.
4. Swimming through Palk Straits was a challenge for Mihir Sen, but he was ……………… enough to attempt it.
5. The sunset in the sea presented a ………. sight.
6. Our trip was really …………….. ; we had a lot of fun.
Answer:
1. honourable
2. envious
3. faithful
4. courageous
5. wonderful
6. enjoyable.

Fill in the blanks with the words given in the box :

education; educating; little; called; demanded; requested; amount; buy; cost.

There lived a man who was very rich. He was always worried about the ………. of his son. He ……………….. a philosopher and ……………… him to take upon himself the task of educating his son. The philosopher ………………. one hundred pieces of gold for this. The rich man was surprised at the ………….. demanded and said he could …… a slave for a far smaller amount. The philosopher replied he could get a slave free of ………………. by not …………. his son, for a man without ……………. is ………………. better than a slave.
Answer:
education
called
requested
demanded
amount
buy
cost
educating
education
little.

Fill in the blanks with the passive form of the verbs to complete the following sentences :

1. There is a thief in the house; the police ……… (inform)
2. It is getting dark; the light …….. (switch on)
3. The patient is getting worse; let the doctor ……. (call)
4. We are already getting late; this letter …….. today.
5. He is in trouble; he …….. to the doctor. (take)
Answer:
1. have been informed
2. must be switched on
3. be called
4. must be posted
5. must be taken.

Fill in the blanks with the articles

a, an, the :

1. ……. small tear becomes ….. big hole in ……. same way as ……. small illness grows into ……. big disease. …… good mother does not allow ………. tear that appears on her child’s shirt to grow big. She stitches it in time. Unnecessary labour is spared if it is done before it is too late.
Answer:
A, a, the, a; a; A, the.

2. Most of us have read ……. story of ……… hare and ……. tortoise. ……. steady worker makes his mark sooner than …….. one who works by fits and starts.
Answer:
the, a, a; A, the.

3. ……. apple ……. day keeps …… doctor away. But if ……. doctor is smart, he keeps ……. apple away from you.
Answer:
An, a, the; the, the.

Put proper punctuation marks in the following passage and use capital letters wherever necessary :

After the midday meal, it was suggested that we went for a picnic to another Maori village nearby called Whatarewarewa. “What a tongue- twister !” I could not help saying. “Oh ! we call it Whaka for short,” said my host.

Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions :

1. Here is the book that you had asked ……
2. The emperor ruled ……… a vast empire.
3. The clock is lying ……. the table.
4. Act according ……. my instructions.
5. Don’t loiter ……. the street.
Answer:
1. for 2. over 3. on 4. to 5. in.

Pronunciation Practice

Note the different spellings for the same sound / i: / in the following words:

Thus one can notice that there is no one-to-one correspondence between sounds and spellings in English.
Spellings (orthographic representation), therefore, are not a proper guide to correct pronunciation of words.

Now, say these words aloud:

conceive – knee – feel – each – keep
police – ski – piece – siege – beat

Creative Writing and Extended Reading

(i) Have you read any of the letters written by Pandit Jawahar Lai Nehru to his daughter indira Gandhi? Do read at least one such letter, What does Nehru want to convey in this letter?

(ii) What type of a boy or girl would you like to become? Write ten sentences in the light of your study of this lesson.

(iii) As a citizen of the world, make a list of five things you would never do.

Use Of Textual Words / Phrases

1. Scoundrel – Some students are real scoundrels.
2. Dedicated – Mrs. Raman is a dedicated teacher.
3. Bully – He was a bully; he was asked to mend his ways or leave the school.
4. Lick – He was quite tough, but we did lick him without much effort.
5. Ponder – My father pondered over the problem, but could not find a solution.
6. Eternal – True love is eternal; it never dies.
7. Scoff at – He scoffed at our foolish answers.
8. Howl – Wolves were howling in the forest.
9. Cuddle – The child cuddled her doll to her chest.
10. Courage – The soldiers showed great courage in the battlefield.
11. Sublime – The food was absolutely sublime.

Objective Type Questions

Answer the following in one word / phrase / sentence :

Question 1.
Who is the writer of the letter on which the chapter, Grooming of a Boy’, is based ?
Answer.
Abraham Lincoln.

Question 2.
Who was the letter written to ?
Answer.
To the teacher of Abraham Lincoln’s son.

Question 3.
What does Lincoln want from his son ?
Answer.
He wants him to learn good things of life.

Question 4.
What does Lincoln tell his son about victory and defeat ?
Answer.
He tells him to take both in an honourable fashion.

Question 5.
What does Lincoln think about bullies ?
Answer.
He says that the bullies are the easiest to defeat.

Question 6.
What does he say about envy ?
Answer.
He advises his son to keep away from envy.

Question 7.
Does Lincoln think that the good qualities can be learned quickly ?
Answer.
No, he says that it will take its own reasonable time.

Question 8.
What does Lincoln say about the crowd ?
Answer.
He tells his son not to follow the crowd blindly.

Question 9.
What should the son do when he is sad ?
Answer.
He should laugh away his sadness.

Question 10.
How should the boy deal with cynics ?
Answer.
The son will do well to scoff at them.

Complete the following :

1. All men are not ……………….. and ……………
2. For every enemy, there is a …………
3. For every ………………., there is a hero.
4. A dollar …………………. is better than five found.
5. The bullies are the …………………. to defeat.
6. The son should have faith in ……………….. ideas.
Answer.
1. just, true
2. friend
3. scoundrel
4. earned
5. easiest
6. his own.

Write True or False against each statement :

1. The bullies are the most difficult to defeat.
2. Envy is to be kept away from.
3. For every selfish politician, there is a dedicated leader.
4. It is much more honourable to cheat than to fail.
5. The boy should learn that there is no shame in honest tears.
6. The boy should be friends to those who speak very sweetly.
Answer.
1. False
2. True
3. True
4. False
5. True
6. False.

Choose the correct option for each of the following:

Question 1.
Abraham Lincoln wrote the letter to ……
(a) his son
(b) his daughter
(c) his son’s teacher
(d) his friend.
Answer.
(c) his son’s teacher

Question 2.
Lincoln wants the teacher to teach his son to …….
(a) learn the ways of the world
(b) to cheat when necessary
(c) to speak sweetly
(d) to become a politician.
Answer.
(a) learn the ways of the world

Question 3.
A dollar earned is better than five ….
(a) as pocket money
(b) as a prize
(c) found somewhere
(d) pounds.
Answer.
(c) found somewhere

Question 4.
There is no …………….. in honest tears.
(a) pride
(b) ego
(c) happiness
(d) shame.
Answer.
(d) shame.

Grooming of a Boy Summary in English

Grooming of a Boy Introduction:

This chapter is an extract from a letter. It was written by Abraham Lincoln to his son’s teacher. In this letter, Lincoln wants the teacher to instill some special qualities in his son. He lists those qualities in this letter. He wants the teacher to teach his son how to behave in different situations. He wants his son to be respectful to others. Lincoln wants that his son should grow into a wise, intelligent, brave and patient person. He wants that his son should be able to decide his own path instead of following the crowd.

Grooming of a Boy Summary in English:

This chapter is an extract from a letter. The letter was written by Abraham Lincoln to his son’s teacher. In this letter, Lincoln lists some of the things he wants the teacher to teach his son :

The boy should be taught that all men are not just, and all men are not true. But it is also true that for every scoundrel, there is a hero. For every selfish politician, there is a dedicated leader. For every enemy, there is a friend. He should learn that a dollar earned is of far more value than five found. He should learn to take his defeat as well as victory in an honourable fashion. He should keep away from envy.  He should learn the secret of soft laughter. He should learn that the bullies’ are the easiest to defeat.

He should learn about the wonderful world of books, but he should also find time to think about the beauties and mysteries of nature. He should learn that it is far more honourable to fail than to cheat. He should have faith in his own ideas, even if everyone tells him they are wrong. He should learn to be gentle with the gentle, and tough with the tough. He should not follow the crowd or the beaten path of success. He should have the strength to decide his own path. He should listen to all men, but should be able to sift the good from the bad. He should accept only what is good.

He should learn to laugh even when he is sad. He should learn that there is no shame in honest tears. He should learn to scoff at cynics and to beware of those who speak too sweetly. He should learn that he could charge the highest price for his body and mind, but he should never sell his heart and soul. He should not listen to the howling mob. If he thinks he is right, he should stand firmly and fight bravely.

He should always have sublime faith in himself because only then he can have sublime faith in mankind. He should have the courage to be impatient and the patience to be brave. At the end, Lincoln tells the teacher that he should treat his son gently, but he shouldn’t cuddle him. He says that only the test of fire makes fine steel. Lincoln calls his son a fine little fellow’. Lincoln knows that it is a big task for the teacher to make his son what he wants him to be. But he requests the teacher to do what he can in this respect.

Grooming of a Boy Summary in Hindi

Grooming of a Boy Introduction:

यह पत्र अब्राहम लिंकन ने अपने पुत्र के अध्यापक को लिखा था। इस पत्र में लिंकन कुछ विशेष गुणों का उल्लेख करता है जो वह चाहता है कि उसके पुत्र का अध्यापक लड़के में भर दे। वह चाहता है कि अध्यापक उसके पुत्र को विभिन्न परिस्थितियों में और विभिन्न व्यक्तियों के प्रति उपयुक्त व्यवहार करना सिखाए। लिंकन चाहता है कि उसका पुत्र बड़ा होकर बुद्धिमान, योग्य, वीर, धीर और पारखी व्यक्ति बने। वह चाहता है कि उसका पुत्र भीड़ के पीछे चलने की बजाय अपना रास्ता स्वयम् ही बनाए।

Grooming of a Boy Summary in Hindi:

पाठ का विस्तृत सार इस लेख में वह पत्र दिया गया है जो अब्राहम लिंकन ने अपने पुत्र के अध्यापक को लिखा था। इस पत्र में लिंकन उन कुछ बातों का उल्लेख करता है जो वह चाहता है कि अध्यापक ‘उसके पुत्र को सिखलाए

लड़के को यह सिखाया जाए कि सभी लोग न्यायवान् नहीं होते तथा सभी लोग सच्चे नहीं होते। किन्तु यह भी सत्य है कि प्रत्येक दुष्ट व्यक्ति के बदले एक सज्जन भी होता है, एक स्वार्थी राजनीतिज्ञ के बदले एक समर्पित नेता भी होता है, तथा एक शत्रु के बदले एक मित्र भी होता है। उसे यह सीखना चाहिए कि मेहनत से कमाए गए एक डॉलर की कीमत उन पाँच डॉलरों से कहीं अधिक होती है जो वैसे ही मिल गए हों। उसे अपनी हार तथा विजय दोनों को ही एक सम्मानपूर्ण ढंग से लेना सीखना चाहिए। उसे ईर्ष्या से दूर रहना चाहिए।

उसे कोमलतापूर्वक हँसने का रहस्य सीखना चाहिए। उसे सीखना चाहिए कि धौंसिया लोगों को हराना सबसे आसान होता है। उसे पुस्तकों के अद्भुत संसार के बारे में जानना चाहिए किन्तु उसे प्रकृति की सुन्दरताओं अथवा रहस्यों के बारे में सोचने का समय भी निकालना चाहिए।

उसे यह सीखना चाहिए कि धोखा देने की अपेक्षा हारना कहीं अधिक सम्मानपूर्ण होता है। उसे अपने विचारों में विश्वास रखना सीखना चाहिए यद्यपि हर कोई यह कह रहा हो कि उसके विचार गलत हैं।

Grooming of a Boy Translation in Hindi

(Page 1) Abraham Lincoln’s ……. he is right.

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. scoundrel – दुष्ट व्यक्ति ; 2. dedicated – वफ़ादार ; 3. steer – मार्गदर्शन करना ; 4. envy – ईर्ष्या ; 5. bullies – धौंसिया लोग ; 6. lick – हराना ; 7. ponder – ध्यानपूर्वक सोचना ; 8. eternal – अनन्त, शाश्वत ; 9. getting on the bandwagon – सफल होने की आशा में दूसरों के पीछेपीछे चल पड़ना ; 10. scoff – उपहास करना ; 11. cynics – मानव-द्वेषी ; 12. brawn – शक्तिशाली शरीर ; 13. howling – शोर मचाती हुई, चीखती-चिल्लाती हुई।

Text

[Abraham Lincoln’s son is at school. Lincoln writes a letter to his son’s teacher requesting him to mould the boy in such a way that he grows up to be a good human being. What are the qualities which make one a good human being ?]

The Letter

He will have to learn, I know, that all men are not just, all men are not true. But teach him also that for every scoundrel,’ there is a hero; that for every selfish politician, there is a dedicated leader. Teach him that for every enemy there is a friend. It will take time, I know; but teach him, if you can, that a dollar earned is of far more value than five found. Teach him to learn to lose and also to enjoy winning. Steer him away from envy; if you can, teach him the secret of quiet laughter.

Let him learn early that the bullies are the easiest to lick. Teach him, if you can, the wonder of books. But also give him quiet time to ponder the eternal mystery of birds in the sky, bees in the sun, and flowers on a green hillside.

In school, teach him it is far more honourable to fail than to cheat. Teach him to have faith in his own ideas, even if everyone tells him they are wrong. Teach him to be gende with the gende, and tough with the tough. ’

Try to give my son the strength not to follow the crowd when everyone is getting on the bandwagon. Teach him to listen to all men; but teach him also to filter all that he hears on a screen of truth, and take only the good that comes through. Teach him, if you can, how to laugh when he is sad. Teach him there is no shame in tears.

Teach him to scoff at cynics and to beware of too much sweetness. Teach him to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidders, but never to put a price tag on his heart and soul. Teach him to close his ears to a howling mob and to stand and fight, if he thinks he is right

अनुवाद

[अब्राहम लिंकन का बेटा एक स्कूल में पढ़ता है। लिंकन अपने बेटे के अध्यापक को यह प्रार्थना करते हुए एक पत्र लिखता है कि वह उसके लड़के को ऐसे रूप में ढाल दे कि वह बड़ा होकर एक अच्छा इन्सान बने। वे कौन से गुण हैं जो मनुष्य को एक अच्छा इन्सान बनाते हैं|

पत्र

मैं जानता हूँ उसे यह जानना सीखना होगा, कि सभी लोग न्यायप्रिय नहीं होते, सभी लोग सच्चे नहीं होते। किन्तु उसे यह भी सिखाइए कि प्रत्येक दुष्ट के मुकाबले में एक सज्जन व्यक्ति भी होता है; कि प्रत्येक स्वार्थी राजनीतिज्ञ के बदले वहाँ एक समर्पित नेता भी होता है। उसे यह सिखाइए कि प्रत्येक शत्रु के मुकाबले में वहाँ एक मित्र भी होता है। मैं जानता हूँ कि ऐसा करने में समय लगेगा किन्तु यदि आप ऐसा कर सकें तो उसे यह सिखाइए कि अर्जित किए गए एक डॉलर की कीमत कहीं मिले हुए पाँच डॉलरों से कहीं अधिक होती है। उसे हारना सिखाइए और जीत में से आनन्द प्राप्त कर लेना भी। उसे ईर्ष्या से दूर ले जाइए; यदि आप ऐसा कर सकें तो उसे शान्तिपूर्ण हँसी का रहस्य सिखाइए।

उसे यह शुरू में ही सिखा दीजिए कि धौसिया लोगों को हराना सबसे आसान होता है। यदि आप ऐसा कर सकें, तो उसे सिखाइए कि पुस्तकों का संसार कितना अद्भुत होता है। किन्तु उसे आकाश में उड़ने वाले पक्षियों, सूर्य की रोशनी में चमकने वाली मधुमक्खियों तथा हरी-हरी पहाड़ियों की ढलानों पर उगे हुए फूलों के शाश्वत् रहस्य के बारे में सोचने के लिए भी शान्तिपूर्ण समय दीजिए।

स्कूल में उसे यह सिखाइए कि धोखा देने की बजाए फेल होना कहीं अधिक सम्मान की बात होती है। उसे अपने विचारों में भरोसा रखना सिखाइए, यद्यपि उसे हर कोई यह कह रहा हो कि वे (विचार) गलत हैं। उसे विनम्र लोगों के प्रति विनम्र और कठोर लोगों के प्रति कठोर बनना सिखाइए। मेरे पुत्र को यह शक्ति देने का यत्न कीजिए कि वह भीड़ के पीछे न चले जब हर कोई सफलता की गाड़ी पर चढ़ने की कोशिश कर रहा हो। उसे सभी लोगों की बात सुनना सिखाइए; किन्तु उसे यह भी सिखाएं कि वह अपने द्वारा सुनी गई सब बातों को सत्य-रूपी छलनी में से छानकर देखे तथा उसमें से जो अच्छाई निकल कर आए, केवल उसे ही ग्रहण करे।

यदि आप ऐसा कर सकें, तो उसे यह सिखाइए कि कैसे हँसा जाता है जब वह उदास हो। उसे सिखाइए कि आँसुओं में कोई लज्जा वाली बात नहीं होती है। उसे मानव-द्वेषियों की खिल्ली उड़ाना तथा अत्यन्त मीठे लोगों से बचकर रहना सिखाइए। उसे कहिए कि अपना दिमाग और बाहुबल सबसे ऊंची बोली लगाने वालों को बेचे, किन्तु अपने दिल और आत्मा की कभी कोई कीमत न रखे। उसे चीखने-चिल्लाने वाली भीड़ के प्रति अपने कान बन्द रखना सिखाइए तथा खड़े रहकर मुकाबला करना सिखाइए, यदि वह यह समझे कि वह न्याय के रास्ते पर है।

(Page 2) Treat him gently… ………. my son !

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. cuddle – गले लगाना ; 2. courage – साहस ; 3. impatient – अधीर, व्यग्र ; 4. sublime – उत्तम ; 5. order – मांग।

Treat him gently, but do not cuddle him, because only the test of fire makes fine steel. Let him have the courage to be impatient; let him have the patience to be brave. Teach him always to have sublime faith in himself, because then he will always have sublime faith in mankind. This is a big order, but see what you can do. He is such a fine little fellow, my son !

अनुवाद
उसके साथ कोमलतापूर्वक व्यवहार कीजिए परन्तु उसे ज्यादा छाती से लगाकर मत रखिए क्योंकि केवल | आग में से गुजरने से ही बढ़िया फौलाद बनता है। उसे अधीर बने रहने का साहस दीजिए; उसे वीर बने रहने का धैर्य दीजिए। उसे यह सिखाइए कि स्वयं | में सदा उत्कृष्ट विश्वास रखे क्योंकि तब वह मानव जाति में सदा उत्कृष्ट विश्वास रखेगा।, यह एक बहुत ऊँची माँग है किन्तु आप देख लें कि आप इस सम्बन्ध में क्या कर सकते हैं। वह एक कितना बढ़िया छोटा-सा बालक है, मेरा पुत्र !