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PSEB 12th Class History Solutions Chapter 22 First Anglo-Sikh War: Causes and Results

November 16, 2021November 15, 2021 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class History Book Solutions Chapter 22 First Anglo-Sikh War: Causes and Results Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 22 First Anglo-Sikh War: Causes and Results

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Give a brief description of the main causes of the First Anglo-Sikh War.
Or
Give the causes of the First Anglo-Sikh War.
Or
What were the five main causes of the First Anglo-Sikh War?
Or
Briefly describe the five main causes of the First Anglo-Sikh War.
Answer:
1. British Policy of Encircling Punjab: The British had been greedily looking towards Punjab for quite some time with a view to bringing it under their control. By signing the treaty of Amritsar with Ranjit Singh in 1809 A.D., the British had forever checked Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s advancement towards the Cis-Sutlej areas. In 1835-36 A.D., the Britishers forced Maharaja Ranjit Singh to withdraw his forces from Shikarpur and occupy it. In 1835 A.D. the Britishers took possession of Ferozepur. In 1838 A.D., the Britishers set up a military cantonment at Ferozepur. As a result, a war between the British and the Sikhs’had become inevitable.

2. Anarchy in Punjab: After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in June 1839 A.D., anarchy had spread in Punjab. A period of conspiracies and killings for the occupation of the throne had started. During 6 years from 1839 A.D. to 1845 A.D., as many as, 5 governments changed. The Dogras through their conspiracies finished many members of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s family. This situation was an invitation to the Britishers.

3. Defeat of the British in the First Anglo-Afghan War: The First Anglo-Afghan War which was fought from 1839 to 1842 A.D., left a deep impact on the Anglo-Sikh relationship. This area was geographically very significant. Although the Amirs of Sind were very loyal to the British yet by leveling false allegations Lord Ellenborough declared war against Sind. In 1843 A.D. the British brought Sind under their control. Since the Sikhs wanted to annex Sind to their empire, it further embittered Anglo-Sikh relations.

4. Occupation of Sind by the British: This area was geographically very significant. Although the Amirs of Sind were very loyal to the British yet by leveling false allegations Lord Ellenborough declared war against Sind. In 1843 A.D. the British brought Sind under their control. Since the Sikhs wanted to annex Sind to their empire, it further embittered Anglo-Sikh relations.

5. Appointment of Major Broadfoot: In November 1844 A.D., Major Broadfoot was appointed in place of Mr. Clark, as the political agent of Ludhiana. He was a bitter opponent of Sikhs. He came with this view in his mind to the frontiers of Punjab that the British had decided to fight a war with the Sikhs.

Question 2.
Write a brief note on the battle of Mudki.
Answer:
The first important battle between the Sikhs and the British was fought at Mudki on December 18, 1845 A.D. In this battle, the number of Sikh soldiers was 5500 and Lai Singh commanded them. On the other hand, the British had 12,000 soldiers and they were commanded by Hugh Gough. The British thought that they would defeat the Sikhs very easily, but the Sikhs launched such a forceful attack on the British army that it created consternation among them. Lai Singh got scared to see it. He had come to get the Sikh army defeated, but the tables were turned on the British.

At this, he fled away from the battlefield along with some of his soldiers: Even then the Sikhs continued fighting the British bravely. But in the absence of their commander, and being fewer in number, the Sikhs were ultimately defeated. The British had won the war at an enormous cost because in this battle many of their famous warriors were killed. Moreover, the British realized that it was not a child’s play to gain victory over the Sikhs.

Question 3.
What do you know about the battle of Ferozshah or Pherushahr?
Answer:
A fierce battle took place between the Sikhs and the British at Ferozshah on December 21, 1845 A.D. The number of British soldiers was 17 thousand in this battle and they had 69 cannons. Their command was in the hands of experienced generals like Hugh Gough, John Littler, and Lord Hardinge. On the other hand, the Sikh soldiers were about 25 to 30 thousand and they had 100 cannons. The Sikh army was led by traitors like Lai Singh and Teja Singh.

In this battle, the Sikhs attacked the British army so forcefully that they suffered heavy casualties. They even began to think of surrendering before the Sikh army without any condition. But luck favored the British. On December 22, due to the treachery of Lai Singh and Teja Singh, the Sikh forces were defeated. In this battle, the Sikhs suffered a heavy loss of life.

Question 4.
Write a brief note on the battle of Sobraon.
Answer:
The battle of Sobraon was the last decisive battle of the First Anglo-Sikh War. It was fought on February 10, 1846 A.D. The Sikhs and the British had made full preparations for this battle. Famous generals like Hugh Gough, Lord Hardinge, and others were commanding the British forces. On the other hand, Lai Singh and Teja Singh were commanding the Sikh army. Both these traitors had given the British, all the necessary information well before the battle started.

They were the first to flee soon after the first assault. Moreover, they dismantled the boat bridge over the river Sutlej. Consequently, thousands of Sikh soldiers were drowned. At this critical juncture, Sham Singh Attariwala took over the command and pushed the British hard. Ultimately the Sikhs were defeated and suffered heavy casualties. In fact, the battle of Sobraon proved as “Waterloo” for the Sikhs.

Question 5.
Write a brief note on the Treaty of Lahore (March 9, 1846 A.D.).
Answer:
As a result of the First Anglo-Sikh War, a treaty was signed between the British Government and Lahore Darbar on March 9, 1846 A.D. This treaty is famous in history aS the Treaty of Lahore. Following were the main terms of the treaty:

Maharaja Dalip Singh and his successors would always maintain peace and friendship with the British government.
The Maharaja of Lahore accepted that he and his successors would have no claim on the region to the south of the Sutlej river forever.
The Maharaja handed over all the forts of plains and hills between the Sutlej and the Beas to the British.
The British demanded a heavy amount of 1.50 crore rupees as a ransom for the war. Such a big amount could not be had from the treasury of Lahore Darbar. So the region of Kashmir and Hazara was given to the British for Rs. one crore with a promise to pay the remaining amount of 50 lakh rupees from the treasury.
Lahore’s army was reduced to 20,000 infantry and 12,000 cavalry.
The British forces could pass through the Lahore empire whenever the need be.
The Maharaja promised that he would not employ any European, American, or English without the permission of the British.
The British accepted Maharaja Dalip Singh as the ruler of Lahore, Queen Jindan as the regent of Maharaja Dalip Singh, and Lai Singh as the Prime Minister.
The British would not interfere in the internal affairs of Lahore Darbar but they would advise as and when required.

Question 6.
What do you know about the Treaty of Bhairowal?
Answer:
The treaty of Bhairowal was signed between Lahore Darbar and the British Government on December 16, 1846 A.D. According to it, a British Resident was appointed to run the administration of Lahore Darbar. Maharani Jindan was removed from the post of regent and her annual pension of Rs. 1\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) lakh was fixed. An eight-member council was formed for the help of residents, it was decided to keep a British army for the protection of the Maharaja and to maintain peace and order. Lahore Darbar accepted to pay Rs. 22 lakh annually to the British to meet the expenses of this army.

The conditions of this treaty were to remain in force till December 4, 1854 A.D. when Maharaja Dalip Singh became an adult. Although through the treaty of Bhairowal, the British did not annex Punjab to the British empire yet they reduced its sovereignty to a great extent. In fact, the British had become the rulers of Punjab and the Sikh rule was merely in name.

Question 7.
Study in brief the results of First Anglo-Sikh War.
Or
Give in brief the results of First Anglo-Sikh War.
Or
What were the results of the First Anglo-Sikh War?
Answer:
As a result of First Anglo-Sikh War, a treaty was signed by the British Government and the Lahore Darbar on 9th March 1846 A.D. This treaty is known as the treaty of Lahore. The following were the main terms of the treaty :

The Maharaja of Lahore renounced all claim to the areas lying to the south of river Sutlej,
The Maharaja handed over to the British the area between the river Sutlej and Beas.
The army of Lahore Darbar was reduced to 20,000 infantry and 12,000 cavalry.
The British Government demanded a heavy sum of 1.50 crore rupees as war indemnity. Lahore Darbar ceded the provinces of Kashmir and Hazara as equivalent to one crore of rupees. It paid the rest amount from its treasury.
The Maharaja committed that he would not employ any foreigner without the consent of the British Government. (vi) The British Government recognized Dalip Singh the Maharaja of Lahore and Rani Jindan as his regent.

Question 8.
Write a brief note on Sham Singh Attariwala.
Answer:
Sham Singh Attariwala Was a great warrior of the Sikh Class. He belonged to Attari village near Amritsar. His father Sardar Nihal Singh used to serve in the army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, At the very young age of 18, Attariwala Joined Maharaja’s army and carried various military expeditions. The political condition of Punjab after the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh greatly depressed Attariwala. He opposed the attempts of the British Government to annex Punjab. The First Anglo-Sikh War broke out in 1845 A.D. Attariwala actively participated in the battle of Sabraon. It was fought on February 10, 1846 A.D. Unfortunately, the commanding officers of the Sikh army proved traitors. At this critical juncture, Sham Singh Attariwala took over the command and pushed the British hard. His bravery was also praised by the British. At last, Sham Singh Attariwala achieved martyrdom while fighting in the battle.

Question 9.
Describe any four reasons as to why the British did not annex Punjab to their empire after the First Anglo-Sikh War.
Answer:
Although the British had defeated the Sikhs in the battle of Sobraon, many thousand soldiers of the Khalsa army were still roaming at many places with arms. If they had declared the annexation of Punjab to the British empire, it could have become a headache for the British. The second reason was that the British wanted the Punjab should act as a buffer state between the British empire and Afghanistan.

If the British had annexed Punjab to their empire, their frontiers would have touched Afghanistan. New problems on the Afghanistan frontiers would have been created for which the British were not prepared. Thirdly, the British had to keep a vast British army to keep Punjab under their control. It would have tremendously increased their expenses. Fourthly, the Governor-General thought that Punjab could not prove useful for the British from an economic point of view. He considered Punjab a source of trouble in place of a source of power.

Question 10.
Mention five causes of the Sikhs’ defeat in the First Anglo-Sikh War.
Answer:

The first major cause of the defeat of the Sikhs in the First Anglo-Sikh War was the treachery of Lai Singh and Teja Singh. Lai Singh was appointed to the post of Prime Minister while Teja Singh was working as a Chief Commander. Both of them for their selfish interest had gone over to the British. As a consequence, though the Sikhs fought with great bravery the treachery of their leaders proved fatal for them,
In the battle of Aliwal, the Sikhs were defeated due to the treachery of Ranjodh Singh.
The European officers in the Sikh army aligned themselves secretly with the British. They constantly informed all the secrets of the Sikhs of the British.
Besides these, the British belonged to the greatest imperialist power of the world. Naturally, they had good resources than the Sikhs.
The British generals had a good experience of War. They fought with full vigor for the safety of the British Empire. Consequently, the Sikhs had to face defeat.

Essay Type Questions:

Question 1.
What were the main causes of the First Anglo-Sikh War?
Or
Describe the causes of the First Anglo-Sikh War.
Or
Describe the causes of the First Anglo-Sikh War between the British and the Sikhs.
Answer:
The British had been dreaming to usurp Punjab for quite some time. They had started encircling Punjab even during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. They had intentionally adopted such policies that led to the First. Anglo-Sikh War. A brief account of the causes of the First Anglo-Sikh war is as follows :

1. British Policy of Encircling Punjab: The British had been greedily looking towards Punjab for quite some time with a view to bringing it under their control. By signing the treaty of Amritsar with Ranjit Singh in 1809 A.D., the British had forever checked Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s advancement towards the Cis-Sutlej areas. In 1835-36 A.D., the Britishers forced Maharaja Ranjit Singh to withdraw his forces from Shikarpur and occupy it.

In 1835 A.D. the Britishers took possession of Ferozepur. Because of its being close to Lahore, they could collect good information about Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s activities. In 1838 A.D., the Britishers set up a military cantonment at Ferozepur. The same year they blocked Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s advancement towards Sind and forced the Amirs of Sind to keep a British Resident at Hyderabad. In fact, the Britishers were encircling the whole of Punjab and the swallowing of Punjab was only a matter of time. As a result, a war between the British and the Sikhs had become inevitable.

3. Defeat of the British in the First Anglo-Afghan War: The First Anglo-Afghan War which was fought from 1839 to 1842 A.D., left a deep impact on the Anglo-Sikh relationship. Before this war, wherever the Britishers turned their face, success smiled on them. They were considered invincible. But, in this war, the British tasted defeat for the first time. The heavy loss caused in this war dealt a severe blow to the prestige of the British. The Britishers wanted to wipe out the stigma of their defeat suffered in Afghanistan by another grand victory. They could score this victory in Punjab because Punjab was in a state of turmoil at that time.

4. Occupation of Sind by the British: In 1842 A.D., Lord Ellenborough was appointed the new Governor-General of India in place of Lord Auckland. Lord Ellenborough wanted to remove the disgrace of the defeat which the British had to taste in the First Anglo-Afghan War. Therefore, he decided to occupy Sind. This area was geographically very significant. Although the Amirs of Sind were very loyal to the British yet by leveling false allegations Lord Ellenborough declared war against Sind. In 1843 A.D. the British brought Sind under their control. Since the Sikhs wanted to annex Sind to their empire, it further embittered Anglo-Sikh relations.

5. Military Preparations by the British: Governor-General, Lord Hardinge began to make war preparations. The British army gradually began to advance towards the Sutlej. Col. Richmond, who was very popular with the people, was replaced by Major Broadfoot who was arrogant by nature as the political agent of the North-West frontier. Lord Hugh Gough, who was the British Commander-in¬Chief, set up his headquarters at Ambala. In March 1845 A.D., more forces from other parts of the country were sent to Ferozepur, Ludhiana, and Ambala. These military preparations further widened the gulf between the Sikhs and the Britishers.

6. Appointment of Major Broadfoot: In November 1844 A.D., Major Broadfoot was appointed in place of Mr. Clark, as the political agent of Ludhiana. He was a bitter opponent of Sikhs. He came with this view in his mind to the frontiers of Punjab that the British had decided to fight a war with the Sikhs. Dr. Fauja Singh aptly says, “The appointment of Broadfoot as Political Agent at Ludhiana was also a calculated move made with an eye on the fast-approaching war with Punjab.” Broadfoot undertook many such exercises which provoked the Sikhs against the British.

7. Incitement for war by Lai Singh and Teja Singh: After the death of Jawahar Singh, Lai Singh was appointed the new Wazir (Prime Minister) of the Lahore government. He appointed his brother Teja Singh, Chief Commander of the Khalsa army. Both of them were already in league with the British. Since the Sikh army had already become powerful at that time, Lai Singh and Teja Singh, were greatly afraid of it. They wanted to weaken it directing its energies against the British army. By doing so, they would be able to retain their positions and also heave a sigh of relief. So, they started inciting the Sikh army against the British. On 11th Dec. 1845 A.D., the Sikh soldiers crossed the river Sutlej. The British were looking out for this golden opportunity. So Lord Hardinge declared war against the Sikhs on 13th December 1845 A.D.

Question 2.
What were the main events of the First Anglo-Sikh War? Briefly explain the consequences of this war.
Or
Study the main events and results of the First Anglo-Sikh War.
Answer:
The Sikh soldiers were compelled to cross over the river Sutlej on 11th December 1845 A.D. because of the imprudent policies followed by the British. The British were waiting for this golden opportunity. So the Governor-General Lord Hardinge declared war against the Sikhs on 13th December 1845 A.D. It had far-reaching consequences. A brief account of the events and results of the First Anglo-Sikh war is as follows:

1. Events of the war:

1. Battle of Mudki: The first important battle between the Sikhs and the Britishers was fought at Mudki on 18th December, 1845 A.D. In this battle the number of the Sikh soldiers was 5500, and they were commanded by Lai Singh. On the other hand, the strength of the British soldiers was 12,000 and they were led by Lord Hugh Gough. The British thought that they would easily overpower the Sikh army, but the Sikh army caused such a havoc that the British soldiers ran helter-skelter. On seeing this Lai Singh got nervous. He fled from the battlefield with some soldiers. As a consequence the Sikh army was defeated. According to the famous historian Sita Ram Kohli, “The battle of Mudki served to dispel a notion that had gained credence with the British that the Sikhs were no great force to be reckoned with.”

2. Battle of Ferozeshah : The second great battle between the Sikhs and the British was fought at Ferozeshah or Pheru Shahar on 21st December, 1845 AD. The British were fully prepared for this battle. The British army was commanded by famous and experienced generals like Lord Hugh Gough, John Littler and Lord Hardinge. On the other hand, the Sikh soldiers were led by Lai Singh and Teja Singh. The Britishers were fully confident of the treachery of the Sikh generals and that they would score an easy win in the battle. But the Sikhs gave such a baffling rebuff to the British that once it looked that their empire in India had shaken.

Exactly at that time, when the British army was being trounced on all fronts, Lai Singh and Teja Singh with their soldiers fled from the battlefield, without any rhyme or reason. When the retreating Britishers heard, that the Sikhs were fleeing, they came back and converted their defeat into’victory. In this way the Khalsa army was defeated owing to the treachery of their Generals. General Havelock said, “Another such action will shake the Empire.”

3. Battle of Baddowal : On the directions of the Lahore Darbar, Ranjodh Singh Majithia with 10,000 soldiers reached Baddowal, a place located 18 miles away from Ludhiana. On 21st January, 1846 A.D., the battle between the British and the Sikhs started at Baddowal. The Sikhs fought very gallantly. They plundered the weapons and rations of the Britishers. The Britishers being defeated, fled towards Ludhiana.

4. Battle of Aliwal: Ranjodh Singh Majithia with his soldiers left Baddowal and headed for Aliwal.’Harry Smith wanted to retrieve his honour by defeating the Sikhs. On 28th January, 1846 A.D., the British army under Harry Smith attacked the Sikhs. Thus, the Sikhs were caught unawares. It was a fierce battle. Ranjodh Singh after, giving orders to his army to flee away, himself fled the battlefield. Because of Ranjodh Singh’s treachery, the British carried the day.

5. Battle of Sobraon: The battle of Sobraon was the last and the most decisive battle of the First Anglo-Sikh War. This battle was fought on 10th February, 1846 A.D. Before this battle 30,000 Sikh soldiers had reached Sobraon. Lai Singh and Teja Singh were commanding the Sikh army. In order to face the Sikh army, the British had also made a good preparation. The strength of the British army in this battle was 15,000. Lord Hugh Gough and Lord Hardinge were commanding the British army. On 10th February, 1846 A.D., the Britishers attacked the Sikh army. As a result of the counter attack by the Sikh army, the British army had to retreat.

At this time, as pre-planned, at first Lai Singh and then Teja Singh fled from the battlefield. While going away, Teja Singh sank the boats loaded with powder and ammunition, and also destroyed the Pontoon bridge. Without the commanders, the Sikh army was unnerved. At this critical juncture, Sardar Sham Singh Attariwala took over the command. He rallied the Khalsa army saying, “Khalsa ji, do not bring discredit to Sikhism. It is better to die while fighting bravely than live a life of slavery. Unsheath your swords and pounce upon your enemy. Either win or fall martyrs.”

The Khalsa army unsheathed its swords and with the slogans of ‘Sat Siri Akal’ fell upon the enemy. They slaughtered several British soldiers. At last, Sham Singh Attariwala died a hero’s death. The British were amazed at his bravery and efficiency. The martyrdom of Sham Singh Attariwala demoralised the Sikh army. How long could the swords resist the guns? At last the Sikh army deserted the battlefield. In this way finally the Britishers emerged victorious in this decisive battle.

2. Results of the War:

As a result of First Anglo-Sikh War, a treaty was signed by the British Government and the Lahore Darbar on 9th March, 1846 A.D. This treaty is known as the treaty of Lahore in history.

Treaty of Lahore:

The following were the main terms of the treaty of Lahore :

There shall be perpetual peace and friendship between the British Government and Maharaja Dalip Singh and his successors.
The Maharaja of Lahore renounces for himself and his successors all claim to the areas lying to the south of river Sutlej.
The Maharaja handed over the British the plain and the hilly areas and forts situated between the rivers Sutlej and Beas.
The British Government demanded a heavy sum of 1.50 crore rupees as war indemnity. As the Lahore Darbar was unable to pay this heavy amount, it ceded the provinces of Kashmir and Hazara as equivalent to one crore of rupees.
The army of Lahore Darbar was reduced to 20,000 infantry and 12,000 cavalry.
The Maharaja agreed to disband the mutinous troops of the Lahore army.
Whenever the need arose, the British army could pass through the Lahore Raj without any check.
The Maharaja committed that he would not employ any Britisher, European or American without the consent of the British Government.
The British Government recognized Dalip Singh the Maharaja of Lahore, Rani Jindan as the regent of the Maharaja, and Lai Singh, as the Prime Minister.
The British Government would not interfere in the internal matters of the Lahore Darbar, but when approached it would simply advise.
The Lahore Government would not change its boundaries without the concurrence of the British Government.

Supplementary Treaty:

Two days after the treaty of Lahore i.e. on 11th March 1846 A.D., some supplementary treaty was added to this treaty. The main terms of the supplementary treaty were as given ahead :

For the protection of the Maharaja and citizens of Lahore, an adequate British army would stay at Lahore till the end of 1846 A.D.
The fort and the city of Lahore would be completely under the control of the British army. The Lahore Government would arrange for and bear the expenses of the accommodation of the soldiers.
Both the Governments would soon appoint their Commissioners to fix the boundaries between the two States.
Treaty of Bhairowal

The British Government signed a new treaty with the Lahore Darbar on 16th December 1846 A.D. This treaty is known as the treaty of Bhairowal in history. The main terms of this treaty were as follows :

The British Government would appoint a British resident to look after all the departments of the Lahore Government.
As long as, Maharaja Dalip Singh was minor (i.e. upto 1854 A.D.), the administration of the state would be run by the ‘Council of Regency’ constituted of eight members.
The Council of Regency would have to do the administrative work according to the advice of the British Resident.
Maharani Jindan was removed from the post of regent and it was decided that she would get annual pension of 1\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) lakh rupees.
For the defence of the Maharaja and the maintenance of peace in the country, a British contingent would stay at Lahore.
If the Governor-General felt the need of the army for the defence of the capital or the maintenance of peace in the country, as per his orders, the British army could establish, its control over any fort or military cantonment of the Lahore Raj.
For the expenses of the British army, the Lahore Darbar would pay ₹ 22 lakh per year to the British Government.
The conditions of the treaty would continue to be in force till Maharaja Dalip Singh attained the age of 16 years i.e. upto 4th September, 1854 A.D.

It is true that although through the treaties of Lahore and Bhairowal the British did not seize Punjab, yet its autonomy was lost to a large extent. In fact, Sikh kingdom became a virtual British protectorate. Dr. G.S. Chhabra aptly says, “The treaty of Bhairowal thus rang the deathknell of the Sikh power and it made the British the real masters of the Punjab.”

Question 3.
Discuss the causes and results of the First Anglo-Sikh War.
Or
Briefly describe the causes and results of the First Anglo-Sikh War.
Or
What were the causes of the First Anglo-Sikh War? What were the out- comes of this war?
Answer:

The British had been dreaming to usurp Punjab for quite some time. They had started encircling Punjab even during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. They had intentionally adopted such policies that led to the First. Anglo-Sikh War. A brief account of the causes of the First Anglo-Sikh war is as follows :

The Sikh soldiers were compelled to cross over the river Sutlej on 11th December 1845 A.D. because of the imprudent policies followed by the British. The British were waiting for this golden opportunity. So the Governor-General Lord Hardinge declared war against the Sikhs on 13th December 1845 A.D. It had far-reaching consequences. A brief account of the events and results of the First Anglo-Sikh war is as follows:

1. Events of the war:

2. Results of the War:

As a result of First Anglo-Sikh War, a treaty was signed by the British Government and the Lahore Darbar on 9th March, 1846 A.D. This treaty is known as the treaty of Lahore in history.

Treaty of Lahore

The following were the main terms of the treaty of Lahore :

There shall be perpetual peace and friendship between the British Government and Maharaja Dalip Singh and his successors.
The Maharaja of Lahore renounces for himself and his successors all claim to the areas lying to the south of river Sutlej.
The Maharaja handed over the British the plain and the hilly areas and forts situated between the rivers Sutlej and Beas.
The British Government demanded a heavy sum of 1.50 crore rupees as war indemnity. As the Lahore Darbar was unable to pay this heavy amount, it ceded the provinces of Kashmir and Hazara as equivalent to one crore of rupees.
The army of Lahore Darbar was reduced to 20,000 infantry and 12,000 cavalry.
The Maharaja agreed to disband the mutinous troops of the Lahore army.
Whenever the need arose, the British army could pass through the Lahore Raj without any check.
The Maharaja committed that he would not employ any Britisher, European or American without the consent of the British Government.
The British Government recognized Dalip Singh the Maharaja of Lahore, Rani Jindan as the regent of the Maharaja, and Lai Singh, as the Prime Minister.
The British Government would not interfere in the internal matters of the Lahore Darbar, but when approached it would simply advise.
The Lahore Government would not change its boundaries without the concurrence of the British Government.

Supplementary Treaty:

Two days after the treaty of Lahore i.e. on 11th March 1846 A.D., some supplementary treaty was added to this treaty. The main terms of the supplementary treaty were as given ahead :

For the protection of the Maharaja and citizens of Lahore, an adequate British army would stay at Lahore till the end of 1846 A.D.
The fort and the city of Lahore would be completely under the control of the British army. The Lahore Government would arrange for and bear the expenses of the accommodation of the soldiers.
Both the Governments would soon appoint their Commissioners to fix the boundaries between the two States.
Treaty of Bhairowal

The British Government would appoint a British resident to look after all the departments of the Lahore Government.
As long as, Maharaja Dalip Singh was minor (i.e. upto 1854 A.D.), the administration of the state would be run by the ‘Council of Regency’ constituted of eight members.
The Council of Regency would have to do the administrative work according to the advice of the British Resident.
Maharani Jindan was removed from the post of regent and it was decided that she would get annual pension of 1\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) lakh rupees.
For the defence of the Maharaja and the maintenance of peace in the country, a British contingent would stay at Lahore.
If the Governor-General felt the need of the army for the defence of the capital or the maintenance of peace in the country, as per his orders, the British army could establish, its control over any fort or military cantonment of the Lahore Raj.
For the expenses of the British army, the Lahore Darbar would pay ₹ 22 lakh per year to the British Government.
The conditions of the treaty would continue to be in force till Maharaja Dalip Singh attained the age of 16 years i.e. upto 4th September, 1854 A.D.

Short Answer Type Questions:
Or
Give the causes of the First Anglo-Sikh War.
Or
Mention any three main causes of First Anglo-Sikh War.
Answer:

The British had been following the policy of encirclement of Punjab.
After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh anarchy prevailed in the Punjab,
The British had suffered a humiliating defeat in their first war against Afghanistan. So they wanted to retrieve their honour by conquering Punjab,
The Sikh leaders like Lai Singh and Teja Singh wanted to engage the Khalsa army in a conflict against the British so as to make their own position strong,
The appointment of Major Broadfoot in 1844 A.D. inflammed the atmosphere to a great extent.

Question 2.
Write a brief note on the battle of Mudki.
Answer:
The first important battle between the Sikhs and the British was fought at Mudki on December 18, 1845 A.D. In this battle, Sikh soldiers were commanded by Lai Singh. On the other hand? the British soldiers were commanded by Hugh Gough. The British thought that they would defeat the Sikhs very easily, but the Sikhs launched such a forceful attack on the British army that it created consternation among them. Lai Singh fled away from the battlefield. The Sikhs were ultimately defeated.

Question 3.
What do you know about the battle of Ferozshah or Pherushahr?
Answer:
A fierce battle took place between the Sikhs and the British at Ferozshah on December 21, 1845 A.D. Their command was in the hands of experienced generals like Hugh Gough, John Littler and Lord Hardinge. The Sikh army was led by traitors like Lai Singh and Teja Singh. Due to the treachery of Lai Singh and Teja Singh the Sikh forces were defeated.

Question 4.
Write a brief note on the battle of Sobraon.
Answer:
The battle of Sobraon was the last decisive battle of the First Anglo-Sikh War. It was fought on February 10, 1846 A.D. The famous generals like Hugh Gough, Lord Hardinge and other were commanding the British forces. On the other hand Lai Singh and Teja Singh were commanding the Sikh army. Sham Singh Attariwala fought bravely and pushed the British hard. Ultimately the Sikhs were defeated and suffered heavy casualties.

Question 5.
Write a brief note on the Treaty of Lahore
Or
What do you know about the Treaty of Lahore?
Answer:

Maharaja Dalip Singh and his successors would always maintain peace and friendship with the British government,
The Maharaja of Lahore accepted that he and his successors would have no claim on the region to the south of Sutlej river forever.
The Maharaja handed over all the forts of plains and hills between the Sutlej and the Beas to the British
The British demanded a heavy amount of 1.50 crore rupees as ransom for the war.
The British accepted Maharaja Dalip Singh as the ruler of Lahore, Maharani Jindan as the regent of Maharaja Dalip Singh and Lai Singh as the Prime Minister.

Question 6.
What do you know about the Treaty of Bhairowal?
Or
Write a short note on the Treaty of Bhairowal.
Answer:
The Treaty of Bhairowal was signed between Lahore Darbar and the British Government on December 16, 1846 A.D. According to it, a British Resident was appointed to run the administration of Lahore Darbar. Maharani Jindan was removed from the post of regent and her annual pension of Rs.1\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) lakh was fixed. An eight member council was formed for the help of British Resident. It was decided to keep a British army for the protection of the Maharaja and to maintain peace and order.

Question 7.
Study in brief the results of First Anglo-Sikh War.
Or
Give in brief the results of First Anglo-Sikh War.
Or
What were the results of the First Anglo-Sikh War?
Answer:

The Maharaja of Lahore renounced all claim to the areas lying to the south of river Sutlej,
The Maharaja handed over to the British the area between the river Sutlej and Beas.
The British Government demanded a heavy sum of 1.50 crore rupees as war indemnity,
The Maharaja committed that he would not employ any foreigner without the consent of the British Government,
The British Government recognised Dalip Singh as the Maharaja of Lahore and Maharani Jindan as his regent.

Question 8.
Write a brief note on Sham Singh Attariwala.
Answer:
Sham Singh Attariwala was a great warrior of the Sikhs. At a very young age of 18, Attariwala joined Maharaja’s army. The First Anglo-Sikh war broke out in 1845 A.D. Sham Singh Attariwala actively participated in battle of Sobraon. Unfortunately, the commanding officers of the Sikh army proved traitors. At this critical juncture Sham Singh Attariwala took over the command and pushed the British hard. At last, Sham Singh Attariwala achieved martyrdom while fighting in the battle.

Question 9.
Describe any five reasons as to why the British did not annex Punjab to their empire after the First Anglo-Sikh War.
Answer:

If they had declared the annexation of the Punjab to the British Empire, it could have become a headache for the British,
The British wanted that Punjab should act as a buffer state between the British Empire and Afghanistan,
The British had to keep a vast British army to keep Punjab under their control. It would have tremendously increased their expenses.
The Governor- General thought that Punjab could not prove useful for the British from the economic point of view.
He considered the Punjab a source of trouble in place of a source of power.

Question 10.
Mention five causes of the Sikhs’ defeat in the First Anglo-Sikh War.
Answer:

The first major cause of the defeat of the Sikhs in the First Anglo- Sikh War was the treachery of Lai Singh and Teja Singh,
The European officers in the Sikh army aligned themselves secretly with the British.
The British had good resources than the Sikhs,
The British generals had good experience of War.
The British belonged to the greatest imperialist power of the world.

Objective Type Questions:

Question 1.
Whose son was Maharaja Dalip Singh?
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Question 2.
For how long did Maharaja Dalip Singh rule over the Punjab?
Answer:
From Sept. 15, 1843 to Mar. 29, 1849 A.D.

Question 3.
Who was the Maharaja of Punjab during the First and Second Anglo-Sikh Wars?
Answer:
Maharaja Dalip Singh.

Question 4.
Who was Lai Singh?
Answer:
Prime Minister of Lahore.

Question 5.
Who was Teja Singh?
Answer:
Teja Singh was Commander of the Sikh Army.

Question 6.
When was First Anglo-Sikh War fought?
Or
When did the First Anglo-Sikh War happened?
Answer:
1845-46 A.D.

Question 7.
Who was the Governor-General of India during the First Anglo- Sikh War?
Answer:
Lord Hardinge.

Question 8.
Name any one cause responsible for the First-Anglo Sikh War.
Answer:
The English had started encircling the Punjab on all sides.

Question 9.
When was the battle of Mudki fought?
Answer:
Dec. 18, 1845 A.D.

Question 10.
When was the battle of Ferozeshah or Ferushahr fought?
Answer:
December 21, 1845 A.D.

Question 11.
When was the battle of Baddowal fought?
Answer:
21 1st January, 1846 A.D.

Question 12.
When was the battle of Aliwal fought?
Answer:
28th January, 1846 A.D.

Question 13.
When was the battle of Sobraon fought?
Answer:
February 10, 1846 A.D.

Question 14.
Which Sikh General got martyred fighting bravely in the battle of Sobraon?
Answer:
Sham Singh Atariwala.

Question 15.
With which battle did the First Anglo-Sikh War end?
Answer:
Battle of Sobraon.

Question 16.
Who was defeated in First Anglo-Sikh War?
Answer:
The Sikhs.

Question 17.
With which treaty did the First-Anglo Sikh War come to an end?
Answer:
Treaty of Lahore.

Question 18.
When was the Treaty of Lahore signed between the English and the Sikhs?
Answer:
On March 9, 1846 A.D.

Question 19.
When did the Treaty of Bhairowal take place?
Answer:
On December 16, 1846 A.D.

Question 20.
Mention any one important clause of the Treaty of Bhairowal.
Answer:
A British Resident was to look after all the departments of the Lahore Darbar.

Question 21.
To whom did the English hand over Kashmir after the First Anglo-Sikh War?
Answer:
Gulab Singh.

Question 22.
Mention any one cause of the Sikh defeat in the First Anglo- Sikh War.
Or
Give the main reason for the defeat of the Sikhs in the First Anglo- Sikh War.
Answer:
The leaders of the Sikhs were traitors.

Fill in the blanks:

1. In 1839 A.D. after the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh ……………… became the ruler of Punjab.
Answer:
Maharaja Kharak Singh

2. In …………… the British bought Sind under their control.
Answer:
1843 A.D.

3. The First Anglo-Sikh War was fought in ……………..
Answer:
1845-46 A.D.

4. …………… was the Maharaja of the Punjab during the First Anglo-Sikh War.
Answer:
Maharaja Dalip Singh

5. During the First Anglo-Sikh War. the commander of the Sikh Army was ……………..
Answer:
Teja Singh

6. …………….. was the Prime Minister of Lahore Darbar during the First Anglo-Sikh war.
Answer:
Lai Singh

7. ……………. was the Supreme commander of the English forces during First Anglo-Sikh War.
Answer:
Lord Hugh Gough

8. The battle of Mudki was fought on …………….
Answer:
Dec. 18, 1845 A.D.

9. The battle of Ferozeshah was fought on ……………..
Answer:
December 21, 1845 A.D.

10. The battle of Sobraon was fought on ……………
Answer:
February 10, 1846 A.D.

11. The First Anglo-Sikh War ended with the battle of ……………..
Answer:
Sobraon

12. The First Anglo-Sikh War ended with the Treaty of ……………
Answer:
Lahore

13. The Treaty of Bhairowal took place on ………………
Answer:
December 16, 1846 A.D.

True or False:

1. The First Anglo-Sikh War was fought in 1947 A.D.
Answer:
False

2. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was the Maharaja of Punjab during the First Anglo- Sikh War.
Answer:
False

3. Lord Hardings became the Governor General after Ellenbrough.
Answer:
True

4. Lord Hugh Gough was the Commander-in-Chief of the English forces during the First Anglo-Sikh war.
Answer:
True

5. Teja Singh was Commander-in-Chief of the Sikh Army during the First Anglo-Sikh war.
Answer:
True

6. Lai Singh was the Prime Minister of Lahore Darbar during the First Anglo- Sikh war.
Answer:
True

7. The battle of Mudki was fought on Dec. 21, 1845 A.D.
Answer:
False

8. The battle of Ferozeshah was fought on Dec. 21, 1845 A.D.
Answer:
True

9. The battle of Aliwal was fought on January 28, 1846 A.D.
Answer:
False

10. Harry Smith was the Commander of the British army in the battle of Aliwal.
Answer:
True

11. The battle of Sobraon was fought on February 10, 1846 A.D.
Answer:
True

12. The Sikhs won the battle of Sobraon.
Answer:
False

13. The First Anglo-Sikh War ended with the Treaty of Bhairowal.
Answer:
False

14. The Treaty of Lahore took place between the British Government and the Lahore Darbar on March 9, 1846 A.D.
Answer:
True

15. The Treaty of Bhairowal between the Sikhs and the English took place on December 16, 1846 A.D.
Answer:
True

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Who was the king of Punjab at the time of First Anglo-Sikh War?
(a) Maharaja Sher Singh.
(b) Maharaja Dalip Singh
(c) Maharaja Ranjit Singh
(d) Maharaja Kharak Singh.
Answer:
(b) Maharaja Dalip Singh

2. When was the. First Anglo-Sikh War fought?
(a) 1839-40 A.D.
(b) 1841-42 A.D.
(c) 1843-44 A.D.
(d) 1845-46 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1845-46 A.D.

3. Who was the Governor General of India during the First Anglo-Sikh War?
(a) Lord Dalhousie
(b) Lord Hardinge
(c) Lord Ripon
(d) Lord Dufferin.
Answer:
(b) Lord Hardinge

4. The designation of Lai Singh in Lahore Darbar was :
(a) Foreign Minister
(b) Prime Minister
(c) Chief Commander
(d) Diwan.
Answer:
(b) Prime Minister

5. When did the English occupy Sind?
(a) 1842 A.D.
(b) 1843 A.D.
(c) 1844 A.D.
(d) 1845 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1843 A.D.

6. When did Governor General Lord Harding declared the war against the Sikhs?
(a) 1848 A.D.
(b) 1849 A.D.
(c) 1865 A.D.
(d) 1845 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1845 A.D.

7. Who was the supreme Commander-in-Chief of the English forces during the First and Second Anglo-Sikh Wars?
(a) Lord Hugh Gough
(b) Lord Dufferin
(c) Major Broadfoot
(d) Robert Cust.
Answer:
(a) Lord Hugh Gough

8. When was the battle of Mudki fought?
(a) December 12, 1844 A.D.
(b) December 12, 1845 A.D.
(c) December 18, 1845 A.D.
(d) December 18, 1846 A.D.
Answer:
(c) December 18, 1845 A.D.

9. When was the battle of Ferozeshah fought?
(a) December 18, 1845 A.D.
(b) December 19, 1845 A.D.
(c) December 20, 1845 A.D.
(d) December 21, 1845 A.D.
Answer:
(d) December 21, 1845 A.D.

10. When was the battle of Sobraon fought?
(a) December 21, 1845 A.D.
(b) February 10, 1846 A.D.
(c) February 15, 1846 A.D.
(d) February 10, 1847 A.D.
Answer:
(b) February 10, 1846 A.D.

11. With which treaty did the First Anglo-Sikh War come to an end?
(a) Treaty of Lahore
(b) Treaty of Amritsar
(c) Treaty of Bhairowal
(d) Tripartite Treaty.
Answer:
(a) Treaty of Lahore

12. When did Treaty of Lahore take place?,
(a) February 10, 1845 A.D.
(b) February 10, 1846 A.D.
(c) March 7, 1846 A.D.
(d) March 9, 1846 A.D.
Answer:
(d) March 9, 1846 A.D.

13. After the First Anglo-Sikh War, to whom was Kashmir given by the English?
(a) Gulab Singh
(b) Dhian Singh
(c) Hira Singh
(d) Hari Singh.
Answer:
(a) Gulab Singh

14. When did the Treaty of Bhairowal take place?
(a) March 9, 1846 A.D.
(b) March 11, 1846 A.D.
(c) December 16, 1846 A.D.
(d) December 26, 1846 A.D.
Answer:
(c) December 16, 1846 A.D.

PSEB 10th Class English Vocabulary Common Proverbs

November 15, 2021 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Vocabulary Common Proverbs Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class English Vocabulary Common Proverbs

(2013, All Sets)

(A)
(a) Fill in the blank with a suitable word from those given in bracket :
This is good for a factory. (site, sight)

(b) Give one word for the following :
The art of beautiful writing.

(d) Give the meaning of the following proverb :
Might is right.
Answer:
(a) site
(b) calligraphy
(c) There are no hard and fast rules of reading a book
(d) One who is powerful is considered to be just.

(B)
(a) Fill in the blank with a suitable word from those given in bracket:
It is not a defect. (miner, minor)

(b) Give one word for the following :
Articles sent out of the country.

(d) Correct the following sentence :
What is the time in your watch ?
Answer:
(a) minor
(b) exports
(c) It rained off and on all day.
(d) What is the time by your watch ?

(b) Give one word for the following :
A carriage for the sick and wounded.

(d) Correct the following sentence :
This shirt is made with cotton.
Answer:
(a) fair
(b) stretcher
(c) family relationships are stronger than others
(d) This shirt is made of cotton.

(2014, All Sets)

(A)
(a) Fill in the blank with a suitable word from those in bracket :

(b) Give one word for the following :
A loss which cannot be repaired or made good.

(d) Correct the following sentence :
Myself can do it.
Answer:
(a) principal
(b) irreparable
(c) All her efforts to reform her drunkard husband ended in smoke
(d) I can do it myself.

(B)
(a) Fill in the blank a suitable word from those in bracket:
She has an ……….. nature. (amiable, amicable)

(b) Give one word for the following :
That which is against law.

(d) Correct the following sentence :
A sun rises in the east.
Answer:
(a) amiable
(b) illegal
(c) Stop finding fault with other
(d) The sun rises in the east.

(b) Give one word for the following :
Government of the people, by the people, for the people.

(d) Correct the following sentence :
Come and see me at Sunday.
Answers
(a) writes
(b) Democracy
(c) We shall oppose the new; taxes tooth and nail
(d) Come and see me on Sunday.

(2015, All Sets)

(A)
(a) Fill in the blank with a suitable word from those in bracket :
The ………. drops looked very beautiful. (due, dew)

(b) Give one word for the following :
The art of management practised by statement.

(d) Correct the following sentence :
You kept me in dark.
Answer:
(a) dew
(b) Diplomacy
(c) My father is all in all in our family
(d) You kept me in the dark.

(B)
(a) Fill in the blank with a suitable word from those in bracket:
I am feeling ……well today. (quiet ; quite)

(b) Give one word for the following :
A list of things to be discussed at a meeting.

(d) Correct the following sentence :
Let us go and bathe in river.
Answer:
(a) quite
(b) Agenda
(c) All plans of the enemy ended in smoke
(d) Let us go and bathe in the river.

(b) Give one word for the following :
A person with a bad reputation.

(d) Correct the following sentence :
The stitch in time saves nine.
Answers
(a) dear
(b) notorious
(c) He is the apple of his parents eye.
(d) A stitch in time save nine.

(2016, All Sets)

(A)
(a) Fill in the blank with a suitable word from those given in bracket :
Parents ………. the character of their child. (farm, form)

(b) Give one word for the following :
One who can read and write.

(d) Correct the following sentence :
Simran is my cousin sister.
Answer:
(a) form
(b) literate
(c) The wicked wife shed crocodile tears over the death of her husband
(d) Simran is my cousin.

(B)
(a) Fill in the blank with a suitable word from those given in bracket :
The wind ……….. points to the north. (vain, vane)

(b) Give one word for the following :
A place of permanent residence.

(d) Correct the following sentence :
Anita is my older daughter.
Answer:
(a) vane
(b) domicile
(c) He took heart, tried again, and was successful
(d) Anita is my! elder daughter.

(C)
(a) Fill in the blank with a suitable word from those given in bracket :
Hold the ………. of the horse carefully. (bridal, bridle)

(b) Give one word for the following :
A person who does not believe in God.

(d) Correct the following sentence :
Politics are a dirty game.
Answer:
(a) bridle
(b) atheist
(c) Life is not a bed of roses for the poor
(d) Politics is a dirty game.

(2017, All Sets)

(A)
(a) Fill in the blank with a suitable
word from those in bracket : Apply the ……….. to stop the car. (break/brake)

(b) Give one word for the following :
One who does not eat meat.

(d) Correct the following sentence.
Fifty miles are a long distance.
Answer:
(a) brake
(b) vegetarian
(c) Those who work hard come off with flying colours
(d) Fifty miles is a long distance

(B)
(a) Fill in the blank with a suitable word from those in bracket :
Do not …….. in the class.
(doze/dose)

(b) Give one word for the following :
One who never dies.

(d) Correct the following sentence.
He wrote very good poetries.
Answer:
(a) doze
(b) immortal
(c) Indian team carried the day against Pakistan
(d) He wrote very good poetry/ poems.

(b) Give one word for the following :
That which cannot be heard.

(d) Correct the following sentence.
When he left ?
Answer:
(a) gate
(b) inaudible
(c) To solve the Kashmir issue is a hard nut to crack.
(d) When did he leave ?

(2018, All Sets)

(a) Fill in the blank with a suitable
word from those in the bracket :
The bread is made of ……….. (floor / flour)

(b) Give one word for the following :
(i) To send articles out of the country.
(ii) One who eats human flesh.

(d) Correct the following sentence :
It is no use to cry over spilt milk.
Answer:
(a) flour
(b) (i) export (ii) cannibal
(c) There are no hard and fast rules of reading a book
(d) It is no use crying over spilt milk.

(2019, All Sets)

(a) Fill in the blank with a suitable word from those in the bracket :
When were you ? (born/borne)
(b) Give one word for the following : something that can be heard.
(c) Correct the following sentence : Shelly is my cousin sister.
(d) Frame a sentence using the following idiom :
at par
Answers
(a) born
(b) audible
(c) Shelly is my cousin
(d) Death treats the rich and the poor at par.

1. A fool and his money are soon parted :
One who cannot take care of his money, loses it.

2. A good beginning makes a good ending :
A well-begun task ends in a good state.

3. A house is not a home :
A home is known by real love and affection, and not by walls alone.

4. A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step :
Every huge project has a humble beginning.

5. A little knowledge is a dangerous thing :
Lesser knowledge leads to damage.

6. A new broom sweeps clean :
A fresh leader or administrator gets rid of the old and brings in new ideas and personnel.

7. A penny saved is a penny earned :
Saving is as important as earning.

8. A picture paints a thousand words :
A picture speaks the mind of the painter.

9. A problem shared is problem halved :
A work or job may be very difficult but if many hands together solve it, it becomes easier.

10. A prophet is not recognized in his own land :
A person may be very talented but cannot get due importance among his own people.

11. A rolling stone gathers no moss :
A person who never settles anywhere will never do well.

12. A stitch in time saves nine :
An action or thing done at the right time saves much trouble.

13. A volunteer is worth twenty pressed men :
A man who does his job willingly is certainly better than many upon whom the work is thrust.

14. Actions speak louder than words :
One is judged by what he does, and not by what he says.

15. All that glitters is not gold :
Appearances generally deceive people.

16. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy :
A man cannot achieve the best by overwork. Recreation is also necessary.

17. An apple a day keeps the doctor away :
A person who takes an apple daily remains healthy and does not need to visit a doctor.

18. As you sow so shall you reap :
As your actions will be, the same kind of reward will be received by you.

19. Barking dogs seldom bite :
Those who boast and talk too much of themselves, are of low and weak mind.

20. Beggars can’t be choosers :
A person who depends on others cannot have anything of his own choice.

21. Better safe than sorry :
It is better to take precautions than to be regretful.

22. Birds of a feather flock together :
Persons of same calibre and position like to mix more with each other.

23. Blood is thicker than water :
Family relationships are stronger than others.

24. Boys will be boys :
Young boys, and sometimes grown-up men, occasionally behave in a childish way.

25. Charity begins at home :
A person’s first duty is to care for and help his or her own family.

26. Cleanliness is next to godliness :
Being clean is a sign of spiritual purity or goodness.

27. Don’t bite the hand that feeds you :
Do not think ill of the person who helps you.

28. Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched :
Do not daydream.

29. Don’t put all your eggs in one basket :
Do not invest all your money at a single place or you can be ruined.

30. Don’t try to talk before you can crawl :
Do things according to your calibre.

31. Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise :
One should sleep early and get up early to be healthy, wealthy and wise.

32. Empty vessels make the most noise :
One who doesn’t have any good quality in him, shows off more.

33. Every dark cloud has a silver lining :
Even the greatest sorrow has some happiness hidden behind it.

34. Everybody want to go to heaven, but nobody wants to die :
Everyone wants luxuries in life, but no one wants to work for them.

35. Fools rush in where angels fear to tread :
The inexperienced do something that the more informed people would avoid.

36. Fortune favours the brave :
God helps those who dare.

37. God helps those who help themselves :
One has to do his own work; self-help is the best help.

38. Handsome is that handsome does :
Beauty lies in action, not in ‘physical’ appearance.

39. Haste makes waste :
If you do a job in hurry, it can be spoiled.

40. History repeats itself :
Man does what his ancestors did.

41. Home is where the heart is :
A home is where one is loved not where one lives.

42. If God had meant us to fly, He’d have given us wings :
Do not try doing things for which nature does not permit you.

43. If wishes were horses, beggars would ride :
It is easy to wish, but difficult to achieve.

44. Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery :
One is flattered by the thought that he is considered worth imitating.

45. Into every life a little rain must fall :
Everyone should taste a little bit of adversity to admire the good things.

46. It takes a thief to catch a thief :
Thieves are the experts when it comes to thieving.
They would know best how to catch other thieves.

47. It’s better to give than to receive :
The person who helps others is respected more than the one who asks for help.

48. It’s better to light a candle than curse the darkness :
Instead of cursing the bad circumstances, one should try to change them.

49. It’s no use crying over spilt milk :
One should not waste one’s time lamenting the loss.

50. It’s the early bird that gets the worm :
One who comes first is served first.

51. Jack of all trades, master of none :
One who tries to learn many things never becomes a specialist of anything.

52. Laugh and the world will laugh with you; weep and you weep alone :
No one likes the company of one who remains sad and dejected.

53. Laughter is the best medicine :
Those who laugh in illness recover quickly.

54. Let sleeping dogs lie :
Do not trouble the troubles until the troubles trouble you.

55. Life is what you make it :
There is no use cursing others for your failures. Your success or failure lies entirely on yourself.

56. Like father, like son :
Children tend to do the same as their parents do.

57. Live for today, for tomorrow never comes :
We should not worry about future.

58. Look before you leap :
One should think of the consequences before doing anything.

59. Man does not live by bread alone :
Man has not a stomach alone, but heart also is to be taken care of.

60. Marry in haste, repent at leisure :
One should be careful while choosing his life partner.

61. Money doesn’t grow on trees :
One makes money by working hard, so it must not be wasted.

62. Money makes the world go round :
One can do anything and go anywhere if he has money.

63. Necessity is the mother of invention :
You make new things only if you need them. Ingenuity is stimulated by difficulty.

64. Never judge a book by its cover :
The true worth of a thing can’t be judged by its external looks.

65. Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today :
Tomorrow never comes, so one must do one’s work today.

66. No man is an island :
Man is a social animal and cannot live alone.

67. No one can make you feel inferior without your consent :
If you hold your head high, no one can let you down.

68. Nothing is certain but death and taxes :
Death comes to all and everyone has to pay his dues.

69. Oil and water don’t mix :
People of different tastes and nature do not mix up with each other.

70. Opportunity only knocks once :
You cannot get chances again and again.

71. Out of sight, out of mind :
You are likely to forget what you don’t see more often.

72. People who live in glasshouses shouldn’t throw stones at others :
If you do something bad yourself, never forbid others to do it.

73. Power corrupts : absolute power corrupts absolutely :
A person’s sense of morality lessens as his or her power increases.

74. Practice makes a man perfect :
One becomes efficient at something by doing it again and again.

75. Pride comes before a fall :
If one becomes proud of his success, he is likely to fall.

76. Rome wasn’t built in a day :
It takes time and patience to do any great work.

77. Spare the rod and spoil the child :
The children study only if they have some fear.

78. Still waters run deep :
Those with extraordinary qualities never show off.

79. The Devil finds work for idle hands to do:
People who have no work to do, often do wrong things.

PSEB 12th Class History Solutions Chapter 21 Character and Personality of Maharaja Ranjit Singh

November 16, 2021November 15, 2021 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class History Book Solutions Chapter 21 Character and Personality of Maharaja Ranjit Singh Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 21 Character and Personality of Maharaja Ranjit Singh

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What do you know about Ranjit Singh as a Man?
Or
Write four traits of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s personality.
Or
Write about the character and personality of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Though Ranjit Singh was illiterate, he possessed sharp intellect. He remembered the names of thousands of villages and their geographical locations by heart. His memory was so sharp that he could recognise a person whom he had met many years ago. He was very kind-hearted. He loved his subjects very much, so much so that he never treated his enemies ruthlessly. The Maharaja never awarded capital punishment to anybody during his rule. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a devoted follower of Sikhism. Every day before starting his work he listened to the Bani of Guru Granth Sahib and offered his prayer. He called his government Sarkar-i-Khalsa. He issued the coins in the name of ‘Nanak Sahai’ and ‘Gobind Sahai’. He gave plenty of charity to Gurdwaras. Besides, his attitude towards other religions was full of respect. Equal treatment was meted out to people of all religions. They had full freedom of observing their rites and customs. The Maharaja gave charity to other religions also with an open heart.

Question 2.
What were the five features of Maharaja Ranjit Singh as a Man?
Answer:
1. Appearance: The appearance of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was not very attractive. He had medium-sized stature and a thin body.- His face had been disfigured as a result of smallpox in his childhood and deprived him of the left eye. Although the Maharaja was ugly, yet his personality was so attractive that anybody who came to meet him was greatly impressed by him. His face was suffused with a special type of halo and brilliance.

2. Hard-working and Active: Maharaja Ranjit Singh was very hard-working and active. He always believed that great men should always be hardworking and active. He expected this from his officers, also. The Maharaja always remained busy in-state work from morning till late night. He delighted in every type of work. He paid personal attention to the minutest work of the state.

3. Courageous and Brave: Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a very brave and courageous person. He was fond of going to the battlefields, hunting trips, wielding sword and horse-riding. While young, he gave evidence of his bravery by beheading Hashmat Khan earlier. He was ever foremost in battle and the last to retreat. He never lost heart even in the face of the most dreadful situation.

4. Kind Hearted: Maharaja Ranjit Singh was very popular with the people for his kindness. During his period, Maharaja Ranjit Singh defeated many Sikh, Hindu and Muslim Chiefs. But, it is remarkable that the Maharaja never treated his enemies cruelly. He was always ready to help the poor and destitute. Many tales of his kindness are well-known.

5. A devoted follower of Sikhism: Maharaja Ranjit Singh had an unshakable faith in Sikhism. Before starting his routine work, he used to listen to the recitation of Gurbani of Guru Granth Sahib Ji and the Kirtan. He called his government as Sarkar-i-Khalsa and his court Darbar Khalsa Ji. He considered himself to be the Kukar (dog) at the door of the Guru and the Panth.

Question 3.
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a kind ruler. How?
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was very popular with the people for his kindness. During his period, Maharaja Ranjit Singh defeated many Sikh, Hindu and Muslim Chiefs. But what is remarkable is that the Maharaja never treated his enemies cruelly. At that time among the emperors of Kabul and Delhi, whoever came to occupy the throne not only continued to shed blood of their close relatives and claimants to the throne but also left their descendants in a state of destitution. At such times, this rufer of Lahore not only embraced those whom he defeated on the battlefield but also bestowed Jagirs and robes of honour even to their children. The Maharaja did not award a death sentence to any criminal in his region. He was always ready to help the poor and destitute. Many tales of his kindness are well-known.

Mauza or village was the smallest unit of administration. Its administration was run by the Panchayat. The Maharaja did not interfere with the functioning of Panchayat. The Maharaja never ignored the public interest. He had instructed his state officials that they should make special efforts for the public welfare. The Maharaja used to travel his state in disguise to know the condition of the people. Punishment was given to erring officials who violated the orders of the Maharaja. The state offered special facilities to the poor and peasants. Consequently, people were well-off during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time.

Question 4.
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a devoted follower of Sikhism. Give arguments in your favour.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was truly a devoted follower of Sikhism. Every day before starting the routine work he used to hear Kirtan and recitation of Gurbani from Guru Granth Sahib and say his prayer. He never took any important decision ” without seeking guidance from Guru Granth Sahib. He had preserved a Kalgi (aigrette) of Guru Gobind Singh Ji in his Toshakhana (treasure) and considered its touch as a matter of great luck for him. He considered all his victories to be the boon of Almighty. He paid a thanks-giving visit to Sri Harmandir Sahib at Amritsar after each victory where he made huge offerings. He considered himself to be the Kukar (dog) at the door of the Guru and Sikh Panth.

He preferred to be called ‘Singh Sahib’ rather than Maharaja. His coins bore the names of Guru Nanak and Guru Gobind Singh. The official form of salutation in the army was, ‘Waheguru Ji Ka Khalsa, Waheguru Ji Ki Fateh.’ All official oath-taking ceremonies were performed in the presence of Guru Granth Sahib. For building new Gurdwaras and for the maintenance of langar he had given huge revenue-free Jagirs. In short, he was a devoted follower of Sikhism in the true sense of the word.

Question 5.
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a Secular Ruler. How?
Answer:
Although Ranjit Singh was a staunch Sikh, yet he was liberal towards other religions. He kept religious discrimination and communalism at an arm’s length. He knew very well that for the establishment of a strong and enduring empire the cooperation of people of different religions was essential. By his policy of tolerance, he succeeded in winning over the hearts of the people of different religions. In his empire jobs were given on the basis of merit. In his court, the Sikhs, Hindus, Muslims, Dogras, and Europeans were appointed to the high posts without any discrimination of caste, creed, or nationality.

For instance, his Foreign Minister Faquir Aziz-ud-Din was a Muslim, Prime Minister, Dhian Singh was a Dogra, Diwan Bhiwani Das and Commander Misar Diwan Chand were Hindus and General Ventura and Allard were EuropeAnswer: In matters of charity, the Maharaja did not discriminate against any religion. He made liberal offerings for the maintenance of Hindu temples, Muslim mosques, and mausoleums. In his empire, the people belonging to different religions were at liberty to celebrate their religious ceremonies.

Question 6.
Describe Maharaja Ranjit Singh as a successful Administrator.
Or
What do you know about Maharaja Ranjit Singh as an Administrator?
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was an excellent administrator. The main objective of his administration was the welfare of the public. In order to get cooperation in running the administration, he had appointed many honest and able ministers. In order to run the administration efficiently, he had divided his empire into four big provinces.

Question 7.
“Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a great general and a conqueror.” Explain.
Or
What do you know about Ranjit Singh as a Soldier and a General?
Or
Write a note on Maharaja Ranjit Singh as a Soldier and as a Military General.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a great general of his time. He never faced defeat in any battle that he fought during his lifetime. He deemed it his pleasure to take part in enterprising and adventurous expeditions. He was never unnerved even in the face of heavy odds. The Maharaja took full care of the welfare of his soldiers. As a result, they also remained ever-ready to sacrifice their lives for his sake. Besides being a great general, Maharaja Ranjit Singh was also a great conqueror. When Maharaja Ranjit Singh took reins of Sukarchakia Misl in 1797 A.D., he had a small region under him.

He converted it into a vast empire due to his sheer bravery and ability. He annexed important regions like Lahore, Amritsar, Kasur, Sialkot, Kangra, Gujarat, Jammu, Attock, Multan, Kashmir, and Peshawar to his empire. Maharaja Ranjit Singh had to fight many bloody battles to conquer these regions. He defeated the Afghans and stopped the age-long foreign invasions from the northwest frontier. It was a great singular achievement of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. As a result of his conquests, his empire stretched from Ladakh in the north to Shikarpur in the south and from the Sutlej in the east to Peshawar in the west.

Question 8.
Why is Maharaja Ranjit Singh called Sher-i-Punjab?
Or
What place would you assign Ranjit Singh in the History of Punjab? Why is he called Sher-i-Punjab?
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh established a vast empire through his sheer bravery. He made the dream of the Sikh empire come true. Besides being a successful conqueror, he also proved to be an efficient administrator. The main object of his administration was the welfare of the public. Often he traveled through his empire in disguise to know the real condition of people. Jobs were given on the basis of merit. People of all religions—the Sikhs, Muslims, Hindus, and Europeans, etc. were given high’ posts in his Darbar. Ranjit Singh adopted a policy of secularism towards all religions.

Essay Type Questions:

Question 1.
Explain in detail the character and personality of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Give character estimate of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Discuss Maharaja Ranjit Singh as a man, a general, a ruler, and a diplomat.
Or
Explain Maharaja Ranjit Singh as a Man.
Or
What place would you assign to Ranjit Singh in history? Why is he called Sher-i-Punjab?
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh is counted as one of the greatest personalities not only of India but of the whole world. He was a man of multifarious personality. By virtue of his qualities, he succeeded in establishing a vast and strong Sikh empire in Punjab. He is rightly remembered as Sher-i-Punjab. A brief description of the character and personality of Maharaja Ranjit Singh is as follows:

1. As a Man:

1. Appearance: The appearance of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was not very attractive. He had medium-sized stature and a thin body. His face had been disfigured as a result of smallpox in his childhood and deprived him of the left eye. Although the Maharaja was ugly, yet his personality was so attractive that anybody who came to meet him was greatly impressed by him. His face was suffused with a special type of halo and brilliance.

3. Courageous and Brave: Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a very brave and courageous person. He was fond of going to the battlefields, hunting trips, wielding sword and horse-riding. While young, he gave evidence of his bravery by beheading Hashmat Khan earlier. He was ever foremost in battle and the last to t retreat. He never lost heart even in the face of the most dreadful situation.

4. Illiterate but Intelligent: The Maharaja was not interested in studies. As a result, he remained illiterate. Despite being illiterate, he possessed a very keen, intelligent, and prodigious memory. He knew by heart, the names of thousands of his villages and their geographical location. He could recognize a person at once even if seen many years earlier. He remembered even the smallest details regarding administration. His wisdom was so acute that the foreign travelers wondered at it.

5. Kind Hearted: Maharaja Ranjit Singh was very popular with the people for his kindness. During his period, Maharaja Ranjit Singh defeated many Sikhs, Hindus and. Muslim Chiefs. But, it is remarkable that Maharaja Ranjit Singh never treated his enemies cruelly. The Maharaja did not award a death sentence to any criminal in his reign. He was always ready to help the poor and destitute. Many tales of his kindness are well-known. According to the famous writer Fakir Syed Waheeduddin, “Ranjit Singh’s popular image is that of a kindly patriarch rather than that of conquering hero or a mighty monarch. He was all three, but his humanity has outlived his splendor and power.”

6. A devoted follower of Sikhism: Maharaja Ranjit Singh had an unshakable faith in Sikhism. Before starting his routine work, he used to listen to the recitation of Gurbani of Guru Granth Sahib Ji and the Kirtan. Hp never took any big decision or launched upon any undertaking without seeking guidance from Guru Granth Sahib Ji. After each victory, the Maharaja paid a thanksgiving visit to Sri Darbar Sahib Ji, Amritsar, and made costly offerings.

He called his government Sarkar- i-Khalsa and his court as Darbar Khalsa Ji. He considered himself to be the Kukar (dog) at the door of the Guru and the Panth. He issued coins in the name of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and Guru Gobind Singh Ji. The words ‘Nanak Sahai’ and ‘Gobind Sahai’ were inscribed on them. He liberally gave grants for the construction and maintenance of Gurudwaras. In brief, he was a devout Sikh from heart and soul.

7. Tolerant: Although Ranjit Singh was a staunch Sikh, yet he was liberal towards other religions. He kept religious discrimination and communalism at an arm’s length. He knew very well that for the establishment of a strong and enduring empire, the cooperation of people of different religions was essential. In his empire jobs were given on the basis of merit. In his court, the Sikhs, Hindus, Muslims, Dogras, and Europeans were appointed to the high posts without any discrimination of caste, creed, or nationality.

For instance, his Foreign Minister Faqir Aziz-ad-Din was a Muslim, his Prime Minister, Dhian Singh was a Dogra, his Diwan Bhiwani Das and his Commander Misar Diwan Chand were Hindus and his General Ventura and Allard were EuropeAnswer: In his empire, the people belonging to different religions were at liberty to celebrate their religious ceremonies. According to Dr. Bhagat Singh, “No ruler of ancient or medieval Indian history could match Ranjit Singh in his cosmopolitan approach.’*

2. As a General And Conqueror:

Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a great general of his time. He is counted among the greatest generals of the world. He did not have to face defeat in the battles, which he fought during his lifetime. He took pride in taking part in dreadful campaigns. He never lost his heart even in the face of extreme hardship. For instance in 1823 A.D., in the battle with the Afghans at Naushera, when Akali Phula Singh fell a martyr, the Sikh soldiers lost courage. Their defeat seemed certain, At that time, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, infused a new spirit in his soldiers.

Besides being a great general, Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a great conqueror, also. In 1797 A.D., when he took over the Sukarchakia Misl, he had a very small area under him. By virtue of his ability and bravery, he converted his small kingdom into a big empire. He annexed to his empire, important areas like # Lahore, Amritsar, Kasur, Sialkot, Kangra, Gujarat, Jammu, Attock, Multan, Kashmir, and Peshawar. In order to annex these areas to his empire, the Maharaja had to fight many hazardous battles. By defeating the Afghans he checked their centuries-old invasions on India across the North-West frontiers.

It was a big achievement of Maharaja. Owing to Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s conquests, his empire had extended its frontiers from Ladakh in the North .to Shikarpur in the South, from the river Sutlej in the East to Peshawar in the West. According to the famous historian Dr. Ganda Singh, “Rightly he may claim to be one of the greatest heroes of India.”

3. As an Administrator:

Maharaja Ranjit Singh was not only a great conqueror but also an able ruler. The main aim of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s administration was public welfare. In order to get co-operation in matters of administration, the Maharaja had appointed many able and honest ministers. With a view to running the administration efficiently, he had divided his kingdom into four big provinces. The smallest unit of administration was ‘Mauza’ or village. The village administration was in the hands of the Panchayat. In order to know the condition of his subjects, he would often tour the state in disguise. The officers, Who dared defy the Maharaja’s orders were given severe punishments. As a result, the public during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times was very happy.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh paid special attention to the military administration. He was quite aware that a powerful army was very essential for the defense and expansion of his empire. He was the first Indian ruler, who started giving training to his army on the European pattern. He gave special importance to infantry and artillery. Special attention was paid to maintaining discipline in the army. The Maharaja would personally inspect the army. The practice of keeping the soldier’s record and branding of horses was started. Special awards were given to those soldiers, who showed bravery on the battlefield. The soldiers and their families were fully looked after by the state. Dr. H.R. Gupta aptly says, “He was one of the best rulers in Indian history.”

4. As a Diplomat:

Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a shrewd and far-sighted diplomat. At the beginning of his diplomatic career, he made friends with the powerful Misl Sardars. With the co-operation of these Misl Sardars, he merged the weak Misls with his kingdom. Later on, when the Maharaja grew stronger, he grabbed the powerful Misls one by one. It was a characteristic of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s diplomacy that he always treated generously the vanquished Chiefs. He granted them Jagirs on liberal terms. Consequently, they never tried to raise a banner of revolt against Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

It was by virtue of his diplomacy that the Maharaja secured the fort of Attock from Jahandad Khan without any fight. In 1835 A.D., when the ruler of Afghanistan, Dost Mohammad Khan came with a large army to attack the Sikhs, the Maharaja played such a trick that he fled from the battlefield without fighting.

In 1809 A.D., Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave evidence of his political sagacity by establishing a friendship with the British. By clashing with a powerful power like the British, he did not want to ring the death-knell of his empire in its infancy. It was not his weakness, but a symbol of his deep political understanding ‘ and far-sightedness. The Maharaja also gave evidence of deep political understanding in solving the North-West frontier problems. By not attacking Afghanistan, Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave yet another proof of his diplomacy. Afterward when the Britishers did so, they had to face dire consequences. Dr. Bhagat Singh aptly says, “It was not easy to beat him in diplomacy.”

5. His Place in the History of the Punjab:

Maharaja Ranjit Singh is counted among the greatest sovereigns not only of India but also of the whole world. Different historians compare Maharaja Ranjit Singh with Mughal emperor Akbar, Maratha ruler Shivaji, Egyptian ruler Mehmet Ali, and the King of France, Napoleon. An impartial study of history, we come to know that the actual achievements of Maharaja Ranjit Singh were far greater than these rulers. At the time of Ranjit Singh’s accession to the throne, he had a nominal kingdom. But with his efficiency and ability, he was able to carve a vast kingdom.

Thus, he fulfilled the dream of establishing a sovereign Sikh empire. He had also established an excellent administration. Its main object was the welfare of the public. He had adopted a tolerant policy towards all religions. He had also established a powerful army for the safety and expansion of his empire. He had given proof of his wisdom by establishing friendly relations with the British. Due to these multifaced qualities, Maharaja Ranjit Singh is deservedly called Sher-i-Punjab. Undoubtedly, Maharaja Ranjit Singh occupied a glorious place in the history of Punjab. In the end, we agree to these words of Dr. H.R. Gupta, “As a man, warrior, general, conqueror, administrator, ruler and diplomat, Ranjit Singh occupies a high position among the greatest sovereigns of the world.”

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What do you know about Ranjit Singh as a Man?
Or
Or
Write about the character and personality of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Mention the three characteristics of the character and personality of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Though Ranjit Singh was illiterate, he possessed sharp intellect. His memory was very sharp. He was very kind-hearted. He loved his subjects very much. He never treated his enemies ruthlessly. The Maharaja never awarded capital punishment to anybody during his rule. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a devoted follower of Sikhism. His attitude towards other religions was full of respect.

Question 2.
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a kind ruler. How?
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was very popular with the people for his kind¬ness. Maharaja Ranjit Singh bestowed Jagirs and robes of honor even to their children whom he defeated in the battlefield. The Maharaja did not award a death sentence to any criminal in his region. He was always ready to help the poor and destitute. Many tales of his kindness are well-known.

Question 3.
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a devoted follower of Sikhism. Give arguments in your favor.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was truly a devoted follower of Sikhism. Every day before starting the routine work he used to hear Kirtan and recitation of Gurbani from Guru Granth Sahib Ji and say his prayer. He considered all his victories to be the boon of Almighty. He considered himself to be the Kukar (dog) of the Guru and Sikh Panth. He preferred to be called ‘Singh Sahib’ rather than Maharaja. For building new Gurdwaras and for the maintenance of langar he had given huge revenue-free-Jagirs.

Question 4.
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a Secular Ruler. How?
Answer:
Although Ranjit Singh was a staunch Sikh, yet he was liberal towards other religions. By his policy of tolerance, he succeeded in winning over the hearts of the people of different religions. In his empire jobs were given on the basis of merit. In his court, the Sikhs, Hindus, Muslims, Dogras, and Europeans were appointed to the high posts. In his empire, the people belonging to different reli¬gions were at liberty to celebrate their religious ceremonies.

Question 5.
Describe Maharaja Ranjit Singh as a successful Administrator.
Or
What do you know about Maharaja Ranjit Singh as an Administrator?
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was an excellent administrator. The main objective of his administration was the welfare of the public. In order to get cooperation in running the administration, he had appointed many honest and able ministers. The smallest unit of administration was village or Mauza. Its administration was run by the Panchayat. The Maharaja used to travel his state in disguise to know the condition of the people. Consequently, people were well-off during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time.

Question 6.
“Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a great General and a Conqueror.” Explain.
Or
What do you know about Ranjit Singh as a Soldier and a General?
Or
Write a note on Maharaja Ranjit Singh as a Soldier and as a Military General.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a great general of his time. He never faced defeat in any battle that he fought during his lifetime. He annexed important regions like Lahore, Amritsar, Kasur, Sialkot, Kangra, Gujarat, Jammu, Attock, Multan, Kashmir, and Peshawar to his empire. As a result of his conquests, his empire* stretched from Ladakh in the north to Shikarpur in the south and from the Sutlej in the east to Peshawar in the west.

Question 7.
Why was Maharaja Ranjit Singh known as Sher-i-Punjab?
Or
What place would you assign to Maharaja Ranjit Singh in the History of Punjab? Why is he called Sher-i-Punjab?
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh established a vast empire through his sheer bravery. The main object of his administration was the welfare of the public. People of all religions—were given high posts in his Darbar. He made his army very powerful. He made friends with the English and guarded Punjab against being annexed to the English empire. For all these reasons, Ranjit Singh is called Sher-i-Punjab.

Objective Type Questions:

Question 1.
As a man what were the two characteristic qualities of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was brave and kind-hearted.

Question 2.
Which horse was especially loved by Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
Lailly.

Question 3.
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a firm devotee of Sikhism. Give one argument in support of your- answer.
Answer:
He called his Sarkar as Sarkar-i-Khalsa.

Question 4.
What did Maharaja Ranjit Singh call his Government and Darbar?
Answer:
Darbar-i-Khalsa.

Question 5.
What did Maharaja Ranjit Singh call himself.?
Answer:
Dog (Kookar) of Sikhism.

Question 6.
Name anyone non-Sikh Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Faquir Aziz-ud-Din.

Question 7.
Name prominent historian in the court of Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Sohan Lai Suri.

Question 8.
Mention any one quality of Maharaja Ranjit Singh as an army General.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh did not face defeat in any battle.

Question 9.
“Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a successful diplomat.” Give anyone proof in this regard.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave proof of his wisdom in not seizing Afghanistan.

Question 10.
Which ruler of Punjab is remembered as Sher-i-Punjab?
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Question 11.
Why is Maharaja Ranjit Singh called Sher-i-Punjab?
Answer:
Because he established a vast Sikh empire and adopted a liberal policy towards all religions.

Question 12.
Why was Maharaja Ranjit Singh called ‘Paras’?
Answer:
Because he took special care of his subjects.

Fill in the blanks:

1. The appearance of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was not very …………….
Answer:
attractive

2. Maharaha Ranjit Singh specially loved the horse named …………………
Answer:
Lailly

3. Maharaja Ranjit’Singh considered himself ……………… of Sikhism.
Answer:
Kukar

4. Maharaja Ranjit Singh called his government ………………..
Answer:
Sarkar-i-Khalsa

5. Maharaja Ranjit Singh called his Darbar ……………….
Answer:
Darbar-i-Khalsa

6. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was very fond of ……………..
Answer:
wine

7. Maharaja Ranjit Singh is remembered as ………………
Answer:
Sher-i-Punjab

True or False:

1. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was very industrious and agile.
Answer:
True

2. Maharaja Ranjit Singh loved a horse called Lailly.
Answer:
True

3. Maharaja Ranjit Singh called himself Dog (Kookar) of Sikhism.
Answer:
True

4. Maharaja Ranjit Singh called his government as Sardar-i-Khalsa.
Answer:
True

5. Maharaja Ranjit Singh loved Sikhism only.
Answer:
False

6. Maharaja Ranjit Singh had a great hate for wine.
Answer:
False

7. Maharaja Ranjit Singh is remembered as Sher-i-Punjab.
Answer:
True

8. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was not only a great conqueror but also an able administrator.
Answer:
True

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. As a man what were the characteristic qualities of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
(a) He was very industrious and agile.
(b) He was very kind-hearted.
(c) He was illiterate but intelligent.
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

2. Which horse was specially loved by Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
(a) Lailly
(b) Shally
(c) Chetak
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(a) Lailly

3. What did Maharaja Ranjit Singh call his government?
(a) Sarkar-i-Aam
(b) Sarkar-i-Khas
(c) Sarkar-i-Khalsa
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Sarkar-i-Khalsa

4. Who was the most famous scholar in the court of Ranjit Singh?
(a) Sohan Lai Suri
(b) Faqir-Aziz-ud-Din
(c) Raja Dhian Singh
(d) Diwan Mohkam Chand.
Answer:
(a) Sohan Lai Suri

5. Which ruler of Punjab is remembered as Sher-i-Punjab?
(a) Maharaja Raiyit Singh
(b) Maharaja Dalip Singh
(c) Maharaja Sher Singh
(d) Maharaja Kharak Singh.
Answer:
(a) Maharaja Raiyit Singh

6. Which words were engraved on ‘Royal Stamp’ in the Maharaja Ranjit Singh Era?
(a) Fateh Dharam
(b) Akal Sahrai
(c) Fateh Darshan
(d) Nanak Sahai.
Answer:
(a) Fateh Dharam

7. Which words were displayed on the ‘Royal Stamp’ of the Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
(a) Nanak Sahai
(b) Akal Sahai
(c) Gobind Sahai
(d) Teg Sahai.
Answer:
(b) Akal Sahai

PSEB 10th Class English Vocabulary Common Errors

November 15, 2021 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Vocabulary Common Errors Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class English Vocabulary Common Errors

Correct the following sentences.

(a)
1. There are plenty of fish here.
2. The flowers are beautiful thing.
3. Bible is holy book.
4. The sun rises in east.
5. She is a M.A.
6. He kept me in dark.
7. She can’t help laugh.
8. I enjoy to play hockey.
9. It is no use to cry over spilt milk.
10. He tried cross the river.
Answer:
1. There is plenty of fish here.
2. The flowers are a beautiful thing.
3. The Bible is a holy book.
4. The sun rises in the east.
5. She is an M.A.
6. He kept me in the dark.
7. She can’t help laughing.
8. I enjoy playing hockey.
9. It is no use crying over spilt milk.
10. He tried to cross the river.

(b)
1. It is too cold today.
2. She is so nice.
3. You are too busy.
4. We are the childrens of India.
5. Work hard lest you may not fail.
6. I saw you long before.
7. I have only finished two stories.
8. Please attend your lesson.
9. She found me lie on the ground.
10. I don’t blame to you.
Answer:
1. It is very cold today.
2. She is very nice.
3. You are very busy.
4. We are the children of India.
5. Work hard lest you should fail.
6. I have seen you long before.
7. I have finished two stories only.
8. Please attend to your lesson.
9. She found me lying on the ground.
10. I don’t blame you.

(c)
1. I know who are you.
2. Why did you let him to go ?
3. I requested him help me.
4. Geeta is a holy book.
5. He will be back in few days.
6. Everybody was in holiday mood.
7. I got chance to show my skill.
8. One must do his duty.
9. Mother gave me many advices.
10. Leave in hand, please.
Answer:
1 know who you are.
2. Why did you let him go ?
3. I requested him to help me.
4. The Geeta is a holy book.
5. He will be back in u few days.
6. Everybody was in a holiday mood.
7. I got a chance to show my skill.
8. One must do one’s duty.
9. Mother gave me much advice.
10. Let go of my hand, please.

(1) Errors in the use of nouns

Incorrect Sentences

Correct Sentences

1. Sita is fond of vegtables
2. Ria’s hair are black
3. She threw two breads before the dog.
4. Two of my brother-in-laws are staying with me.
5. These cattles are mine.
6. All the peoples have ‘gone to town.
7. Herds of swines lived in the forest.
8. The child learned the alphabets before he could read.
9. Her house is full of good
10. She wrote very good
11. This is a six-years-old
12. Lara has some grey
13. She expressed her thank to her uncle.
14. Geeta bought two dozens
15. Sher Singh ran a three miles
16. Teachers are sitting in the staff’s
17. She goes to her office on
18. One of my friend is a teacher.
19. Abha is my cousin sister.
20. The sceneries of Kashmir are very charming.
21. Ramu has packed my
22. She sent us many informations.
23. They gave you many advices.
24. She found two long hair in her food.
25. The boys did many
26. In the first inning, our team scored eighty runs.

Sita is fond of vegetables.
Ria’s hair is black.
She threw two pieces of bread before the dog.
Two of my brothers-in-law are staying with me.
These cattle are mine.
All the people have gone to town.
Herds of swine lived in the forest.
The child learned the alphabet before he could read.
Her house is full of good furniture.
She wrote very good poetry.
This is a six-year-old horse.
Lara has some grey hairs.
She expressed her thanks to her uncle.
Geeta bought two dozen mangoes. ‘ Sher Singh ran a three-mile race. Teachers are sitting in the staff room.
She goes to her office on foot.
One of my friends is a teacher.
Abha is my cousin.
The scenery of Kashmir is very charming.
Ramu has packed my luggage.
She sent us much information.
They gave you much advice.
She found two long hairs in her food.
The boys did many acts of mischief. (The boys did much mischief.)
In the first innings, our team scored eighty runs.

(2) Errors in the use of adjectives

Incorrect Sentences

Correct Sentences

1. She did not eat many bread.
2. Ram ate small honey.
3. Every men are mortal.
4. Much men are poor.
5. Little men are rich.
6. Your uncle should take no side.
7. Take the medicine each four hours.
8. What book do you like the best ?
9. Which nonsense this is !
10. Buses pass my house each hour.
11. Sita is beautiful than Radha.
12. Megha is my oldest daughter.
13. Tell me the last news.
14. My dress is costlier than you.
15. Tom is wise for his age.
16. My pen is superior than yours.
17. I am senior by him in service.
18. He has bought any bread.
19. He has not bought some bread.
20. He has bought no any bread.
21. His condition is so serious that there is a little hope of his recovery.
22. Little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
23. Hurry up ! We have only little time left.
24. He spent a little money he had.
25. I need few days’ rest.
26. A few women can keep a secret.
27. He read a few books he had.
28. Many young men have served their country nobly.
29. There were trees on every side of the road.
30. The doctor called to see him each other day.
31. They all loved each other.
32. The two men struck one another.
33. This boy is no less cleverer than that.

She did not eat much bread.
Ram ate a little honey.
All men are mortal.
Many men are poor.
Few men are rich.
Your uncle should take neither side. Take the medicine every four hours. Which book do you like the best ?
What nonsense this is !
Buses pass my house every hour.
Sita is more beautiful than Radha. Megha is my eldest daughter.
Tell me the latest news.
My dress is costlier than yours.
Tom is wiser for his age.
My pen is superior to yours.
I am senior to him in service.
He has bought some bread.
He has not bought any bread.
He has not bought any bread.
His condition is -so serious that- there is little hope of his recovery.
A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
Hurry up ! We have only a little time left.
He spent the little money he had.
I need a few days’ rest.
Few women can keep a secret.
He read the few books he had.
Many young men have served their country nobly. (Many a young man has served his country nobly.)
There were trees on each side of the road.
The doctor called to see him every other day.
They all loved one another.
The two men struck each other.
This boy is no less clever than that.

(3) Errors in the use of articles

Incorrect Sentences

Correct Sentences

1. Dog is faithful animal.
2. Rich should help the, poor.
3. A sun rises in the east.
4. You kept me in dark.
5. He wanted to become teacher.
6. I have never been to Agra Fort.
7. She wants house to live in.
8. Do not lose the heart.
9. He wants little sugar for tea.
10. He is honourable man.
11. The singing is my hobby.
12. We were first to reach the school.
13. His house caught the fire.
14. Next morning I had a idea.
15. Tom was first to protest.
16. They made him feel little better.
17. He will be back in few days.
18. Few students are present in the stadium.
19. I have the headache.
20. The game came to end.
21. She is a honourable lady.
22. I want to buy a umbrella.
23. I am a honest worker.
24. She returned after o hour.
25. Do not make noise.

Dog is a faithful animal.
The rich should help the poor.
The sun rises in the east.
You kept me in the dark.
He wanted to become a teacher.
I have never been to the Agra Fort.
She wants a house to live in.
Do hot lose heart.
He wants a little sugar for tea.
He is an honourable man.
Singing is my hobby.
We were the first to reach the school.
His house caught fire.
Next morning I had an idea.
Tom was the first to protest.
They made him feel a little better.
He will be back in a few days.
A few students are present in the stadium.
I have a headache.
The game came to an end.
She is an honourable lady.
I want to buy an umbrella.
I am an honest worker.
She returned after an hour.
Do not make a noise.

(4) Errors in the use of verbs

Incorrect Sentences

Correct Sentences

1. Vegetables goes bad in summer.
2. Either Mohan or Sham are to be promoted.
3. Neither Tom nor his sister have gone to school.
4. Seventy miles are a long distance.
5. I have finished my play last night.
6. He finished his work when I met him.
7. Law and order are to be maintained.
8. May I came in, Madam ?
9. What will I do next ?
10. She said her friend goodbye.
11. A snake cut her.
12. She laid in her bed.
13. I know to play football.
14. The teacher gave a speech.
15. He was ill for two days when the doctor was sent for.
16. I solved all the questions before the time was over.
17. The patient died before the doctor came.
18. The boat was sunk by a storm which suddenly sprang up.
19. You will be hearing this news already; so I need not to repeat it.
20. Look ! The smoke conies out of the window.
21. If you will play the piano, I will sing.
22. If you played the piano, I will sing.
23. If you had played the piano, I would sing.
24. I learnt that my friend has failed.
25. The judge declared that he is guilty.

Vegetables go bad in summer.
Either Mohan or Sham is to be promoted.
Neither Tom nor his sister has gone to school.
Seventy miles is a long distance.
I finished my play last night.
He had finished his work when I met him.
Law and order is to be maintained.
May I come in, Madam?
What shall I do next?
She bade her friend goodbye.
A snake bit her.
She lay in her bed.
I know how to play football.
The teacher made a speech.
He had been ill for two days when the doctor was sent for.
I had solved all the questions before the time was over.
The patient had died before the doctor came.
The boat was sunk by a storm which had suddenly sprung up.
You will have heard this news already; so I need not repeat it.
Look ! The smoke is coming out of the window.
If you play the piano, I will sing.
If you played the piano, I would sing.
If you had played the piano, I would have sung.
I learnt that my friend had failed. The judge declared that he was guilty.

(5) Errors in the use for Proposition

Incorrect Sentences

Correct Sentences

1. Manav does not obey to his father.
2. My son does not listen what I say.
3. Meena was angry upon her daughter.
4. He fell from his horse and injured his back.
5. Come and see me at Sunday.
6. I have known him since years.
7. I’d prefer to make the journey with car.
8. I washed the dirt at my hands.
9. This shirt is made with cotton.
10. We cooked food with an open fire.
11. She wore a jacket on her dress.
12. This cloth costs ₹ 50 each metre.
13. They tied him with tree.
14. He wore a blue shirt in his coat.
15. He wanted me to write the preface of his book.

Manav does not obey his father.
My son does not listen to what I say.
Meena was angry with her daughter.
He fell off his horse and injured his back.
Come and see me on Sunday.
I have known him for years.
I’d prefer to make the journey by car.
I washed the dirt off my hands.
This shirt is made of cotton.
We cooked food over an open fire.
She wore a jacket over her dress.
This cloth costs ₹ 50 per metre.
They tied him to a tree.
He wore a blue shirt under his coat.
He wanted me to write the preface to his book.

(6) Errors in the use of Pronouns

Incorrect Sentences

Correct Sentences

1. Myself can do it.
2. Those are ours toys.
3. This action of her’s was not liked by us.
4. It was me who did it.
5. I and you will help the poor.
6. I and my friend were invited to the party.
7. I, you and he “should attend the meeting.
8. You, he and I broke the rules of this game.
9. It is a secret between he and me.
10. Let he and I do it.
11. We enjoyed much at the hill station.
12. Each of the guests must bring their own card.
13. Everybody were in their best clothes.
14. Neither of these two boys are going to pass.
15. None of those boys were allowed to enter their class.

I can do it myself.
Those are our toys. (Those toys are ours.)
This action of hers was not liked by us.
It was I who did it.
You and I will help the poor.
My friend and I were invited to the party.
You, he and / should attend the meeting.
I, he and yow broke the rules of this game.
It is a secret between him and me.
Let him and me do it.
We enjoyed ourselves much at the hill station.
Each of the guests must bring his (or her) own card.
Everybody was in his (their) best clothes.
Neither of these two boys is going to pass.
None of those boys was allowed to enter his class.

(7) Errors in the use of auxiliaries

Incorrect Sentences

Correct Sentences

1. I will be obliged to you.
2. If she will come to me, I shall help her. ’
3. I will be drowned and nobody shall save me.
4. I shall stand by my brother under all circumstances.
5. You will be turned out of the class if you won’t stop talking.
6. Shall you help me ?
7. Will I go to the garden ?
8. He worked hard lest he may not fail.
9. He will know me if he saw me.
10. He can do this if he tried.
11. You ought love your parents.
12. He ought have worked hard.
13. Must I do it ? No, you must not.
14. He dares not come to my house.
15. He dare to stand alone.

I shall be obliged to you.
If she comes to me, I shall help her.
I shall be drowned and nobody will save me.
I will jstand by my brother under all circumstances.
You shall be turned out of the class if you don’t stop talking. ,
Will you help me ?
Shall I go to the garden ?
He worked hard lest he should fail.
He would know me if he saw me.
He could do this if he tried.
You ought to love your parents.
He ought to have worked hard.
Must I do it ? No, you need not.
He dare not come to my house.
He dares to stand alone.

PSEB 10th Class English Vocabulary One Word for Many and their use in Sentences

November 15, 2021 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Vocabulary One Word for Many and their use in Sentences Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class English Vocabulary One Word for Many and their use in Sentences

1. Something that can be heard – Audible
What he said was not audible.

2. Something written by an unknown person – Anonymous
I received an anonymous letter yesterday.

3. A written declaration made on oath in the presence of a magistrate or a government official – Affidavit
I submitted an affidavit as a proof of my date of birth.

4. A person who does not believe in God – Atheist
An atheist does not believe in God.

5. A government by one person or one party – Autocracy
Autocracy is not a popular form of government.

6. A word opposite in meaning – Antonym
The antonym of ‘good’ is ‘bad’.

7. A life story of a person written by himself – Autobiography
Gandhiji’s autobiography gives a true description of his life.

8. Medicine to counteract the effect of poison – Antidote
What is the antidote for the poison of the snake ?

9. A representative of a government in a foreign country: -Ambassador
Mr. S.R. Sharma is India’s ambassador in Pakistan.

10. A word or sentence the meaning of which is not clear. – Ambiguous
The minister’s replies were ambiguous.

11. Place for keeping birds – Aviary
This aviary contains almost all kinds of birds.

12. A place for the storage of weapons – Arsenal
Our neighbouring country is building up a big arsenal.

13. To increase the gravity of a situation – Aggravate
Your perpetual agruing with your father will certainly aggravate his rage.

14. The crime of setting things on fire – Arson
Terrorists caused arson on a large scale.

15. A list of things to be discussed at a meeting – Agenda
What is the agenda for the next meeting ?

16. A state of growth between boyhood and youth – Adolescence
Adolescence is an impressionable period of life.

17. A carriage for the sick and wounded – Ambulance
The injured man was taken in an ambulance.

18. Objects having life -Animate
Plants and trees are also animate things.

19. A state where no government exists – Anarchy
Unemployment can lead to anarchy.

20. A person liable to be called to account – Accountable
You are accountable for all your misdeeds.

21. An assembly of listeners – Audience
The audience heard Mr. Modi’s speech very attentively.

22. A person who plays a game or does a work only for pleasure – Amateur
Many amateurs also participated in this mission.

23. One who lives in a foreign country – Alien
An American is an alien in our country.

24. A government managed by state officials – Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy should be responsible to the public.

25. Marrying two wives or husbands – Bigamy
Bigamy is not approved in the Indian society.

26. A man who is not married – Bachelor
A bachelor is generally a carefree man.

27. A thing which can be broken easily – Brittle
Glass is hard but brittle

28. To speak ill of a person in his absence – Backbite
Gentlemen don’t indulge in backbiting.

29. A bunch of flowers -Bouquet
I presented her a bouquet on her birthday.

30. The science which deals with life – Biology
Biology is her favourite subject.

31. A girl just before or after her wedding day – Bride
The bride was wearing a red saree.

32. A boy just before or after his wedding day – Bridegroom
The bridegroom came riding a horse.

33. A person who believes everybody – Credulous
A credulous person easily believes what others say.

34. That which can be corrected – Corrigible
Certain defects are not corrigible.

35. A list of names of books – Catalogue
You should consult the library catalogue.

36. A period of one hundred years – Century
We are living in the twenty-first century.

37. A piece of machinery used for mathematical calculations – Calculator
A calculator helps us in making big calculations easily.

38. The peak point of a story or a plot – Climax
The climax of the film was its best part.

39. A place where the dead are buried – Cemetery
The Christians bury their dead in a cemetery.

40. The art of beautiful writing -Calligraphy
The art of calligraphy is now dying.

41. A musical entertainment given in a public hall – Concert
People came in thousands to the concert.

42. One who eats human flesh – Cannibal
This book gives an account of cannibals of the past.

43. Government of the people, by the people, for the people – Democracy
We are the biggest democracy in the world.

44. One who drinks too much – Drunkard
A drunkard is certain to have a short life.

45. A government by one person – Dictatorship
Dictatorship cannot continue for long.

46. Money or gifts given to a girl at her marriage -Dowry
Her rich parents gave her a big dowry.

47. To injure one’s reputation – Defame
Each new government defames the previous one.

48. The art of management practised by statesmen -Diplomacy
Nehru was very good at international diplomacy.

49. A speech made without preparation -Extempore
His extempore speech impressed the listeners.

50. A book containing every kind of information -Encyclopedia
An encyclopedia enriches our knowledge.

51. A person who examines -Examiner
The examiner has marked the answer-books very carelessly.

52. A thing which is fit to be eaten – Edible
All mushrooms are not edible.

53. To root out an evil —Eradicate
Dowry system cannot be eradicated by law alone.

54. To send articles out of the country —Export
India now exports cars to European countries.

55. One who loves his own religion and hates other religions —Fanatic
A fanatic can never be truly religious.

56. Murder of a brother —Fratricide
He was suspected of fratricide by the police.

57. One who is not easily pleased —Fastidious
She is very fastidious about her dress.

58. A period of two weeks —Fortnight
He comes here every fortnight.

59. That which ends in death —Fatal
He was killed in a fatal accident.

60. A man interested in the welfare of women —Feminist
A feminist favours equal rights for women.

61. A person who eats too much —Glutton
He eats like a glutton.

62. A make-up room behind the stage —Green room
Th hm’oine was dressing up in the green room.

63. Money paid to an employee after his retirement —Liratul:y
He got a big gratuity at his retirement.

64. A place for storing grain —Granary
Punjab is called the granary of India.

65. A medicine that kills germs —Germicide
Keep germicides away from children.

66. A post for which no salary is paid .‘ —Honorary
No wages are given for an honorary post.

67. To cause eggs to produce the young —Hatch
The hen hatches its eggs in a dark place.

68. A place of shelter or safety —Haven
This zoo is a haven for birds.

69. A writing which cannot be read clearly —Illegible
Your handwriting is illegible.

70. One who does not show favour to anyone —Impartial
He gave an impartial decision.

71. That which cannot be solved or dissolved —Insoluble
Oil is insoluble in water.

72. One who cannot read or write —Illiterate
The poor farmer was illiterate.

73. That which cannot be conquered —Invincible
Death is invincible.

74. That which cannot be corrected —Incorrigible
He is an incorrigible gambler.

75. One who never dies —Immortal
The soul is immortal.

76. That which is against law —Illegal
I never do an illegal act.

77. That which cannot be cured —Incurable
Cancer is incurable.

78. That which is not proper —Inept
An inept remark can turn friends into enemies.

79. A thing that must happen —Inevitable
Death is inevitable.

80. A loss which cannot.be repaired or made good —Irreparable
This loss is irreparable.

81. A person easily made angry —Irritable
He has an irritable nature.

82. That which can be understood —Intelligible
Her lecture was intelligible to everyone.

83. An article or thing liable to catch fire easily —Inflammable
Petrol is highly inflammable.

84. Worship of idols —Idolatry
Many religions are against idolatry.

85. Showing or having good sense and wisdom —Judicious
It was a judicious decision.

86. A special skill or ability —Knack
Mohan has a knack of pleasing everybody.

87. A problem or question hard to solve —Knotty
It is a knotty problem.

88. One who can read and write —Literate
Very few people in the village are literate.

89. A copy of a book, piece of music, etc. before it has been printed. —Manuscript
The manuscript was neatly handwritten.

90. A disorderly crowd of people —Mob
The police was unable to control the mob.

91. A person with a bad reputation. —Notorious
Jagga was a notorious dacoit.

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 6 पाँच मरजीवे

December 1, 2021November 12, 2021 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 6 पाँच मरजीवे Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Hindi Chapter 6 पाँच मरजीवे

Hindi Guide for Class 9 PSEB पाँच मरजीवे Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) विषय-बोध

1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक-दो पंक्तियों में दीजिए :

प्रश्न 1.
कवि ने गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी के लिए किन-किन विशेषणों का प्रयोग इस कविता में किया है ?
उत्तर:
प्रस्तुत कविता में कवि ने गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी के लिए खालस महामानव, युग-द्रष्टा तथा युग-स्रष्टा विशेषणों का प्रयोग किया है। कवि ने दशमेश को तेज का पुंज भी कहा है।

प्रश्न 2.
कविता में ‘दशम् नानक’ किसे कहा गया है ?
उत्तर:
प्रस्तुत कविता में सिक्खों के दशम् गुरु श्री गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी को ‘दशम् नानक’ कहा गया है।

प्रश्न 3.
सन् 1699 ई० में विशाल मेला कहाँ लगा था ?
उत्तर:
सन् 1699 ई० में विशाल मेला आनन्दपुर साहिब में लगा था।

प्रश्न 4.
‘मरजीवा’ शब्द का क्या अर्थ है ?
उत्तर:
मरजीवा का अर्थ है मरने को तैयार। मरजीवा का एक अर्थ मर कर जीवित अर्थात् अमर होने वाले को भी कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
अकाल पुरुष का फ़रमान क्या था ?
उत्तर:
अकाल पुरुष का फ़रमान था कि अन्याय से मुक्ति दिलाने के लिए तथा धर्म की रक्षा करने के लिए एक व्यक्ति का बलिदान चाहिए।

प्रश्न 6.
पाँचों मरजीवों के नाम लिखिए।
उत्तर:
पाँचों मरजीवों के नाम हैं-लाहौर का दयाराम (भाई दया सिंह), हस्तिनापुर का धर्मराय (भाई धर्म सिंह), द्वारिका का मोहकम चंद (भाई मोहकम सिंह), बिदर का साहब चंद (भाई साहिब सिंह) तथा पुरी का हिम्मत राय (भाई हिम्मत सिंह)।

प्रश्न 7.
जो व्यक्ति न्याय के लिए बलिदान देता है, धर्म की रक्षा के लिए शीश कटा लेता है, उसे हम क्या कह कर पुकारते हैं ?
उत्तर:
जो व्यक्ति न्याय के लिए बलिदान देता है, धर्म की रक्षा के लिए शीश कटा कर बलिदान देता है, उसे हम मरजीवा कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 8.
गुरु जी ने वीरों की पहचान क्या बताई ?
उत्तर:
गुरु जी के अनुसार शुभाचरण करते हुए जीवन पथ पर निर्भय होकर बलिदान देना ही वीरों की पहचान है।

प्रश्न 9.
‘धर्म-अधर्म के संघर्ष की रात’ का क्या अर्थ है ?
उत्तर:
प्रस्तुत पंक्ति का अर्थ यह है कि वह रात धर्म की रक्षा और अधर्म अर्थात् अन्याय से मुक्ति के उपाय सोचने की रात थी।

2. निम्नलिखित पद्यांशों की सप्रसंग व्याख्या कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
तेज पुंज गुरु गोबिन्द के हाथों में
है नंगी तलवार
लहराती हवा में बारम्बार
“अकाल पुरुष का है फरमान
अभी तुरन्त चाहिये एक बलिदान
अन्याय से मुक्ति दिलाने को
धर्म बचाने, शीश कटाने को
मरजीवा क्या कोई है तैयार ?
मुझे चाहिये शीश एक उपहार !
जिसका अद्भुत त्याग देश की
मरणासन्न चेतना में कर दे नवरक्त संचार।”
उत्तर:
कवि कहता है कि दिव्य ज्योति से प्रकाशमान गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी के हाथों में नंगी तलवार थी, जिसे बार-बार हवा में लहराते हुए उन्होंने कहा’अकाल पुरुष की यह आज्ञा है कि अभी तुरन्त एक व्यक्ति का बलिदान चाहिए, जो अन्याय से मुक्ति दिलाने के लिए, धर्म की रक्षा करने के लिए अपना सिर कटाने को तैयार हो। है कोई ऐसा व्यक्ति जो मरने को तैयार हो ? मुझे एक सिर भेंट स्वरूप चाहिए जिसका अनोखा त्याग देश की दयनीय दशा में नया खून भर दे।’

प्रश्न 2.
लीला से पर्दा हटा गुरु प्रकट हुए
चकित देखते सब पांचों बलिदानी संग खड़े
गुरुवर बोले “मेरे पांच प्यारे सिंघ
साहस, रूप, वेश, नाम में न्यारे सिंघ
दया सिंघ, धर्म सिंघ और मोहकम सिंघ
खालिस जाति खालसा के साहब सिंघ व हिम्मत सिंघ
शुभाचरण पथ पर निर्भय देंगे बलिदान ।
अब से पंथ “खालसा” मेरा ऐसे वीरों की पहचान।”
उत्तर:
कवि कहते हैं कि पाँचों मरजीवों को भीतर ले जाकर उनके सिर काटने की लीला करने के बाद गुरु जी इस लीला से पर्दा हटा कर बाहर आए। उनके साथ पाँचों मरजीवों को खड़ा देख कर सभी हैरान रह गये। तब गुरु जी बोले-‘ये मेरे पाँच प्यारे सिंह हैं। ये सिंह साहस, रूप, वेश और नाम से अलग ही सिंह हैं अर्थात् विशेष सिंह हैं। गुरु जी ने उनके नामों के साथ सिंह शब्द जोड़ते हुए कहा कि खालिस जाति खालसा पंथ से सम्बन्धित ये दया सिंह, धर्म सिंह, मोहकम सिंह, साहब सिंह एवं हिम्मत सिंह हैं, जो अपने अच्छे आचरण के रास्ते पर चलते हुए निडर होकर बलिदान देंगे। आज से मेरा खालसा पंथ ऐसे वीरों द्वारा ही पहचाना जाएगा।’

(ख) भाषा-बोध

1. शब्दांश + मूल शब्द (अर्थ) – नवीन शब्द (अर्थ)
अ + न्याय (इन्साफ़) – अन्याय (इन्साफ़ के विरुद्ध कार्य)
वि + श्वास (साँस) – विश्वास (भरोसा)

उपर्युक्त मूल शब्द (न्याय) में ‘अ’ शब्दांश लगाने से ‘अन्याय’ तथा ‘श्वास में ‘वि’ शब्दांश लगाने से ‘विश्वास’ नवीन शब्द बने हैं तथा उनके अर्थ में भी परिवर्तन आ गया है। ये ‘अ’ तथा ‘वि’ उपसर्ग हैं। अतएव जो शब्दांश किसी शब्द के शुरू में जुड़कर उसके अर्थ में परिवर्तन ला देते हैं, वे उपसर्ग कहलाते हैं।

निम्नलिखित शब्दों में से उपसर्ग तथा मूल शब्द अलग-अलग करके लिखिए

प्रश्न 1.
शब्द – उपसर्ग – मूल शब्द
अधर्म – अ – धर्म
अतिरिक्त – ………. – ……..
उपहार – ………….. – ………….
प्रकट – ………….. – ………….
उत्तर:
शब्द – उपसर्ग – मूल शब्द
अतिरिक्त – अति – रिक्त
उपहार – उप – हार
प्रकट – प्र – कट

प्रश्न 2.
मूल शब्द (अर्थ) + शब्दांश = नवीन शब्द (अर्थ)
सन्न (स्तब्ध, चुप) + आटा. = सन्नाटा (स्तब्धता, चुप्पी)
कायर (डरपोक) + ता = कायरता (डरपोकपन)
उपर्युक्त मूल शब्द ‘सन्न’ में ‘आटा’ लगाने से ‘सन्नाटा’ तथा ‘कायर’ शब्द में ‘ता’ लगाने से ‘कायरता’ नवीन शब्द बने हैं तथा उनके अर्थ में भी परिवर्तन आ गया है। ये ‘आटा’ तथा ‘ता’ प्रत्यय हैं। अतएव जो शब्दांश किसी शब्द के अंत में जुड़कर उनके अर्थ में परिवर्तन ला देते हैं, वे प्रत्यय कहलाते हैं।

निम्नलिखित शब्दों में से प्रत्यय तथा मूल शब्द अलग-अलग करके लिखिए

शब्द – मूल शब्द – प्रत्यय
वैशाखी – ………. – …………
निवासी – ………. – …………
बलिदानी – ………… – ………….
बलिहारी – …………. – …………..
उत्तर:
शब्द – मूल शब्द – प्रत्यय
वैशाखी – वैशाख – ई
निवासी – निवास – ई
बलिदानी – बलिदान – ई
बलिहारी – बलिहार – ई

(ग) पाठेत्तर सक्रियता

1. स्कूल की प्रार्थना सभा में खालसा पंथ की साजना, वैसाखी पर्व तथा श्री गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी के जन्म दिवस के अवसर पर प्रेरणादायक विचार प्रस्तुत कीजिए।

2. श्री आनन्दपुर साहिब के ऐतिहासिक महत्त्व के बारे में अपने पुस्तकालय से पुस्तक लेकर पढ़िए अथवा इंटरनेट से जानकारी प्राप्त कीजिए।

3. अपने माता-पिता के साथ श्री आनन्दपुर साहिब के ऐतिहासिक गुरुद्वारे के दर्शन कीजिए और अन्य स्थलों का भ्रमण कीजिए।

4. श्री आनन्दपुर साहिब के ऐतिहासिक स्थलों के चित्र एकत्रित कीजिए। उत्तर-विद्यार्थी स्वयं करें।

(घ) ज्ञान-विस्तार

1. आनन्दपुर साहिब : आनन्दपुर साहिब पंजाब प्रदेश के रूपनगर जिले में स्थित है। यह स्थान चंडीगढ़ से 85 किलोमीटर की दूरी पर स्थित है। इसकी स्थापना सन् 1664 ई० में सिक्खों के नौवें गुरु तेग़ बहादुर ने की थी। आनन्दपुर साहिब में स्थित प्रसिद्ध गुरुद्वारे तख्त श्री केसगढ़ साहिब की बहुत महानता है। ऐसा माना जाता है कि यहाँ पर श्रद्धालुओं की हर मुराद पूरी होती है।

2. अन्य प्रसिद्ध ऐतिहासिक स्थल : सेंट्रल किला श्री आनन्दगढ़ साहिब, लोहगढ़ किला, होलगढ़ किला, फतेहगढ़ किला एवं तारागढ़ किला। इसके अतिरिक्त आनन्दपुर साहिब में बना ‘विरासत-ए-खालसा’ संग्रहालय भी बहुत महत्त्वपूर्ण स्थल है। इसमें श्री गुरु नानक देव जी से लेकर श्री गुरु ग्रंथ साहिब की स्थापना तक सिक्ख धर्म के विकास को बखूबी दर्शाया गया है।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Guide पाँच मरजीवे Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
गुरु जी ने संगत के सम्मुख मरजीवे की माँग क्यों रखी ?
उत्तर:
गुरु जी ने संगत के सम्मुख किसी मरजीवे के बलिदान की भारत के लोगों को मुग़ल शासकों के अत्याचार और अन्याय से मुक्ति दिलाने के लिए माँग की। वे धर्म की रक्षा करना चाहते थे। उनका मानना था कि मरजीवे के त्याग और बलिदान से मरणासन्न हिन्दू लोगों में नए खून का संचार होगा।

प्रश्न 2.
गुरु जी ने पाँच सिंहों की किन विशेषताओं पर प्रकाश डाला है ?
उत्तर:
गुरु जी ने पाँच सिंह साहिबान को साहस, रूप, वेश और नाम से न्यारे सिंह कहा। ये पाँचों सिंह शुभाचरण के मार्ग पर चलते हुए निर्भय होकर बलिदान देंगे।

प्रश्न 3.
‘जूझना ही जीवन है-जीवन से मत भागो’ इस पंक्ति का अर्थ स्पष्ट करें।
उत्तर:
प्रस्तुत पंक्ति का अर्थ है कि संघर्ष करना ही जीवन की निशानी है। अत: हमें जीवन सुखपूर्वक बिताने के लिए संघर्ष करना चाहिए और संघर्ष करने से कभी भी मुँह नहीं मोड़ना चाहिए। संघर्ष करने से जी चुराना जीवन से भागने के बराबर होगा।

प्रश्न 4.
सन् सोलह सौ निन्यानवे की वैशाखी का ऐतिहासिक महत्त्व क्या है ?
उत्तर:
सन् सोलह सौ निन्यानवे की वैशाखी का ऐतिहासिक महत्त्व यह है कि इस दिन गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी ने आनन्दपुर साहिब में अपने शिष्यों का एक विशाल मेला आयोजित किया और हाथ में नंगी तलवार लेकर पाँच बार एक-एक मरजीवे के शीश की माँग की । बलिदान के लिए तैयार पाँच शिष्यों ने आपकी माँग पूरी की। इस तरह गुरु जी ने पाँच बलिदानियों की तलवार पर परीक्षा करके खालसा पंथ की नींव रखी और उसको निराला रूप देते हुए कहा कि उनके सिंह अच्छे आचरण पर चलते हुए निडर होकर बलिदान देंगे। इसके बाद गुरु जी के सारे शिष्य सिंह बन गये और उन्होंने कुर्बानियाँ देकर ज़ालिम मुग़ल शासकों और अधर्म का नाश कर दिया। सन् 1699 ई० की वैशाखी के पवित्र पर्व पर ‘खालसा’ का सृजन पाँच प्यारों के रूप में किया। यह घटना धर्म की रक्षा और गरीब को अभयदान देने का कारण बनी। इसी दिन से गुरु जी ने अपने शिष्यों को अपने नाम के साथ ‘सिंह’ शब्द लगाने का आदेश दिया और उन्हें शुद्ध आचरण करते सदा निर्भय होकर बलिदान देने के लिए तैयार रहने का आदेश भी दिया।

प्रश्न 5.
पाँच प्यारों के चुनाव की घटना का वर्णन अपने शब्दों में कीजिए।
उत्तर:
सन् 1699 की वैशाखी का दिन था। आनन्दपुर साहिब नामक स्थान पर गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी के शिष्य और भक्त बहुत बड़ी संख्या में एकत्रित हुए थे। गुरु जी ने संगत से धर्म की रक्षा तथा अन्याय से मुक्ति पाने के लिए अपने शीश का बलिदान देने वाले एक मरजीवे की माँग की। संगत में चुप्पी छा गयी। तभी लाहौर के खत्री दया राम ने अपने आप को बलिदान के लिए प्रस्तुत किया। गुरु जी उसे एक तम्बू में ले गए और लोगों ने सिर कटने की आवाज़ सुनी। थोडी देर बाद गुरु जी ने और बलिदान की माँग की। इस बार हस्तिनापुर का जाट धर्मराय आगे बढ़ा। गुरु जी उसे भी भीतर ले गये। इसी तरह द्वारिका के मोहकम चन्द धोबी, बिदर के साहब चंद नाई और पुरी के हिम्मतराय ने भी स्वयं को बलिदान के लिए प्रस्तुत किया। थोड़ी देर बाद लोगों ने उन पाँचों को गुरु जी के साथ तम्बू के बाहर जीवित खड़े देखा तो लोग हैरान रह गए। लोग गुरु जी की लीला को समझ न सके।

एक शब्द/एक पंक्ति में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
‘पाँच मरजीवे’ किस कवि की रचना है ?
उत्तर:
योगेन्द्र बख्शी की।

प्रश्न 2.
‘सप्तसिन्धु’ किस प्रदेश का वैदिक काल में नाम था ?
उत्तर:
पंजाब का।

प्रश्न 3.
‘दशम नानक’ किन्हें कहते हैं ?
उत्तर:
श्री गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी को दशम गुरु कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
श्री गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी के हाथ में क्या लहरा रही थी ?
उत्तर:
नंगी तलवार।

प्रश्न 5.
‘मरजीवा’ कौन होता है ?
उत्तर:
जो मरने के लिए तैयार हो।

हाँ-नहीं में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 6.
धर्मराय लाहौर का निवासी था।
उत्तर:
नहीं।

प्रश्न 7.
द्वारिका का बलिदानी मोहकम चंद धोबी था।
उत्तर;
हाँ।

सही-गलत में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 8.
श्री गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी ने पाँच मरजीवों को पांच प्यारे’ कहा।
उत्तर:
सही।

प्रश्न 9.
लोहड़ी के अवसर पर आनन्दपुर साहिब में खालसा पंथ की नींव रखी गई।
उत्तर:
गलत।

रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति करें

प्रश्न 10.
……. जब …….. की ….. से भागी।
उत्तर:
कायरता जब सप्तसिन्धु की धरती से भागी।

प्रश्न 11.
अब से पंथ …….. मेरा ऐसे …… की पहचान।
उत्तर:
अब से पंथ खालसा मेरा ऐसे वीरों की पहचान।

बहुविकल्पी प्रश्नों में से सही विकल्प चुनकर उत्तर लिखें

प्रश्न 12.
साहब चंद नाई कहाँ का निवासी था
(क) पुरी
(ख) द्वारिका
(ग) लाहौर
(घ) बिदर।
उत्तर:
(घ) बिदर।

प्रश्न 13.
आनन्दपुर साहिब में किस वर्ष खालसा पंथ की नींव रखी गई ?
(क) 1691
(ख) 1695
(ग) 1699
(घ) 1697.
उत्तर:
(ग) 1699 में।

प्रश्न 14.
अन्याय से मुक्ति दिलाने के लिए गुरु जी ने किसकी मांग की ?
(क) तलवार की
(ख) बलिदानियों की
(ग) सेना की
(घ) गोला-बारूद की।
उत्तर:
(ख) बलिदानियों की।

प्रश्न 15.
किसकी बांह थाम कर “दशमेश खिल उठे” ?
(क) दयाराम की
(ख) धर्मराय की
(ग) साहब चंद की
(घ) मोहकम चंद की।
उत्तर:
(क) दयाराम की।

‘पाँच मरजीवे सप्रसंग व्याख्या

1. एक सुबह आनन्दपुर साहिब में जागी,
कायरता जब सप्तसिन्धु की धरती से भागी।
धर्म-अधर्म के संघर्ष की रात।
एक खालस महामानव।
युग द्रष्टा-युग स्रष्टा।
साहस का ज्वलन्त सूर्य ले हाथ
आह्वान कर रहा
जागो वीरो जागो
जूझना ही जीवन है-जीवन से मत भागो।

शब्दार्थ:
सुबह = प्रातः । सप्तसिन्धु = सात नदियाँ (वैदिक काल में पंजाब को सप्त सिन्धु कहा जाता था, क्योंकि यहाँ सात नदियाँ बहती थीं।)। खालस = शुद्ध। महामानव = महापुरुष। युग द्रष्टा = ज़माने को देखने वाला। युग स्रष्टा = ज़माने का निर्माण करने वाला। ज्वलन्त = जलता हुआ, प्रकाशमान। आह्वान करना = बुलाना। जूझना = संघर्ष करना।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत पद्यांश डॉ० योगेन्द्र बख्शी द्वारा रचित कविता ‘पाँच मरजीवे’ में से लिया गया है। प्रस्तुत कविता में कवि ने सन् 1699 ई० में आनन्दपुर साहिब में गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी द्वारा खालसा पंथ की नींव रखे जाने के समय पंच प्यारों के साहस और आत्मबलिदान का वर्णन किया है।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहता है कि आनन्दपुर साहिब में एक दिन सूर्योदय के साथ ही सात नदियों की धरती से कायरता भाग गई। बीती रात धर्म और अधर्म के संघर्ष की रात थी। उस दिन एक शुद्ध महापुरुष ने, जो युग को देखने वाला अर्थात् युग की चिन्ता करने वाला तथा युग का निर्माण करने वाला था, साहस का प्रकाशमान सूर्य हाथ में लेकर बुला रहा था और कह रहा था हे वीरो, जागो। संघर्ष करना ही जीवन है इसलिए तुम संघर्ष से कभी नहीं घबराओ और जीवन से मत भागो।

विशेष:

गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी द्वारा आनन्दपुर साहिब में संगत को आत्म-बलिदान के लिए प्रेरित करने का वर्णन किया गया है।
भाषा तत्सम प्रधान, भावपूर्ण तथा ओज गुण से युक्त है।

2. सन् सोलह सौ निन्यानवे की
वैशाखी की पावन बेला है
दशम नानक के द्वारे-आनन्दपुर में
दूर-दूर से उमड़े भक्तों-शिष्यों का
विशाल मेला है।

शब्दार्थ:
पावन = पवित्र। दशम नानक = सिक्खों के दसवें गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी। द्वारे = घर पर, पास। विशाल = बहुत बड़ा।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत पद्यांश डॉ० योगेन्द्र बख्शी द्वारा रंचित कविता ‘पाँच मरजीवे’ में से लिया गया है। प्रस्तुत कविता में कवि ने सन् 1699 ई० में आनन्दपुर साहिब में गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी द्वारा खालसा पंथ की नींव रखे जाने के समय पंच प्यारों के साहस और आत्मबलिदान का वर्णन किया है।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहता है कि सन् 1699 की वैशाखी के पवित्र समय दशम नानक गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी के द्वार पर आनन्दपुर साहिब में दूर-दूर से गुरु जी के भक्त और शिष्य एकत्र हुए और वहाँ एक बहुत बड़ा मेला सज गया।

विशेष:

वैशाखी पर आनन्दपुर साहिब में लगे मेले का वर्णन है।
भाषा सहज, सरल है। अनुप्रास और पुनरुक्ति प्रकाश अलंकार हैं।

3. तेज पुंज गुरु गोबिन्द के हाथों में
है नंगी तलवार
लहराती हवा में बारम्बार
“अकाल पुरुष का है फरमान
अभी तुरन्त चाहिये एक बलिदान
अन्याय से मुक्ति दिलाने को
धर्म बचाने, शीश कटाने को
मरजीवा क्या कोई है तैयार ?
मुझे चाहिये शीश एक उपहार !
जिसका अद्भुत त्याग देश की
मरणासन्न चेतना में कर दे नवरक्त संचार।”

शब्दार्थ:
तेज पुंज = दिव्य ज्योति का समूह। फरमान = आज्ञा। अकाल पुरुष = ईश्वर, वाहेगुरु। मरजीवा = बलिदानी, मर कर भी जीवित होने वाला, मरने को तैयार । शीश = सिर। उपहार = भेंट, सौगात। अद्भुत = विचित्र, अनोखा। मरणासन्न = मरने के निकट, जो मर रहा हो। चेतना = बुद्धि-विवेक से काम लेना, सोच-विचार। नवरक्त = नया खून। संचार = बहा देना।।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत पद्यांश डॉ० योगेन्द्र बख्शी द्वारा रचित कविता ‘पाँच मरजीवे’ में से लिया गया है। इस कविता में कवि ने सन् 1699 में आनन्दपुर साहिब में गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी द्वारा खालसा पंथ की स्थापना का वर्णन किया है।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहता है कि दिव्य ज्योति से प्रकाशमान गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी के हाथों में नंगी तलवार थी, जिसे बार-बार हवा में लहराते हुए उन्होंने कहा’अकाल पुरुष की यह आज्ञा है कि अभी तुरन्त एक व्यक्ति का बलिदान चाहिए, जो अन्याय से मुक्ति दिलाने के लिए, धर्म की रक्षा करने के लिए अपना सिर कटाने को तैयार हो। है कोई ऐसा व्यक्ति जो मरने को तैयार हो ? मुझे एक सिर भेंट स्वरूप चाहिए जिसका अनोखा त्याग देश की दयनीय दशा में नया खून भर दे।’

विशेष:

गुरु जी द्वारा संगत को बलिदान के लिए प्रेरित करने का वर्णन किया गया है।
भाषा तत्सम प्रधान, भावपूर्ण तथा ओज गुण से युक्त है। अनुप्रास तथा प्रश्न अलंकार हैं। वीर रस है।

4. सन्नाटा छा गया मौन हो रही सभा
सब भयभीत नहीं कोई हिला
फिर लाहौर निवासी खत्री दयाराम आगे बढ़ा
“कृपाकर सौभाग्य मुझे दीजिए
धर्म-रक्षा के लिए-भेंट है शीश गुरुवर !
प्राण मेरे लीजिए।”

शब्दार्थ:
सन्नाटा = चुप्पी, खामोशी, निस्तब्धता। मौन = चुप। भयभीत = डरे हुए। गुरुवर = हे गुरु श्रेष्ठ।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत पद्यांश डॉ. योगेन्द्र बख्शी द्वारा रचित कविता ‘पाँच मरजीवे’ में से लिया गया है। प्रस्तुत कविता में कवि ने सन् 1699 ई० में आनन्दपुर साहिब में गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी द्वारा खालसा पंथ की स्थापना का वर्णन किया है।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहता है कि गुरु जी द्वारा एक व्यक्ति के सिर का बलिदान माँगने की बात सुन कर सारी सभा में खामोशी छा गयी और सभी भयभीत और चुप रह गये। सभी डरे हुए थे। कोई भी अपनी जगह से न हिला। तभी लाहौर निवासी खत्री दयाराम आगे बढ़ा और उसने गुरु जी से निवेदन किया कि हे गुरु श्रेष्ठ! धर्म की रक्षा के लिए अपना सिर भेंट करने का सौभाग्य कृपा करके मुझे मेरे प्राण ले लीजिए।

विशेष:

दयाराम द्वारा अपना बलिदान देने का वर्णन किया है।
भाषा सहज तथा भावपूर्ण है।

5. खिल उठे दशमेश उसकी बांह थाम
ले गये भीतर, बन गया काम
उभरा स्वर शीश कटने का और फिर गहरा विराम !
भयाकुल चकित चेहरे सभा के
रह गये दिल थाम !

शब्दार्थ:
खिल उठना = प्रसन्न हो जाना। दशमेश = दशम् गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी। थाम = पकड़कर। काम बन जाना = काम पूरा होना। विराम = मौन, चुप्पी। भयाकुल = डर से घबराये हुए। चकित = हैरान। दिल थाम कर रह जाना = धैर्य धारण करना।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहता है कि लाहौर के खत्री दयाराम द्वारा बलिदान के लिए अपने आप को प्रस्तुत करने की बात सुन दशम् पातशाह गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी प्रसन्न हो उठे। वे दयाराम की बाँह पकड़ कर भीतर ले गये। उन्होंने जान लिया कि वे जो चाहते थे वह हो गया है। तभी भीतर से सिर कटने का स्वर उभरा और फिर एक गहरी खामोशी छा गई। सभा में मौजूद लोगों के चेहरे हैरान होकर डर से घबरा गये। उन्होंने बड़ी कठिनता से धैर्य धारण किया।

विशेष:

दयाराम के बलिदान देने का वर्णन है।
भाषा सहज, सरल तथा भावपूर्ण है। मुहावरों का सहज रूप से प्रयोग किया गया है।

6. रक्त रंजित फिर लिये तलवार
आ गये गुरुवर पुकारे बारम्बार
एक मरजीवा अपेक्षित और है
बढ़े आगे कौन है तैयार !

शब्दार्थ:
रक्त-रंजित = खून से लथपथ, खून से भीगी। मरजीवा = मरने को तैयार। अपेक्षित = चाहिए, जिसकी आवश्यकता हो।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत पद्यांश डॉ० योगेन्द्र बख्शी द्वारा रचित कविता ‘पाँच मरजीवे’ में से लिया गया है। प्रस्तुत कविता में कवि ने सन् 1699 ई० में आनन्दपुर साहिब में गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी द्वारा खालसा पंथ की स्थापना का वर्णन किया है।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहता है कि दयाराम खत्री के बलिदान के बाद गुरु जी हाथ में खून से लथपथ तलवार लिए हुए बाहर आये और उन्होंने बार-बार यह पुकारा कि अभी एक और मरने को तैयार व्यक्ति की आवश्यकता है। जो इस बलिदान के लिए तैयार हो, वह आगे बढ़े।

विशेष:

गुरु जी द्वारा एक और बलिदानी की आवश्यकता का वर्णन किया गया है।
भाषा सरल, सहज और भावपूर्ण है।

7. प्राण के लाले पड़े हैं
सभी के मन स्तब्ध से मानो जड़े हैं।
किन्तु फिर धर्मराय बलिदान-व्रत-धारी
जाट हस्तिनापुर का खड़ा करबद्ध
गुरुचरण बलिहारी !
हर्षित गुरु ले गये भीतर उसे भी
लीला विस्मयकारी !

शब्दार्थ:
प्राण के लाले पड़ना = जीना कठिन हो जाना, अपनी जान की चिंता होना। स्तब्ध से = संज्ञाहीन, हैरान। जड़े = जड़, निर्जीव, बेजान, स्तब्ध। करबद्ध = हाथ जोड़ कर। बलिहारी = न्यौछावर। हर्षित = प्रसन्न। विस्मयकारी = हैरान कर देने वाली।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत पद्यांश डॉ० योगेन्द्र बख्शी द्वारा रचित कविता ‘पाँच मरजीवे’ में से लिया गया है। प्रस्तुत कविता में कवि ने सन् 1699 ई० में आनन्दपुर साहिब में गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी द्वारा खालसा पंथ की स्थापना का वर्णन किया है।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहते हैं कि गुरु जी द्वारा दूसरी बार एक और व्यक्ति के बलिदान की आवश्यकता की बात सुन कर वहाँ उपस्थित लोगों को अपने प्राणों की चिंता होने लगी अर्थात् वे घबरा गये और सारी सभा के लोगों के मन हैरान होकर जड़वत अर्थात् स्तब्ध से हो गये। किन्तु तभी बलिदान के व्रत को धारण करने वाला हस्तिनापुर का जाट धर्मराय हाथ जोड़कर खड़ा हो गया। उसने कहा मैं गुरु चरणों पर न्यौछावर होने को तैयार हूँ। उसकी बात सुनकर गुरु जी प्रसन्न होकर उसे भीतर ले गये। उनकी यह लीला हैरान कर देने वाली थी।

विशेष:

गुरु जी के आह्वान पर धर्मराय अपना बलिदान देने के लिए तैयार हो गया।
भाषा सहज तथा भावपूर्ण है। मुहावरे का प्रयोग है।

8. टप टप टपक रहे रक्त बिन्दु
गहरी लाल हुई चम चम तलवार-
मांग रही बलि बारम्बार ।
गुरुवर की लीला अपरम्पार।

शब्दार्थ:
रक्त बिन्दु = खून की बूंदें। चम चम = चमकती हुई। अपरम्पार = जिसका कोई पार न हो, जिसकी कोई सीमा न हो-असीम। . प्रसंग-प्रस्तुत पद्यांश डॉ. योगेन्द्र बख्शी द्वारा रचित कविता ‘पाँच मरजीवे’ में से लिया गया है। इस कविता में कवि ने सन् 1699 ई० में आनन्दपुर साहिब में गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी द्वारा खालसा पंथ की स्थापना का वर्णन किया है।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहते हैं कि दो मरजीवों को बलिदान के लिए तम्बू के भीतर ले जाने के बाद गुरु जी जब बाहर आए तो उनकी चमकती हुई तलवार गहरी लाल हो गई थी और उनसे खून की बूंदें टप-टप टपक रही थीं। गुरु जी की तलवार बार-बार बलिदान माँग रही थी अर्थात् अभी और बलिदान के लिए मरजीवों का आह्वान कर रही थी। कवि कहते हैं कि गुरु जी की लीला का कोई पार नहीं पाया जा सकता।
विशेष:

गुरु जी द्वारा लिए गए. बलिदानों के बाद उनकी तलवार से टपकती रक्त बूंदों का सजीव वर्णन है।
भाषा सरल, सहज एवं चित्रात्मक है। अनुप्रास तथा पुनरुक्ति प्रकाश अलंकार है।

9. बलिदानों के क्रम में एक एक कर शीश कटाने
बढ़ा आ रहा द्वारिका का मोहकम चन्द धोबी
बिदर का साहब चन्द नाई, पुरी का हिम्मतराय कहार
पांच ये बलिदान अद्भुत चमत्कार !

शब्दार्थ:
क्रम = सिलसिला, कार्य, कृत्य। अदभुत चमत्कार = अनोखी बात, विचित्र करामात।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत पद्यांश डॉ० योगेन्द्र बख्शी द्वारा रचित कविता ‘पाँच मरजीवे’ में से लिया गया है। इस कविता में कवि ने सन् 1699 ई० में आनन्दपुर साहिब में गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी द्वारा खालसा पंथ की स्थापना का वर्णन किया है।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहता है कि बलिदानों का सिलसिला चलता रहा। दयाराम और धर्मराय के बाद गुरु जी की माँग पर एक-एक कर अपना सिर कटवाने के लिए क्रमशः द्वारिका का मोहकम चन्द धोबी, बिदर का साहब चंद नाई और जगन्नाथ पुरी का हिम्मतराय कहार आगे आए। इस तरह पाँच बलिदानियों ने अपना बलिदान दिया। इन पाँचों का बलिदान एक अनोखी करामात थी । यह तो अद्भुत चमत्कार के समान था; करिश्मा था।

विशेष:

पाँच पियारों के अद्भुत बलिदान का वर्णन है।
भाषा सहज, सरल तथा भावपूर्ण है।

10. लीला से पर्दा हटा गुरु प्रकट हुए
चकित देखते सब पांचों बलिदानी संग खड़े
गुरुवर बोले “मेरे पांच प्यारे सिंघ
साहस, रूप, वेश, नाम में न्यारे सिंघ
दया सिंघ, धर्म सिंघ और मोहकम सिंघ
खालिस जाति खालसा के साहस सिंघ व हिम्मत सिंघ
शुभाचरण पथ पर निर्भय देंगे बलिदान
अब से पंथ “खालसा” मेरा ऐसे वीरों की पहचान।” ।

शब्दार्थ:
चकित = हैरान। संग = साथ। न्यारे = अलग, अनोखे। खालिस = शुद्ध। खालसा = सिक्ख पंथ। शुभाचरण = अच्छा व्यवहार। पथ = रास्ता। निर्भय = निडर।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहते हैं कि पाँचों मरजीवों को भीतर ले जाकर उनके सिर काटने की लीला करने के बाद गुरु जी इस लीला से पर्दा हटा कर बाहर आए। उनके साथ पाँचों मरजीवों को खड़ा देख कर सभी हैरान रह गये। तब गुरु जी बोले-‘ये मेरे पाँच प्यारे सिंह हैं। ये सिंह साहस, रूप, वेश और नाम से अलग ही सिंह हैं अर्थात् विशेष सिंह हैं। गुरु जी ने उनके नामों के साथ सिंह शब्द जोड़ते हुए कहा कि खालिस जाति खालसा पंथ से सम्बन्धित ये दया सिंह, धर्म सिंह, मोहकम सिंह, साहब सिंह एवं हिम्मत सिंह हैं, जो अपने अच्छे आचरण के रास्ते पर चलते हुए निडर होकर बलिदान देंगे। आज से मेरा खालसा पंथ ऐसे वीरों द्वारा ही पहचाना जाएगा।’

विशेष:

खालसा पंथ की स्थापना का अति प्रभावशाली वर्णन है।
भाषा भावपूर्ण है। संवादात्मक शैली है।

‘पाँच मरजीवे Summary

योगेन्द्र बख्शी कवि-परिचय

जीवन परिचय:
डॉ. योगेन्द्र बख्शी का जन्म सन् 1939 ई० में जम्मू तवी में हुआ था। इन्होंने हिन्दी-साहित्य में एम०ए० करने के बाद पीएच०डी० की उपाधि प्राप्त की थी। अध्यापक के साथ-साथ इनका लेखन कार्य भी चलता रहा। राजकीय महेन्द्रा कॉलेज, पटियाला के स्नातकोत्तर हिन्दी-विभाग के अध्यक्ष के पद से सेवानिवृत्त होकर भी ये साहित्यसाधना में लीन हैं।

रचनाएँ:
काव्य रचनाएँ-सड़क का रोग, खुली हुई खिड़कियाँ, कि सनद रहे, आदमीनामा : सतसई, गज़ल के .. रूबरू।

आलोचना:
प्रसाद का काव्य तथा कामायनी, हिन्दी तथा पंजाबी उपन्यास का तुलनात्मक अध्ययन। संपादित पुस्तकें-निबंध परिवेश, काव्य विहार, गैल गैल, आओ हिन्दी सीखें : आठ । बाल साहित्य-बंदा बहादुर, मैथिलीशरण गुप्त। अनुवाद-पैरिस में एक भारतीय- एस०एस० अमोल के यात्रा वृत्तांत का अनुवाद । विशेषताएँ-इनके काव्य में आस-पास के जीवन की घटनाओं का अत्यंत यथार्थ चित्रण प्राप्त होता है। ‘पाँच मरजीवे’ कविता में कवि ने खालसा पंथ की नींव की ऐतिहासिक घटना का अत्यंत स्वाभाविक चित्रण किया है।

‘पाँच मरजीवे कविता का सार

कविता का सार कवि ‘योगेन्द्र बख्शी’ जी ने ‘पाँच मरजीवे’ कविता में खालसा पंथ की नींव की ऐतिहासिक घटना का प्रभावशाली ढंग से चित्रण किया है। औरंगज़ेब के जुल्मों से दुःखी हिन्दुओं में नई चेतना जागृत करने के लिए गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी ने आन्नदपुर साहिब में सन् 1699 ई० में बैसाखी वाले दिन लोगों से धर्म की रक्षा के लिए एक ऐसे पुरुष की मांग जो धर्म के लिए अपना सर्वस्व बलिदान कर सके। उनकी यह मांग सुनकर चारों ओर सन्नाटा छा गया। अचानक भीड़ में से लाहौर निवासी खत्री दयाराम आगे आया और धर्म की बेदी पर बलिदान होने के लिए गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी के पास चला गया। गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी उसे लेकर अन्दर गए और बाहर खड़े लोगों ने सिर कटने की आवाज़ सुनी। इस प्रकार गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह ने बारी-बारी और चार व्यक्ति मांगे। हस्तिनापुर का जाट धर्मराय, द्वारिका के मोहकम चन्द धोबी, बिदर के साहब चन्द नाई और पुरी के हिम्मतराय ने भी अपने को बलिदान के लिए प्रस्तुत किया। थोड़ी देर बाद लोगों ने उन पाँचों को गुरु जी के साथ तम्बू के बाहर जीवित खड़े देखा तो लोग हैरान रह गए। उस दिन उन पाँच लोगों के आत्मबलिदान की मांग करके उन्होंने खालसा पंथ की नींव डाली। उस खालसा पंथ ने हिन्दुओं के लिए औरंगजेब के अत्याचारों का विरोध किया। बाद में इसी खालसा पंथ ने सिक्ख सम्प्रदाय रूप में अपनी पहचान भी स्थापित की।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 5 मैंने कहा, पेड़

December 1, 2021November 12, 2021 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 5 मैंने कहा, पेड़ Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Hindi Chapter 5 मैंने कहा, पेड़

Hindi Guide for Class 9 PSEB मैंने कहा, पेड़ Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) विषय-बोध

1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक-दो पंक्तियों में दीजिए-

प्रश्न 1.
पेड़ आँधी-पानी में भी किस तरह से अपनी जगह खड़ा है?
उत्तर:
पेंड आँधी-पानी में भी अपनी जगह मिट्टी के कारण खड़ा है जिसमें उसकी जड़ें दूर-दूर तक फैली हुई हैं। मिट्टी उन्हें जकड़ कर पेड़ को स्थिरता और मज़बूती प्रदान करती है। मिट्टी पेड़ को जल और पोषण भी देती है।

प्रश्न 2.
सूरज, चाँद, मेघ और ऋतुओं के क्या-क्या कार्य-कलाप हैं?
उत्तर:
सूरज धरती को प्रकाश और गर्मी प्रदान करता है जिनके कारण पेड़-पौधे अन्य सभी प्राणी अपना-अपना जीवन सुख से बिता सकते हैं। सूर्य ही जीवन का वास्तविक आधार है। चाँद स्वयं घटता-बढ़ता है और धरती को रात्रि के समय हल्का उजाला देता है और ज्वार-भाटा का कारण बनता है। मेघ (बादल) वर्षा लाते हैं। वे ही जीवन के आधार जल को सबके लिए धरती पर बरसाते हैं। पेड़-पौधे तक अन्य सभी प्राणी उन्हीं से जीवन प्राप्त करते हैं। ऋतुएँ बदलबदल कर धरती को भिन्न-भिन्न गर्म-सर्द आदि वातावरण प्रदान करती हैं जो जीवन के लिए आवश्यक होती हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
पेड़ में सहनशक्ति के अतिरिक्त और कौन-कौन से गुण हैं?
उत्तर:
पेड़ में सहनशक्ति के अतिरिक्त अत्यंत मज़बूती, लंबी आयु, विपरीत परिस्थितियों का आसानी से सामना करने की क्षमता, समझदारी, दूरदृष्टि और कृतज्ञता प्रकट करने के गुण हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
पेड़ के बढ़ने और जड़ों के धरती में समाने का क्या संबंध है?
उत्तर:
पेड़ के बढ़ने और जड़ों के धरती में समाने का आपस में गहरा संबंध है। जैसे-जैसे पेड़ की जड़ें धरती में बढ़ती जाती हैं; फैलती जाती हैं वैसे-वैसे पेड़ की ऊँचाई और फैलावट भी बढ़ती जाती है क्योंकि जड़ें ही उसे पोषण देती हैं और वे ही उसे स्थिरता प्रदान करती हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
पेड़ मिट्टी के अतिरिक्त और किस-किस को श्रेय देता है?
उत्तर:
पेड़ मिट्टी के अतिरिक्त सूर्य, चंद्रमा, बादलों और ऋतुओं को श्रेय देता है।

प्रश्न 6.
पेड़ ने क्या सीख प्राप्त की है?
उत्तर:
पेड़ ने सीख प्राप्त की है कि ‘जो मरण-धर्मा हैं वे ही जीवनदायी हैं।

2. निम्नलिखित पद्यांशों की सप्रसंग व्याख्या कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
सूरज उगता-डूबता है, चाँद मरता-छीजता है
ऋतुएँ बदलती हैं, मेघ उमड़ता-पसीजता है,
और तुम सब सहते हुए
सन्तुलित शान्त धीर रहते हुए
विनम्र हरियाली से ढंके, पर भीतर ठोठ कठैठ खड़े हो।
उत्तर:
कवि कहता है कि उसने पेड़ से पूछा कि अरे पेड़, तुम इतने बड़े हो, इतने सख्त और मज़बूत हो। पता नहीं कि कितने सौ बरसों से खड़े हो। तुम ने सैंकड़ों वर्ष की आँधी-तूफ़ान, पानी को अपने ऊपर झेला है पर फिर भी अपनी जगह पर सिर ऊँचा करके वहीं रुके हुए हो। प्रातः सूर्य निकलता है और शाम को फिर डूब जाता है। रात के

प्रश्न 2.
काँपा पेड़, मर्मरित पत्तियाँ
बोली मानो, नहीं, नहीं, नहीं, झूठा
श्रेय मुझे मत दो !
मैं तो बार-बार झुकता, गिरता, उखड़ता
या कि सूखा दूंठा हो के टूट जाता,
श्रेय है तो मेरे पैरों-तले इस मिट्टी को
जिसमें न जाने कहाँ मेरी जड़ें खोयी हैं
उत्तर:
जैसे ही कवि ने सैंकड़ों वर्ष पुराने, मज़बूत और हरे-भरे पेड़ की प्रशंसा की वैसे ही पेड़ काँपा और उसकी हरी-भरी पत्तियाँ मर्मर ध्वनि करती हुई मानो बोल पड़ीं। उन्होंने कहा कि नहीं-नहीं। मेरी लंबी आयु और मज़बूती का झूठा यश मुझे मत दो। मैं कब का नष्ट हो चुका होता। मैं तो बार-बार झुकता, गिरता, उखड़ कर नष्ट होता या सूख कर पूरी तरह ढूंठ बन कर टूट चुका होता। पर ऐसा हुआ नहीं- इसका श्रेय तो मेरे पैरों के नीचे की उस मिट्टी को है जिसमें मेरी जड़ें खोयी हुई हैं; न जाने कहाँ-कहाँ तक वे दूर तक फैली हुई हैं। मैं तो उन्हीं की आशा में उतना ही ऊपर उठा जितनी दूरी तक मेरी जड़ें नीचे मिट्टी में समायी हुई हैं; फैली हुई हैं। पेड़ ने कहा कि उसकी मज़बूती और हरे-भरेपन का कोई श्रेय उसको नहीं है। इसका श्रेय तो केवल उस नामहीन मिट्टी को है जिसमें वह उगा था; अब खड़ा हुआ है।

(ख) भाषा-बोध

1. निम्नलिखित शब्दों का वर्ण-विच्छेद कीजिए

शब्द – वर्ण-विच्छेद
पेड़ – ———–
चाँद – ———–
मेघ – ———–
मिट्टी – ———–
सूरज – ———–
ऋतुएँ – ———–
पत्तियाँ – ———–
जीवनदायी – ———–
उत्तर:
शब्द – वर्ण-विच्छेद
पेड़ – प् + ए + डू + अ
चाँद – च् + आ + द् + अ
मेघ – म् + ऐ + घ् + अ
मिट्टी – म् + इ + ट् + ट् + ई
सूरज – स् + ऊ + र् + अ + ज् + अ
ऋतुएँ – ऋ + त् + उ + एँ
पत्तियाँ – प् + अ + त् + त् + इ + य् + आं
जीवनदायी – ज् + ई + व् + अ + न् + अ + द् + आ + य् + ई।

2. निम्नलिखित तद्भव शब्दों के तत्सम रूप लिखिए

तद्भव – तत्सम
मिट्टी – ———–
सूरज – ———–
सिर – ———–
पानी – ———–
चाँद – ———–
पत्ता – ———–
सीख – ———–
सूखा – ———–
उत्तर:
तद्भव – तत्सम
मिट्टी – मृतिका
सूरज – सूर्य
सिर – शिरः (शिरस्)
पानी – वारि
चाँद – चंद्र
पत्ता – पत्र
सीख – शिक्ष
सूखा – शुष्क।

(ग) पाठेत्तर सक्रियता

प्रश्न 1.
‘पेड़ लगाओ’ इस विषय पर चार्ट पर स्लोगन लिखकर कक्षा में लगाइए।
उत्तर:
विद्यार्थी स्वयं करें।

प्रश्न 2.
प्रत्येक विद्यार्थी अपने जन्म-दिन पर अपने विद्यालय में पौधा लगाइए।
उत्तर:
विद्यार्थी स्वयं करें।

प्रश्न 3.
भिन्न-भिन्न पौधों की जानकारी एकत्रित कीजिए।
उत्तर:
विद्यार्थी स्वयं करें।

प्रश्न 4.
‘पेड़ धरा का आभूषण, करता दूर प्रदूषण’ इस विषय पर कक्षा में चर्चा कीजिए।
उत्तर:
विद्यार्थी स्वयं करें।

(घ) ज्ञान-विस्तार

1. भारत का राष्ट्रीय पेड़ बरगद है।

2. एक साल में एक पेड़ इतनी कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड सोख लेता है जितनी एक कार से 26,000 मील चलने के बाद निकलती है।

3. एक एकड़ में फैला जंगल सालभर में 4 टन ऑक्सीजन छोड़ता है जो 18 लोगों के लिए एक साल की ज़रूरत

4. एक व्यक्ति द्वारा जीवन भर में फैलाए गए प्रदूषण को खत्म करने के लिए 300 पेड़ों की ज़रूरत होती है।

5. 25 फुट लम्बा पेड़ एक घर के सालाना बिजली खर्च को 8 से 12 फीसदी तक कम कर देता है।

6. सबसे चौड़ा पेड़ : दुनिया का सबसे चौड़ा पेड़ 14,400 वर्ग मीटर में फैला है। कोलकाता में आचार्य जगदीशचंद्र बोस बोटेनिकल गार्डन में लगा यह बरगद का पेड़ 250 वर्ष से अधिक समय में इतने बड़े क्षेत्र में फैल गया है। दूर से देखने में यह अकेला बरगद का पेड़ एक जंगल की तरह नज़र आता है। दरअसल बरगद के पेड़ की शाखाओं से जटाएँ पानी की तालाश में नीचे ज़मीन की ओर बढ़ती हैं। ये बाद में जड़ के रूप में पेड़ को पानी और सहारा देने लगती हैं। फिलहाल इस बरगद की 2800 से अधिक जटाएँ जड़ का रूप ले चुकी हैं।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Guide मैंने कहा, पेड़ Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
‘अज्ञेय’ का पूरा नाम लिखिए।
उत्तर:
सच्चिदानंद हीरानंद वात्स्यायन ‘अज्ञेय’।

प्रश्न 2.
पाठ्यक्रम में संकलित अज्ञेय के द्वारा रचित कविता का नाम लिखिए।
उत्तर:
‘मैंने कहा, पेड़’।

प्रश्न 3. ‘मैंने कहा, पेड़’ नामक कविता में वर्णित पेड़ आयु में कितना बड़ा था?
उत्तर:
सौ वर्ष से अधिक।

प्रश्न 4.
कवि ने पेड़ से क्या प्रश्न किया था?
उत्तर:
कवि ने पेड़ से प्रश्न किया था कि वह कितने ही सौ बरसों से अधिक आयु का था। सब तरह की कठोर प्राकृतिक कठिनाइयों को झेलने के बाद भी वह बाहर से हरा-भरा और भीतर से इतना कठोर कैसे था?

प्रश्न 5.
पेड़ ने किसे श्रेय देने से कवि को रोका था?
उत्तर:
पेड ने कवि को उसे (पेड़ को) श्रेय देने से रोका था।

प्रश्न 6.
पेड़ ने अपने जीवन के लिए मुख्य रूप से श्रेय किसे और क्यों दिया था?
उत्तर:
पेड ने अपने जीवन के लिए मिट्टी को मुख्य रूप से श्रेय दिया था क्योंकि उसकी जड़ों को मिट्टी ने मज़बूती से जकड़ रखा था । दूर-दूर तक फैली उसकी जड़ें यदि मिट्टी में मजबूती से जकड़ी हुई न होती तो वह धूप में सूख जाता या आंधियों के वेग से उखड़ जाता। वह अब तक ढूँठ में बदल चुका होता।

प्रश्न 7.
पेड़ को बाहर से किसने ढका हुआ था?
उत्तर:
पेड़ को बाहर से ‘विनम्र हरियाली’ ने ढका हुआ था।

प्रश्न 8.
पेड़ ने उस मिट्टी को कौन-सा विशेषण दिया था जिसमें उसकी जड़ें दबी हुई थी?
उत्तर:
पेड़ ने उस मिट्टी को ‘नामहीन’ विशेषण दिया था।

एक शब्द/एक पंक्ति में उत्तर दें

प्रश्न 1.
‘मैंने कहा, पेड़’ किस कवि की रचना है?
उत्तर:
सच्चिदानंद हीरानंद वात्स्यायन ‘अज्ञेय’ की।

प्रश्न 2.
कौन उगता-डूबता है?
उत्तर:
सूरज।

प्रश्न 3.
कवि ने मरता-छीजता किसे बताया है?
उत्तर:
चाँद को।

प्रश्न 4.
पेड़ अपनी मज़बूती का श्रेय किसे देता है?
उत्तर:
उस नामहीन मिट्टी को, जिसमें उसकी जड़ें दबी हुई हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
‘जो मरण-धर्मा हैं वे ही जीवनदायी हैं’ कथन किसका है?
उत्तर:
पेड़ का।

हाँ-नहीं में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 6.
पेड़ न जाने कितने सौ बरसों से सिर ऊँचा किए खड़ा है।
उत्तर:
हाँ।

प्रश्न 7.
ऋतुएँ बदलती नहीं हैं, मेघ उमड़ता-पसीजता नहीं है।
उत्तर:
नहीं।

सही-गलत में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 8.
पेड़ संतुलित, शांत, धीर रहता है।
उत्तर:
सही।

प्रश्न 9.
विनम्र हरियाली से ढका होने पर भी पेड़ भीतर से खोखला है।
उत्तर:
गलत।

रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति करें

प्रश्न 10.
या कि………. दूंठ हो के ……. जाता।
उत्तर:
या कि सूखा दूंठ हो के टूट जाता।

प्रश्न 11.
जो …………. हैं वे ही ……. हैं।
उत्तर:
जो मरणधर्मा हैं वे ही जीवनदायी हैं।

बहुविकल्पी प्रश्नों में से सही विकल्प चुनकर उत्तर लिखें

प्रश्न 12.
पेड़ की आयु कितने वर्षों से अधिक है
(क) दस
(ख) बीस
(ग) पचास
(घ) सौ।
उत्तर:
(घ) सौ।

प्रश्न 13.
‘कठैठ’ का अर्थ है
(क) खोखला
(ख) मज़बूत
(ग) लकड़ी का
(घ) लट्ठ।
उत्तर:
(ख) मज़बूत।

प्रश्न 14.
पेड़ के काँपने पर पत्तियों की क्या दशा थी?
(क) हर्षित
(ख) हरियाली
(ग) मर्मरित
(घ) फड़फड़ाती।
उत्तर:
(ग) मर्मरित।

प्रश्न 15.
मेघ क्या करता है?
(क) उगता-डूबता है
(ख) मरता-छीजता है
(ग) शांत-धीर है
(घ) उमड़ता-पसीजता है।
उत्तर:
(घ) उमड़ता-पसीजता है।

मेने कहा, पेड़ सप्रसंग व्याख्या

1. मैंने कहा, “पेड़, तुम इतने बड़े हो,
इतने कड़े हो,
न जाने कितने सौ बरसों के आँधी-पानी में
सिर ऊँचा किये अपनी जगह अड़े हो।
सूरज उगता-डूबता है, चाँद मरता-छीजता है
ऋतुएँ बदलती हैं, मेघ उमड़ता-पसीजता है,
और तुम सब सहते हुए
सन्तुलित शान्त धीर रहते हुए
विनम्र हरियाली से ढंके, पर भीतर ठोठ कठैठ खड़े हो।

शब्दार्थ:
कड़ा = सख्त, कठोर। अड़े = रुके हुए। बरसों = वर्षों, सालों। छीजता = नष्ट होता। मेघ = बादल। पसीजता = दया भाव उमड़ता। सहते = झेलते। सन्तुलित = समान भाव वाला। धीर = शांत स्वभाव वाला। विनम्र = विनीत। ठोठ = ठेठ, निरा, बिना बिगड़े हुए। कठैठ = सख्त, मज़बूत।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ अज्ञेय के द्वारा रचित कविता ‘मैंने कहा, पेड़’ से ली गई हैं। कवि किसी मज़बूत और बहुत बड़े पेड़ को देख कर उसकी मज़बूती के बारे में जानना चाहता है।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहता है कि उसने पेड़ से पूछा कि अरे पेड़, तुम इतने बड़े हो, इतने सख्त और मज़बूत हो। पता नहीं कि कितने सौ बरसों से खड़े हो। तुम ने सैंकड़ों वर्ष की आँधी-तूफ़ान, पानी को अपने ऊपर झेला है पर फिर भी अपनी जगह पर सिर ऊँचा करके वहीं रुके हुए हो। प्रातः सूर्य निकलता है और शाम को फिर डूब जाता है। रात के

समय चाँद निकलता है-वह कभी नष्ट होता है तो कभी उसका आकार कम होता है। लगातार ऋतुएँ बदलती रहती हैं। कभी आकाश में बादल उमड़-घुमड़ कर आ जाते हैं और कभी वे बरसने के बाद अपना दया-भाव प्रकट कर देते हैं। ऋतुएँ आती हैं; अपने रंग दिखा कर चली जाती हैं लेकिन तुम उन सबको अपने ऊपर सह लेते हो। विपरीत स्थितियों को तुम अत्यंत धैर्य से शांत रह कर झेल लेते हो। तुम अपने आपको विनीत और धैर्यवान बन कर हरे-भरे पत्तों रूपी हरियाली से ढके रहते हो, लेकिन भीतर से मज़बूत हो; कठोर हो।

विशेष:

कवि ने पेड़ की कठोरता और सहनशीलता की प्रशंसा की है।
खड़ी बोली का प्रयोग किया गया है जिसमें तत्सम, तद्भव और देशज शब्दों का सहज-स्वाभाविक प्रयोग सराहनीय है।
मुक्त छंद है।

2. काँपा पेड़, मर्मरित पत्तियाँ
बोली मानो, नहीं, नहीं, नहीं, झूठा
श्रेय मुझे मत दो !
मैं तो बार-बार झुकता, गिरता, उखड़ता
या कि सूखा दूंठ हो के टूट जाता,
श्रेय है तो मेरे पैरों-तले इस मिट्टी को
जिसमें न जाने कहाँ मेरी जड़ें खोयी हैं :
ऊपर उठा हूँ. उतना ही आश
में जितना कि मेरी जड़ें नीचे दूर धरती में समायी हैं।
श्रेय कुछ मेरा नहीं, जो है इस नामहीन मिट्टी का।

शब्दार्थ:
मर्मरित = मर्मर ध्वनि करता हुआ ; हल्की आवाज़ करता हुआ। श्रेय = यश। दूंठ = पेड़ का बचा हुआ हिस्सा ; सूखा हुआ पेड़। पैरों-तले = पैरों के नीचे। आश = उम्मीद । नामहीन = नाम के बिना।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ अज्ञेय के द्वारा रचित कविता ‘मैंने कहा, पेड़’ से ली गई हैं। कवि ने पेड़ की मज़बूती और धैर्य की प्रशंसा की थी लेकिन पेड़ अपना बड़प्पन दिखाते हुए इसका श्रेय उस मिट्टी को देता है जिसमें उसकी जड़ें दबी हुई हैं।

व्याख्या:
जैसे ही कवि ने सैंकड़ों वर्ष पुराने, मज़बूत और हरे-भरे पेड़ की प्रशंसा की वैसे ही पेड़ काँपा और उसकी हरी-भरी पत्तियाँ मर्मर ध्वनि करती हुई मानो बोल पड़ीं। उन्होंने कहा कि नहीं-नहीं। मेरी लंबी आयु और मज़बूती का झूठा यश मुझे मत दो। मैं कब का नष्ट हो चुका होता। मैं तो बार-बार झुकता, गिरता, उखड़ कर नष्ट होता या सूख कर पूरी तरह ढूंठ बन कर टूट चुका होता। पर ऐसा हुआ नहीं- इसका श्रेय तो मेरे पैरों के नीचे की उस मिट्टी को है जिसमें मेरी जड़ें खोयी हुई हैं; न जाने कहाँ-कहाँ तक वे दूर तक फैली हुई हैं। मैं तो उन्हीं की आशा में उतना ही ऊपर उठा जितनी दूरी तक मेरी जड़ें नीचे मिट्टी में समायी हुई हैं; फैली हुई हैं। पेड़ ने कहा कि उसकी मज़बूती और हरे-भरेपन का कोई श्रेय उसको नहीं है। इसका श्रेय तो केवल उस नामहीन मिट्टी को है जिसमें वह उगा था; अब खड़ा हुआ है।

विशेष:

पेड़ ने अपनी लम्बाई-ऊँचाई और मज़बूती का श्रेय उस मिट्टी को प्रदान किया है जिसमें उसकी जड़ें धंसी हुई हैं।
खड़ी बोली का प्रयोग है।
तत्सम और तद्भव शब्दों का प्रयोग है। मुक्त छंद है।

3. और, हाँ, इन सब उगने-डूबने, भरने-छीजने,
बदलने, गलने, पसीजने,
बनने-मिटने वालों का भी;
शतियों से मैंने बस एक सीख पायी है;
जो मरण-धर्मा हैं वे ही जीवनदायी हैं।”

शब्दार्थ:
छीजने = नष्ट होना। पसीजने = दया भाव उमड़ना। शतियों = सैंकड़ों वर्षों। सीख = शिक्षा। मरणधर्मा = नष्ट होने वाले। जीवनदायी = जीवन देने वाला।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ ‘मैंने कहा, पेड़’ नामक कविता से ली गई हैं जिसके रचयिता अज्ञेय जी हैं। कवि ने पेड़ से जब पूछा था कि उसकी मज़बूती और लंबी आयु का कारण क्या था तो पेड ने इसका श्रेय मिट्टी को दिया था जिसमें उसकी जड़ें दूर-दूर तक फैली हुई थीं। उसने प्रकृति को भी अपने होने का कारण माना था।

व्याख्या:
पेड़ कवि से कहता है कि मिट्टी के अतिरिक्त उन सब को भी श्रेय देता है जिनके कारण वह लंबी आयु और सुदृढ़ता प्राप्त कर पाया था। वह सूर्य को भी यश देता है जो सुबह होते ही उगता है; उसे धूप के रूप में प्रकाश और गर्मी देता है और फिर सांझ होते ही डूब जाता है। वह चंद्रमा को भी श्रेय देता है जो रात्रि के अंधकार में कभी मरता है तो कभी छीजता है। वह सभी ऋतुओं को भी श्रेय देता है जो लगातार बदलती रहती है; बादल उमड़ते-घुमड़ते हुए आते हैं और अपनी दया के कारण पानी बरसाते हैं। वह उन बनने-मिटने वाले बादलों की देन को स्वीकार करता है। पेड़ कहता है कि मैंने अपने पिछले सैंकड़ों वर्षों से यही एक शिक्षा प्राप्त की है कि जो मरण-धर्मा है, वे ही सच्चे जीवन देने वाले हैं। वे आते हैं, दूसरों का भला करते हैं और चले जाते हैं। उन्हीं के कारण अन्य जीवन के सुखों को प्राप्त करते हैं।

विशेष:

कवि ने पेड़ के माध्यम से जीवन के सुखों का कारण प्रस्तुत किया है। प्रकृति ही प्राणियों के लिए वास्तविक सुखों की आधार है।
तत्सम और तद्भव शब्दावली का सहज प्रयोग किया जाता है।
छंद मुक्त रचना है जिसमें लय नहीं है।

मेने कहा, पेड़ Summary

अज्ञेय कवि-परिचय

जीवन-परिचय:
सच्चिदानंद हीरानंद वात्स्यायन ‘अज्ञेय’ हिंदी-साहित्य के प्रसिद्ध कवि, कथाकार, ललित निबंधकार, संपादक और सफल अध्यापक के रूप में प्रसिद्ध रहे हैं। आप हिंदी-साहित्य के प्रयोगवादी काव्यधारा के प्रवर्तक माने जाते हैं। आपका जन्म 7 मार्च, सन् 1911 ई० में देवरिया जिले में स्थित कुशीनगर (कसया पुरातत्व खुदाई शिविर) में हुआ था। आपके पिता पंडित हीरानंद शास्त्री पुरातत्व विभाग में थे और स्थान-स्थान पर घूमते रहते थे। इनका बचपन लखनऊ, कश्मीर, बिहार और मद्रास में बीता था। इनकी प्रारंभिक शिक्षा घर में हुई थी। इन्होंने पंजाब विश्वविद्यालय से मैट्रिक की परीक्षा पास की थी। इन्होंने लाहौर से सन् 1929 में बीएस०सी० की परीक्षा पास की थी और फिर अंग्रेजी विषय में एम०ए० करने के लिए प्रवेश लिया था लेकिन क्रांतिकारी गतिविधियों में हिस्सा लेने के कारण इनकी पढ़ाई बीच में छूट गई थी। इन्हें सन् 1936 तक अनेक बार जेल-यात्रा करनी पड़ी थी। ‘चिंता’ और ‘शेखर : एक जीवनी’ नामक पुस्तकों को इन्होंने जेल में लिखा था। इन्होंने जापानी हाइफू कविताओं का अनुवाद किया था। साहित्यकार होने के साथ-साथ यह अच्छे फ़ोटोग्राफर और पर्यटक भी थे।

अज्ञेय ने कैलिफोर्निया विश्वविद्यालय से लेकर जोधपुर विश्वविद्यालय तक पढ़ाया था। यह ‘दिनमान’ और ‘नवभारत टाइम्स’ के संपादक भी रहे थे। इन्हें सन् 1964 में ‘आंगन के पार द्वार’ पर साहित्य अकादमी पुरस्कार और ‘कितनी नावों में कितनी बार’ पर भारतीय ज्ञानपीठ पुरस्कार प्राप्त हुआ था। इनका देहांत 4 अप्रैल, सन् 1987 में हो गया था।

रचनाएँ:
अज्ञेय ने अपने जीवन में निम्नलिखित रचनाओं को रचा था-

काव्य:
‘भग्नदूत’, ‘चिन्ता’, ‘इत्यलम्’, ‘हरी घास पर क्षण-भर’, ‘बावरा अहेरी’, ‘इन्द्रधनुष रौंदे हुए ये’, ‘अरी ओ करुणा प्रभामय’, ‘आँगन के पार द्वार’, ‘पूर्वी’, ‘सुनहरे शैवाल’, ‘कितनी नावों में कितनी बार’, ‘क्योंकि मैं उसे पहचानता हूँ’, ‘सागर मुद्रा’, ‘सन्नाटा बुनता हूँ।

नाटक : ‘उत्तर प्रियदर्शी’।

कहानी संग्रह : ‘विपथगा’, ‘परम्परा’, ‘ये तेरे प्रतिरूप’, ‘कोठरी की बात’, ‘शरणार्थी’, ‘जिज्ञासा और अन्य कहानियाँ।

उपन्यास : शेखर एक जीवनी’ (दो भागों में), ‘नदी के द्वीप’, ‘अपने-अपने अजनबी’।

भ्रमण : वृत्त-‘अरे यायावर रहेगा याद’, ‘एक बूंद सहसा उछली’ ।

निबन्ध : संग्रह-‘त्रिशंकु ‘, ‘सबरंग’, ‘आत्मनेपद’, ‘हिंदी साहित्यः एक आधुनिक परिदृश्य सब रंग और ‘कुछ राग आलवाल’ ।

अनुदित:
श्रीकांत’, (शरत्चंद्र का उपन्यास), टू इज़ हिज़ स्ट्रेंजर (अपने-अपने अजनबी)।

विशेषताएँ:
अज्ञेय ने अपने साहित्य में विश्व भर की पीड़ा को समेटने का प्रयत्न किया था। वे अहंवादी नहीं थे। उन्होंने प्रेम और विद्रोह को एक साथ प्रस्तुत करने की कोशिश की थी। वे मानते थे कि प्रेम ऐसे पेड़ के रूप में है जो जितना ऊपर उठता है उतनी ही उसकी गहरी जड़ें ज़मीन में धंसती जाती हैं। उन्होंने छोटी-छोटी कविताओं के द्वारा जीवन की गहरी बातों को प्रकट करने में सफलता प्राप्त की। उन्होंने अपने साहित्य में गरीब लोगों के प्रति सहानुभूति प्रकट की थी। उनकी कविता में प्रकृति के सुंदर रंगों की शोभा विद्यमान है। इनके साहित्य में परिवार, समाज, जीवन मूल्यों की गिरावट, राजनीतिक पैंतरेबाजी, जीवन की विषमता आदि को स्थान दिया गया है।

लेखक की भाषा अनगढ़ नहीं है पर वह इतनी सहज है कि बोझिल महसूस नहीं होती। इनकी कविता में लोक शब्दों का प्रयोग हुआ है। इसमें प्रवाहात्मकता है।

मेने कहा, पेड़ कविता का सार

‘मैंने कहा, पेड़’ नामक कविता में पेड़ की सहनशीलता और मज़बूती को प्रकट किया गया है। पेड़ तरह-तरह की मुसीबतें झेलता है पर फिर भी शांत खड़ा रहता है। कवि ने पेड़ की प्रशंसा करते हुए कहा है कि वह बहुत बड़ा है। वह मज़बूत भी बहुत है। न जाने कितने सैंकड़ों वर्ष से वह अपनी जगह पर खड़ा है। तरह-तरह की ऋतुएँ उस पर अपना प्रभाव दिखाती हैं। गर्मी-सर्दी-वर्षा सब उस पर अपने रंग दिखाती हैं पर फिर भी वह उनसे अप्रभावित ही बना रहता है। यह सुनकर पेड़ की पत्तियाँ कांपती हुई बोली कि ऐसा नहीं है। मुझे इस मज़बूती का श्रेय मत दो। मैं गिरता, झुकता, उखड़ता और अब तक तो मैं ढूँठ बन कर टूट गया होता। मेरे इस प्रकार खड़े रहने का श्रेय तो मेरे नीचे की मिट्टी को है जिस में मेरी जड़ें धंसी हुई हैं। मैं जितना ऊँचा उठा हुआ हूँ उतनी ही गहराई में मेरी जड़ें समायी हुई हैं। श्रेय तो केवल इस मिट्टी को ही है। अपने सैंकड़ों वर्ष लंबे जीवन में मैंने बस इतना ही सीखा है कि जो मरण-धर्मा हैं वे ही जीवनदायी हैं।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 4 झाँसी की रानी की समाधि पर

December 1, 2021November 12, 2021 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 4 झाँसी की रानी की समाधि पर Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Hindi Chapter 4 झाँसी की रानी की समाधि पर

Hindi Guide for Class 9 PSEB झाँसी की रानी की समाधि पर Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) विषय-बोध

1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो पंक्तियों में दीजिए :

प्रश्न 1.
समाधि में छिपी राख की ढेरी किसकी है?
उत्तर:
झाँसी की रानी लक्ष्मीबाई की है। राख की ढेरी समाधि में छिपी हुई है।

प्रश्न 2.
किस महान् लक्ष्य के लिए रानी लक्ष्मीबाई ने अपना बलिदान दिया?
उत्तर:
अंग्रेजों से देश में स्वतंत्र कराने के लिए रानी लक्ष्मीबाई ने अपना बलिदान दिया था।

प्रश्न 3.
रानी लक्ष्मीबाई को कवयित्री ने ‘मरदानी’ क्यों कहा है?
उत्तर:
कवयित्री ने रानी लक्ष्मीबाई को ‘मरदानी’ इसलिए कहा है क्योंकि मर्दो के समान शत्रु से युद्ध किया था।

प्रश्न 4.
रण में वीरगति को प्राप्त होने से वीर का क्या बढ़ जाता है?
उत्तर:
रण में वीरगति को प्राप्त करने पर वीर का मान बढ़ जाता है।

प्रश्न 5.
कवयित्री को रानी से भी अधिक रानी की समाधि क्यों प्रिय है?
उत्तर:
कवयित्री को रानी से भी अधिक रानी की समाधि इसलिए प्रिय है क्योंकि इससे उसे स्वतंत्रता के लिए संघर्ष करने की प्रेरणा मिलती है। वैसे भी सोने से अधिक सोने की भस्म कीमती होती है। उसी प्रकार रानी से अधिक उसकी समाधि मूल्य वाली है।

प्रश्न 6.
रानी लक्ष्मीबाई की समाधि का ही गुणगान कवि क्यों करते हैं?
उत्तर:
रानी लक्ष्मीबाई की समाधि का ही गुणगान कवि इसलिए करते हैं क्योंकि इसकी कहानी चिरस्थाई है जो कभी मिट नहीं सकती। उन्हें रानी के प्रति आदर, स्नेह और श्रद्धा है।

2. निम्नलिखित पद्यांशों की सप्रसंग व्याख्या कीजिए :

प्रश्न 1.
यहीं कहीं पर बिखर गई वह, भग्न विजय-माला-सी।
उसके फूल यहाँ संचित हैं, है यह स्मृति शाला-सी॥
सहे वार पर वार अन्त तक, लड़ी वीर बाला-सी।
आहुति-सी गिर चढ़ी चिता पर, चमक उठी ज्वाला-सी॥
उत्तर:
कवयित्री लिखती है कि इसी स्थान के आस-पास वे एक टूटी हुई विजय की माला के समान बिखर गई थी अर्थात् यहीं उनकी मृत्यु हुई थी। उनकी अस्थियाँ उसी समाधि में एकत्र करके रखी गई हैं। यह उनकी याद की स्थली है। उन्होंने शत्रुओं के वार पर वार अंत समय तक सहन किए थे। वे एक वीरांगना के समान लड़ी थीं। वे स्वतंत्रता संग्राम के यज्ञ में आहुति के समान गिर कर चिता पर चढ़ गईं और एक ज्वाला के समान चमक उठीं।

प्रश्न 2.
बढ़ जाता है मान वीर का, रण में बलि होने से।
मूल्यवती होती सोने की भस्म, यथा सोने से॥
रानी से भी अधिक हमें अब, यह समाधि है प्यारी।
यहाँ निहित है स्वतन्त्रता की, आशा की चिनगारी॥
उत्तर:
कवयित्री कहती है कि जब कोई वीर युद्ध क्षेत्र में अपना बलिदान दे देता है तो उसका आदर-सत्कार उसी प्रकार बढ़ जाता है जैसे सोने की भस्म सोने से भी अधिक कीमती होती है। इसलिए कवयित्री को अब रानी से भी अधिक रानी की यह समाधि प्यारी है क्योंकि यहाँ स्वतंत्रता प्राप्त करने की आशा रूपी चिंगारी छिपी हुई है।

प्रश्न 3.
इससे भी सुन्दर समाधियाँ, हम जग में हैं पाते।
उनकी गाथा पर निशीथ में, क्षुद्र जंतु ही गाते॥
पर कवियों की अमर गिरा में, इसकी अमिट कहानी।
स्नेह और श्रद्धा से गाती, है वीरों की बानी॥
उत्तर:
कवयित्री के अनुसार इस समाधि से सुंदर समाधियाँ हमें इस संसार में मिलती हैं। उनके संबंध में जो भी कथा होगी उसे आधी रात को तुच्छ जीव ही गाते हैं। परन्तु कवियों की अमर वाणी में इस झाँसी की रानी की समाधि की तो कभी भी न गिरने वाली अमर कहानी कही जाती है जिसे वीर अपने स्वर में अत्यंत श्रद्धा और स्नेहपूर्वक गाते हैं।

(ख) भाषा-बोध

1. निम्नलिखित एकवचन शब्दों के बहुवचन रूप लिखिएएकवचन बहुवचन

एकवचन – बहुवचन
रानी – रानियाँ
समाधि – ————
ढेरी – ————
प्यारी – ————
चिनगारी – ————
कहानी – ————
माला – ————
शाला – ————
चिता – ————
ज्वाला – ————
बाला – ————
गाथा – ————
उत्तर:
एकवचन – बहुवचन
रानी – रानियाँ
समाधि – समाधियाँ
ढेरी – ढेरियाँ
प्यारी – प्यारियाँ
चिनगारी – चिनगारियाँ
कहानी – कहानियाँ
माला – मालाएँ
शाला – शालाएँ
चिता – चिताएँ
ज्वाला – ज्वालाएँ
बाला – बालाएँ
गाथा – गाथाएँ

2. निम्नलिखित शब्दों को शुद्ध करके लिखिए

अशुद्ध – शुद्ध
सुतंत्रता – स्वतंत्रता
लघू – ————
भगन – ————
मुल्यवती – ————
कशुद्र – ————
श्रधा – ————
आरति – ————
स्थलि – ————
आहूति – ————
भसम – ————
कवीयों – ————
जंतू – ————
उत्तर:
अशुद्ध – शुद्ध
सुतंत्रता – स्वतंत्रता
लघू – लघु
भगन – भग्न
मुल्यवती – मूल्यवती
कशुद्र – कशुद्र
श्रधा – श्रद्धा
आरति – आरती
स्थलि – स्थली
आहूति – आहुति
भसम – भस्म
कवीयों – कवियों
जंतू – जंतु

(ग) पाठेत्तर सक्रियता

प्रश्न 1.
रानी लक्ष्मीबाई की पूरी जीवनी पुस्तकालय से पुस्तक लेकर पढ़ें।
उत्तर:
विद्यार्थी स्वयं करें।

प्रश्न 2.
रानी लक्ष्मीबाई के अतिरिक्त दर्गाभाभी (क्रांतिकारी भगवतीचरण वोहरा की धर्मपत्नी), झलकारी बाई, सनीति चौधरी, सुहासिनी गांगुली, विमल प्रतिभा देवी (भारत नौजवान सभा, बंगाल शाखा की अध्यक्ष) आदि की जीवनियों के बारे में पुस्तकों/इंटरनेट से जानकारी ग्रहण करें।
उत्तर:
विद्यार्थी स्वयं करें।

प्रश्न 3.
स्वतंत्रता सेनानियों से सम्बन्धित डाक टिकटों/सिक्कों अथवा चित्रों का संग्रह करें।
उत्तर:
विद्यार्थी स्वयं करें।

प्रश्न 4.
पंजाब के अमर शहीदों जैसे लाला लाजपतराय, भगत सिंह, करतार सिंह सराभा, मदनलाल ढींगरा आदि के बारे में पढ़ें व इनके जीवन से देशभक्ति की प्रेरणा लें।
उत्तर:
विद्यार्थी स्वयं करें।

प्रश्न 5.
झाँसी की आधिकारिक वेबसाइट (www. jhansi.nic.in) पर झाँसी/रानी झाँसी से सम्बन्धित दुर्लभ चित्रों का अवलोकन करें।
उत्तर:
विद्यार्थी स्वयं करें।

(घ) ज्ञान-विस्तार

1. झाँसी : झाँसी भारत के उत्तर प्रदेश का एक ज़िला है। यह उत्तर प्रदेश एवं मध्य प्रदेश की सीमा पर स्थित है। यह शहर बुंदेलखंड क्षेत्र में आता है।

2. झाँसी के दर्शनीय स्थल : झाँसी-किला, रानी-महल, झाँसी-संग्रहालय, महालक्ष्मी मंदिर, गणेश-मंदिर व गंगाधर राव की छतरी।

3. रानी लक्ष्मीबाई :
लक्ष्मीबाई का जन्म 19 नवम्बर, सन् 1828 ई० को काशी (बाद में बनारस और अब वाराणसी) के भदैनी नगर में हुआ। लक्ष्मीबाई की जन्म तिथि के बारे में इतिहासकारों/विद्वानों की एक राय नहीं है। कुछ विद्वान् इनका जन्म 19 नवम्बर, सन् 1835 को मानते हैं। इनके पिता का नाम मोरोपंत तांबे और माता का नाम भागीरथी बाई था। लक्ष्मीबाई के बचपन का नाम मणिकर्णिका था किन्तु सभी इसे प्यार से मनु कहते थे। मनु का विवाह झाँसी के महाराज गंगाधर राव से हुआ था। विवाह के बाद मनु का नाम लक्ष्मीबाई रखा गया। इस तरह मनु झाँसी की रानी लक्ष्मीबाई बन गई। सन् 1851 को रानी ने एक पुत्र को जन्म दिया किन्तु कुछ ही महीने बाद गंभीर रूप से बीमार होने पर इस बालक की चार महीने की उम्र में ही मृत्यु हो गई। तत्पश्चात् महाराज बीमार रहने लगे और उन्होंने एक बच्चे को गोद लिया। इस बालक का नाम दामोदर राव रखा गया। किन्तु महाराज का स्वास्थ्य साथ नहीं दे रहा था अत: कहते हैं कि पुत्र गोद लेने के दूसरे ही दिन महाराज की भी मृत्यु हो गई। अंग्रेज़ों ने गोद लिए हुए पुत्र को राजा मानने से इन्कार कर दिया। वे झाँसी को अपने अधीन करना चाहते थे किन्तु रानी ने अंग्रेजों को घोषणा की कि मैं अपनी झाँसी नहीं दूंगी। तत्पश्चात् रानी और अंग्रेज़ों में भयंकर युद्ध हुआ और 18 जून, सन् 1858 को रानी अंग्रेजों से लड़ते-लड़ते वीरगति को प्राप्त हो गई। (कुछ इतिहासकार यह मानते हैं कि रानी 17 जून, सन् 1858 को शहीद हुई थीं अतः जन्म तिथि की ही भाँति इनकी शहादत की तिथि पर भी मतभेद है।)

4. रानी लक्ष्मीबाई पर डाक टिकट :
भारत सरकार ने रानी लक्ष्मीबाई पर वर्ष 1957 को पंद्रह पैसे का एक डाक टिकट जारी किया। इसके बाद वर्ष 1988 को भारत सरकार ने प्रथम स्वतंत्रता संग्राम 1857 के प्रमुख सेनानियों के लिखे नामों (रानी लक्ष्मीबाई, बेगम हज़रत महल, नाना साहब, मंगल पांडे, बहादुर शाह ज़फर) का डाक टिकट जारी किया जिसमें रानी लक्ष्मीबाई का नाम सबसे ऊपर दर्ज है।

5. झलकारी बाई :
रानी लक्ष्मीबाई की सेना की महिला शाखा ‘दुर्गा दल’ की सेनापति थी-झलकारी बाई। इसकी वीरता के किस्से भी झाँसी में प्रसिद्ध हैं। कहते हैं कि रानी की हमशक्ल होने के कारण इसने कई बार अंग्रेज़ों को धोखा दिया। मैथिलीशरण गुप्त ने झलकारी बाई की बहादुरी पर लिखा है

“जाकर रण में ललकारी थी, वह तो झाँसी की झलकारी थी
गोरों से लड़ना सिखा गई, है इतिहास में झलक रही
वह तो भारत की ही नारी थी।”
भारत सरकार ने 22 जुलाई, सन् 2001 को झलकारी बाई का चार रुपए का डाक टिकट जारी किया।

6. बुदेलखंड :
बुंदेलखंड मध्य भारत का एक प्राचीन क्षेत्र है। यूं तो बुंदेलखंड क्षेत्र दो राज्यों-उत्तर प्रदेश तथा मध्य प्रदेश में विभाजित है परन्तु भौगोलिक और सांस्कृतिक दृष्टि से यह एक-दूसरे से अभिन्न रूप से जुड़ा है। रीतिरिवाजों, भाषा और विवाह सम्बन्धों के कारण इसकी एकता और भी मज़बूत हुई है। बुंदेली इस क्षेत्र की बोली है। इतिहासकारों के अनुसार बुंदेलखंड में 300 ई० पूर्व मौर्य शासन काल के साक्ष्य उपलब्ध हैं। इसके बाद वाकाटक शासन, गुप्त, कलचुरी, चंदेल, बुंदेल शासन, मराठा शासन और अंग्रेज़ों का शासन रहा।

7. बुंदेले हरबोले : बुंदेले हरबोले बुंदेलखंड की एक जाति विशेष है। इस जाति के लोग राजा-महाराजाओं के यश का गुणगान करने के लिए जाने जाते हैं।

8. बुंदेलखंड की अमर विभूतियाँ विशिष्ट व्यक्तित्व

आल्ह-ऊदल : आल्ह और ऊदल ये दो भाई थे। ये बुंदेलखंड (महोबा) के वीर योद्धा थे। इनकी वीरता की कहानी उत्तर भारत में गायी जाती है।
कवि पद्माकर : रीतिकालीन कवि।
रानी लक्ष्मीबाई : प्रथम स्वतंत्रता संग्राम की अमर सेनानी।
मैथिलीशरण गुप्त : राष्ट्रकवि मैथिलीशरण गुप्त हिंदी साहित्य के देदीप्यमान नक्षत्र हैं। इनका जन्म झाँसी (उत्तर प्रदेश) के चिरगांव में हुआ।
डॉ० हरिसिंह गौर : डॉ० हरिसिंह गौर सागर विश्वविद्यालय के संस्थापक, शिक्षा शास्त्री, ख्याति प्राप्त विधिवेत्ता, समाज सुधारक, साहित्यकार, महान् दानी व देशभक्त थे। ये दिल्ली विश्वविद्यालय, दिल्ली तथा नागपुर विश्वविद्यालय, नागपुर के उपकुलपति भी रहे हैं।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Guide झाँसी की रानी की समाधि पर Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
लेखिका ने समाधि में किस के छिपे होने की बात कही है?
उत्तर:
लेखिका ने समाधि में राख की एक ढेरी के दबे होने की बात कही है। वह राख झाँसी की रानी की मृतक देह की है। रानी ने सारे देश में स्वतंत्रता की प्राप्ति की आग सुलझा दी थी।

प्रश्न 2.
रानी का देहांत कहाँ हुआ था और कैसे?
उत्तर:
रानी का देहांत उनकी समाधि के आस-पास ही किसी जगह पर हुआ था। वह अंग्रेजों से युद्ध लड़ते हुए विजय की माला के समान वहाँ बिखर गई थी। उसने अपने शरीर पर शत्रु की तलवारों के अनेक वार झेले थे और अंत में आहुति की तरह वहीं चिता पर भस्म हो गई थी।

प्रश्न 3.
वीरों का मान किस प्रकार बढ़ जाता है?
उत्तर:
वीरों का मान युद्ध भूमि में अपना जीवन देश के लिए अर्पित कर देने से बढ़ जाता है।

प्रश्न 4.
बलिदानी वीरों की राख का मूल्य कैसा होता है?
उत्तर:
बलिदानी वीरों की राख का मूल्य सोने की भस्म से भी अधिक होता है।

प्रश्न 5.
कवि के अनुसार अब हमें रानी की समाधि कैसी लगती है और क्यों?
उत्तर:
कवि के अनुसार अब हमें रानी की समाधि रानी से भी अधिक प्यारी लगती है क्योंकि उसमें हमारे देश की स्वतंत्रता की चिंगारी छिपी हुई है।

प्रश्न 6.
हमारे देश में वीर देशभक्तों की बानी कैसे गाई जाती है?
उत्तर:
हमारे देश में वीर देशभक्तों की बानी अत्यंत स्नेह और श्रद्धा से गाई जाती हैं।

प्रश्न 7.
कवयित्री ने झाँसी की रानी की कहानी किससे सुनी थी?
उत्तर:
कवयित्री ने झाँसी की रानी की कहानी बुंदेल हरबोलों के मुख से सुनी थी।

प्रश्न 8.
कवयित्री ने ‘मरदानी’ किसे कहा है?
उत्तर:
कवयित्री ने रानी लक्ष्मीबाई को ‘मरदानी’ कहा है।

एक शब्द/एक पंक्ति में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
‘झाँसी की रानी की समाधि पर’ कविता किस के द्वारा रचित है?
उत्तर:
सुभद्राकुमारी चौहान।

प्रश्न 2.
‘झाँसी की रानी’ का क्या नाम था?
उत्तर:
रानी लक्ष्मीबाई।

प्रश्न 3.
रानी लक्ष्मीबाई को कवयित्री ने क्या कहकर संबोधित किया है?
उत्तर:
लक्ष्मी मरदानी।

प्रश्न 4.
वीर का मान कब बढ़ जाता है?
उत्तर:
जब वह रणभूमि में शहीद हो जाता है।

प्रश्न 5.
कवयित्री ने किनके मुख से झाँसी की रानी की कहानी सुनी थी?
उत्तर:
बुंदेलों के।

हाँ-नहीं में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 6.
बलिदानी वीरों की राख का मूल्य सोने की भस्म से भी अधिक होता है।
उत्तर:
हाँ।

प्रश्न 7.
रानी से भी अधिक हमें अब यह समाधि है प्यारी।
उत्तर:
हाँ।

सही-गलत में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 8.
रानी लक्ष्मीबाई ने अंत तक वार नहीं सहे थे।
उत्तर:
गलत।

प्रश्न 9.
रानी लक्ष्मीबाई के फूल इस समाधि में संचित हैं।
उत्तर:
सही।

रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति करें

प्रश्न 10.
यहाँ ….. है ….. की, ……. की चिनगारी।
उत्तर:
यहाँ निहित है स्वतंत्रता की, आशा की चिनगारी।

प्रश्न 11.
स्नेह और ……… से गाती है, …….. की बानी।
उत्तर:
स्नेह और श्रद्धा से गाती है, वीरों की बानी।

बहुविकल्पी प्रश्नों में से सही विकल्प चुनकर उत्तर लिखें

प्रश्न 12.
रानी लक्ष्मीबाई ने स्वतंत्रता की दिव्य आरती कैसे फेरी थी-
(क) जलकर
(ख) चलकर
(ग) गाकर
(घ) तपकर।
उत्तर:
(क) जलकर।

प्रश्न 13.
रानी लक्ष्मीबाई की समाधि को कवयित्री ने कौन-सी स्थली बताया है?
(क) क्रीड़ा
(ख) लीला
(ग) जीवन
(घ) संघर्ष।
उत्तर:
(ख) लीला।

प्रश्न 14.
रानी लक्ष्मीबाई चिता पर आहुति-सी गिरकर कैसी चमकी?
(क) चिंगारी-सी
(ख) ज्वाला-सी
(ग) बिजली-सी
(घ) चाँदनी-सी।
उत्तर:
(ख) ज्वाला-सी।

प्रश्न 15.
कवियों की ‘गिरा’ में रानी की समाधि की कैसी कहानी है?
(क) अमर
(ख) अनाम
(ग) अमिट
(घ) अनंत।
उत्तर:
(ग) अमिटी

झाँसी की रानी की समाधि पर सप्रसंग व्याख्या

1. इस समाधि में छिपी हुई है, एक राख की ढेरी।
जलकर जिसने स्वतंत्रता की, दिव्य आरती फेरी॥
यह समाधि यह लघु समाधि है, झाँसी की रानी की।
अंतिम लीला स्थली यही है, लक्ष्मी मरदानी की॥

शब्दार्थ:
समाधि = किसी की चिता पर बनाए जाने वाले स्मारक। दिव्य = अलौकिक। लघु = छोटी-सी। अंतिम = आखिरी। लीला-स्थली = कार्य करने का स्थान। मरदानी = मर्दो जैसी।

प्रसंग:
यह काव्यांश सुभद्रा कुमारी चौहान द्वारा रचित ‘झाँसी की रानी की समाधि पर’ नामक कविता से लिया गया है। इसमें उन्होंने प्रथम स्वतंत्रता संग्राम की वीरांगना रानी लक्ष्मीबाई को स्मरण किया है।

व्याख्या:
कवयित्री का मानना है कि इस झाँसी की रानी की समाधि में एक राख की ऐसी ढेरी छिपी हुई है जिसने स्वयं जलकर स्वतंत्रता की अलौकिक आरती फेरी थी। यह समाधि, यह जो छोटी-सी समाधि है, वह झाँसी की रानी की समाधि है। यह उनके युद्ध क्षेत्र का अंतिम स्थान है, यह उस मों जैसी लक्ष्मीबाई की समाधि है।

विशेष:

झाँसी की रानी के बलिदान से देश में स्वतंत्रता प्राप्त करने की लहर उत्पन्न हो गई थी।
भाषा तत्सम प्रधान तथा भावपूर्ण है। अनुप्रास अलंकार है।

2. यहीं कहीं पर बिखर गई वह, भग्न विजय-माला-सी।
उसके फूल यहाँ संचित हैं, है यह स्मृति शाला-सी॥
सहे वार पर वार अन्त तक, लड़ी वीर बाला-सी।
आहुति-सी गिर चढ़ी चिता पर, चमक उठी ज्वाला-सी॥

शब्दार्थ:
भग्न = टूटी हुई। विजय-माला = जीत की माला। फूल = अस्थियाँ। संचित = एकत्र किए हुए, जमा। स्मृति = याद। बाला = युवती। ज्वाला = आग की लपट।

प्रसंग;
प्रस्तुत काव्यांश सुभद्रा कुमारी चौहान द्वारा रचित कविता ‘झाँसी की रानी की समाधि पर’ से लिया गया है। इसमें उन्होंने झाँसी की रानी लक्ष्मीबाई के बलिदान के प्रति अपनी श्रद्धा व्यक्त की है।

व्याख्या:
कवयित्री लिखती है कि इसी स्थान के आस-पास वे एक टूटी हुई विजय की माला के समान बिखर गई थी अर्थात् यहीं उनकी मृत्यु हुई थी। उनकी अस्थियाँ उसी समाधि में एकत्र करके रखी गई हैं। यह उनकी याद की स्थली है। उन्होंने शत्रुओं के वार पर वार अंत समय तक सहन किए थे। वे एक वीरांगना के समान लड़ी थीं। वे स्वतंत्रता संग्राम के यज्ञ में आहुति के समान गिर कर चिता पर चढ़ गईं और एक ज्वाला के समान चमक उठीं।

विशेष:

झाँसी की रानी के अंतिम समय तक शत्रुओं से युद्ध कर आत्म-बलिदान देने का वर्णन है।
भाषा सहज, सरल, भावपूर्ण है। अनुप्रास तथा उपमा अलंकार है।

3. बढ़ जाता है मान वीर का, रण में बलि होने से।
मूल्यवती होती सोने की भस्म, यथा सोने से॥
रानी से भी अधिक हमें अब, यह समाधि है प्यारी।
यहाँ निहित है स्वतन्त्रता की, आशा की चिनगारी॥

शब्दार्थ:
मान = सम्मान, आदर। रण = युद्ध । मूल्यवती = कीमती। यथा = जैसे। निहित = छिपी हुई।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत पद्यांश सुभद्रा कुमारी चौहान द्वारा रचित कविता ‘झाँसी की रानी की समाधि पर’ से लिया गया है। इसमें कवयित्री ने झाँसी की रानी लक्ष्मीबाई के बलिदान के प्रति अपनी श्रद्धा व्यक्त की है।

व्याख्या:
कवयित्री कहती है कि जब कोई वीर युद्ध क्षेत्र में अपना बलिदान दे देता है तो उसका आदर-सत्कार उसी प्रकार बढ़ जाता है जैसे सोने की भस्म सोने से भी अधिक कीमती होती है। इसलिए कवयित्री को अब रानी से भी अधिक रानी की यह समाधि प्यारी है क्योंकि यहाँ स्वतंत्रता प्राप्त करने की आशा रूपी चिंगारी छिपी हुई है।

विशेष:

कवयित्री को इस समाधि से भविष्य में स्वतंत्रता प्राप्त करने की प्रेरणा प्राप्त होती है।
भाषा भावपूर्ण सरस तथा सरल है। उदाहरण अलंकार है।

4. इससे भी सुन्दर समाधियाँ, हम जग में हैं पाते।
उनकी गाथा पर निशीथ में, क्षुद्र जंतु ही गाते॥
पर कवियों की अमर गिरा में, इसकी अमिट कहानी।
स्नेह और श्रद्धा से गाती, है वीरों की बानी॥

शब्दार्थ:
जग = संसार। गाथा = कथा, कहानी। निशीथ = आधी रात। क्षुद्र = तुच्छ, छोटे। गिरा = बाणी। अमिट = कभी न मिटने वाली।।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत काव्यांश सुभद्रा कुमारी चौहान द्वारा रचित कविता ‘झाँसी की रानी की समाधि पर’ से लिया गया है। इसमें कवयित्री ने रानी लक्ष्मीबाई की वीरता के प्रति अपनी श्रद्धा व्यक्त की है।

व्याख्या:
कवयित्री के अनुसार इस समाधि से सुंदर समाधियाँ हमें इस संसार में मिलती हैं। उनके संबंध में जो भी कथा होगी उसे आधी रात को तुच्छ जीव ही गाते हैं। परन्तु कवियों की अमर वाणी में इस झाँसी की रानी की समाधि की तो कभी भी न गिरने वाली अमर कहानी कही जाती है जिसे वीर अपने स्वर में अत्यंत श्रद्धा और स्नेहपूर्वक गाते हैं।

विशेष:

झाँसी की रानी के बलिदान की अमर गाथा कवि और वीर आज भी श्रद्धापूर्वक गाते हैं।
भाषा सरल, सरस, भावपूर्ण है।

5. बुंदेले हर बोलों के मुख, हमने सुनी कहानी।
खूब लड़ी मरदानी वह थी, झाँसी वाली रानी॥
यह समाधि यह चिर समाधि है, झाँसी की रानी की।
अन्तिम लीला स्थली यही है, लक्ष्मी मरदानी की।

शब्दार्थ:
बुंदेले = बुंदेलखंड के। हर बोलों = चारण, भाट, यशगान गाने वाले। चिर = सदा रहने वाली, स्थाई।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ सुभद्राकुमारी चौहान द्वारा रचित कविता ‘झाँसी की रानी की समाधि पर’ से ली गई हैं। इसमें कवयित्री ने झाँसी की रानी के बलिदान के प्रति अपनी भावनाएँ व्यक्त की हैं।

व्याख्या:
कवयित्री कहती है कि हमने बुंदेलखंड के यशोगान करने वालों के मुख से यह कहानी सुनी है कि वह मरदानी खूब डट कर लड़ी थी, वह झाँसी वाली रानी थी। यह उनकी लंबे समय तक बनी रहने वाली समाधि है। यह झाँसी की रानी की समाधि है। यह उनके अंतिम युद्ध क्षेत्र की स्थली है। लक्ष्मीबाई वास्तव में ही मरदानी वीरांगना थीं। .

विशेष:

रानी लक्ष्मीबाई का वीरतापूर्वक युद्ध करते हुए बलिदान देना उनकी इस समाधि के रूप में सदा स्मरण रहेगा।
भाषा सरल, सहज भावपूर्ण है।

झाँसी की रानी की समाधि पर Summary

झाँसी की रानी की समाधि पर कवि-परिचय

जीवन-परिचय:
सुभद्रा कुमारी चौहान का जन्म सन् 1904 ई० की नागपंचमी के दिन प्रयाग में हुआ था। कुछ विद्वान् इनका जन्म सन् 1905 ई० में मानते हैं। इनके पिता का नाम ठाकुर राम नाथ सिंह था। इनकी शिक्षा क्रास्थवेट गर्ल्स कॉलेज में हुई थी। जब ये आठवीं कक्षा में पढ़ रही थीं तब इनका विवाह स्वतंत्रता सेनानी लक्ष्मण सिंह से हो गया था। स्वाधीनता संग्राम में सक्रिय भाग लेने के कारण इन्हें भी कई बार जेल जाना पड़ा था। इनका समग्र जीवन संघर्षमय रहा था। सन् 1948 ई० की बसंत पंचमी के दिन इनका निधन हो गया था।

रचनाएँ:
इनकी प्रमुख काव्य रचनाएँ ‘मुकुल’ और ‘त्रिधारा’ हैं। इनकी ‘झाँसी की रानी’ कविता भाषा, भाव, छंद की दृष्टि से सुप्रसिद्ध वीर गीत है। इनकी अन्य प्रसिद्ध कविताएँ ‘वीरों का कैसा हो वसंत’, ‘राखी की चुनौती’, ‘जलियाँवाला बाग में बसंत’ आदि हैं। इन्होंने अनेक यथार्थवादी मार्मिक कहानियाँ भी लिखी हैं।

विशेषताएँ:
सुभद्रा कुमारी चौहान की कविताओं में राष्ट्रप्रेम, वीरों के प्रति श्रद्धा, तत्कालीन परिस्थितियों का यथार्थ अंकन प्राप्त होता है। उनकी मान्यता थी कि “परीक्षाएँ जब मनुष्य के मानसिक स्वास्थ्य को क्षत-विक्षत कर डालती हैं, तब उनमें उत्तीर्ण होने-न-होने का कोई मूल्य नहीं रह जाता।” उनके मन का गंभीर, ममता-सजल और वीरभाव है वह उनकी कविताओं में झलकता है। जीवन के प्रति ममता भरा विश्वास ही उनके काव्य का प्राण माना जाता है

“सुख भरे सुनहले बादल, रहते हैं मुझको घेरे।
विश्वास प्रेम साहस है, जीवन के साथी मेरे।”

झाँसी की रानी की समाधि पर कविता का सार

‘झाँसी की रानी की समाधि पर’ कविता में कवयित्री सुभद्रा कुमारी चौहान ने अंग्रेज़ी सेना के साथ प्रथम स्वतंत्रता संग्राम में युद्ध करते हुए अपने प्राणों का आहुति देने वाली झाँसी की रानी लक्ष्मीबाई की समाधि के प्रति अपनी श्रद्धा व्यक्त की है। उनके अनुसार इस समाधि में एक ऐसी राख की ढेरी छिपी हुई है जिसने स्वयं जल कर भारत की स्वतंत्रता की चिंगारी को भड़काया था। इसी स्थल पर युद्ध करते हुए उन्होंने अपने प्राणों की आहुति दे दी थी। इस प्रकार युद्ध क्षेत्र में अपने प्राणों का बलिदान देने से वीरों का आदर-सत्कार बढ़ जाता है। इसलिए अब हमें रानी से भी अधिक उनकी समाधि प्रिय है क्योंकि यह हमें भविष्य में स्वतंत्रता दिलाने की आशा दिलाती है। संसार. में इससे भी सुंदर समाधियाँ होंगी परन्तु कवियों ने अपनी वाणी से इस समाधि की अमर गाथा गाई है। कवयित्री ने बुंदेलखंड के यशोगान गायकों से झाँसी की रानी की मर्यों के समान युद्ध करने की गाथा सुनी थी। यह उसी रानी की सदा रहने वाली समाधि है जो उनके युद्ध क्षेत्र का अंतिम स्थल था।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 3 कर्मवीर

December 1, 2021November 12, 2021 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 3 कर्मवीर Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Hindi Chapter 3 कर्मवीर

Hindi Guide for Class 9 PSEB कर्मवीर Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) विषय-बोध

1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
जीवन में बाधाओं को देखकर वीर पुरुष क्या करते हैं ?
उत्तर:
जीवन में बाधाओं को देखकर वीर पुरुष घबराते नहीं हैं, बल्कि कठिन से कठिन काम भी कर लेते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
कठिन से कठिन काम के प्रति कर्मवीर व्यक्ति का दृष्टिकोण कैसा होता है ?
उत्तर:
कठिन से कठिन कार्य करते हुए भी कर्मवीर व्यक्ति उकताते अथवा तंग नहीं होते हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
सच्चे कर्मवीर व्यक्ति समय का सदुपयोग किस प्रकार करते हैं ?
उत्तर:
सच्चे कर्मवीर आज का काम आज कर के समय का सदुपयोग करते हैं, वे व्यर्थ की बातों में अपना समय नहीं गवाते हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
मुश्किल काम कर के वे दूसरों के लिए क्या बन जाते हैं ?
उत्तर:
मुश्किल काम कर के वे दूसरों के लिए आदर्श बन जाते हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
कवि ने कर्मवीर व्यक्ति के कौन-कौन से गुण इस कविता में बताए गए हैं ?
उत्तर:
कवि ने कर्मवीर व्यक्ति को परिश्रमी, निडर, समय पर काम करने वाला, कठिन से कठिन स्थिति का सामना करने वाला तथा अपनी सहायता स्वयं कर के सफल होने वाला बताया है।

2. निम्नलिखित पद्यांशों की सप्रसंग व्याख्या कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
आज करना है जिसे करते उसे हैं आज ही
सोचते कहते हैं जो कुछ कर दिखाते हैं वही
मानते जो भी है सुनते हैं सदा सबकी कही
जो मदद करते हैं अपनी इस जगत में आप ही
भूल कर वे दूसरों का मुँह कभी तकते नहीं
कौन ऐसा काम है वे कर जिसे सकते नहीं।।
उत्तर:
कवि कर्मशील व्यक्तियों के गुणों का वर्णन करते हुए लिखता है कि कर्मशील लोग आज जो कार्य करना है उसे आज ही करते हैं, वे जो कुछ सोचते हैं उसे करके भी दिखाते हैं । वे सदा सब की सुनते हैं और मानते भी हैं। वे इस संसार में अपनी सहायता स्वयं करते हैं। वे भूले से भी किसी दूसरे की सहायता नहीं लेते। ऐसा कोई कार्य नहीं है जिसे वे कर नहीं सकते अर्थात् वे सभी कार्य कर सकते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
जो कभी अपने समय को यों बिताते हैं नहीं
काम करने की जगह बातें बनाते हैं नहीं
आज कल करते हुए जो दिन गँवाते हैं नहीं
यत्न करने से कभी जो जी चुराते हैं नहीं।
बात है वह कौन जो होती नहीं उनके लिए
वे नमूना आप बन जाते हैं औरों के लिए।।
उत्तर:
कवि का कथन है कि कर्मशील व्यक्ति अपना समय व्यर्थ में गंवाते नहीं हैं। वे काम करने के स्थान पर केवल बातें नहीं बनाते हैं। वे अपना दिन आज-कल अथवा टाल-मटोल के व्यतीत नहीं करते हैं। वे मेहनत करने से कभी भी इन्कार नहीं करते हैं। ऐसा कोई भी कार्य नहीं है जो वे नहीं कर सकते, वे तो स्वयं ही कार्य करके दूसरों के लिए आदर्श बन जाते हैं।

(ख) भाषा-बोध

‘क’ (संस्कृत भाषा के शब्द) – ‘ख’ (हिंदी भाषा के शब्द)
कर्म – काम
मुख – मुँह

उपर्युक्त ‘क’ भाग में ‘कर्म’ और ‘मुख’ शब्द संस्कृत भाषा के शब्द हैं। इनका हिंदी भाषा में भी ज्यों का त्यों प्रयोग होता है। इन शब्दों को ‘तत्सम’ शब्द कहते हैं। तत् + सम अर्थात् इसके समान। ‘इसके समान’ से अभिप्राय है-‘स्रोत भाषा के समान’। हिंदी की ‘स्रोत भाषा’ संस्कृत है, अत: जो शब्द संस्कृत भाषा से हिंदी में ज्यों के त्यों अर्थात् बिना किसी परिवर्तन के ले लिए गए हैं उन्हें तत्सम’ शब्द कहते हैं। जैसे : कर्म, मुख।

उपर्युक्त ‘ख’ भाग में ‘कर्म’ के लिए ‘काम’ और ‘मुख’ के लिए ‘मुँह’ शब्दों का प्रयोग किया गया है। ये शब्द (काम, मुँह) संस्कृत से हिंदी में कुछ परिवर्तन के साथ आए हैं। इन्हें तद्भव शब्द कहते हैं। तद् + भव अर्थात् ‘उससे होने वाले’ से अभिप्राय है-संस्कृत भाषा से विकसित होने वाले। अतः ‘वे’ संस्कृत शब्द जो हिंदी में कुछ परिवर्तन के साथ आते हैं-उन्हें ‘तद्भव’ शब्द कहते हैं। जैसे-काम, मुँह।

1. पाठ में आए निम्नलिखित तद्भव शब्दों के तत्सम रूप लिखिए

तद्भव – तत्सम
भाग – ——-
आठ – ——–
पहर – ———-
आग – ———
उत्तर:
तद्भव – तत्सम
भाग – अंश
आठ – अष्ट
पहर – प्रहर
आग – अग्नि।

2. निम्नलिखित मुहावरों के अर्थ समझकर उन्हें अपने वाक्यों में प्रयुक्त कीजिए

मुहावरा – अर्थ – वाक्य
1. एक ही आन में – तुरंत, शीघ्र ही —————–
2. फूलना फलना – सम्पन्न होना —————–
3. मुँह ताकना – दूसरों पर निर्भर रहना —————
4. बातें बनाना – गप्पें मारना ——————-
5. जी चुराना – काम से बचना ——————
6. नमूना बनना – आदर्श/उदाहरण बनना ———————–
7. कलेजा काँपना- भय से विचलित होना, दिल दहल जाना —————–

उत्तर:
1. एक ही आन में – तुरंत, शीघ्र ही
वाक्य – सिमरन एक ही आन में चाय बनाकर ले आई।

2. फूलना फलना – सम्पन्न होना
वाक्य – राम का कारोबार आजकल खूब फल-फूल रहा है।
वाक्य

3. मुँह ताकना – दूसरों पर निर्भर रहना
वाक्य – अपना काम स्वयं करना चाहिए न कि किसी का मुँह ताकते रहना चाहिए।

4. बातें बनाना – गप्पें मारना
वाक्य – नरेन्द्र कुछ करता तो है नहीं बस वह बातें बनाना जानता है।

5. जी चुराना – काम से बचना
वाक्य – मुकेश सदा काम से जी चुराता रहता है।

6. नमूना बनना – आदर्श/उदाहरण बनना
वाक्य – हमारे देश के पूर्व प्रधानमंत्री लाल बहादुर शास्त्री पूरे देश के लिए सादगी के नमूना थे।

7. कलेजा काँपना – भय से विचलित होना, दिल दहल जाना
वाक्य – नाग को देखते ही मेरा कलेजा काँपने लगा था।

(ग) पाठेत्तर सक्रियता

प्रश्न 1.
आपके अंदर कौन-सी ऐसी खूबियाँ हैं जो आपको दूसरों से अलग करती हैं ? उनकी सूची बनाइए। इन खूबियों को पुष्ट करते रहें तथा जीवन में इनसे कभी न डगमगाएँ।
उत्तर:
विद्यार्थी स्वयं करें।

प्रश्न 2.
आपके अंदर क्या कमियाँ हैं ? उनकी सूची बनाइए और अपने अध्यापकों/अभिभावकों/बड़ों की मदद से उन्हें दूर करने का प्रयास कीजिए।
उत्तर:
विद्यार्थी स्वयं करें।

प्रश्न 3.
अपनी दिनचर्या स्वयं बनाएँ जिसमें पढ़ने, खेलने/व्यायाम करने, खाने-पीने और सोने का समय निश्चित हो। (नोट : दिनचर्या बनाते समय इस बात का ध्यान रखें कि दिनचर्या कठोर न होकर लचीली हो) छुट्टी वाले दिन/दिनों की विशेष दिनचर्या बनाएँ जिसमें पढ़ने के अधिक घंटे हों। लाल बहादुर शास्त्री तथा अब्दुल कलाम जैसे सच्चे कर्मवीर एवं दृढ़ संकल्पशील नेताओं की जीवनियाँ पढ़ें एवं उनसे प्रेरणा लें।
उत्तर:
विद्यार्थी स्वयं करें।

(घ) ज्ञान-विस्तार

गीता में कर्मयोग को सर्वश्रेष्ठ माना गया है। कर्मठ व्यक्ति के लिए यह योग अधिक उपयुक्त है। गीता में स्वयं श्रीकृष्ण कहते हैं-

कर्मण्येवाधिकारस्ते मा फलेषु कदाचन।
मा कर्मफलहेतुर्भूमा ते सङ्गोऽस्त्वकर्मणि।। 2-47॥

अर्थात् तेरा कर्म करने में ही अधिकार है, उसके फल में कभी नहीं। इसलिए कर्मों के फल में तेरी वासना (इच्छा) न हो तथा तेरी कर्म न करने में भी आसक्ति न हो। अतः कर्मयोग हमें सिखाता है कि कर्म के लिए कर्म करो, आसक्तिरहित होकर कर्म करो। कर्मयोगी इसलिए कर्म करता है कि कर्म करना उसे अच्छा लगता है और उसके परे उसका कोई हेतु नहीं है। कर्मयोगी कर्म का त्याग नहीं करता, वह केवल कर्मफल का त्याग करता है और कर्मजनित दुःखों से मुक्त हो जाता है।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Guide कर्मवीर Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
कर्मवीर किस से कभी नहीं घबराते ?
उत्तर:
कर्मवीर जीवन की राह में आने वाली तरह-तरह की बाधाओं को देख कर कभी नहीं घबराते।

प्रश्न 2.
कर्मवीर को कभी भी पछताना क्यों नहीं पड़ता ?
उत्तर:
कर्मवीर कभी किसी काम में दूसरों के भरोसे पर नहीं रहते। वे अपना काम स्वयं करते हैं। इसलिए उन्हें कभी भी पछताना नहीं पड़ता।

प्रश्न 3.
कर्मवीर किससे कभी नहीं डरते ?
उत्तर:
कर्मवीर कठिन से कठिन काम स्वयं परिश्रमपूर्वक करते हैं और काम की अधिकता से कभी नहीं डरते।

प्रश्न 4.
कर्मवीर को अपने परिश्रम का क्या फल प्राप्त होता है?
उत्तर:
कर्मवीर अपने परिश्रम से बुरे दिनों को भी अच्छे दिनों में बदल देते हैं। वह हर स्थिति में फलते-फूलते रहते हैं; सुख प्राप्त करते हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
कर्मवीर की काम करने की क्षमता क्यों अधिक प्रतीत होती है?
उत्तर:
कर्मवीर कभी भी आज का काम कल पर नहीं डालते। वे आज का काम आज ही पूरा करते हैं। वे जो सोचते हैं उसे पूरा करते हैं। वे सबकी बात सुनते हैं उसे मानते हैं और दूसरों की सदा सहायता करते हैं। वे सहायता के लिए दूसरों का सहारा नहीं लेते। कोई भी तो ऐसा काम नहीं जिसे वे न कर सकते हों। वे अपना समय व्यर्थ नहीं गंवाते।

प्रश्न 6.
कर्मवीर किस-किस प्रकार के कष्टों को झेलते हुए कर्म करते रहते हैं?
उत्तर:
कर्मवीर कठोर परिश्रम करते हैं। वे सब प्रकार की भीषण से भीषण समस्याओं का सामना करते हुए परिश्रम में जुटे रहते हैं। वे आकाश को छूते ऊँचे-दुर्गम पर्वतों के शिखरों को भी डटकर पार कर जाते हैं। वे घने जंगलों, गरजते समुद्रों और दहकती लपटों का भी सामना करने में भी डरते नहीं। वे कर्म की राह में आने वाली सभी बाधाओं के पार निकल जाने की हिम्मत रखते हैं।

प्रश्न 7.
‘कर्मवीर’ कविता के आधार पर कर्मवीरों की विशेषताओं को लिखिए।
उत्तर:
अयोध्यासिंह उपाध्याय ‘हरिऔध’ के द्वारा रचित कविता ‘कर्मवीर’ के आधार पर कर्मवीरों में निम्नलिखित विशेषताएँ होती हैं.
1. निर्भय – कर्मवीर सदा निडर होते हैं। वे अपनी राह में आने वाली किसी भी स्थिति से टकराने के लिए सदा तैयार रहते हैं। विघ्न-बाधाएँ उनके रास्ते का रोड़ा नहीं बन पाती।
2. आत्मबल से संपन्न – कर्मवीर भाग्य के भरोसे पर नहीं रहते। उनमें अपार आत्मबल होता है। वे अपने भाग्य के भरोसे कभी नहीं रहते। वे किसी भी काम को करते हुए आत्मबल से उससे टकराते हैं और सफलता प्राप्त करते हैं।
3. स्थिर बुद्धि – कर्मवीर चंचल स्वभाव के नहीं होते। वे स्थिर बुद्धि होते हैं। उनका ध्यान इधर-उधर व्यर्थ नहीं भटकता। वे अपने इस गुण से अपने बुरे दिनों को भी अच्छा बना लेते हैं।
4. निष्ठावान – कर्मवीर निष्ठावान होते हैं। वे आज का काम कल पर नहीं डालते। वे जो सोच लेते हैं उसे पूरा करते हैं। वे दूसरों से सहायता लेने की इच्छा कभी नहीं करते।
5. विश्वास से भरे हुए – कर्मवीर स्वयं पर विश्वास करते हैं। वे सब की बात सुनते हैं और अपने आत्मिक बल से उसे पूरा करने की योग्यता रखते हैं। वे दूसरों की सहायता से अपना काम नहीं करते बल्कि अपनी शक्ति से उसे संपन्न करते हैं।
6. कर्मठ – वे अपना समय व्यर्थ नहीं गंवाते। वे कभी भी परिश्रम से जी नहीं चुराते। अपनी कर्मठता से वे सबके आदर्श बन जाते हैं।
7. धैर्यवान – कर्मवीर अपार धैर्यवान होते हैं। ऊँचे पर्वत, गहरे सागर, दहकती अग्नि, डरावने जंगल आदि भी उनका रास्ता नहीं रोक पाते। वे हर स्थिति में उन पर विजय प्राप्त कर अपने लक्ष्य की प्राप्ति कर लेते हैं।

एक शब्द/एक पंक्ति में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
‘कर्मवीर’ कविता किस कवि के द्वारा रचित है ?
उत्तर:
अयोध्या सिंह उपाध्याय ‘हरिऔध’।

प्रश्न 2.
कर्मवीर किस से कभी नहीं घबराते ?
उत्तर:
जीवन में आने वाली बाधाओं से।

प्रश्न 3.
भाग्य के भरोसे कौन नहीं रहते हैं ?
उत्तर:
कर्मवीर।

प्रश्न 4.
‘व्योम’ शब्द का क्या अर्थ है ?
उत्तर:
आकाश।

प्रश्न 5.
मुश्किल काम करके कर्मवीर दूसरों के लिए क्या बन जाते हैं ?
उत्तर:
आदर्श बन जाते हैं।

हाँ-नहीं में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 6.
हो गए एक आन में उनके भले दिन भी बुरे।
उत्तर:
नहीं।

प्रश्न 7.
भूल कर वे दूसरों का मुँह कभी ताकते नहीं।
उत्तर:
हाँ।

सही-गलत में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 8.
आजकल करते हुए जो दिन गंवाते हैं।
उत्तर:
गलत।

प्रश्न 9.
भूलकर भी वह नहीं नाकाम रहता है कहीं।
उत्तर:
सही।

रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति करें

प्रश्न 10.
आग की …….. फैली ……. में लपट।
उत्तर:
आग की भयदायिनी फैली दिशाओं में लपट।

प्रश्न 11.
जो …………. करते हैं ……….. इस जगत में आप ही।
उत्तर:
जो मदद करते हैं अपनी इस जगत में आप ही।

बहुविकल्पी प्रश्नों में से सही विकल्प चुनकर उत्तर लिखें-

प्रश्न 12.
कठिन काम को देखकर कर्मवीर क्या नहीं करते-
(क) घबराते
(ख) पछताते
(ग) उकताते
(घ) शर्माते।
उत्तर:
(ग) पछताते।

प्रश्न 13.
कर्मवीरों के एक आन में दिन कैसे हो जाते हैं
(क) बुरे
(ख) भले
(ग) गर्म
(घ) सर्द।
उत्तर:
(ख) भले।

प्रश्न 14.
कर्मवीर की मदद कौन करता है-
(क) पड़ोसी
(ख) शासन
(ग) स्वयं
(घ) कोई नहीं।
उत्तर:
(ग) स्वयं।

प्रश्न 15.
कर्मवीर समय का क्या करते हैं
(क) सदुपयोग
(ख) दुरुपयोग
(ग) व्यर्थ गंवाना
(घ) सोते रहना।
उत्तर:
(क) सदुपयोग।

कर्मवीर सप्रसंग व्याख्या

1. देख कर बाधा विविध, बहु विज घबराते नहीं।
रह भरोसे भाग के दुख भोग पछताते नहीं।
काम कितना ही कठिन हो किन्तु उबताते नहीं
भीड़ में चंचल बने जो वीर दिखलाते नहीं।
हो गये एक आन में उनके बुरे दिन भी भले
सब जगह सब काल में वे ही मिले फूले फले।

शब्दार्थ:
बाधा = रुकावट, संकट। विविध = अनेक प्रकार की। बहु = बहुत। विज = बाधा। भाग = भाग्य। उबताते = उकताना, तंग आना।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ अयोध्या सिंह उपाध्याय ‘हरिऔध’ द्वारा रचित कविता ‘कर्मवीर’ से ली गई हैं, जिसमें कवि ने कर्मशील लोगों के गुणों पर प्रकाश डाला है।

व्याख्या:
इन पंक्तियों में कवि कर्मशील व्यक्तियों की विशेषताओं का वर्णन करते हुए लिखता है कि कर्मशील व्यक्ति अपने मार्ग में आने वाली अनेक प्रकार की रुकावटों और बहुत सारे विघ्नों को देखकर घबराते नहीं हैं। वे भाग्य के भरोसे रहकर दुःख भोगते हुए पछताते नहीं हैं। उन्हें चाहे कितना भी कठिन कार्य करना पड़े वे वह कार्य करते हुए तंग नहीं होते। वे भीड़ में फंस कर चंचल बन कर अपनी वीरता नहीं दिखलाते हैं। उनकी मेहनत से उनके बुरे दिन भी भले दिन बन जाते हैं। वे सभी स्थानों तथा सभी समय में सदा प्रसन्न तथा सुखी दिखाई देते हैं।

विशेष:

कर्मशील व्यक्ति अपने मार्ग में आने वाली बाधाओं से कभी नहीं घबराते तथा कठिन-से-कठिन कार्य करके सदा प्रसन्न दिखाई देते हैं।
भाषा तत्सम, तद्भव शब्दों से युक्त भावपूर्ण है। अनुप्रास अलंकार है।

2. आज करना है जिसे करते उसे हैं आज ही
सोचते कहते हैं जो कुछ कर दिखाते हैं वही
मानते जो भी है सुनते हैं सदा सबकी कही
जो मदद करते हैं अपनी इस जगत में आप ही
भूल कर वे दूसरों का मुँह कभी तकते नहीं
कौन ऐसा काम है वे कर जिसे सकते नहीं।।

शब्दार्थ:
कही = कहना, बात। मदद = सहायता। मुँह ताकना = किसी की मदद लेना।

प्रसंग:
यह पद्यांश अयोध्या सिंह उपाध्याय ‘हरिऔध’ द्वारा रचित ‘कर्मवार’ नामक कविता से लिया गया है। इसमें कवि ने कर्मशील व्यक्तियों की विशेषताओं का वर्णन किया है।

व्याख्या:
कवि कर्मशील व्यक्तियों के गुणों का वर्णन करते हुए लिखता है कि कर्मशील लोग आज जो कार्य करना है उसे आज ही करते हैं, वे जो कुछ सोचते हैं उसे करके भी दिखाते हैं । वे सदा सब की सुनते हैं और मानते भी हैं। वे इस संसार में अपनी सहायता स्वयं करते हैं। वे भूले से भी किसी दूसरे की सहायता नहीं लेते। ऐसा कोई कार्य नहीं है जिसे वे कर नहीं सकते अर्थात् वे सभी कार्य कर सकते हैं।

विशेष:

कर्मशील व्यक्ति किसी काम को टालते नहीं तथा जो कहते हैं कर के दिखाते हैं। वे अपनी सहायता स्वयं करते हैं तथा सभी कार्य कर सकते हैं।
भाषा सहज, सरल, भावपूर्ण तथा मुहावरे से युक्त है।

3. जो कभी अपने समय को यों बिताते हैं नहीं
काम करने की जगह बातें बनाते हैं नहीं
आज कल करते हुए जो दिन गँवाते हैं नहीं
यत्न करने से कभी जो जी चुराते हैं नहीं
बात है वह कौन जो होती नहीं उनके लिए
वे नमूना आप बन जाते हैं औरों के लिए।

शब्दार्थ:
यल = प्रयत्न, कोशिश, मेहनत। नमूना = उदाहरण, आदर्श, मिसाल।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ अयोध्या सिंह उपाध्याय ‘हरिऔध’ द्वारा रचित कविता ‘कर्मवीर’ से ली गई हैं, जिसमें कवि ने कर्मशील व्यक्तियों के गुणों का वर्णन किया है।

व्याख्या:
कवि का कथन है कि कर्मशील व्यक्ति अपना समय व्यर्थ में गंवाते नहीं हैं। वे काम करने के स्थान पर केवल बातें नहीं बनाते हैं। वे अपना दिन आज-कल अथवा टाल-मटोल के व्यतीत नहीं करते हैं। वे मेहनत करने से कभी भी इन्कार नहीं करते हैं। ऐसा कोई भी कार्य नहीं है जो वे नहीं कर सकते, वे तो स्वयं ही कार्य करके दूसरों के लिए आदर्श बन जाते हैं।

विशेष:

कर्मशील व्यक्ति केवल बातें ही नहीं बनाते बल्कि काम करके दूसरों के लिए मिसाल बन जाते हैं।
भाषा सरल, भावपूर्ण, मुहावरों से युक्त तथा अनुप्रास अलंकार है।

4. व्योम को छूते हुए दुर्गम पहाड़ों के शिखर
वे घने जंगल जहाँ रहता है तम आठों पहर
गर्जते जल राशि की उठती हुई ऊँची लहर
आग की भयदायिनी फैली दिशाओं में लपट
ये कँपा सकती कभी जिसके कलेजे को नहीं
भूलकर भी वह नहीं नाकाम रहता है कहीं।

शब्दार्थ:
व्योम = आकाश। दुर्गम = कठिन, जहाँ जाना मुश्किल हो। शिखर = चोटी। तम = अंधेरा। आठों पहर = हर समय। भयदायिनी = डर पैदा करने वाली। नाकाम = असफल।

प्रसंग:
यह काव्यांश अयोध्या सिंह उपाध्याय ‘हरिऔध’ द्वारा रचित ‘कर्मवीर’ नामक कविता से अवतरित है। इसमें कवि ने कर्मशील व्यक्तियों के गुणों का वर्णन किया है।

व्याख्या:
कवि कर्मशील लोगों की विशेषताओं का वर्णन करते हुए लिखता है कि कर्मशील व्यक्ति अपने परिश्रम से आकाश की ऊँचाइयों को छू लेते हैं। वे पर्वतों की कठिन चोटियों पर भी चढ़ जाते हैं। वे उन घने जंगलों को भी पार कर जाते हैं जहाँ हर समय अंधेरा रहता है। गर्जना करते हुए सागर की ऊँची-ऊँची लहरों तथा आग की भय पैदा करने वाली चारों दिशाओं में फैली लपटों का भी वे सामना कर सकते हैं। इनसे उनका हृदय कभी भी काँपता नहीं है। वे भूल से भी कभी असफल नहीं होते हैं।

विशेष:

कर्मशील व्यक्ति हर कठिन परिस्थिति का सामना करने के लिए तैयार रहता है तथा किसी भी दशा में घबराता नहीं है।
भाषा तत्सम प्रधान तथा भावपूर्ण है। अनुप्रास अलंकार है।

कर्मवीर Summary

कर्मवीर कवि-परिचय

जीवन परिचय:
द्विवेदी युग के सबसे बड़े कवि श्री अयोध्या सिंह उपाध्याय ‘हरिऔध’ का जन्म 15 अप्रैल, सन् 1865 ई० में उत्तर प्रदेश के आज़मगढ़ जिले के निज़ामाबाद नामक कस्बे में हुआ। इनके वंश में गुरुदयाल उपाध्याय ने सिक्ख धर्म में दीक्षा ले ली थी इसी कारण ब्राह्मण होकर भी उपाध्याय वंश के लड़के अपने नाम के साथ सिंह लगाने लगे। अयोध्या सिंह जी के पिता का नाम भोला सिंह उपाध्याय तथा माता का नाम रुक्मिणी देवी था। मिडिल की परीक्षा पास करके आप निज़ामाबाद के तहसीली स्कूल में अध्यापक नियुक्त हो गए थे। इन्हें बंगला, अंग्रेजी, गुरुमुखी, उर्दू, फ़ारसी एवं संस्कृत का ज्ञान था। सन् 1889 में आप कानूनगो बन गये और 32 वर्ष तक इसी पद पर आसीन रहे। रिटायर होने के बाद पं० मदन मोहन मालवीय जी की प्रेरणा से आप ने काशी हिंदू विश्वविद्यालय में सन् 1941 तक पढ़ाया। 16 मार्च, सन् 1947 को इनका स्वर्गवास हो गया था। इन्हें ‘मंगला प्रसाद’, पुरस्कार प्राप्त हुआ था। साहित्य सम्मेलन ने इन्हें ‘विद्यावाचस्पति’ की उपाधि प्रदान की थी।

रचनाएँ:
उपाध्याय जी ने अपने जीवन काल में लगभग 45 ग्रंथों की रचना की थी। इनमें से प्रमुख काव्य ग्रंथ हैंप्रिय प्रवास, पद्य प्रसून, चुभते चौपदे, चोखे चौपदे, बोलचाल, पारिजात, रस-कलश तथा वैदेही वनवास। ‘प्रिय-प्रवास’ इनका लोकप्रिय महाकाव्य है।

विशेषताएँ:
इनके काव्य में कृष्ण भक्ति की प्रमुखता है। प्रिय-प्रवास’ कृष्ण के वियोग में संतप्त गोपियों की गाथा है। इन्होंने कृष्ण काव्य को राष्ट्र भक्ति तथा समाज सुधार से जोड़ा है। स्वदेश प्रेम तथा कर्म करने की प्रेरणा देना इनकी काव्य की प्रमुख विशेषता है। इन्होंने अपनी रचनाओं में खड़ी बोली का प्रयोग किया है जिसमें तत्सम, तद्भव, देशज तथा विदेशी शब्दों का प्रयोग भी देखा जा सकता है।

कर्मवीर कविता का सार

‘कर्मवीर’ कविता में ‘हरिऔध’ जी ने कर्मशील व्यक्तियों की विशेषताओं का उल्लेख करते हुए बताया है कि वे कभी भी विघ्न, बाधाओं को देख कर घबरातें नहीं हैं तथा कठिन से कठिन कार्य भी मन लगा कर पूरा करते हैं। अपनी मेहनत से वे अपने बुरे दिनों को भी भला बना लेते हैं। वे कभी भी किसी काम को कल पर टालते हैं। वे जो कुछ सोचते हैं, वही कर के भी दिखाते हैं। वे अपना कार्य स्वयं करते हैं तथा कभी किसी से सहायता नहीं मांगते। वे अपने समय को अमूल्य समझकर व्यर्थ की बातों में गंवाते नहीं हैं। वे न तो काम से जी चुराते हैं और न ही टाल-मटोल करते हैं। वे तो दूसरों के लिए आदर्श हैं। अपनी मेहनत से वे आकाश की ऊँचाइयों को छू लेते हैं तथा दुर्गम पर्वतों की चोटियों को भी जीत लेते हैं। उन्हें घने जंगलों के अंधकार, गर्जते सागर की लहरों, आग की लपटों आदि भी विचलित नहीं करती तथा वे सदा अपने कार्यों में सफल रहते हैं।

PSEB 12th Class History Solutions Chapter 20 Civil and Military Administration of Ranjit Singh

November 16, 2021November 12, 2021 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class History Book Solutions Chapter 20 Civil and Military Administration of Ranjit Singh Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 20 Civil and Military Administration of Ranjit Singh

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Give an outline of Central Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Maharaja was the pivot of central administration. Every word uttered by him was deemed law. Maharaja Ranjit Singh used his powers for the public welfare. In order to get cooperation in running the administration, the Maharaja had appointed many ministers, of which prominent were the Prime Minister, Foreign Minister, Diwan, Chief Commander and Deorhiwala. It rested on Maharaja’s will to accept their advice or not.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh usually accepted the advice of his ministers for the efficiency of the administration. He had also established 12 departments or daftars for the smooth functioning of administration. Of these departments, main were Daftar-i-Abwab-ul-Mal, Daftar-i-Tauzihat, Daftar-i-Mawajib, Daftar-i-Roznamcha-i-Ikhrajat. Decidedly, Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s central administration was good.

Question 2.
What was the position of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in the Central Administration?
Answer:
Maharaja was head of the State and he was the pivot around which the entire administration of the state revolved. He himself prepared all the internal and external policies. He himself appointed all the ministers, high ranking civil and military officers of the state. He could also remove them from their posts whenever he wanted. He was also the highest court of justice of the state and every word uttered by him became law for the people.

None could dare violate his orders. He was the Commander-in-Chief of the army. He could declare war or peace with any ruler. He could impose or reduce or abolish taxes on his subjects. In short, powers of the Maharaja were in no way less than those of an autocrat. But the Maharaja never misused these powers. He used them for the public welfare.

Question 3.
Describe the Provincial Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
In order to run the administration smoothly, Maharaja Ranjit Singh had divided his empire into four provinces. The names of these provinces were

Suba- i-Lahore
Suba-i-Multan
Suba-i-Kashmir and
Suba-i-Peshawar.

The administration of the Suba or Province was under Nazim (Governor). His main duties were to maintain peace, law and order in the state, to enforce the orders of the Maharaja, to decide the lawsuits and to supervise the work of other officials of the province. In this way powers of the Nazim were boundless. However, he could never misuse his powers as he got all the instructions from the Maharaja.

Unworthy Nazims were removed from their posts. Famous Nazims of Maharaja Ranjit Singh were:

Sardar Lehna Singh Majithia,
Misar Roop Lai
Diwan Sawan Mai
Cols. Mihan Singh
General Hari Singh Nalwa and
Avitabile.

Question 4.
What was the position of Kardar during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
Each Suba was further divided into many Paraganas. The chief official of the Pargana was called Kardar. The office of a Kardar was considered more important than that of the Nazims. He was a pivotal functionary who had direct contact with the people. His position was like a present-day Deputy Commissioner. He had many duties to do.

The chief duties of the Kardar were to establish peace in the Pargana, to get the Maharaja’s order implemented, to collect the land revenue, to look after public welfare and administer justice. In brief, the Kardar exercised enormous powers in his Pargana. He was assisted by Qanungos and Muqaddams. Dr. Bhagat Singh aptly says, The Kardar was in fact most important official of Local Government.

Question 5.
Write a note on Local Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
What do you know about the Local Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:

1. Administration of the Parganas: Each Suba was further divided into many Parganas. The chief official of the Pargana was called Kardar. The chief duties of the Kardar were to establish peace in the Pargana, to get the Maharaja’s orders implemented, to collect the land revenue, to look after public welfare and administer justice. In brief, the Kardar exercised enormous powers in his Pargana. He was assisted by Qanungos and Muqaddams.

2. Village Administration: The smallest unit of administration was the village. It was then called ‘Mauza’. The administration of the village was in the hands of the Panchayat. The Panchayat looked after the people of the village and settled their petty disputes. The people showed great regard for the Panchayat and they mostly accepted its decisions. The Patwari maintained the record of the village land.

The Chaudhary would help the government in collecting land revenue. Muqaddam (Lambardar) was head of the village. He worked as a link between the government and the people. The Chowkidar was the watchman of the village. The Maharaja did not interfere in the working of the village.

3. AdministratioiM>f the city of Lahore: During the period of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the administration of Lahore city was run differently from other cities. The chief official of Lahore city was ‘Kotwal’. At the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Imam Bakhsh was appointed to this important post. The chief functions of a Kotwal were to give practical shape to the Maharaja’s orders, to maintain peace in the city, to supervise the work of Mohalladars, to make arrangements for cleanliness in the city, to keep details of the foreign visitors, to supervise trade and industry and to examine weights and measures etc.

The whole city was divided into Mohallas. Each Mohalla was under a Mohalladar. He used to look after the Mohalla under him.

Question 6.
Write a short note on the administration of the city of Lahore during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
During the period of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the administration of Lahore city was run differently from other cities. The whole city was divided into Mohallas. A Mohalla was under a Mohalladar. The Mohalladar maintained peace and order in hia mohalla and looked after the arrangement of cleanliness.

The chief official of Lahore city was ‘Kotwal’. The chief functions of a Kotwal were to give practical shape to the Maharaja s orders, to maintain peace in the city, to supervise the work of Mohalladars. to make arrangements for cleanliness in the city, to keep details of the foreign visitors, to supervise trade and industry and to examine weights and measures etc. He used to take necessary action against the guilty persons.

Question 7.
Write a short note on the Financial Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Describe main features of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s land revenue administration.
Answer:
Economic Condition. Land revenue constituted the most important source of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s income. Out of a total revenue amounting to a little over three crores of rupees about two crores were contributed by land revenue. During Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times the following methods of assessment of land revenue were prevalent:

1. Batai System : During Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times, the Batai system was widely prevalent. According to this system, the land revenue was assessed after harvesting. The system however had certain serious flaws. First, the state couldn’t have any idea of its income in advance. Secondly, the government had to appoint a large number of staff in order to ensure that there was no misappropriation of the produce by the farmers. Consequently, this system proved very expensive for the’government. Maharaja Ranjit Singh dispensed with this system in 1823 A.D.

2. Kankut System: In 1824 A.D. the Maharaja introduced the Kankut system in many parts of his Kingdom. Under this system revenue was determined on the basis of standing crops. The assessed revenue was realized in the form of cash.

3. Bigha System: In some parts of the State, Bigha system of assessment was prevalent. According to the Bigha system, the produce of per Bigha was assessed for determining the land revenue. On its basis, the government would find out how many Bighas of land a farmer owned and how much revenue, he owed to the government.

4. Plough System : In certain places of Ranjit Singh’s kingdom, land revenue was determined according to the plough system. According to this system the land which could be ploughed by a pair of oxen was considered a unit. On the basis of produce per unit, the government would fix its share. As a result a peasant had to pay land revenue in proportion to the number of pairs of bulls, he possessed.

5. Well System : In some parts of Ranjit Singh’s state, the government determined its share on the basis of well-system. According to this system, in order to determine the land revenue that much land was made a unit which could be easily irrigated by one well.

Question 8.
Write a brief note on Jagirdari system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
What were the chief features of Jagirdari system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
Many types of Jagirs were prevalent during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time. Of these, service Jagirs was considered the most important. These Jagirs were given to high military and civil officials of the state in lieu of their salaries. Besides, Inam Jagirs, Subsistence Jagirs, Watan Jagirs and Dharamarth Jagirs were also prevalent. Dharamarth Jagirs were given to religious institutions and holy persons. These Jagirs were given on permanent basis.

These Jagirs were managed by Jagirdar himself directly or by his agents. The Jagirdar not only collected revenue in his Jagir but he had also the right to decide the law-suits. Sometimes he was also given command of military expeditions. Military Jagirdars had the right of recruiting soldiers also. Although the Jagirdari system had some defects yet it suited the conditions of those times.

Question 9.
What do you know about the Judicial system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Or
Discuss the main features of the Judicial system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
The judicial system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was simple. Laws were not written. Justice was done on the basis of existing conventions, customs and sacred scriptures. The final verdict rested with the Maharaja. In order to give justice to his subjects, Ranjit.Singh had set up many courts in his empire. The Panchayats settled disputes in the villages. In towns and cities, there were courts of Qazis. Non-Muslims also went> to the court of Qazi besides the Muslims.

The Qazi did justice according to Shariat (religious laws). Ranjit Singh had appointed special officers , called Adalti, for dispensing justice. During Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time, punishments were not rigid. The capital punishment was not awarded to anybody. Normally, fines were imposed on culprits. In short,'”the judicial system of Ranjit Singh was congenial to the social and political conditions of those times.

Question 10.
What were the main features of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s military ‘ administration?
Or
What reforms were introduced by Ranjit Singh to improve his military system?
Or
Write a short note on the military administration of Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
1. Composition : Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s army consisted of persons belonging to different classes. These included the Sikhs, the Rajputs, the Brahmans, the Khatris, the Gorkhas, the Muslims, the Purbia Hindustanis and the Europeans.

2. Recruitment: The enlistment in the army during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time was entirely voluntary. Only strong and sturdy persons were recruited in the army. The task of recruiting officers was in the hands of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

3. Pay: Before the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh the soldiers were paid either in the form of Jagirs or out of the plunder. The soldiers were paid in kind, twice a year at the time of harvest. Maharaja Ranjit Singh introduced the system of making payment in cash.

4. Promotions : Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave promotions to the soldiers, only on the basis of their ability. While giving promotions to his soldiers, the Maharaja did not discriminate against anyone on the basis of caste or religion.

5. Rewards and Honours : Every year Maharaja Ranjit Singh spent lakhs of rupees on presents and honours, which he gave to the soldiers for their acts of bravery in the battlefield and also for their glorious services to the Lahore Darbar.

Question 11.
Write a brief note on the Fauj-i-Khas of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s army.
Answer:
The Fauj-i-Khas of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s army was its most important and most powerful part. It was commanded and trained by General Ventura. It consisted of 4 battalions of infantry, 2 regiments of cavalry and 1 troop of artillery. This army was trained in European Style. Selected soldiers were enlisted in it. Their arms and horses were also of best quality. That is why it was called Fauj-i- Khas. This army had separate insignia and separate flag. It used French words of command. This army was so disciplined that European officers were also amazed to watch its performance. It was really a show-piece of the Maharaja’s army.

Question 12.
What do you mean by Fauj-e-Be-Qawaid of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
Fauj-i-Be-Qawaid means that army which did not observe any prescribed rules. This army was divided into four parts

Ghorcharas
Fauj-i-Kilajat
Akalis and
Jsagirdari Fauj.

A brief description of these is as follows :

1. Ghorcharas : Ghorcharas were the most important part of the Be-Qawaid army. It was divided into two categories,

Ghorcharas Khas and
Misldar Swars. Ghorcharas Khas consisted of the relatives of-the dignitaries of the court of landed gentry. The Misldar Swars consisted of those horsemen, who were previously employed with the Misl Sardars. They were regarded inferior m status to Ghorcharas Khas. The Ghorcharas retained their old methods of warfare and regarded the European’s practices, as the tricks of the dancing girl: In 1838-39 A.D. the strength of the Ghorcharas was 10,795.

2. Fauj-i-Kilajat : For the defence of the forts, Ranjit Singh had a separate army which was called Fauj-i-Kilajat. The number of these troops varied according to the importance of the forts. In important forts, a large number of soldiers were kept. In small forts the strength of the soldiers ranged between 25 and 50. The commanding officer of the fort was called either Quiladar or Thanedar.

3. The Akalis: The Akalis were known for their bravery. They called themselves the immortal army of Guru Gobind Singh Ji. Each Akali proclaimed himself equivalent to 1,25,000 soldiers. The Akalis always moved fully armed to the teeth. They were opposed to all types of training. It was very difficult for Ranjit Singh to keep them under his control. They fought like devils and performed feats of amazing bravery in the battlefield. Therefore, they were always employed in the most dangerous expeditions. Their number was about 3,000. Akali Phula Singh and Akali Sadhu Singh were their famous leaders.

4. Jagirdari Fauj : During the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, those Jagirdars, who were given military Jagirs had to keep soldiers for the service of the state. The small Jagirdars kept only the cavaliers, whereas the big Jagirdars kept infantry and artillery, in addition to the cavaliers. The Jagirdars themselves recruited their soldiers. These soldiers were inspected from time to time by the state.

Question 13.
What was Ranjit Singh’s attitude towards his subjects?
Answer:
Ranjit Singh’s behaviour towards his subjects was good. He never ignored public interests. State officials were given instructions that they should take extra care for the welfare of public. He travelled in disguise very often to know the real condition of people. Those who violated his orders, were given punishment. The peasants and the poor were given special state facilities. When once there was famine in Kashmir, the Maharaja had sent there a thousand loaded mules with corn.

He gave patronage not only to the Sikhs and Hindus but also to the Muslims. He gave them land exempted from revenue in charity. As a result, his subjects were well-off during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time.

Essay Type Questions:

Civil Administration Of Maharaja Ranjit Singh:

Question 1.
Describe the Civil Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Give a brief account of the Civil Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Describe about the Civil Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Explain in detail the Central and Provincial Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Describe the Central and Provincial Administrative sy stem of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Give a detailed description of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Provincial and Local Administration.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was not only a great conqueror but also an efficient administrator. The salient features of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s civil administration were as follows :

1. Central Administration

(1) The Maharaja : The Maharaja was the head of the State. All the state affairs were looked after by him. He framed all the internal and external policies. All the major civil and military appointments were made by hj^He could dismiss anyone from his office at will. He was the Chief Justice of the State. His word was law. Nobody could dare defy his orders. He had the right to impose, to withdraw or to reduce any tax.

He was the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. The armed forces always abided by his command. He was empowered to declare or end war. He was totally free ttf sign any treaty with any other ruler. In short, the Maharaja’s powers were in no way less than those of a dictator. But the Maharaja never misused these powers. He considered that his own welfare lies in the welfare of the subjects.

(2) Ministers: For the efficient performance of administration, the Maharaja had organised a Council of Ministers. The ministers were appointed by the Maharaja himself. Only those persons who were able, honest and loyal, to the state were appointed ministers. These ministers would give suggestions to the Maharaja about their respective departments. Their suggestions were not binding on the Maharaja. But the Maharaja normally formulated the state policies keeping in view the suggestions of these ministers. The important ministers of the Maharaja were as follows:

1. Prime Minister : Next to the Maharaja in importance was the place of Prime Minister (Wazir). He advised the Maharaja in all political affairs of the state. He looked after all the departments, except finance and foreign affairs. He represented the Maharaja in his absence. He decided cases by holding his court. He sent only very important cases to the Maharaja. All types of petitions were sent to the Maharaja only through him. He got all the orders of the Maharaja implemented. During Ranjit Singh’s time, Raja Dhian Singh held this office for a long time.

2. Foreign Minister: During Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times, the office of the Foreign Minister was also very important. He gave suggestions to the Maharaja regarding war and peace with other powers. He tried to improve rel ations of foreign countries with the Lahore Darbar. He read to the Maharaja the letters received from the foreign countries and sent their replies as the Maharaja advised him. During the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh Faqir Aziz-ud-Din held this office. The Maharaja greatly valued his opinion.

3. Finance Minister : The Finance Minister was one of the important ministers of the Maharaja and was called Diwan. His chief function was to maintain an account of income and expenditure of the state. The papers concerning expenditure of all the departments were first placed before the Diwan for scrutiny. The Diwan would read out the daily report of his department to the Maharaja and received orders to this effect from him. Diwan Bhiwani Das, Diwan Ganga Ram and Diwan Dina Nath were the famous Finance Ministers of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

4. Cohunander-in-Chief : Maharaja Ranjit Singh himself was the Chief Commander of his army. All the major campaigns were commanded by the Maharaja himself. In addition, the Maharaja would appoint different generals for different campaigns. Their chief task was to lead the army in battles and maintain discipline among soldiers. Diyan Mohkam Chand, Misar Diwan Chand and Hari Singh Nalwa were the famous Generals of Ranjit Singh.

5. Deorhiwala : The Deorhiwala looked after the royal family and the palace. No one could enter the palace without his permission. To arrange somebody’s meeting with the Maharaja in the palace depended on him. He also acted as a watch man of the royal pplace. In addition, all the ceremonies in the palace were performed under his supervision. Jamadar Khushal Singh held this office for quite a long time. After him this office was given to Dhidn Singh.

(3) Central Departments or Daftars: For administrative efficiency Maharaja Ranjit Singh had established various departments or daftars. A brief description of the prominent daftars is as follows :

Daftar-i-Abwab-ul-Mal: It maintained the account of different sources Of income the state.
Daftar-i-Mal : It kept account of land revenue received from various Parganas and Taluqas.
Daftar-i-Wajuhat: It kept the account of the income accrued from court fee and custom duty on opium, bhang and other intoxicants.
Daftar-i-Taujihat: It maintained the account of the royal family.
Daftar-i-Mawaj ib : It maintained the account, of salaries paid to the military and civil officials.
Daftar-i-Roznamacha-i-Ikhrajat : It kept the account of daily expenditure of the state.
Daftar-i-Toshakhana : In this department, expensive things were taken care of. This office was divided into two parts

Toshakhana Khaas and Toshakhana Bahela. Gold, silver, diamonds, pearls, etc. were kept at Toshakhana Khaas. The things of general use were kept at Toshakhana Bahela.

II. Provincial Administration

With a view to run the administration efficiently, Maharaja Ranjit Singh had divided his kingdom into four provinces. The names of these provinces were

Suba-i-Lahore
Suba-i-Multan
Suba-i-Kashmir and
Suba-i- Peshawar.

Nazim was the highest authority of the Suba. His main duty was to maintain peace and order in the Suba. For this purpose, he was allowed to maintain a small force. In addition, he supervised the. work of other officials of the Suba. He got the orders of the Maharaja implemented in the Suba. He decided the civil and criminal cases.

He heard the appeals against the decisions of the Kardas. He helped the various Suba officials in the collection of land revenue. He also supervised the work of district Kardars. Thus, the Nazim exercised vast powers in his own Suba. But, he had to seek the prior approval of the Maharaja, before taking any crucial decision about his Suba. The Maharaja could change the Nazim, whenever he wanted. The famous Nazims of Maharaja Ranjit Singh were

Sardar Lehna Singh Majithia
Misar Roop Lai
Diwan Sawan Mai
Karnail Mihan Singh
Avitabile

III. Local Administration

(a) Administration of the Parganas : Each Suba was further divided into many Parganas. The’ chief official of the Pargana was called Kardar. The office of a Kardar was considered more important than that of the Nazims. He was a pivotal functionary, who. had a direct contact with the people. His position was like a present day Deputy Commissioner.

He had many duties to do. The chief duties of the Kardar were to establish peace in the Pargana, to get the Maharaja’s orders implemented, to collect the land revenue, to look after public welfare and administer justice. In brief, the Kardar exercised enormous powers in his Pargana. He was assisted by Qanungos and Muqaddams.

(b) Village Administration : The smallest unit of administration was the village. It was then called ‘Mauza’. The administration of the village was in the hands of the Panchayat. The Panchayat looked after the people of the village and settled their petty disputes. The people showed great regard for the Panchayat and they mostly accepted its decisions.

The Patwari maintained the record of the village land. The Chaudhary would help the government in collecting land revenue. Muqaddam (Lambardar) was head of the village. He worked as a link between the government and the people. The Chowkidar was the watchman of the village. The Maharaja did not interfere in the working of the village.

(c) Administration of the city of Lahore : During the period of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the administration of Lahore city was run differently from other cities. The chief official of Lahore city was ‘Kotwal’. At the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Imam Bakhsh was appointed to this important post. The chief functions of a Kotwal were to give practical shape to the Maharaja’s orders, to maintain peace in the city, to supervise the work of Mohalladars, to make arrangements for cleanliness-in the city, to keep details of the foreign visitors, to supervise trade and industry and to examine weights and measures etc. The whole city was divided into Mohallas. Each Mohalla was under a Mohalladar. He used to look after the Mohalla under him.

Financial Administration Of J Maharaja Ranjit Singh:

Question 2.
Give a detailed description of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Financial Administration.
Or
Discuss the salient features of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Financial Administration.
Or
Describe the Financial System of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in detail.
Or
Examine critically the land revenue system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Discuss the land revenue system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Every state needs funds for carrying on its administration and implementing many other projects. Such funds are raised by a well devised financial system. The financial system prevailing in the Punjab during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s reign was the simplest of its kind. At first, the finance system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was not regularised. In 1808 A.D. he decided to improve the existing financial system. So, he appointed Diwan Bhiwani Das as his Finance Minister.

Diwan Bhiwani Das soon after his appointment established Daftar-i-Abwab-ul- Mal, Daftar-i-Abwab-ul-Tahwil, Daftar-i-Taujihat and Daftar-i-Roznamcha-i- Ikhrazat with a view to regularise the financial system.

IV. Land Revenue Administration:

Land revenue constituted the most important source of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s income. Out of a total revenue amounting to a little over three crores of rupees about two crores were contributed by land revenue. During Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times the following methods of assessment of land revenue were prevalent:

(1) Batai System: During Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times, the Batai system was widely prevalent. According to this system, the land revenue was assessed after harvesting. The system however had certain serious flaws. First, the state couldn’t have any idea of its income in advance. Secondly, the government had to appoint a large number of staff in order to ensure that there was no misappropriation of the produce by the farmers. Consequently, this system: proved very expensive for the government. Maharaja Ranjit Singh dispensed with this system in 1823 A.D.

(2) Kankut System: In 1824 A.D. the Maharaja introduced the Kankut system in many parts of his kingdom. Under this system revenue was determined on the basis of standing crops. The assessed revenue was realized in the form of cash.

(3) Bigha System: In some parts of the State, Bigha system of assessment was prevalent. According to the Bigha system, the produce of per Bigha was assessed for determining the land revenue. On its basis, the government would find out how many Bighas of land a farmer owned and how much revenue, he owed to the government.

(4) Plough System: In certain places of Ranjit Singh’s kingdom, land revenue was determined according to the plough system. According to this system the land which could be ploughed by a pair of oxen was considered a unit. On the basis of produce per unit, the government would fix its share. As a result a peasant had to pay land revenue in proportion to the number of pairs of bulls, he possessed.

(5) Well System : In some parts of Ranjit Singh’s state, the government determined its share on the basis of well-system. According to this system, in order to determine the land revenue that much land was made a unit which could be easily irrigated by one well.

(6) Ijaradari System: According to the Ijaradari system, the government would hand over the land of a village or a group of villages to a contractor and realize the fixed land revenue from him. This contractor had the right to collect revenue from the land under him. These contractors were called Ijaradars. The government gave them the right to collect land revenue for 2 to 6 years.

Collection of Land Revenue

During the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the land revenue was collected twice a year. This revenue was collected at the time of Rabi and Kharif harvests. There is a considerable difference of opinion among historians over the government share of the produce. It varied from place to place and according to the fertility of the soil. Most of the historians agree that they government charged 50% revenue on the very fertile land. Very little land revenue was charged from those who cultivated the barren land, till it became completely fertile. Usually it ranged from 2/5th to l/3rd of the total produce. Dr. B.J. Hasrat aptly says,

“Neither unduly benevolent nor exceedingly oppressive, the land revenue system of Ranjit Singh was highly practical and suited to the requirements of the time. During the times of Ranjit Singh, in addition to the land revenue, the government had the following other main sources of income :

(1) Custom Duties: Next to land revenue, the other main source of state income was custom duties. There was a network of octroi posts all over the state. Custom duties were imposed upon all articles irrespective of their being domestic or foreign. During Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times the total income from custom duties amounted to 17 lakhs.

(2) Nazrana : Nazrana was also the chief source of state income. It was that cash or precious gifts, which the courtiers of the state and the other people presented to the Maharaja on different occasions.

(3) Zabti: It was also an important source of state income. Maharaja Ranjit Singh would confiscate the property of guilty officials. Besides this, in the event of Jagirdar’s death, the Jagirs given to them were confiscated. These Jagirs were either retained by the state or retained by the successors of the Jagirdars, in lieu of money.

(4) Income from Judiciary : Income from judiciary was also a good source of state income. The government would get Jurmana from the guilty persons and ‘Shukrana’ from those, who were declared innocent.

(5) Excise yTteetaxes charged on the sale of opium, bhang, wine and other
intoxicants were called excise. The government earned sufficient annual income through this tax.

(6) Income from Salt: The government had the exclusive right to extract salt from the salt mines. It had the right to manufacture salt or sell it.

(7) Abwabs : Abwabs were those small taxes which were charged along with the land revenue. They were normally 5% to 15% of the land revenue.

(8) Professional Tax : Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s government had imposed professional tax on the people of different professions. This tax was charged at the rate of Re. 1 to Rs. 2 per person.

Total Income of the Kingdom

We do not have any specific knowledge of the total income of the kingdom during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times. We can estimate from the different details given by the historians that during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times the total annual income of the state was between 2 crore and 3 crore.

Expenditure:

During Ranjit Singh’s reign no formal budget was prepared. The government would spend its income on running the administration, paying salaries to the army, courtiers and other civil officials, manufacturing war-materials, developing agriculture, executing government plans, running charitable institutions and awarding prizes. ,

Question 3.
Make an assessment of the Judicial Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
What do you know about the Judicial Administration of Ranjit Singh? Explain in detail.
Or
Explain the Judicial System and Financial Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
The judicial system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was very simple. There were no written laws. Judicial decisions were made in accordance with the customary conventions and religious beliefs. No distinction was made between civil and criminal cases. The chief characteristics of Ranjit Singh’s judicial system were as follows :

Courts:

Maharaja Ranjit Singh had established the following courts to deliver justice to his people:

1. Panchayat: In the judicial system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Panchayat Was the smallest, but the most important court. The Panchayat generally consisted of five members. Almost all the civil and criminal cases of the village were heard by the Panchayat. The Panchayat decided cases according to the conventions of the people. The people greatly respected the Panchayat.

2. Qazi’s Court: During Ranjit Singh’s time, the Qazi’s courts were set up in the cities. During Ranjit Singh’s times people of all religions were appointed to this office. Appeals against the judgements of the Panchayats were made in the Qazi’s court and new cases were also heard.

3. Jagirdar’s Court: During the period of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Jagirs were administered by the Jagirdars. These Jagirdars were empowered to decide both civil and criminal cases within the jurisdiction of these Jagirs.

4. Kardar’s Court: Kardar was the chief officer of the Pargana. In his court, all the civil and criminal cases of the Pargana were heard and judgements given.

5. Nazim’s Court: In every province, the chief judicial officer was the Nazim. He normally decided criminal cases but some civil cases were also decided.

6. Adalti’s Court: In order to give justice, to his subjects Ranjit Singh had appointed Adaltis in all the big cities. Both the civil and criminal cases were heard in these courts.
7. Adalat-i-Ala : Adalat-i-Ala was the highest court below the Maharaja. This court was set up at Lahore. This court was like the High Court of today. In this court appeals against the judgements of the courts of Kardar and Nazim were heard.

8. Maharaja’s Court: The Maharaja’s court was the highest court. His decisions were final. Maharaja Ranjit Singh considered it his first duty to give impartial justice to the people. The aggrieved party could appeal to the Maharaja directly. At that time, it was not necessary that the case should come to the Maharaja through the channel of lower courts. The Maharaja also heard appeals against the decisions of Kardars, Nazims and Adalat-i-Ala. The power to award death sentence rested only with the Maharaja. He could pardon any criminal.

Working of the Courts:

During Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times, the working system of the courts was simple and practical. In order to get justice, the people were at liberty to knock at the door of any court in the state. At that time the laws were not written, so the judges would deliver their judgements on the basis of prevalent conventions. The disposal of the cases was speedy. The people could appeal to the Maharaja against the decisions of the lower courts.

Punishments:

Maharaja Ranjit Singh was opposed to give severe punishments to the criminals. He had done away with many inhuman punishments. The death sentence was not awarded to any criminal. Normally, the criminals were fined. The punishment of amputating a part of the body was scarcely given to the criminals. This punishment was given to those criminals who committed crimes time and again.

Estimate of Ranjit Singh’s Judicial System:

The historians have either admired or severely criticised the judicial system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh on the basis of following merits and demerits :

(1) Demerits : Some historians have strongly criticised the judicial system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. They advance the following arguments :

1. Justice was Sold: One major demerit of Ranjit Singh’s, judicial system was that the government had made justice a source of income. One could escape punishment by paying fine to the government after committing even the most serious crime. Where justice is sold, to call it justice is an insult to justice:

2. Court’s Rights were not Clear : During the times of Ranjit Singh, the rights of various courts were not clear. Civil and criminal cases were not differentiated from each other.

3. No Written Laws : During Ranjit Singh’s times laws were not written. Therefore while delivering justice, the judges would have their own ways. In the absence of written laws, the possibility of the dispensation of right justice was reduced.

4. Wrong Decisions: Ranjit Singh was the Chief Justice of the state. No appeal could be made against his decisions.The decisions of these cases were adversely affected by the mental state of the Maharaja. Whenever the Maharaja was in a happy state of niind, he would even acquit the most serious criminal. On the contrary, if the Maharaja happened to be in angry mood, he would give a severe punishment even to an ordinary criminal.

(2) Merits : Many historians have admired the judicial system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. They advance the following arguments :

1. Justice was not Sold : Some historians are of the opinion that justice was sold during the regime of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Any criminal could have his punishment waived off by paying fine to the government. Most of the historians have contradicted this view that justice was not sold during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times.

2. Fast and Cheap Justice : Another prominent merit of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s judicial system was that the people of those days used to get fast and cheap justice. The cases were not allowed to get lost in the judicial complications.

3. Laws were based on Conventions : It is true that there were no written laws during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s period but the society never felt their absence. The reason being that the judges delivered their judgements on the basis of prevalent conventions and religious traditions. The people greatly respected these conventions.

4. Strict watch over the Judges : The Maharaja kept a strict watch over the judges so that they might dispense justice justly. He would take action against those judges who did not discharge their duties sincerely.

Jagirdari System Of Maharaja Ranjit Singh:

Question 4.
Discuss about the Jagirdari System of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Jagirdari system was prevalent among the Sikh Misls, even before . Maharaja Ranjit Singh, but Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave it a new shape. The following were the chief characteristics of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Jagirdari system :

Kinds of Jagirs:

During Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times the following Jagirs were in vogue :

1. Service Jagirs : Service Jagirs were the most significant of all the Jagirs which were given during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. They constituted the bulk of the landed grants. Service Jagirs were given both to the military and civil persons. All service Jagirs whether civil or military were held depending on the pleasure of the Maharaja. They could be enlarged, reduced or confiscated depending upon how their guarantors discharged their assigned responsibilities. A brief description of these Jagirs is as follows:

(1) Military Jagirs : Military Jagirs were those Jagirs in which the Jagirdars had to keep certain number of horsemen for the state service. These Jagirdars were given Jagirs by the. state in return for expenditure incurred for the maintenance of these horsemen. Maharaja Ranjit Singh took special care that every military Jagirdar must keep under him the horsemen fixed by the government. So, the Jagirdar’s horsemen were inspected from time to time. Those Jagirdars, whose horsemen were found less in number, were given punishments. In 1830 A.D. Maharaja Ranjit Singh had introduced the branding of horses.

(2) Civil Jagirs : Civil Jagirs were given to the civil officers of the state in lieu of the salary they received. They had the right to collect land revenue from their Jagirs. The Civil Jagirdars did not need to keep fixed horsemen under them. The number of Civil Jagirs was very large.

2. Inam Jagirs : Inam Jagirs were those Jagirs which the Maharaja would give to the people in recognition of their special services or as reward for their acts of valour. Inam Jagirs were normally hereditary.

3. Subsistence Jagirs : Subsistence Jagirs were those Jagirs which the Maharaja gave to the people for sustenance purpose. For such Jagirs the Maharaja did not expect any service. Normally these Jagirs were given to the Maharaja’s relatives, the defeated rulers and their dependents and the Jagirdar’s dependents for their subsistence. The Subsistence Jagirs like the Inam Jagirs were also hereditary, jfm^at was expected in return was a payment of a small nazrana (tribute) in token of their loyalty to the state.

4. Watan Jagirs : Watan Jagirs were also called Patidar Jagirs. These were those Jagirs which were given to the Jagirdars in his native village. These Jagirs were, in vogue, during the times of the Sikh Misls. These Jagirs were hereditary. Maharaja Ranjit Singh continued the Watan Jagirs, but he ordered some Watan Jagirdars to render military service.

5. Dharamarth Jagirs : Dharamarth Jagirs were those Jagirs which were given to religious institutions, like gurdwaras, temples and mosques, or holy persons. The income accrued from the Dharamafth Jagirs given to the religious institutions was spent for providing accommodation to the pilgrims, on the langar and on the upkeep of sacred places. The Dharamarth Jagirs were given on permanent basis.

Other Features of the Jagirdari System:

1. Size of the Jagirs : There was a great difference in the size of all the Jagirs, whatever the category of a Jagir might be, but the greatest difference was in the Service Jagirs. The Service. Jagir could be equivalent to a village or part thereof or from an acre to as big as the whole district.

2. Administration of the Jagirs : The administration of the Jagirs was managed either directly by the Jagirdars themselves or indirectly by their agents. The administration of small Jagirs was managed by the Jagirdars, themselves or by the members of their family, in their absence. Those Jagirdars who had large Jagirs scattered over a number of places could not manage it alone. So, they appointed *Mukhtars’ to look after the administrative work of the Jagirs.

The amount of land revenue to be collected by the Jagirdar or their agents was fixed by the government. The Jagirdar had to keep it in view that the farmers working under him or his labourers should not be displeased with him.

Civil And Military Administration Of Ranjit Singh:

3. Duties of the Jagirdars : During the regime of Maharaja Ranjit Singh the Jagirdars not only collected the revenue from the Jagirs under them but also decided the judicial cases of the people living in their Jagirs. Many a time, the Maharaja would give command of small military campaigns to the brave Jagirdars also. Often the Maharaja would authorise the Jagirdars to collect arrears of land revenue from the areas under them. Sometimes Jagirdars were sent on diplomatic missions and were given the responsibility to welcome the important foreign dignitaries. In short, the Jagirdars enjoyed enormous powers during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Merits of the Jagirdari System

1. Free from the burden of Collecting Revenue : During the period of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, many civil and military officers had been given the Jagirs. These Jagirdars were given the right to collect revenue from the Jagir under them. So, the government became free from the burden of collecting revenue.

2. A large force was prepared : During Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times those Jagirdars who were given military Jagirs had to keep soldiers for the service of the state. The Maharaja inspected these soldiers from time to time. The Jagirdars would send these soldiers to the help of the Maharaja at the time of need. A large reserve force for Maharaja Ranjit Singh was thus prepared by the Jagirdars.

3. Help in the Administration : During Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times the Jagirdars not only collected the revenue, but also settled all the judicial matters in the Jagirs under them. These Jagirdars were also empowered to collect Nazrana. In order to maintain peace, they would also sometimes lead small military campaigns. In this way, the Jagirdar proved help&d to Maharaja Ranjit Singh in matters of state administration.

4. Restriction on the despotism of Ranjit Singh : The Jagirdari system imposed restriction on the despotism of Ranjit Singh. Since the Maharaja sought the help of the Jagirdars in running his administration, he could not rule by free will. He had to keep in mind the wishes of the Jagirdars.

Demerits of the Jagirdari System:

1. Lack of unity in the Army: During the period of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Jagirdars had their own army- Its recruitment was made according to the Jagirdar’s own whims. The soldiers under every Jagirdar did not undergo the same sort of training. Consequently, there was a lack of co-ordination in them. Besides, these soldiers were more loyal to the Jagirdars than to the Maharaja.

2. Exploitation of Farmers : The Jagirdars were empowered to collect land revenue from the Jagirs held by them.’ These Jagirdars would try to collect maximum Revenue from the farmers. The big Jagirdars would often take fixed amount of money from the contractors and allow them to collect revenue. These contractors would greatly exploit the farmers to earn maximum profit.

3. Jagirdars led a luxurious Life : Since the big Jagirdars were very rich, they led a life of luxury. They would indulge in debauchery and merry-making in
their palaces. One reason being that these Jagirdars knew that after their death their Jagir could be confiscated. Thus, the valuable wealth of the state was wasted.

4. Jagirdari System proved harmful to the Successors of Ranjit Singh: Maharaja Ranjit Singh had given enormous powers to the Jagirdars. As long as he was alive, he kept them under his control, but after his death, his weak successors could not keep them under their control. They began to take part in anti-state conspiracies. It proved very harmful to the Sikh empire.

Although the Jagirdari system suffered from certain defects, yet it eminently suited during the regime of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Military Administration Of Maharaja Ranjit Singh:

Question 5.
Give an account of the Military Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Describe in detail the military system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Write briefly the military organisation of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Why was his army called the ‘Engine of Power?
Or
Describe the various reforms introduced by Maharaja Ranjit Singh in order to westernise his army.
Or
Discuss critically the Military Administration of Ranjit Singh.
Or
Describe the salient features of the Military Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Describe the merits and demerits of the Military Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was not only a great conqueror, but also a military administrator of a very high order. Before Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the military system of the Sikhs was very defective. There was a total lack of discipline among the soldiers. They were neither paraded nor given training of any kind. The infantry was considered very inferior. The Sikhs considered it below their dignity to join the infantry. The army was also not well-organised. There was no practice of branding the horses. The soldiers were not given salaries in cash.

They were given a share of the booty. As a result, the soldiers paid more attention to plundering than fighting. No record of the details of soldiers was maintained. Above all, the Sikh army did not have the modern sophisticated weapons. Artillery was not considered an essential part of the army. Such an army can not be called an army in the true sense of the word. Ranjit Singh was dreaming of establishing a powerful Sikh empire. In order to realise his dream, he felt the urgency of creating a strong and disciplined army. Therefore, he planned to modernise his army.

Division of Army:

Maharaja Ranjit Singh had divided his army into two wings,

Fauj-i-Ain (regular army) and
Fauj-i-Be-Qawaid (irregular army).

A brief description of these wings is as follows :

Fauj-i-Ain:

The regular army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was called Fauj-i-Ain. It comprised all the three arms,

Infantry
Cavalry and
Artillery.

1. Infantry : Maharaja Ranjit Singh was fully aware of the importance of infantry. The task of recruitment in this army had started after 1805 A.D., which continued throughout the Maharaja’s reign. In the beginning, the number of the Sikhs in this army was nominal. The reason being that the Sikhs looked down upon infantry. Therefore, in the beginning, Maharaja Ranjit Singh recruited the Pathans and the Gorkhas in this section of the army.

Afterwards, owing to Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s efforts, the Sikhs too began to join it. In 1822 A.D. Maharaja Ranjit Singh employed General Ventura to train the infantry on western pattern. Under his able guidance, the infantry became the efficienfand the most disciplined army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh within a few years. In 1838-39 A.D. the strength of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s infantry rose to 26617.

2. Cavalry : The second important part of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s army was cavalry. In order to organise it on western lines, Maharaja Ranjit Singh appointed General Allard in 1822 A.D. Under his command the cavalry became very strong. In 1838-39, the overall strength of the cavalry was 4090.

3. Artillery : Maharaja Ranjit Singh was fully aware of the importance of artillery in the modern warfare. Therefore, he paid a special attention to the development of artillery in 1810 A.D. In 1812 A.D. he organised Topkhana-i-Khas.. In order to make the artillery more powerful he employed General Court in 1827 A.D., and Col. Alexander Gardener in 1832 A.D. Under their able guidance the artillery made matchless progress in a few years. Maharaja Ranjit Singh had divided his artillery into four categories:

Topkhana-i-Fili,
Topkhana-i- Shutri

4. Topkhana-i-Aspi,
5. Topkhana-i-Gavi. Topkhana-i-Fili consisted of very heavy guns, which were pulled by the elephants. Topkhana-i-Shutri consisted of those guns, which were pulled by the camels. Topkhana-i-Aspi consisted of those guns, which were pulled by the horses. Topkhana-i-Gavi consisted of those guns, which were pulled by the oxen.

Fauj-i-Khas:

Fauj-i-Khas was the most important and the strongest portion of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s army. It was trained under the command of General Ventura. It consisted of four battalions of infantry, two regiments of cavalry, and a troop of artillery. It was trained and disciplined strictly on European patterns. In it, very selected soldiers were recruited. Their weapons and horses were, also, of the superior type. That is why this army was called Fauj-i-Khas. It had a separate flag and emblem.

Fauj-l-Be-Qawaid:

Fauj-i-Be-Qawaid means that army that did not observe any prescribed rules. This army was divided into four parts

Ghorcharas
Fauj-i-Kilajat
Akalis and
Jagirdari Fauj.

A brief description of these is as follows :

1. Ghorcharas: Ghorcharas were the most important part of the Be-Qawaid army. It was divided into two categories,

Ghorcharas Khas and
Misldar Swars. Ghorcharas Khas consisted of the relatives of the dignitaries of the court of landed gentry. The Misldar Swars consisted of those horsemen, who were previously employed with the Misl Sardars. They were regarded inferior in status to Ghorcharas Khas. The Ghorcharas retained their old methods of warfare and regarded the Europeans practices, as the tricks of the dancing girl. In 1838-39 A.D. the strength of the Ghorcharas was 10,795.

2. Fauj-i-Kilajat: For the defence of the forts, Ranjit Singh had a separate army which was called Fauj-i-Kilajat. 1116 number of these troops varied according to the importance of the forts. In important forts, a large number of soldiers were kept. In small forts the strength of the soldiers ranged between 25 and 50. The commanding officer of the fort was called either Quiladar or Thanedar.

3. The Akalis: The Akalis were known for their bravery. They called themSelves the immortal army of Guru Gobind Singh Ji. Each Akali proclaimed himself equivalent to 1,25,000 soldiers. The Akalis always moved fully armed to the teeth. They were opposed to q}l types of training. It was very difficult for Ranjit Singh to keep them under his control. They fought like devils and performed feats of amazing bravery in the battlefield. Therefore, they were always employed in the most dangerous expeditions. Their number was about 3,000. Akali Phula Singh and Akali Sadhu Singh were their famous leaders.

4. Jagirdari Fauj: During the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, those Jagirdars, who were given military Jagirs had to keep soldiers for the service of the state. The small Jagirdars kept only the cavaliers, whereas the big Jagirdars kept infantry and artillery, in addition to the cavaliers. The Jagirdars themselves recruited their soldiers. These soldiers were inspected from time to time by the state.

Other Features:

1. Total Strength of the Army: Most of the historians agree to the view that Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s army ranged between 75,000 and 1,00,000.

2. Composition: Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s army consisted of persons belonging to different classes. These included the Sikhs, the Rajputs, the Brahmans, the Khatris, the Gorkhas, the Muslims. The Purbia Hindustanis and the Europeans.

3. Recruitment: The enlistment in the army during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time was entirely voluntary. Only strong and sturdy persons were recruited in the army. The task of recruiting officers was in the hands of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

4. Pay: Before the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh the soldiers were paid either in the form of Jagirs or out of the plunder. The soldiers were paid in kind, twice a year at the time of harvest. Maharaja Ranjit Singh introduced the system of making payment in cash.

5. Promotions : Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave promotions to the soldiers, only on the basis of their ability. While giving promotions to his soldiers, the Maharaja did not discriminate against anyone on the basis of caste or religion.

6. Rewards and Honours : Every year Maharaja Ranjit Singh spent lakhs of rupees on presents and honours, which he gave to the soldiers for their acts of bravery in the battlefield and also for their glorious services to th^Li&hore Darbar.

7. Discipline: Maharaja Ranjit Singh had maintained a high depeb of discipline in his army. Those who violated the military rules were awarded severe punishments. Gen. Sir Charles Gough and Arthur D. Innes aptly say, “The Sikh army was the most efficient, the hardest to overcome, that we have ever faced ip India.”

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Give an outline of Central Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Every word uttered by Maharaja Ranjit Singh was deemed law. In order – to get cooperation in running the administration, the Maharaja had appointed many ministers, of which prominent were the Prime Minister, Foreign Miniate. Finance Minister, Diwan, Chief Commander and Deorhiwala. It rested on Maharaja’s will to accept their advice or not. He had also established 12 departments or daftars for the smooth functioning of administration.

Question 2.
What was the position of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in the Central Administration?
Answer:
Maharaja was head of the State and he was the pivot around which the entire administration of the state revolved. He himself appointed all the ministers, high ranking civil and military officers of the state. He was also the highest court of justice of the state and every word uttered by him became law for the people. He was the Commander-in-Chief of the army. He could declare war or peace with any ruler.

Question 3.
Write a short note on the Provincial Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh had divided his empire into four Provinces,

Suba-i-Lahore
Suba-i-Multan
Suba-i-Kashmir and
Suba-i-Peshawar.

The administration of the Suba or Province was under Nazim (Governor). His main duties were to maintain peace, and to enforce the orders of the Maharaja in the province. He also helped the officials in collecting land revenue to maintain the law and order in the state, to enforce the orders of the Maharaja.

Question 4.
What was the position of Kardar during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Or
Write the works of Kardar during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Each Suba was further divided into many Paraganas. The chief official of the Pargana was called Kardar. The chief duties of the Kardar were to establish peace in the Pargana, to get the Maharaja’s order implemented, to collect the land revenue, to look after public welfare and administer justice. In brief the Kardar exercised enormous powers in his Pargana. He was assisted by Qanungos and Muqaddams.

Question 5.
Analyse the Local Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
What do yoh khow about the Local Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
At the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh the Subas were further divided into many Parganas. The administration of Pargana was under Kardar. The main duties of the Kardar were to keep peace in his Pargana, to promulgate orders of the Maharaja, to collect revenue, to look after the public welfare, and to decide the civil and criminal cases. Village or Mauz& was the lowest unit of administration. Its administration was in the hands of Panchayat.

Question 6.
Write the important functions of |£otwal during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. .
Answer:

To implement the orders of the Maharaja.
To establish law and order in the city.
To look after the cleanliness in the city.
To keep the record of foreigners.
To keep a watch on trade and industries in the city.

Question 7.
Write a short note on the administration of city of Lahore during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
How was the administration of the city of Lahore during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
During the period of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the administration of Lahore city was run differently from other cities. The whole city was divided into Mohallas. A Mohalla was under a Mohalladar. The Mohalladar maintained peace and order in his mohalla and looked after the arrangement of cleanliness. The chief official of Lahore city was ‘KotwaP who usually was to be a Muslim. At the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Imam Baksh was appointed at this post.

Question 8.
Write a slbort note on the Financial Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Describe main features of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Land Revenue Administration.
Answer:
Land revenue being the main source of state income, Maharaja Ranjit Singh paid special attention to its administration. Batai, Kankut, Bidding, Bigha, Plough and Well systems of determining land revenue were prevalent during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time. Land revenue was collected twice in a year. The officials who collected revenue were—Kardar, Muqaddam, Patwari, Qanungo and Chaudhary. Land revenue could be paid in cash or in kind and it was fixed on the basis of fertility of land.

Question 9.
Write a brief note on Jagirdari system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
What were the chief features of Jagirdari system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
Many types of Jagirs were prevalent during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time. Of these, service Jagirs was considered the most important. These Jagirs were given to high military and civil officials of the state in lieu of their salaries. Besides, Inam Jagirs, Subsistence Jagirs, Watan Jagirs and Dharamarth Jagirs Were also prevalent. Dharamarth Jagirs were given to religious institutions and holy persons. These Jagirs were managed by Jagirdar himself directly or by his agents.

Question 10.
Write a shcfrt note on the Judicial system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Discuss the main features of the Judicial system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
What were the main features of the Judicial system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
The Judicial system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was simple. Laws were not written. Justice was done on the basis of existing conventions, customs and sacred scriptures. The final verdict rested with the Maharaja. In order to give justice to his subjects, Maharaja Ranjit Singh had set up many courts in his empire. The Panchayats settled disputes in the villages. In towns and cities, there were courts of Qazis. During Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time, punishments were not rigid.

Question 11.
What were the main features of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Military Administration?
Or
What reforms were introduced by Ranjit Singh to improve his Military system?
Or
Write a short note on the Military Administration of Ranjit Singh.
Or
What were the main features of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Military Administration?
Or
Describe any three features of the military administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
What do you know about the military system of Mahraja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh organised a vast and powerful army. He recruited the English officers in his army to make his army stronger. Keeping record of soldier’s identification and putting mark on horses were started. Factories for manufacturing cannons, guns and other arms were established in the state. He personally inspected the army. Special awards were given to those who displayed bravery in battles. The soldiers were given salary in cash or in the form of Jagirs.

Question 12.
Write a brief note on the Fauj-i-Khas of Maharaja Ranjit Singles army.
Answer:
The Fauj-i-Khas of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s army was its most important and most powerful part. It was commanded and trained by General Ventura. It consisted of 4 battalions of infantry, 2 regiments of cavalry and 1 troop of artillery. This army was trained in European style. Selected soldiers were enlisted in it. Their arms and horses were also of best quality. That is why it was called Fauj- i-Khas. This army was highly disciplined.

Question 13.
What was Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s attitude towards his subjects?
Answer:
Ranjit Singh’s behaviour towards his subjects was good. State officials were given instructions that they should take extra care for the welfare of public. He travelled in disguise very often to know the real condition of people. Those who violated his orders, were given punishment. The peasants and the poor were given special state facilities. He gave patronage not only-to the Sikhs and Hindus but also to the Muslims.

Question 14.
Write a short note on the effects of Ranjit Singh’s rule on the life of the people.
Answer:
The rule of Maharaja Ranjit Singh had a far reaching effects on the life of the people. He had eastablished a vast empire in Punjab. Thus the people of Punjab were able to have a relief in their lives after centuries. Before this the people of Punjab had to face untold cruelities at the hands of Mughals and AfghAnswer: Maharaja Ranjit Singh had established an efficient administration of Punjab. Its main aim was the public welfare. Maharaja Ranjit Singh had abolished inhuman punishments.

Objective Type Questions:

Question 1.
Who was the pivot of central administration during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s rule?
Answer:
Maharaja himself.

Question 2.
Mention any one objective of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s administration.
Answer:
Public Welfare.

Question 3.
Mention any one power of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh himself drafted the internal and external policies.

Question 4.
Who was the Prime Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
Raja Dhian Singh.

Question 5.
What was the main duty of the Prime Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
To advise the Maharaja about all political and other important affairs of the state.

Question 6.
Name the Foreign Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Faqir Aziz-ud-Din.

Question 7.
What was the main duty of the Foreign Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
To advise the Maharaja regarding war and peace.

Question 8.
Name any one famous Finance Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Who was the Finance Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
Diwan Bhawani Das.

Question 9.
Name any one famous army general of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa.

Question 10.
Who was appointed as ‘Deorhiwala’ during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time?
Answer:
Jamadar Khushal Singh.

Question 11. What was the main duty of Deorhiwala during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time?
Answer:
To look after the royal family and the court.

Question 12.
Name any two offices that were established to look after the central administration during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time.
Answer:
Daftar-i-Abwab-ul-Mal.

Question 13.
Into how many Provinces was the empire of Maharaja Ranjit Singh divided?
Answer:
Four.

Question 14.
Name one Province of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Subaf-Lahore

Question 15.
Who was thfe highest official of the Province du Maharaja Ranjit Smgh?
Answer:
Nazim.

Question 16.
Mention any one function of Nazims during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time.
Answer:
To keep peace and order in the province under them.

Question 17.
Name the highest official of a Pargana.
Answer:
Kardar.

Question 18.
Write any one main function of Muqaddam?
Answer:
To help in collection of revenus from the village.

Question 19.
Who looked after the administration of the city of Lahore in Ranjit Singh’s time?
Answer:
Kotwal.

Question 20.
Who was the Kotwal of Lahore during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time?
Answer:
Imam Baksh.

Question 21.
What was the main function of Kotwal during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time?
Answer:
To maintain law and order in the city.

Question 22.
Name any one prevalent system of collecting land revenue in Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time.
Answer:
Batai system.

Question 23.
What do you mean by Batai system?
Answer:
The land revenue was determined after harvesting.

Question 24.
What do you understand by Kankut system?
Answer:
The land revenue was fixed on the basis of standing crops.

Question 25.
Name any one source of state income besides land revenue in Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time.
Answer:
Octroi.

Question 26.
What is meant by Jagirdari system?
Answer:
In Jagirdari system, the state officials were given Jagirs instead of cash salary.

Question 27.
What is meant by Watan Jagirs?
Answer:
These Jagirs were given to the Jagirdars in their own village.

Question 28.
What is meant by Dharmarth Jagirs?
Answer:
These Jagirs were given to the religious institutions- and holy persons.

Question 29.
Name any one judicial court prevalent in Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time.
Answer:
The judicial court prevalent in Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time was the Court of Qazi.

Question 30.
Which was the highest court of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time?
Answer:
Adalat-i-Ala.

Question 31.
Name any one drawback of the Sikh army before Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
There was lack of discipline in the Sikh army.

Question 32.
Name any one reform made by Maharaja Ranjit Singh in the Sikh army.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh imparted training to the Sikh army on western lines.

Question 33.
Into which two categories was Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s army divided?
Answer:
Fauj-i-Ain and Fauj-i-Be-Qawaid.

Question 34.
When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh organise the infantry?
Answer:
1805 A.D.

Question 35.
Into how many parts was cavalry divided in Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time?
Answer: Four.

Question 36.
Whom did Maharaja Ranjit Singh appoint to train Fauj-i-Khas?
Answer:
General Ventura.

Question 37.
Under whose command was the artillery of Fauj-i-Khas in Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time?
Answer:
General Ilahi Baksh.

Question 38.
What is meant by Fauj-i-Be-Qawaid?
Answer:
It meant the army which did not comply with the laid down rules.

Question 39.
Write the names of any two European officers of Lahore Darbar.
Or
Write the name of two European officers of Ranjit Singh’s army?
Or
Write the names of two main Generals of Ranjit Singh’s army.
Answer:

General/entura and
General Court.

Fill in the blanks:

1. The ……………… was the head of the State during-Ranjit Singh’s rule.
Answer:
Maharaja

2. Raja Dhian Singh was the …………….. of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Prime Minister

3. …………… was the Foreign Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Faqir-Aziz-ud-Din

4. ………………. and ………………. were the Finance Ministers of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Diwan Bhiwani Dass, Diwan Ganga Ram

5. The most famous army General of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was ……………..
Answer:
Hari Singh Nalwa

6. ……………… was appointed as Deorhiwala during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time.
Answer:
Jamadar Khushal Singh

7. Deorhiwala looked after the …………….
Answer:
royal family

8. ……………… kept the account of daily expenditure of the state.
Answer:
Daftar-i-Roznamacha-i-Ikhrajat

9. …………… looked after the valuable things of the state.
Answer:
Daftar-i-Toshakhana

10. The Empire of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was divided into …………… Provinces.
Answer:
four

11. ……………. was the highest official of the Proviñce during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Nazim

12. In Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time, head of the ……………… was called Kardar.
Answer:
Pargana

13. During Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time ………………. kept the record of land of the village.
Answer:
Patwari

14. ………………. was the chief official of Lahore during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s rule.
Answer:
Kotwal

15. ………………….. was the Kotwal of Lahore during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time.
Answer:
Imam Baksh

16. ……………. was the main source of income during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time.
Answer:
Land Revenue

17. During Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times, the ……………… system was widely prevalent.
Answer:
Batai

18. During the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh the land revenue was collected ……………. a year.
Answer:
twice

19. ……………….. Jagirs were the most significant of all the Jagirs which were given during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Service

20. ……………… Jagirs weíe those Jagirs which were given t& religious institutions during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Dharamarth

21. …………… was the highest court during the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Adalat-i-Ala

22. During Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times, Adalat-i-Ala was set up in …………..
Answer:
Lahore

23. During Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times, the criminals were generally ……………. only.
Answer:
fined

24. The regular army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was called …………….
Answer:
Fauj-i-Ain

25. Maharaja Ranjit Singh appointed in …………. General Allard to train his regular cavalry.
Answer:
1822 A.D.

26. During Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times the artillery consisted of very heavy guns, pulled by the elephants was called …………….
Answer:
Topkhana-i-Fili

27. Maharaja Ranjit Singh appointed ………………. to train Fauj-i-Khas.
Answer:
General Ventura

28. In Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time, the artillery of Fauj-i-Khas was under the command of General ……………..
Answer:
Ilahi Baksh

29. The army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, which did not comply with the laid down rules, was called …………..
Answer:
Fauj-i-Be-Qawaid

True or False:

1. Maharaja Ranjit Singh framed all the internal and external policies of the state.
Answer:
True

2. Raja Dhian Singh was the Prime Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
True

3. Diwan Dina Nath was the Foreign Minister of Maharqja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
False

4. During the period of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Finance Minister was called Diwan.
Answer:
True

5. Diwan Bhiwani Das was the Finance Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
True

6. Diwan Mohakam Chand and Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa were famous Commander-in-Chiefs of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
True

7. During the period of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Jamadar Khushal Singh was posted as Deorhiwala.
Answer:
True

8. During the period of Maharaja Ranjit Singh the office of Daftar-i-Abwab-ul Mai kept a record of state income.
Answer:
True

9. Daftar-i-Roznamacha-i-Ikhrajat- kept the account of daily expenditure of the state of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
True

10. Maharaja Ranjit Singh had divided his kingdom in four provinces.
Answer:
True

11. Kardar was the main official of the Suba at the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
False

12. Kotwal was the main official of Lahore at the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
True

13. At the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Imam Baksh was appointed as Kotwal.
Answer:
True

14. Diwan Ganga.Ram established daftars at the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
False

15. Land Revenue was the main source of state income in Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time.
Answer:
True

16. Batai system was widely prevalent during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time.
Answer:
True

17. During the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Land Revenue was collected thrice a year.
Answer:
False

18. Service Jagirs were the most significant of all the Jagirs during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
True)

19. Dharmarth Jagirs were given to religious institutions and holy persons in Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time.
Answer:
True

20. Subsistence Jagirs were given to people in recognition of their special services in the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
False

21. Qazi’s courts were set up in cities, dining Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time.
Answer:
True

22. During the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Adalat-i-Ala court was set up in Lahore.
Answer:
True

23. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was in favour of giving severe punishments to the criminals.
Answer:
False

24. Maharaja Ranjit Singh made a compromise between traditional and western ideas for his army.
Answer:
True

25. The regular army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was called Fauj-i-Ain.
Answer:
True

26. Maharaja Ranjit Singh appointed Gereral Ventura to train Fauj-i-Khas.
Answer:
True

27. Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave the command of artillery of Fauj-i-Khas to General Ilahi Baksh.
Answer:
True

28. Fauj-i-Be-Qawaid was the army which did not comply with the laid down rules in the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
True

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Who was the pivot of central administration during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s rule?
(a) Maharaja
(b) Foreign Minister
(c) Finance Minister
(d) Prime Minister
Answer:
(a) Maharaja

2. Who was the Prime Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
(a) Diwan Mohkam Chand
(b) Raja Dhian Singh
(c) Diwan Ganga Nath
(d) Faqir Azizuddin.
Answer:
(b) Raja Dhian Singh

3. Who was the Foreign Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
(a) Diwan Mohkam Chand
(b) Raja Dhian Singh
(c) Faqir Aziz-ud-Din
(d) Khushal singh.
Answer:
(c) Faqir Aziz-ud-Din

4. Who was not the Finance Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
(a) Diwan Mohkam Chand
(b) Diwan Ganga Ram
(c) Diwan Dina Nath
(d) Diwan Bhiwani Das
Answer:
(a) Diwan Mohkam Chand

5. Who was the famous Army General of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
(a) Hari Singh Nalwa
(b) Misar Diwan Chand
(c) Diwan Mohkam Chand
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above

6. Who looked after the royal family and the court during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time?
(a) Deorhiwala
(b) Kardar
(c) Subedar
(d) Kotwal.
Answer:
(a) Deorhiwala

7. Who was appointed as ‘Deorhiwala’ during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time?
(a) Jamadar Khushal Singh
(b) Sangat Singh
(c) Hari Singh Nalwa
(d) Jassa Singh Ramgarhia.
Answer:
(a) Jamadar Khushal Singh

8. Into how many provinces was the Empire of Maharaja Ranjit Singh divided?
(a) Two
(b) Three
(c) Four
(d) Five
Answer:
(c) Four

9. What was head of province known as during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time? .
(a) Subedar
(b) Kardar
(c) Nazim
(d) Kotwal.
Answer:
(c) Nazim

10. What was the head of Pargana called during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time?
Or
What was the main officer of Pargana called at the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
(a) Governor
(b) Kardar
(c) Mukadam
(d) Patwari
Answer:
(b) Kardar

11. Who was the incharge of Lahore at the time of Maharaja RanjitSingh?
(a) Subedar
(b) Kardar
(c) Kotwal
(d) Patwari
Answer:
(c) Kotwal

12. Who was the Kotwal of Lahore at the time Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s rule?
Or
The main officer’s (Kotwal) name of Lahore was :
(a) Dhyan Singh
(b) Bhawani Das
(c) Dina Nath
(d) Imam Baksh.
Answer:
(d) Imam Baksh.

13. In the era of Maharaja Ranjit Singh what was village called’?
(a) Garhi
(b) Haveli
(c) Block
(d) Mauja
Answer:
(d) Mauja

14. What was the main source of income during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time?
(a) Land Revenue
(b) Toll tax
(c) Nazrana
(d) Zabti
Answer:
(a) Land Revenue

15. What was the name of Jagir being given to the religious institutions and holy persons in Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time?
(a) ’Watan Jagir
(b) Inam Jagir
(c) Dharmarth Jagir
(d) Subsistence Jagir.
Answer:
(c) Dharmarth Jagir

16. Which was considered the most important Jagir in Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time?
(a) Inam Jagir
(b) Watan Jagir
(c) Service Jagir
(d) Subsistence Jagir.
Answer:
(c) Service Jagir

17. Which was the lowest court of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
(a) Panchayat
(b) Qazi’s Court
(c) Jagirdar’s Court
(d) Kardar’s Court.
Answer:
(a) Panchayat

18. Which court was lower to the court of Maharaja Rapjit Singh?
(a) Court of Nazim
(b) Adalat-i-Ala
(c) Adaliti
(d) Court of Kardar
Answer:
(b) Adalat-i-Ala

19. Which type of punishment was given to the culprits during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time?
(a) Death sentence
(b) Jurmana (fine)
(c) Amputation of body parts
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(b) Jurmana (fine)

20. What was the drawback of Sikh army before Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
(a) Lack of discipline among soldiers
(b) Infantry considered as an inferior force
(c) No cash salary was given to the soldiers
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

21. What was the regular army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh called?
(a) Fauj-i-Ain
(b) Fauj-i-Khas
(c) Fauj-i-Be-Qawaid
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(a) Fauj-i-Ain

22. Who was appointed to train Fauj-i-Khas*by Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
(a) General Ilahi Baksh
(b) General Allard
(c) General Ventura
(d) General Court.
Answer:
(c) General Ventura

23. Under whose command was the artillery of Fauj-i-Khas in Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time?
(a) General Ilahi Baksh
(b) General Court
(c) Colonel Gardener
(d) General Ventura.
Answer:
(a) General Ilahi Baksh

24. What was the name given to the army which did not comply with the laic^down rules in Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time?
(a) Fauj-i-Khas
(b) Fauj-i-Be-Qawaid
(c) Farvy-i-Ain
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Fauj-i-Be-Qawaid

25. Who was appointed as a trainer for cavalry by Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
(a) General Ventura
(b) General Allard
(c) General Court
(d) General Ilahi Baksh.
Answer:
(b) General Allard