Bhagya

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 5 Desktop Publishing

by

This PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 5 Desktop Publishing will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 5 Desktop Publishing

Desktop publishing is a term coined after the development of a specific type of software. It’s about using that software to combine and rearrange text and images and creating digital files. Desktop publishing (also known as DTP) combines, a personal computer and WYSIWYG(What You See Is What You Get) page layout software to create publication documents on a computer for either large scale publishing or small scale local multifunction peripheral output and distribution.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 5 Desktop Publishing

Desktop Publishing:

The term “desktop publishing” is commonly used to describe page layout skills. However, the skills and software are not limited to paper and book publishing. The same skills and software are often used to create graphics for point of sale displays, promotional items, trade show exhibits, retail package designs and outdoor signs. Desktop publishing refers to the act of using software on a personal computer to combine mixed-media elements such as text, photos, or charts into printable documents.

Once created, these documents can either be printed on a home printer or outsourced to a professional printing service. One of the key features is the ability to preview a page layout before prior to printing, via a feature called What You See Is What You Get (WYSIWYG), pronounced wizzy-wig. While this Was once taught through advanced education programs, advancements in software means that the process is less difficult to master than in past decades.

Definition of DTP

Desktop publishing is the process of using a computer and specific types of software to combine text, images and artwork to produce documents properly formatted for print or visual consumption.

DTP opened visual communication to all with the advent ofdesktop publishing software and affordable desktop computers, a wide range of people, including non-designers and others without graphic design experience, suddenly had the tools to become desktop publishers.

Freelance and in-house graphic designers, small business owners, secretaries, teachers, students and individual consumers do desktop publishing. Non-designers can create visual communications for commercial digital printing, printing on a printing press, and for desktop printing at home or in the office.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 5 Desktop Publishing

Visual Communication using DTP

Now, anyone can do desktop publishing. We dont need any professional for that. Designing and printing both are included in desktop publishing but usually it is considered a process of creating a digital file of product only.

Desktop-Publishing Software:

The primary software used in desktop publishing is page layout software and web design software. Graphics software, including drawing software, a photo editor and word processing software, are also important tools of the graphic designer or desktop publisher. The list of available software is lengthy, but some software is seen on just about everyone’s must-have list depending on what they are trying to accomplish.

Page Layout Software for Printing:

  • Adobe InDesign
  • PagePlus Series from Serif
  • QuarkXpress

Page Layout Software for Office:

1. Microsoft Office Suite Apple iWork Suite

Graphics Software:

  • Adobe Illustrator
  • Corel Draw
  • Inkscape

Photo Editing Software:

  • Adobe Photoshop
  • Corel PaintShop Pro

Web Design Software:

  • Adobe Dreamweaver CC
  • Adobe Muse

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 5 Desktop Publishing

Word Processing and Desktop Publishing:

The similarities between the two are:

  • Both deal with text that can be formatted.
  • Both can work with tables and pictures.
  • Both have many similar features like WordArt, Clip Art, and text styles.

The Differences between DTP and Word Processing:

Word processing involves creation, editing, and printing of text while desktop publishing involves production of documents that combine text with graphics. Word processing is difficult to layout and design as compared to desktop publishing. Thus, desktop publishing is used to work on things like newsletters, magazines, adverts, and brochures where layout is important. Word processing documents are common for simple memos, letters, manuscripts, and resumes.

The difference between desktop publishing and word processing software is as follows:

Desktop Publishing Word Processing
1. DTP involves production of documents that combine text and graphics.

2. Layout designing is easy.

3. Main products are newsletter, magazines adverts etc.

4. They involve more graphics.

5. Its products are coloured mainly.

 Word processors deals with creation, edition of text.

Layout designing is difficult.

Main products are documents and resumes.

They involve more text.

They are used to get black and white documents.

Wysiwyg Feature:

A WYSIWYG is a system in which content (text and graphics) can be edited in a form closely resembling its appearance when printed or displayed as a finished product, such as a printed document, web page, or slide presentation. WYSIWYG is especially popular for desktop publishing.

With desktop publishing, we can increase productivity, minimize production cost, enhance the appearance of our documents, improve the level of creativity, reduce the time taken for printing and produce customized documents. The best part about DTP is that we can create professional-looking documents, without the need for graphic designer.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 5 Desktop Publishing

Graphics:

A graphic is an image or visual representation of an object. Therefore, computer graphics are simply images displayed on a computer screen. Graphics Eire often contrasted with text, which is comprised of characters, such as numbers and letters, rather than images.

Computer graphics can be either two or three-dimensional. Early computers only supported 2D monochrome graphics, meaning they were black and white. Eventually, computers began to support color images. While the first machines only supported 16 or 256 colors, most computers can now display graphics in millions of colors.

Bitmap or Raster Graphics

Bitmap graphics consist of many tiny dots called pixels. It is possible to edit each individual pixel using bitmap graphics software like Adobe Photoshop. Examples of bitmap graphics are a digital photograph or a scanned image. The amount of detail we can draw depends on the number of pixels per square inch (PSI). Since the computer has to store information about every single pixel in the image, the file size of a bitmap graphic is often quite large. When we resize a bitmap graphic, it tends to lose its quality.

Vector Graphics

Vector graphics are based on control points which are connected by lines and curves called vector paths or vectors. Vector paths can be used to make shape objects. It is possible to edit each shape object separately, for example, to change the shape, outline type (stroke), fill, size or position.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 5 Desktop Publishing Notes 1
The difference between vector and bitmap graphics is as follows :

Vector Graphics Bitmap Graphics
1. Vector Graphics are passed on Vector Paths

2. They do not lose quality

3. The file size is less

4. These are used in advanced programmes

 They are based on Pixels

They lose quality when expended

The file size is more.

These are used for basic programmes

Margins:

A margin is the area between the main content of a page and the page edges. The margin helps to define where a line of text begins and ends. A page to include top, Bottom, Left and Right margin.

The default margins are usually defined as one inch on all sides. However, depending on the requirement, the margins may vary. These margins create a frame around the content of the page so that the text does not run all the way to the edges. The white space along the edges of the document makes the page look cleaner and the text is easier to read.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 5 Desktop Publishing Notes 2

Gutter Position

A gutter margin setting adds extra space to the side margin or top margin of a document that we plan to bind. A gutter margin helps ensure that text isn’t hidden by the binding.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 5 Desktop Publishing

Fonts:

A font is a set of printable or displayable text character s in a specific style and size or we can say that a font is a specific typeface of a certain size and style. A typeface is a set of characters of the same design. These characters include letters, numbers, punctuation marks, and symbols. Some popular typefaces include Arial, Helvetica, Times, and Verdana. While most computers come with a few dozen typefaces installed, there are thousands of typefaces available.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 5 Desktop Publishing Notes 3

Printer:

A printer is an external output device that takes data from a computer and generates output on a paper in the form of graphics/text. There are two types of printers.

Impact Printers

An impact printer has a head that contains pins to make, contact with the paper. It usually forms the print image by striking its pins on a inked ribbon against the paper. Following are some examples of impact printers:

1. Dot-Matrix Printers. The dot-matrix printer uses print heads containing from 9 to 24 pins.
These pins produce patterns of dots on the paper to form the individual characters. The 24 pin dot-matrix printer produces more dots that a 9 pin dot-matrix printer, which results in much better quality and clearer characters.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 5 Desktop Publishing Notes 4
The general rule is, the more pins, the clearer the letters on the paper. The pins strike the ribbon individually as the print mechanism moves across the entire print line in both directions, i.e, from left to right, then right to left, and so on. The user can produce a color output with a dot-matrix printer (the user will change the black ribbon with a ribbon that has color stripes). Dot-matrix printers are inexpensive and typically print at speeds of 100-600 characters per second.

2. Daisy-Wheel Printers. It is called daisy-wheel printer because the print mechanism looks like a daisy; at the end of each “Petal” is a fully formed character which produces solid-line print. A hammer strikes a “petal” con-taining a character against the ribbon, and the character prints on the paper. Its speed is slow typically 25-55 characters per second.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 5 Desktop Publishing Notes 5

3. Line Printers. Line printers, or line-at-a-time printers, use special mecha¬nism. that can print a whole line at once; it can typically print the range of 1,200 to 6,000 lines per minute. Drum, chain, and band printers are line-at- a-time printers.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 5 Desktop Publishing

Non-Impact Printers:

Non-impact printers do not use a striking device to produce characters on the paper; and because these printers do not hammer against the paper its much quieter. Following are some non-impacted printers:

1. Ink-Jet Printers

Ink-jet printers work in the same fashion as dot-matrix printers in the form images or characters with little dots. However, the dots are formed by tiny droplets of ink.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 5 Desktop Publishing Notes 6
Ink-jet printers form characters on paper by spraying ink from tiny nozzles through an electrical field that arranges the charged ink particles into characters at the rate of approximately 250 characters per second. The ink is absorbed into the paper and dries instantly. Various colors of ink can also be used.

2. Laser Printers

A laser printer works like a photocopy machine. Laser print¬ers produce images on paper by directing a laser beam at a mirror which again directs the beam onto a drum. The drum has a special coating on it to which toner (an ink powder) sticks. Using patterns of small dots, a laser beam conveys information from the computer to a positively charged drum to become neutralized. From all those areas of drum which become neutralized, the toner detaches. As the paper rolls by the drum, the toner is transferred to the paper printing the letters or other graphics on the paper. A hot roller bonds the toner to the paper.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 5 Desktop Publishing Notes 7
Laser printers use buffers entire page at a time. When a whole page is loaded, it will be printed. The speed of laser printers is high and it print quietly without producing much noise. Many home-use laser printers can print eight pages per minute, but faster and print approximately 21,000 lines per minute, or 437 pages per minute (if each page contains 48 lines). When high speed laser printers were introduced they were expensive.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 8 Microsoft Publishers-II

by

This PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 8 Microsoft Publishers-II will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 8 Microsoft Publishers-II

Advertisements:

Microsoft Publisher is a desktop publishing program that is part of the Microsoft Office suite. With Microsoft Publisher, you can create many professional-quality custom publications such as brochures, greeting cards, and signs. The publisher also allows you to create items that are larger than standard printer paper sizes, such as banners, by making them on multiple sheets of paper you can print and assemble.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 8 Microsoft Publishers-II

Brochure:

A brochure is an informative paper document often used for advertising that can be folded into a template, pamphlet, or leaflet. Brochures are promotional documents, primarily used to introduce a company, organization, products, or services to the public. Brochures are distributed inside newspapers, handed out personally, or placed in brochure racks in high-traffic locations. They may be considered grey literature.

Now day’s brochures are also available in electronic format and are called e-brochures. They have the added benefit of having unlimited distribution and cost savings when compared to traditional paper brochures.

The most common types of single-sheet brochures are the bi-fold (a single sheet printed on both sides and folded into halves) and the tri-fold (the same, but folded into thirds). A bi-fold brochure results in four panels (two panels on each side), while a tri- fold results in six panels (three panels on each side).

Booklet brochures are made of multiple sheets most often saddle stitched stapled on the creased edge, or perfect bound like a paperback book, and result in eight or more panels.

How to Create a Banner in Microsoft Publisher:

Microsoft Publisher is a tool that enables users at home to create professional looking publications, banners, and flyers. Real estate professionals use Publisher to create banners and flyers for homes they are trying to sell. Banners can be made for special occasion parties, or advertising and marketing products. Save time and money by creating your own wonderful banner.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 8 Microsoft Publishers-II Notes 1
Following are steps that are used to create a banner in Microsoft Publisher:
1. In the Publication Types list, click Banners.
2. In the Banners gallery, do one of the following:

  • Click the banner design that you want – for example, Apartment for Rent.
  • Click View templates from Microsoft Office Online, click the banner design that you want to download, and then go to step 4.

3. Under Customize and Options, select any options .that you want.
4. Click Create.
5. In the Format Publication task pane, do any of the following:

  • To change the width and height of the banner, click Change Page Size in the task pane, and then choose the page size, or click Create custom page size.
  • To change the banner’s color scheme, click Color Schemes in the task pane, and then choose the scheme that you want.
  • To change the banner’s font scheme, click Font Schemes in the task pane, and then choose the scheme that you want.

6. In your banner, replace the placeholder text and pictures with the text and pictures or other objects that you want.
7. On the File menu, click Save As.
8. In the Save in box, click the folder where you want to save the new banner publication.
9. In the File name box, type a name for your banner publication.
10. In the Save as type box, click Publisher Files.
11. Click Save.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 8 Microsoft Publishers-II

How to Create a Newsletter in Microsoft Publisher:

Newsletters are a great way to share information with family, friends and customers. Microsoft Publisher’s newsletter function provides complete design and layout flexibility. Use the program to select a design layout and color scheme, format text and insert images quickly and easily to create a custom newsletter.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 8 Microsoft Publishers-II Notes 2
Following are steps that are used to create a newsletter in Microsoft Publisher:
1. Choose a newsletter design. On the main menu click “File” and then “New” to open the Catalog Window. Click the “Newsletters” option on the Wizards menu, select the desired design from the options and then click “Start Wizard.” Enter your contact information in the window prompt. Delete the sample text in the field to leave a field blank. Click “Include color scheme in this set” and select the desired colors. Click “Update” when finished. Complete the steps in the Wizard or click “Finish” to exit the Newsletter wizard.

2. Enter the text. Place the mouse inside the desired text box and click once. Type the text or cut and paste from a Word document. Format the font style, size and appearance by using the main menu at the top of the screen. Place the mouse over the border until the word “Resize” appears. Click and drag the border to the desired size.

3. Insert images by clicking “Insert” and then “Picture.” Select from clip art or photos stored on your computer. Resize the image. Click and drag the mouse diagonally towards the center of the photo until the photo reaches the desired size.

4. Edit the text box-and image layouts as needed. Create a new text box by , clicking the text frame tool (“A”). Place the mouse in the desired location, then click and drag to create the desired box size. Place the mouse over the item until the word “Move” appears. Click and hold down the mouse and drag to the desired location. Place the mouse inside the box and click once, on the main menu click “Edit” and then “Delete Object” if you need to delete a text box.

5. Change the number of pages in the newsletter as needed. Click “Insert” and then “Page” and follow the instructions in the pop up window. Click the desired page number at the page display on the bottom of the screen and click “Edit” and then “Delete Page” to remove pages.

6. Finalize the newsletter. Proofread and spell check. Print the document on paper and place the pages in order to ensure the page numbers line up properly before copying. This is helpful if you plan to copy two-sided or convert to 11 × 17 inch paper.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 8 Microsoft Publishers-II

How to create a Poster in Microsoft Publisher:

To create a poster in Publisher, create a banner, and then change the page size to the poster size that you want. Given ahead are steps that are used to create a poster in Microsoft Publisher:
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 8 Microsoft Publishers-II Notes 3
1. In the Publication Types task pane, click Banners, do one of the following:

  • Under Banners, click Blank Sizes.
  • Click View templates from Microsoft Office Online, click the poster design that you want to download, and then go to step 3.

2. Under Blank Sizes, click the paper size thafyou want, or click Create custom.
3. Page size and create a custom page size.
4. Click Create.
5. In the Format Publication task pane, do any of the following:

  • To change the color scheme, click Color Schemes in the task pane, and then choose the scheme that you want.
  • To change the font scheme, click Font Schemes in the task pane, and then choose the scheme that you want.

6. On the File menu, click Save As.
7. In the Save in box, click the folder where you want to save the new publication.
8. In the File name box, type a name for your publication.
9. In the Save as type box, click Publisher Files.
10. Click Save.

How to Make a Decorative Envelope Using Microsoft Publisher:

Special occasion cards get piled away with the rest of the mail when they are in plain envelopes with no special decal or design to separate them from others. Design a special envelope using Microsoft Publisher for a single use birthday card envelope or to use on all your mailings, so that people will see your envelopes and know that they are from you. Relatives and close friends will also appreciate the time you took to make their envelope special.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 8 Microsoft Publishers-II Notes 4
Following are steps that are used to create an envelope in Microsoft Publisher:

1. Launch Microsoft Publisher and click “Publications for Print.” A list of options will appear underneath this section. You can choose from several pre-made envelopes. These envelope designs are for several different types of businesses.

2. Delete any option or area of the envelope you do not need for your purpose. Select the area by left-clicking on the area once and it will bring up a border around the box. Right-click on the selection and choose “Delete.”

3. Move any of the pre-selected fields by dragging it to where you would prefer it. Select the area; move the mouse pointer till it becomes a four arrowed figure. Left click and hold the mouse button and drag the box to where you want it.

4. Fill in the address fields by highlighting and entering in the correct information.

5. Insert pictures and designs to the envelope to make it more personal. Click “Insert” and “Clipart”, “Object” or “Textbox.” Recipients of your letters will love having designs on the envelopes that display your personality.

6. Choose to make your own envelope from scratch by selecting “Blank Print Publication” from under the New section on the left-hand side of the Microsoft Publisher screen. Select “File”, “Page Setup” and a new window will appear. Hit “Envelope” from under the Publication Type and adjust any height and width dimensions you may need. This is easy, just measure your envelope.

7. Insert and edit till your message is clear from the design on your envelope. Try printing in grayscale and on regular paper before printing on any envelopes. This will save money and trees.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 8 Microsoft Publishers-II

Greeting Card/ Invitation Card/ Compliment Card:

A greeting card/ Invitation card/ compliment card is a piece of card or high quality paper expressing friendship or any other sentiment. Although these cards are usually given on special occasions such as Birthdays, Anniversary, Christmas, Diwali or other holidays, they are also sent to convey thanks or express other feelings. These cards are usually packaged with an envelope, come in a variety of styles. There are both mass-produced as well as handmade versions that are distributed by hundreds of companies. These can also be designed with the help of MS Publisher.

Award Certificates:

  1. An award is something given to a person, a group of people, or an organization in recognition of their excellence in a certain field. An award may be accompanied by trophy, title, certificate, medal, badge, pin, or ribbon.
  2. Certification refers to the confirmation of certain characteristics of an object, person, or organization. This confirmation is often, but not always, provided by some form of external review, education, assessment, or audit.
  3. Certificates of achievement, merit, and honor can be powerful tools when used at the right time and presented in the right way.
  4. Receiving an award certificate gives a person the warm glow of knowing someone took the time to acknowledge them. And being the person who motivates others can be rewarding, too.
  5. Award certificates may include: Community Service Award, Great Job, Good Behavior or Course Completion. MS Publisher provides many templates for creating Award Certificates.

Envelops:

An envelope is a common packaging item, usually made of thin flat material. It is a flat paper container with a sealable flap designed to enclose a flat object, such as a letter, card or document. Traditional envelopes are made from sheets of paper. They are most commonly used for enclosing and sending mail (letters) through a prepaid-postage postal system. We can create envelop with MS publisher. After selecting the required envelop design, edit the color scheme and click on Create button. Now we can edit the envelop information and save it as a publication.

Labels:

A label is a piece of paper, polymer, cloth, metal, or other material affixed to a container or product. Information printed directly on a container or item can also be considered labeling. Labels have many uses, including providing information on a product’s origin, manufacturer (e.g., brand name), use, shelf- life and disposal etc. Many hazardous products such as poisons or flammable liquids must have a warning label.

Labels can be used for:

  1. Products. Permanent product labels need to remain secure throughout the life of the product. For example, a food label must.be secure until the food has been used.
  2. Packaging. Packaging may have labeling attached to or integral with the package. These may carry pricing, barcodes, UPC (Universal Product Code) identification, usage guidance, addresses, advertising, recipes, and so on.
  3. Assets: In industrial or military environments, asset labeling is used to clearly identify assets for maintenance and operational purposes. Such labels are frequently made of engraved Trifoliate or a similar material.
  4. Textiles. Garments normally cany separate care/treatment labels which typically indicate how the item should be washed for e.g. machine washed or diy cleaned. Textile labels may be woven into the garment or attached, and may be heat resistant, colorfast, washable. Printed labels are an alternative to woven labels.
  5. Mailing. Mailing labels identify the addressee, the sender and any other information which may be useful in transit.
  6. Security Labels. They are used for authentication, theft reduction, and protection against counterfeit and are commonly used on ID cards, credit cards, packaging, and products from CDs to electronics to clothing.
  7. Labels may be used for any combination of identification, information, and warning, instructions for use, environmental advice or advertising. They may be stickers, permanent or temporary labels or printed packaging.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 8 Microsoft Publishers-II

Letterhead:

It is stationery with a printed heading. The heading usually consists of a name and an address, a logo or corporate design, and sometimes a background pattern. The term “letterhead” is often used to refer to the whole sheet imprinted with such a heading. Many companies and individuals prefer to create a letterhead template in a word processor or other software application. This generally includes the same information as pre-printed stationery, but at lower cost. Letterhead can then be printed on stationery or plain paper as needed or sent electronically.

Calendar:

A calendar is a system of organizing days for social, religious, commercial or administrative purposes. This is done by giving names to periods of time, typically days, weeks, months and years. Calendars are also used to help people manage their personal schedules, time and activities.

Calendars are also used as part of a complete timekeeping system: date and time of day together to specify a moment in time.

Resumes:

A resume provides a summary of our education, work history, credentials, and other accomplishments and skills. There are also optional sections, including a resume objective and career summary statement. Resumes are the most common document requested of applicants in job applications. A resume should be as concise as possible. Typically, a resume is one page long, although sometimes it can be as long as two pages. Often resumes include bulleted lists to keep information concise.

Curriculum vitae(CV)

Like resume, a curriculum vitaE (CV) provides a summary of one’s experience and skills. Typically, CVs are longer than resumes – at least two or three pages. CVs include information on one’s academic background, including teaching experience, degrees, research, awards, publications, presentations, and other achievements. CVs are thus much longer than resumes, and include more information, particularly related to academic background. We can create CVs with the help of MS Publisher in same way we have created Resumes above.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 8 Microsoft Publishers-II

Menus:

In a restaurant, there is a menu of food and beverage offerings. A menu may be a list from which guests use to choose options available. Basically Menu is the main way to give or take order from guest. Guest may order properly to see the menu and be aware about our food and price. MS Publisher provides many templates for creating a Menu.

Signs:

A sign is a piece of paper, clothe, wood or any other material which is painted with pictures or words and which gives some information about a particular place, product, or event. We can create any of these sign using publisher.

Paper Folding Projects:

The paper folding templates include patterns for paper airplanes and origami projects alike. They include pages (that may require trimming) with “fold- lines” and others with instructions to create our paper masterpieces. We can enjoy these Paper Folding Projects in our leisure time and can make some creative things.

Microsoft Publisher offers templates for kids. These templates.consist of different paper folding projects like airplanes, boats, cups, and more.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 9 Political Developments in South India (A.D.700-1200)

by

Punjab State Board PSEB 7th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 9 Political Developments in South India (A.D.700-1200) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 9 Political Developments in South India (A.D.700-1200)

SST Guide for Class 7 PSEB Political Developments in South India (A.D.700-1200) Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions :

Question 1.
Which rulers of Cholas dynasty again emerged as Cholas Kingdom?
Answer:
Vijayalaya was the first ruler of the Chola kingdom who won Tanjore from the Pallavas and made it as his capital. Prantaka-I was also a powerful Chola ruler who defeated a Pandya ruler. Rajraja–I was the greatest and the most powerful ruler of the Chola kingdom. Rajendra Chola expanded the Chola kingdom by defeating the rulers of Pandya, Chera and Srilanka and conquered their territories.

Question 2.
Which rulers were defeated by Rajraja-I and he captured their territories?
Answer:
Rajraja-I defeated the rulers of Chera, Pandya and Srilanka and captured their territories.

Question 3.
Write about the important conquests of Rajendra Chola.
Answer:
Rajendra Chola (1014 to 1044 A.D.): Rajendra was an ambitious king. He continued his father’s policy and fought many campaigns in the peninsula. But out of all his campaigns two were very bold and daring. One was when his armies marched up the east coast of India, through Orissa, and up to the Ganga. The second was Rajendra’s daring naval campaign. It took place in South-East Asia. This compaign proved a great help to the traders of his kingdom. It also increased the revenue of the Cholas. In south east Asia he achieved important victory over Andeman Nikobar, Malaya, Sumatra and Jawa.

Question 4.
Which languages were developed during the Chola reign?
Answer:
Under Chola kings, education and literature field were developed greatly. They patronized Grammar, Philosophy, Art, Science and Astronomy. The medium of education was Sanskrit and Tamil.

In this period, the religious literature was written in south India. Kamban wrote Ramayana in Tamil. Many inscriptions were written both in Sanskrit and Tamil language. Many of the poets wrote epic in Tamil language. The poet named Nanniah wrote many basic scriptures. The poets Pampa, Ponna and Ranna are the most famous trinity of poets of this time.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 9 Political Developments in South India (A.D.700-1200)

Question 5.
Which religion was very famous during the Chola reign?
Answer:
In the medieval India, Hinduism was the most famous religion during the Chola reign. Lord Vishnu and Lord Shiva worshipped by the people. Buddhism and Jainism also existed during this era. Many other religious movements started during this period. Lingayata sect was founded by Basava. Shankracharya preached the advaita philosophy. Madhava and Ramanuja were the other religious teachers of Bhakti movement.

II. Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
Pallava rulers made _______ their capital.
Answer:
Kanchi

Question 2.
Marco Polo visited the _______ kingdom.
Answer:
Pandya

Question 3.
Rajendra Chola took the title of _______
Answer:
Gangai Koudachola

Question 4.
Women were held great ______ during the Cholas reign.
Answer:
honour

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 9 Political Developments in South India (A.D.700-1200)

Question 5.
Nanniah and Tikkana Telugu scholars translated the ______ into Telugu.
Answer:
Mahabharata.

III. Match the words :

Question 1.

A B
1. Basava (i) Advaita Philosophy
2. Shankracharya (ii) Lingayata Sect
3. Ramanuja (iii) Bhakti Movement
4. Madhava (iv) Bhakti Movement

Answer:

A B
1. Basava (ii) Lingayata Sect
2. Shankracharya (i) Advaita Philosophy
3. Ramanuja (iv) Bhakti Movement
4. Madhava (iii) Bhakti Movement

IV. Write True or False for each statement.

Question 1.
Kamban translated the Ramayana into Tamil Language.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
The Cholas rulers had a powerful Army.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Mahenderavarman built a new town called Gangaikonda Cholapuram.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
The Chola kingdom was divided into provinces.
Answer:
True

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 9 Political Developments in South India (A.D.700-1200)

Question 5.
Madurai was the capital of Chola Rulers.
Answer:
True.

V. Activities:

Question 1.
Locate the extent of Pallavs, Pandyas and Cholas kingdoms on the outline map of India.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Question 2.
Paste the pictures of Abu, Khujraho, Mahabalipuram, Kanchi and Tanjore in your note-book.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Guide Political Developments in South India (A.D.700-1200) Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Which of these was the powerful state of South India?
(a) Pallavas
(b) Pandyas
(c) Cheras
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 2.
______ was the main ruler of Pallava dynasty?
(a) Mahendra Varman I
(b) Prantaka
(c) Raj Raja
(d) Rajendra.
Answer:
(a) Mahendra Varman I.

Question 3.
Chola dynasty was established by ______
(a) Dantidurga
(b) Vijayalaya
(c) Rajendra Chola
(d) Raj Raja I.
Answer:
(b) Vijayalaya.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 9 Political Developments in South India (A.D.700-1200)

Question 4.
(a) Sabha
(b) Mahasabha
(c) Ur
(d) Village Assembly.
Answer:
(c) Ur.

Question 5.
(a) Ur
(b) Sabha
(c) Mahasabha
(d) Mandalam.
Answer:
(b) Sabha.

Question 6.
The chola provinces were known as
(a) Mandalams
(b) Sabha
(c) Valanadus
(d) Ur.
Answer:
(a) Mandalams.

Question 7.
Mandalams were divided into
(a) Sabha
(b) Valanadus
(c) Ur
(d) Mahasabha.
Answer:
(b) Valanadus.

Question 8.
Which of these was the function of village assemblies?
(a) To take care of roads
(b) To provide justice
(c) Temple Maintenance
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 9 Political Developments in South India (A.D.700-1200)

Question 9.
______ defeated the rulers of Chera, Pandya and Sri Lanka and captured their territories.
(a) Rajendra I
(b) Raj Raja I
(c) Prantaka
(d) Mahendra Varman I.
Answer:
(b) Raj Raja I.

Question 10.
Who wrote Ramayana in Tamil?
(a) Kamban
(b) Tulsidas
(c) Kanchi
(d) Rajendra I.
Answer:
(a) Kamban.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name three powerful states of South India during the medieval period.
Answer:
Pallavas, Pandyas, Cholas.

Question 2.
Give brief description of Pandyas Kingdom.
Answer:
Pandya Kingdom was established in southern parts of Tamil Nadu. The capital of Pandyas was known as Madurai or Madura. It was an important centre of education. Marco Polo visited this state and gave a detailed description of this state. During 14th century, Pandyas kingdom declined.

Question 3.
When did Pallavas become powerful? Give a brief description of their successes.
Answer:
The Pallavas became powerful rulers during 5th and 6th century after the decline of Satavahanas. Mahendra Varman I and Narasimhavarman I were two main rulers of Pallava dynasty. They greatly expanded their state and made Kanchi their capital.

They patronized art and architecture. They built shore temple and chariot temple of Mahabalipuram. They built Kailashnath Temple in Kanchi. In the 9th century Pallavas were defeated by Cholas.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 9 Political Developments in South India (A.D.700-1200)

Question 4.
Describe in brief the establishment and decline of the state of Cholas.
Answer:
The Cholas were very powerful state in South India. There rulers were as ahead :

  1. Vijayalaya: He established the Chola dynasty. He won Tanjore from Pallavas, and made it its capital. He ruled from 846 A.D. to 871 A.D.
  2. Prantak I: He was a powerful ruler of Chola state. He sat on the throne in 907 A.D. and ruled upto 955 A.D. He defeated Pandya ruler, controlled the capital Madurai and got the designation Madurai Konda. After this, in the battle of Takolam he was defeated by Krishna III, the Rashtrakuta ruler.

Question 5.
After Prantak I which two rulers made the Chola Kingdom powerful again?
Answer:
Raj Raja I and Rajendra Chola again brought Chola Kingdom into existence and made it a great power of South India.

Question 6.
Give two administrative successes of Raj Raja I.
Answer:

  1. He created a modern Navy.
  2. He was a follower of Shaiv religion but was tolerent towards other religions.

Question 7.
How did the Chola Kingdom decline?
Answer:
The inheritors of Rajendra Chola were always fighting with their neighbouring states. So as a result they became powerless and ultimately declined

Question 8.
Comment on south Indian society from 700 A.D. to 1200 A.D.
Answer:
In south Indian society, the aristocratic class, Brahmins and traders had a pride of place. The different classes of society cooperated with each other for the fulfilment of common objectives. Women had a respectable position in society. They were given high education. The farmers and labourers were related to the working class. They were very poor and led a difficult life.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 9 Political Developments in South India (A.D.700-1200)

Question 9.
Give the main features of religion in south India during 700 A.D. to 1200 A.D.?
Answer:

  1. Hinduism: It was very popular: The Hindu gods such as Lord Vishnu and Lord Shiva were generally worshipped.
  2. Buddhism and Jainism: These two religions were also in existence.
  3. Religious movements: Many religious movements came in existence :
    (i) Basava established Lingayata Movement.
    (ii) Shankaracharaya propagated advaita Movement.
    (iii) Ramanuja and Madhava were other great preachers of Bhakti movement. They emphasised on the worship of one God. They gave the sermon that the single, most important means of salvation is loving God with a pure heart. They were against the discrimination based on caste and creed. People were greatly impressed by their teachings.

Question 10.
Write the story of rise and fall of Chola Kingdom.
Answer:
The Chola Kingdom was the most famous state of south India. They ruled for about 400 years. Their states included modern Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.

The following were the important kings of Chola dynasty :
1. Vijayalya: He established the Chola dynasty. He won Tanjore from Pallavas, and made it its capital. He ruled from 846 A.D. to 871 A.D.

2. Prantak I: He was a powerful ruler of Chola state. He sat on the throne in 907 A.D. and ruled upto 955 A.D. He defeated Pandya ruler, controlled the capital Madurai and got the title of Madurai Konda. After this, in the battle of Takolam he was defeated by Krishna III, who was the Rashtrakuta ruler.

3. Raj Raja I: He was a brilliant general. He campaigned in many directions. He attacked the kingdom of the Pandyas and of the Cheras as well as parts of Mysore. He also campaigned northwards in the Deccan and the region of Vengi. But he was not able to control them for any length of time.

4. Rajendra Chola: Rajendra was an ambitious king. He continued his father’s policy and fought many campaigns in the peninsula. But out of ah his campaigns two were very bold and daring. One was when his armies marched up the east coast of India, through Orissa, and up to the Ganga. The second was Rajendra’s daring naval campaign. It took place in South-East Asia. This compaign proved a great help to the traders of his kingdom. It also increased the revenue of the Cholas. In south-east Asia he achieved important victory over Andeman Nikobar, Malaya, Sumatra and Jawa.

5. Decline of Cholas: The successors of Rajendra I spent much time and effort and money on fighting wars with the other kingdoms of the peninsula. Some of these wars were not successful. By the end of the thirteenth century, the Chola kingdom was declined.

Question 11.
What were the main features of Chola Rulers?
Answer:
The Chola government was headed by a powerful king who acted on the advice of his council of ministers or Purohita. The kingdom was divided into Mandalams and Valanadus, the villages were ruled by elected assemblies called Urs. The revenue of the Chola kingdom came from two sources—taxes on land and taxes on trade.

The main features of the Chola Government and administration were as follows :

  1. The Central Administration: The king was at the head of the central administration. He was the most powerful person.
  2. Provincial Administration: The whole kingdom was divided into six provinces called mandalam. Each mandalam was under the charge of a governor.
  3. The Village Administration: The administration in villages was carried out by villagers themselves. They elected a village council called ‘Ur’ or Sabha.
  4. Taxes: The government revenue came from three sources—taxes on land and the produce of the land and taxes on trade.
  5. Public Works: Chola rulers spent most of their income from taxes on public works such as building of roads and construction of tanks for storing water and for building temples.

Question 12.
What do you know about the Chola art and architecture?
Answer:
The Cholas were great builders. They were great patrons of art and architecture. The Brihadeswara Temple at Tanjore is a fine specimen of the Chola architecture. The Chola temples were known for their unique features. The gateway to the temples is called ‘Gopuram’. It is beautifully carved and the walls are decorated with scenes depicting gods and goddess. The ‘Shikhara’ was built over the central shrine. It is a spiral-like structure. Raj Raja I build the Raj Rajeshwar temple of Tanjore. It is made in Dravidian style.

Rajendra Chola built a city named Gangai Kond Cholapuram and made it his capital. Many life-size sculptures of bronze have been made in Chola art. The Natraja sculpture of Tanjore are the best examples.

Question 13.
Describe the military achievements of Raj Raja I.
Answer:
Raj Raja I (985-1016 A.D.). He was a brilliant general. He campaigned in many directions. He attacked the kingdom of the Pandyas and of the Cheras as well as parts of Mysore. He also campaigned northwards in the Deccan and the region of Vengi. But he was not able to control them for any length of time.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 9 Political Developments in South India (A.D.700-1200)

Question 14.
Briefly describe the architectural and literary achievements of the Cholas.
Answer:
The Chola kings were great lovers of sculpture. There was great development of sculpture art under their administration.

Chola kings took keen interest in building temples; They donated money and land whole-heartedly for the building and maintenance of temples. The royal temples built by Chola kings were very magnificent. Thus we can say that Chola government has a great contribution in the building of the temples. These temples were centres of education. Raj Raja I built the Raj Rajeshwar temple of Tanjor. It is made in Dravadian style. Rajendra Chola built a city named Gangaikonda Cholapuram and made it his capital. Many lifesize sculptures of bronze have been made in Chola art. The Natraja sculpture of Tanjore are the best examples.

Question 15.
What do you know about the Chola administration?
Answer:
The Chola government was headed by a powerful king who acted on the advice of his council of ministers or Purohita. The kingdom was divided into Mandalams and Valanadus, the villages were ruled by elected assemblies called Urs. The revenue of the Chola kingdom came from two sources—taxes on land and taxes on trade.

The main features of the Chola Government and administration were as follows :

  1. The Central Administration: The king was at the head of the central administration. He was the most powerful person.
  2. Provincial Administration: The whole kingdom was divided into six provinces called rriandalam. Each mandalam was under the charge of a governor.
  3. The Village Administration: The administration in villages was carried out by villagers themselves. They elected a village council called ‘Ur’ or Sabha.
  4. Taxes: The government revenue came from three sources-taxes on land and the produce of the land and taxes on trade.
  5. Public Works: Chola rulers spent most of their income from taxes on public works such as building of roads and construction of tanks for storing water and for building temples.

Question 16.
Which type of agrarian was developed in Tamil Nadu?
Answer:
1. The Chola kings gave special attention to the development of agriculture. They cleaned the forests with the help of nomadic tribes and created cultivable lands. As a result, there was a great expansion of the Zamindari system.

2. They paid special attention to the irrigation systems. The water from the Kaveri river was especially used. Where it was not possible to transfer river water, there they constructed ponds. They even established a pond committee to distribute water to agriculture farms.

3. They would never charge land revenue if there were floods or droughts in their state. They even gave loans to farmers during emergencies.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 11 The Vedic Age

by

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 11 The Vedic Age Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Social Science History Chapter 11 The Vedic Age

SST Guide for Class 6 PSEB The Vedic Age Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in brief:

Question 1.
Write five sentences about the political life of the Early Vedic Age.
Answer:
There were several tribal states in the early Vedic Age. These states often fought with each other. Each state had its own king who was generally selected for his strength and bravery. But later on, the kingship became hereditary. The king ruled according to the wishes of the tribe and he had various persons to assist him. The king’s duty was to protect the tribe. There were two important assemblies, namely Sabha and Samiti, with which the king discussed very important matters.

Question 2.
Which gods were worshipped by the Vedic people?
Answer:
The Vedic people worshipped gods of nature. Their main gods were Indra, Agni, Varuna, Soma, Prithvi, Surya, Pushan, Vishnu and Ashvins.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 11 The Vedic Age

Question 3.
What do you know about the social life of the Vedic Age?
Answer:
The important points in the social life of the Vedic Age were as follows :
1. Varna System: The society was divided into four varnas. These varnas were Brahamanas, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas and fourth Varna. The varnas were based on occupation.

  • Brahmanas: The Brahamanas formed the intellectual class. They were devoted to study, teaching and religious affairs.
  • Kshatriyas: The Kshatriyas were the warrior class.
  • Vaisyas: Peasants and traders were included in the Vaishyas.
  • Slave class: Fourth Varna belonged to the slave class.

2. Family: Family consisted of father, mother, sisters and brothers. Joint family system was prevalent. Father headed the family. Each family wanted to have a son.

3. Position of Women: Women were given a great respect in society. They were educated and had the right to marry by their own choice. They participated in all social and religious ceremonies.

4. Food: The food of the Vedic people was simple but nourishing. Wheat, rice, pulses, fruit, vegetables, milk, butter and ghee were their main food items. Some people consumed non-vegetarian food also. They also consumed intoxicating items like Soma.

5. Dress and Ornaments: People wore turban, banian, shirt, dhoti, etc. Both men and women were fond of ornaments.

6. Means of Recreation: Hunting, chariot-races, horse-riding, dancing and singing, -gambling, etc. were the major means of recreation of people of the Vedic Age.

Question 4.
What were the economic activities of the Vedic people?
Answer:
Agriculture, cattle-rearing, workmanship and trade were the major economic activities of the Vedic people :
1. Agriculture: The Vedic people grew wheat, barley, cotton, rice, pulses, vegetables, etc. Fields were ploughed with the help of oxen.

2. Cattle-rearing: The Vedic people reared cow, horse, sheep, goat, ox, etc. Cow was held sacred and cow-slaughter was prohibited.

3. Workmanship: Iron-smiths, carpenters, chariot-makers, weavers, potters, etc. were the major workmen of the Vedic Age. People depended on them for their daily needs.

4. Trade: Trade was carried on both by land routes and by boats and ships in rivers and seas.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 11 The Vedic Age

Question 5.
Which rivers flowed in the land of Saptasindhu?
Answer:
Saptasindhu stands for the land of seven rivers. Punjab was known as the land of Saptasindhu in the Vedic Age. The rivers forming this land included the Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Satluj and Sarasvati.

II. Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
There were several small ________ in the early Vedic period.
Answer:
tribal states

Question 2.
The society was divided into four divisions, called the ________
Answer:
varnas

Question 3.
The main food items of the Vedic people were ________
Answer:
wheat and rice, pulses

Question 4.
The Vedic people were fond of ________
Answer:
outdoor games

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 11 The Vedic Age

Question 5.
The Vedic people worshipped ________
Answer:
nature.

III. Match the columns :

Question 1.

A B
(i) Vipasa (a) Political body
(ii) Sabha (b) Branch of Science
(iii) Ayurveda (c) A god
(iv) Varuna (d) A river

Answer:
Correct columns :

A B
(i) Vipasa (d) A river
(ii) Sabha (a) Political body
(iii) Ayurveda (b) Branch of Science
(iv) Varuna (c) A god

IV. Write ‘true’ or ‘false’ in the brackets given after each statement :

Question 1.
Parushni is the name of a river.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Indra was the Vedic God of rain.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Cow was not sacred to Vedic people.
Answer:
False.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 11 The Vedic Age

Question 4.
Women were not respected in Vedic Age.
Answer:
False.

V. Activities (Something To Do) :

Question 1.
Make a list of the Vedic people’s gods that are worshipped even today.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Question 2.
Collect a few hymns from the Vedas.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Guide The Vedic Age Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Which of these is the oldest Hindu religious book?
(A) Vedas
(B) Ramayana
(C) Mahabharata
(D) Manu Smriti.
Answer:
(A) Vedas.

Question 2.
How many Vedas are there?
(A) Two
(B) Three
(C) Four
(D) Five.
Answer:
(C) Four.

Question 3.
Which of these is the oldest Veda?
(A) Rigveda
(B) Yajurveda
(C) Atharvaveda
(D) Samveda.
Answer:
(A) Rigveda.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 11 The Vedic Age

Question 4.
________were yoked to chariots.
(A) Bulls
(B) Horses
(C) Dogs
(D) Cows.
Answer:
(B) Horses.

Question 5.
Beginning of the composition of the vedas dated back to around years ago.
(A) 3500
(B) 1500
(C) 2500
(D) 500.
Answer:
(A) 3500.

Question 6.
________ were used for all types of work.
(A) Women
(B) Slaves
(C) Men
(D) Children.
Answer:
(B) Slaves.

Question 7.
Megaliths were found in
(A) South India
(B) North-East India
(C) Kashmir
(D) All of these.
Answer:
(D) All of these.

Question 8.
What was included in the offerings made’ in Yajnas.
(A) Ghee
(B) Grain
(C) Animals
(D) All of these.
Answer:
(D) All of these.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 11 The Vedic Age

Question 9.
Why were battles fought?
(A) to capture cattles, land
(B) on the issue of water
(C) to capture people to make them slaves
(D) all of these.
Answer:
(D) all of these.

Question 10.
Who was Charaka?
(A) Famous ancient Indian physician
(B) Ancient King
(C) Famous ancient Indian mathematician
(D) Famous astrologer.
Answer:
(A) Famous ancient Indian physician.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How do you come to know about the Vedic Civilization? .
Answer:
We come to know about the Vedic Civilization from the hymns and the poems and the stories which were composed during the Vedic Age.

Question 2.
Why is the Aryan period known as the Vedic Age?
Answer:
The Aryan period is known as the Vedic Age because the four Vedas were composed in this period.

Question 3.
What was the language of the Aryans?
Answer:
The language of the Aryans was Sanskrit.

Question 4.
Name the river on the banks of which the Vedas were written.
Answer:
The Sarasvati.

Question 5.
What did the Aryans do to please their gods?
Answer:
To please their gods, the Aryans performed yajnas.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 11 The Vedic Age

Question 6.
In which part of India did the Aryans settle first?
Answer:
The Aryans at first settled in Punjab.

Question 7.
Make a list of the Vedic people’s gods who are worshipped even today.
Answer:
The Vedic people’s gods who are worshipped even today are Indra, Agni, Surya, etc.

Question 8.
Name the smallest unit of the Aryan society.
Answer:
Family.

Question 9.
Who was Senani?
Answer:
Senani was the commander of the warriors who assisted the king during a war.

Question 10.
What is Ashwamedha?
Answer:
Ashwamedha was a yajna performed by releasing a horse and claiming the land wherever it roamed.

Question 11.
Name the officers who assisted the king during the Early Vedic Age.
Answer:
The officers who assisted the king during the Early Vedic Age were Purohita, Senani, Gramini and others.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 11 The Vedic Age

Question 12.
What was Sabha?
Answer:
Sabha was a smaller assembly of selected people of the village.

Question 13.
What was Samiti?
Answer:
Samiti was the assembly of whole village community. In this assembly anyone could speak his mind about any problem.

Question 14.
What are Upanishads?
Answer:
Upanishads are parts of the Vedas.

Question 15.
Name all four Vedas. Which of these is the oldest?
Answer:
The Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda and the Atharvaveda are the four Vedas. The Rigveda is the oldest Veda out of all four Vedas.

Question 16.
What is meant by Arya?
Answer:
The meaning of Arya is ‘noble’. It means an educated and well mannered person.

Question 17.
Who were Rajan and Samrat?
Answer:
Head of the State was king and was generally succeeded by his son. He was known as Rajan and the more powerful kings were known as Samrat.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 11 The Vedic Age

Question 18.
What was Soma and Sura?
Answer:
People consumed a drink on special occasions which v is known as Soma. But few people also consumed alcoholic liquor which was known as Sura.

Question 19.
Why was consumption of Sura condemned?
Answer:
Sura was a alcoholic liquor whose consumption was considered as bad. That’s why its consumption was condemned.

Question 20.
What do you mean by the Epics?
Answer:
The Epics are the poems narrating continuously great events of one or more heroes, about their bravery and the battle which they fought.

Question 21.
Who were the Aryans?
Answer:
The people of the Vedic Civilization are known as the Aryans. They came to India from Central Asia or North-Eastern Iran.

Question 22.
What is meant by Vish and Jana?
Answer:
The meaning of Vish was a clan which was a group of families. The people of the tribe were called Jana.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What were the religious beliefs and practice’s of the Vedic people?
Answer:
The religious beliefs and practices of the Vedic people were simple. They worshipped all forms of nature. They worshipped sun, moon, sky, rain, air, fire and trees like peepal and animals like cow. They did not make temples or statues of their gods and goddesses. They sang songs in their praise in the open. They performed yajnas to please their gods. Hymns were sung at the time of yajnas.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 11 The Vedic Age

Question 2.
Name the rivers the mention of which is found in the Rigveda.
Answer:
The mention of the rivers like the Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Satluj, Sarasvati, Yamuna and Ganga is found in the Rigveda. The Sarasvati was the most sacred river in the Vedic Age. The Punjab was known as Saptasindhu or the ‘Land of Seven Rivers’ after these rivers.

Question 3.
Describe the science and technology in the Vedic Civilization.
Answer:
Science and technology flourished during the Vedic Age. Mathematics and its branches like algebra, geometry and trigonometry were highly advanced. Astronomy and astrology were also well known. The Vedic people could calculate the movement of planets, occurrence of the eclipses of the sun and the moon and rotation of the earth on its axis and around the sun. The medical sciences were called Ayurveda and were fairly advanced.

Question 4.
Write few lines about ‘Rigveda’.
Answer:
The Rigveda is a collection of hymns in praise of nature god. It is the oldest book in the world. The Rigveda was not written by a single or one person but its hymns were written by a number of scholars, i.e. Rishis, over a long period of time and were included in it.

Question 5.
What is Vedic Literature?
Answer:
A number of books were written after the Vedas during a long period of time. Some of them explain the rituals mentioned in the Vedas, some of them are commentaries on the Vedas and few others are works of philosophy of religion. They are known as the Brahmans, Aranyakas, Upanishads and the Sutras. Together or collectively they are known as the Vedic Literature because they were composed during the long time of Vedic period.

Long Answer Type Question

Question 1.
Describe the administrative set up of the Vedic Age.
Answer:
Society in the Vedic Age was divided into tribes and each tribe had settled in a particular region. Each tribe heeded a leader or head who would defend it from aggression by other tribes.

These tribes fought over grasslands where their animal herds would graze.

  1. King: King was the head of the tribal state. He ruled according to the wishes of the tribe. He was normally succeeded by his son. He was assisted by a number of persons.
  2. Senani: Senani was the commander-in-chief of the king’s army.
  3. Purohita: Purohita was the priest who performed the religious ceremonies for the king and advised him on various matters.
  4. Sabha and Samiti: Sabha and Samiti were the two most important assemblies where the king consulted the members of tribes to take a final decision.
  5. Gramini: Gramini was the head of the village. The king also consulted the Gramini.
  6. Messengers: There were messengers through whom the king made contact with his tribesmen.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Infrastructure of the Indian Economy

by

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Social Science Book Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Infrastructure of the Indian Economy Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 2 Infrastructure of the Indian Economy

SST Guide for Class 10 PSEB Infrastructure of the Indian Economy Textbook Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by infrastructure?
Answer:
Infrastructure of the economy signifies that part of the capital stock of the economy is necessary from the viewpoint of providing various types of services.

Question 2.
What are the main components of economic infrastructure in India?
Answer:
The main components of economic infrastructure in India are :

  1. Transport and communication
  2. Electric power
  3. Irrigation
  4. Banking and financial institutions.

Question 3.
Name the various modes of transport in India.
Answer:
The following are the important means of transport in India :

  • Rail transport
  • Road transport
  • Water transport
  • Air transport.

Question 4.
What do you main by irrigation?
Answer:
Irrigation means providing the necessary water to the cultivable land through man-made or artificial means. Due to uneven, irregular and uncertain rainfall, irrigation assumes added importance.

Question 5.
What are the major sources of irrigation in India?
Answer:
Tubewells, river, tank etc. are the major sources of irrigation in India.

Question 6.
Write a short note on Reserves Bank of India.
Answer:
The reserve Bank of India (RBI) is the Central Bank of India, which was established on April 1, 1935 monetary institution which supervise, regulates controls and develops the monetary and financial system of the country. The Reserve Bank of India is fully owned and operated by the Government of India.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Infrastructure of the Indian Economy

Question 7.
Write a note on the Commercial Bank of India.
Answer:
A Commercial Bank is a financial institution which performs the functions of accepting deposits from the general public and giving loans for investment with the aim of earning profit. Commercial Banks plays a singificant role in fulfilling the short term and medium term finacial requirements of Industries. Commercial Back can be described as a financial institution, that offers basic investment products like a savings account, current account, etc to the individuals and corporates.

Question 8.
What are the specific banking institutions of India?
Answer:
The specific banking institutions of India are :

  • Industrial Development Bank of India
  • Industrial Finance Corporation of India
  • Land Development Banks
  • Co-operative Banks
  • Regional Rural Banks
  • National Bank For Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)
  • Export-Import Bank (Exim Bank),

Question 9.
What do you mean by consumer protection? What are its main methods?
Answer:
Consumers’ protection means to prevent the exploitation of the consumers from the unfair trade practices of the producers of consumer goods.

Consumer protection methods are:

  • MRTP Act was passed in 1969.
  • Consumer Protection Act 1986 was passed.
  • Consumers’ Disputes Redressal forums have been established.

Question 10.
Write a short note on Public Distribution System.
Answer:
Through Public Distribution System, Government distributes the necessities of life; like foodgrains, sugar, kerosene, coarse cloth etc. at concessional prices through Fair Price Shops at fixed quantities to the general public especially to the poor sections of the society.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by infrastructure? Why- is it required?
Answer:
Infrastructure is that part of the capital stock of the economy which is necessary from the viewpoint of providing various kinds of services. In other words infrastructure means those activities, facilities and services which are helpful in the operation and development of other sectors for example, Roads, Rails and Buses offering transport services. Canals and dams facilitating irrigation, etc.

It is required for the development of the country. Infrastructure like electricity, transport and communication are important for the development of every country.

Lack of infrastructure facilities will create hurdles in the development of industries and agriculture sectors. As a result of it their rate of growth will come down. Therefore, in every underdeveloped country there is a need of availability of infrastructure in a sufficient quantity which will be helpful in acceleration of their development.

Infrastructure is required to increase production and decrease cost.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Infrastructure of the Indian Economy

Question 2.
What are the main kinds of infrastructure in India? Explain.
Answer:
That part of the capital stock of the economy which provides direct services to the system of production and distribution is called the economic infrastructure of the economy.

The main constituents of economic infrastructure in India are as follows :

  • Transport and Communication
  • Electric Power
  • Irrigation
  • Banking and other Financial Institutions.

Economic infrastructure like transport, communication, power, irrigation, banking etc. have played a very important role in the economic development of our country.

Question 3.
What are main monetary institutions of India?
Answer:
The main monetary institutions in India are:

  • Moneylenders
  • Reserve Bank of India
  • Commercial Banks
  • Specialised Banking Institutions :
    (a) Industrial Development Bank of India
    (b) Regional Rural Banks
    (c) Export-Import Bank of India (Exim Bank)
    (d) Land Development Banks
    (e) Co-operative Banks
    (f) National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)
    (g) Industrial Finance Corporation of India etc.
  • Non-Banking Financial Institutions:
    (a) Unit Trust of India
    (b) Life Insurance Corporation of India
  • Stock Exchanges.

Question 4.
What do you mean by consumer exploitation? What are the main methods of consumer protection?
Answer:
Consumers exploitation means the exploitation of the consumers from unfair trade practices of the producers of consumer goods. Trading classes are putting their all out efforts to exploit the consumers as they are the most confused and unorganised persons in modern Indian Economy. Adulteration, substandard packed goods, use of non-standard weights or misleading and fabricated advertisements are such activities which exploit the consumers to a large extent.

Methods of Consumers’ Protection. In order to protect consumers’ interest, the govt, has enacted the following legislations:

  • Essential Commodities Act, 1955.
  • The Standards of Weights and Measures Act, 1976.
  • The Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1976. ‘
  • The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969.
  • The Prevention of Black Marketing and Maintenance of Supplies of Essential Commodities Act, 1980.
  • Consumers’ Protection Act, 1986.

In order to redress the grievances of the consumers at very low expenses and for their early disposal ‘Consumer Disputes Redressal Forums’ have been established at the district, state and national levels. Along with this, consumer protection councils have also been established to protect the interest of the consumers. They can lodge a complaint. Besides this consumer education and consumer organisations also play a vital role to protect the interests of the consumers.

Question 5.
What do you mean by Public Distribution System? Explain the present position of Public Distribution System in India.
Answer:
Public distribution system signifies a system through which the govt, of a country makes provision to supply essential items like foodgrains, sugar, kerosene, etc. to its people, especially the poor people, in fixed quantity at controlled prices through fair price shops.

There are three main constituents of public distribution system in India :
1. Public Procurement System. In 1988, over 14 million tonnes of foodgrains were procured by the govt, at procurement prices. In 2006, this figure rose to 26.4 million tonnes.

2. Buffer Stock. Black-marketing in the foodgrains can be checked if the govt, has buffer stock of foodgrains and adequate storage facilities. In India, we have many warehouses in the public sector. Important among them are the warehouses of Food Corporation of India. The Corporation has got its warehouses throughout India. It stores agricultural goods and releases stock under public distribution system.

3. Fair-Price Shops. The system of public distribution in India operates fairly successfully through a network of fair-price shops selling foodgrains, sugar, kerosene and soft coke. At present, we are having around 4.37 lakh fair price shops. In 1988, 23 million tonnes of foodgrains and in 2006,26.8 million tonnes of foodgrains were distributed through these fair-price shops.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Guide Infrastructure of the Indian Economy Important Questions and Answers

Answer the following questions in one word or one line :

Question 1.
Define Consumer.
Answer:
When we buy and use any commodity we become consumer.

Question 2.
State any one component of economic infrastructure.
Answer:
Irrigation.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Infrastructure of the Indian Economy

Question 3.
Name any one mode of Transport in India.
Answer:
Railway.

Question 4.
Which are the two main modes of Irrigation in India?
Answer:
Rain and Rivers.

Question 5.
When was R.B.I. established?
Answer:
1935.

Question 6.
When was Consumer Protection Act established?
Answer:
1986.

Question 7.
State any one function of R.B.I.
Answer:
It issues notes.

Question 8.
State the name of the apex bank of India.
Answer:
R.B.I.

Question 9.
State any one specific banking institution in India.
Answer:
NABARD.

Question 10.
State the full form of P.D.S.
Answer:
Public Distribution System.

Question 11.
Name one infrastrucuture of the economy.
Answer:
Transport.

Question 12.
What is stock exchange?
Answer:
Where securities are bought and sold.

Question 13.
Name the non-banking financial institution in India.
Answer:
L.I.C.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Infrastructure of the Indian Economy

Question 14.
Name any one multipurpose project in India.
Answer:
The Bhakra-Nangal project.

Question 15.
Name one public sector shipping company in India.
Answer:
Mugal lines.

Question 16.
Name the important mean of communication.
Answer:
Telephone.

Question 17.
Name the source of electric power.
Answer:
Thermal Power.

Question 18.
What is a commercial bank?
Answer:
It generally gives short term loans.

Question 19.
What is the objective of multipurpose river valley projects?
Answer:
Production of hydro electricity.

Question 20.
State any one feature of Consumers’ Protection Act, 1986.
Answer:
To seek redressal against unfair trade practices.

Question 21.
State any One cause for the need of PDS.
Answer:
Inadequate shortage and marketing facilities.

Question 22.
What is Irrigation?
Answer:
It means providing the necessary water to the cultivable land.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Infrastructure of the Indian Economy

Question 23.
Name some infrastructures of the economy.
Answer:
Transport and communication, power, irrigation, banking and financial institutiolis, Education, Health and family welfare, housing and other civic amenities.

Question 24.
What is meant by economic infrastructure?
Answer:
That part of the capital stock of the economy which is necessary for providing-the different types of direct services to the system of production and distribution is called the economic infrastructure of the economy.

Question 25.
What is meant by transport system of a given country?
Answer:
All those means which help in the transportation of goods and people from one place to another constitute the transport system of a country.

Question 26.
Name the important means of communication.
Answer:
Postal services, telegram, telephone, radio, television, newspapers, etc.

Question 27.
Name two public sector shipping companies in India.
Answer:

  1. Shipping Corporation of India and
  2. Mugal Line.

Question 28.
Name any two multipurpose projects in India.
Answer:

  1. The Bhakra-Nangal Project and
  2. The Damodar Valley Project.

Question 29.
Name any one specialised banking institution in India.
Answer:
Industrial Development Bank of India.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Infrastructure of the Indian Economy

Question 30.
Name the important non-banking financial institutions in India.
Answer:

  1. Unit Trust of India and
  2. Life Insurance Corporation of India.

Question 31.
What is meant by Stock Exchange?
Answer:
A market in which securities are bought and sold is known as stock exchange or share market.

Question 32.
Write any one main function of R.B.I.
Answer:
To issue notes.

Question 33.
What is meant by Consumer Education?
Answer:
By consumer education we mean the education to be imparted to the consumers which may enable them to safeguard their interest and help them to become rational consumers.

Question 34.
Name the important means of transport.
Answer:
Railways, Road, Water and Air transport are the main means of transport.

Question 35.
Name the sources of electric power.
Answer:
Thermal power-, Hydel power and Nuclear power are the sources of power in India.

Question 36.
What are the sources of irrigation?
Answer:
Rainfall, Wells, Tubewells, Ponds are the main sources of irrigation.

Question 37.
What is the name of Central Bank of India?
Answer:
Reserve Bank of India.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Infrastructure of the Indian Economy

Question 38.
When was R.B.I established?
Answer:
1935.

Question 39.
What are Commercial Banks?
Answer:
Commercial Banks are those banks which generally give short term loan.

Question 40.
Name two Non-Banking institutions.
Answer:
L.I.C., U.T.I.

Question 41.
When was Consumer Protection Act launched?
Answer:
1986.

Question 42.
What do you mean by Public Distribution System?
Answer:
Supply of essential commodities to the people through government agencies is known as Public Distribution System.

Question 43.
Which is one mode of Electric power in India?
Answer:
Thermal Power.

Question 44.
What are the major sources of Power in India?
Answer:
The major sources of Power in India are:

  1. Thermal Power
  2. Nuclear Power
  3. Hydel Power.

Question 45.
How many commercial banks are nationalised?
Answer:
In 1969, fourteen banks were nationalised, 6 more banks were nationalized inl980 which accounted for 20. But now its number is 19.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Infrastructure of the Indian Economy

Question 46.
Write the name of India’s Central Bank.
Answer:
Reserve Bank of India.

II. Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
RBI was established in ___________ (1945 / 1935)
Answer:
1935

Question 2.
When we use any commodity we become__________(Producer / Consumer)
Answer:
Consumer

Question 3.
Consumer Protection Act was estabhshed in_________year. (1985 / 1986)
Answer:
1986

Question 4.
_______ is the Apex Bank of India. (SBI / RBI)
Answer:
RBI

Question 5.
________ gives short terms loans. (Central bank / Commercial bank)
Answer:
Commercial bank

Question 6.
NABARD was estabhshed in_______year. (1982 / 1999)
Answer:
1982

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Infrastructure of the Indian Economy

Question 7.
Irrigation is a component of __________ infrastructure. (Social / Economic)
Answer:
economic

Question 8.
_______ issues notes in a country. (RBI / SBI)
Answer:
RBI.

III. Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
State any one function of RBI.
(a) Note issue
(b) Bank of the Govt.
(c) Banker’s Bank
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

Question 2.
When was RBI established?
(a) 1925
(b) 1935
(c) 1945
(d), 1955.
Answer:
(b) 1935

Question 3.
When was Consumer Protection Act established?
(a) 1980
(b) 1982
(c) 1986
(d) 1988.
Answer:
(c) 1986

Question 4.
When was NABARD established?
(a) 1982
(b) 1986
(c) 1988
(d) 1989.
Answer:
(a) 1982

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Infrastructure of the Indian Economy

Question 5.
Which is the Central Bank of India?
(a) SBI
(b) PNB
(c) RBI
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(c) RBI

Question 6.
What are the main components of economic infrastructure in India?
(a) Banking
(b) Electric power
(c) Irrigation
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

Question 7.
What are the specific Banking Institutions in India?
(a) Regional Rural Bank
(b) NABARD
(c) Exim Bank
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Infrastructure of the Indian Economy

Question 8.
PDS stands for :
(a) Public Demand Supply
(b) Public Distribution System
(c) Private Demand and supply
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Public Distribution System

True / False :

Question 1.
RBI was estabhshed in 1935.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
SBI is the apex bank of India.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
There are three sources of electricity in India.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
NABARD was estabhshed in 1992.
Answer:
False

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Infrastructure of the Indian Economy

Question 5.
COPRA was implemented in 1986.
Answer:
True

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the need for infrastructure?
Answer:
The prosperity of a country depends directly upon the development of agriculture and industry. Agricultural production, however requires power, credit transport facilities etc. Industrial production requires not only machinery and equipment but also skilled man-power, management, energy .banking facilities, marketing faclities, transport services, communication facilities etc.All these facilities and services constitute collectively the infrastructure of the economy and the development and expansion of these facilities are an essential pre-condition for increasing agricultural and industrial production in a country.

Question 2.
What is the importance of means of transport in a given economy?
Answer:
Transportation is the most important constituent of economic infrastructure. It helps trade,commerce and industry. Transportation connects one place with the other. It reduces regional imbalances. It carries passengers and goods. It adds directly to our economic structure i.e. the process of production and distribution. It has been rightly said that “If agriculture and industry are regarded as the body and bones of the economy, transport constitutes its nerves.”

Question 3.
Write a short note on Railways as a means of transport in India.
Answer:
In India railway services were started on April 16,1853 when the first train was run between Bombay (Muihbai) and Thane. Now Indian railways are first in Asia and fourth in the world. Indian railways have a route length of nearly 62,759 kilometres. Indian railways rim 13,000 trains everyday connecting 7056 railway stations.

Question 4.
Write a short note on air transport in India.
Answer:
Air transport is the fastest and costliest means of transportation. There are two public sector companies for air transportation in India-Indian Air Lines Corporation and Air India International. Some private sector companies have also been established sincel992. There are four international aerodromes in India at Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. In recent years, important policy decisions have been taken to speed up the development of civil aviation in the country.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Infrastructure of the Indian Economy

Question 5.
Write a short note on Communication system in India.
Answer:
The Communication system comprises posts and telegraphs, telecommunication system, broadcasting, television and information services. Since 1950-51, the postal network has been expanded throughout the country, and in recent years, with special emphasis on the rural, hilly and tribal areas. As far as the telecommunications are concerned, India has a network comprising over 18,000 exchanges with a capacity of 84 lakh lines and 72 lakh working telephones. The network has been expanding at an annual rate of 15 to 17 per cent. The outlay for the telecommunication in the Ninth Plan was over? 30,000 crore.

Question 6.
Highlight the main sources of power in India.
Answer:
There are three main sources of power in India:

  • Thermal power stations-using coal or oil.
  • Hydro-electric power stations-using potential power of fast-flowing rivers or high dams.
  • Nuclear power or atomic power-India is one of the few countries which have developed their nuclear capacities. At present, we are having five atomic power stations.

In our economy, we traditionally had thermal power which still accounts for the largest part of our electricity generation. With the emergence of the great multi-purpose river- valley projects, we have also developed hydroelectric power on a big scale. Finally, we also went in for nuclear power.

The priority for power distribution in our economy is shifting to the rural areas.

Question 7.
What are the objectives of multi-purpose river-valley projects?
Answer:
Multi-purpose projects are so named as they aim at serving several purposes at one and the same time. The important objectives of these multi-purpose river-valley projects are :

  • Production of hydroelectricity.
  • To help in storing water, which can be used for irrigation at the time of need.
  • To prevent erosion of soil and conserve land.
  • To promote fish rearing and navigation.
  • To help in checking floods.
  • To promote tourism in the country, etc.

Question 8.
Highlight the various features of the Consumers’ Protection Act, 1986.
Answer:
Consumers’ Protection Act, 1986 is the latest act which safeguards the interests of the consumers in the following ways :

  1. Protects against the marketing of commodities hazardous to life and property.
  2. Informs about the quality, purity, potency, weight and price of the commodity.
  3. Ensures the availability of goods at a competitive price.
  4. Seeks redressal against unfair trade practices.
  5. Provides setting up of:
    (a) Consumers’ forum at district level.
    (b) State forum and commission at state level.
    (c) National Consumers’ Grievances Redressal Cell at national level.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Infrastructure of the Indian Economy

Question 9.
Write a short note on need for public distribution system in India.
Answer:
The forces of demand and supply do not always achieve the socially desirable objectives, so it becomes necessary that the Govt, should interfere in the production and distribution of commodities.

The necessity of public distribution system in India is because of the following reasons:

  • Limited resources and means of production.
  • Inadequate production.
  • Inadequate storage and marketing facilities.
  • Corrupt practices of producers and traders i.e. hoarding and black-marketing.
  • Inequality of income and poverty leading to starvation.

Question 10.
Briefly describe the economic infrastructure of transport in India.
Answer:
Transport. After the railways, the principal mode of transport in our economy is the roadways. In fact, over the last two decades, the heavy trucks on our highways linking the main industrial centres have become quite a match for the railways in many spheres. Passenger bus services also compete successfully with the railways in many regions. All this has come about mainly because of the improved network of well-made roads that make up a new and important part of our economic infrastructure today.

Besides railways and roads, our economy is served by coastal shipping, inland waterways and, of course, domestic airlines as the other modes of inland transportation. International shipping is handled by the major ports of the country like Mumbai, Kolkata, Haldia, Chennai, Mangalore, Marmugao and Vishakhapatnam and many minor ports. The Air India and other international airlines operate through the airports maintained by the International Airports Authority of India.

Question 11.
Describe the economic infrastructure of Power in India.
Answer:
The rate at which electric power is consumed by an economy is often an index of its state of industrialisation. The power produced and consumed per head of population in our country is very low indeed, but it is rising fast. This is an indication that modern industries are growing in the economy and the country is developing.

In our economy, we traditionally had thermal power which still accounts for the largest part of our electricity generation. With the emergence of the great multi-purpose river- valley projects we also developed hydro-electric power on a big scale. Finally, we also went in for nuclear power.

The priority for power distribution in our economy is shifting to the rural areas.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Infrastructure of the Indian Economy

Question 12.
Describe the economic infrastructure of Irrigation in India.
Answer:
Irrigation provides an important input in the production of most crops, particularly in areas where rains are scarce or highly irregular. For centuries our economy has depended on fairly extensive systems of man-made irrigation besides natural irrigation for agriculture. We have dug wells, tanks and canals not only for the supply of our drinking water but also for watering our cultivated land from time immemorial. But whether natural or man-made, irrigation in most parts of our country has always been partially rain-fed. Rains, however, in India are mostly seasonal and dependent on the monsoons and the monsoons, till this day, are one of the world’s most difficult to understand weather phenomena. Thus, inspite of the introduction of modem technology and management techniques, Indian agriculture still is a gamble, though the magnitude of the uncertainty has diminished.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the role of transport in economic development.
Answer:
Role of Transport in Economic Development:
Transport, as said, is called as the lifeline of the country. It has a vast impact on the economic development of the country. The importance of transport with reference to economy is as follows :

  1. Means of transport enable the maximum use of the resources because the movement of the sources is possible to the various parts of the country.
  2. With the help of transport we can grow new markets and specialization as resources can be moved from different areas of the world.
  3. Labour and capital become mobile. As a result the regional imbalances are removed.
  4. Due to transport means the agricultural sector has been transferred.
  5. Due to means of transport industries have been developed as they require cheap, best and faster means of transport for their growth.
  6. Due to easy means of transport there has been a manifold increase in the encouragement to the tourism department.
  7. Due to means of transport the gaps between the places have been narrowed and it has improved the social relationships.
  8. Means of transport are of strategic importance as they provide internal security as well as external security.
  9. Means of transport help in checking the fluctuation in prices thereby maintaining the economic stability.
    Hence, we can conclude that thinking of economic activities in the absence of means of transport will be such as flowers without fragrance.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Infrastructure of the Indian Economy

Question 2.
Explain the main functions of central bank.
Answer:
The main functions of central bank are as follows :

  1. Bank of note issue. In the modern time, issuing of notes is the main function of central bank of every country in the world. Central bank has the monopoly in this regard. In India, RBI issues notes as a central bank of the country except one rupee note which is issued by the ministry of finance, government of India.
  2. Banker, Agent and Advisor to the Government. The central bank acts as a banker, agent and advisor to the government.
  3. Bankers’ Bank. Central bank acts as a banker of all other banks in the country. Central bank keeps relation with the banks in the same way as commercial banks keep relation with their customers.
  4. Lender to the Last Resort. In a time of crisis, the central bank acts as a lender to the last resort. It provides loans to commercial banks when they are in deep trouble.
  5. Custodian of the Foreign Exchange Reserves. The central bank acts as a custodian of the foreign exchange reserves of the country.
  6. Custodian of Cash Reserves of the commercial banks. The central bank also keeps the cash reserves of the commercial banks.
  7. Bank of central clearance, settlement, and transfer. A central bank is an institution where all the transactions of commercial banks are cleared, settled, and transferred very easily.
  8. Control of credit. The central bank has got so many instruments to control credit like bank rate, open market operation, change in cash reserve ratio, credit rationing, moral persuasion, and direct actions, etc.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 1 Punjab: Physical Features and its Impact

by

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 1 Punjab: Physical Features and its Impact Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 1 Punjab: Physical Features and its Impact

SST Guide for Class 9 PSEB Punjab: Physical Features and its Impact Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Multiple Choice Questions:

Question 1.
As per Rigveda name of Punjab was:
(a) Harappa
(b) Sapt Sindhu
(c) Panchnand
(d) Pentapotamia.
Answer:
(b) Sapt Sindhu.

Question 2.
Chinese traveller:
(a) Chanakya
(b) Lord Curzon
(c) Hieun Tsang
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Hieun Tsang.

Question 3.
When was the Punjab annexed to the British Empire?
(a) 1849 AD.
(b) 1887 A.D.
(c) 1889 A.D.
(d) 1901 A.D.
Answer:
(a) 1849 A.D.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 1 Punjab: Physical Features and its Impact

Question 4.
Which doab is the least fertile among these?
(a) Chaj
(b) Sind Sagar
(c) Rachna
(d) Bari Doab.
Answer:
(b) Sind Sagar.

Question 5.
The name of region between Ghaggar and Yamuna is :
(a) Malwa
(b) Bangar
(c) Majha
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Bangar.

Question 6.
The Malwa region lies between which two rivers?
(a) Sutlej and Yamuna
(b) Sutlej and Ghaggar
(c) Ghaggar and Yamuna
(d) Sutlej and Beas.
Answer:
(b) Sutlej and Ghaggar.

II. Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
________ civilization flourished in Punjab.
Answer:
Harappa.

Question 2.
Penta means ________ and Potamia means
Answer:
five, rivers.

Question 3.
Punjab can be divided into ________ parts.
Answer:
three.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 1 Punjab: Physical Features and its Impact

Question 4.
________ region is located between the rivers of Chenab and Jehlum.
Answer:
Chaj Doab.

Question 5.
The founder of Sikh Religion was ________
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

Question 6.
Punjab was reorganised in ________ on the basis of language.
Answer:
1 November, 1966.

Question 7.
The height of Mount Everest is metre.
Answer:
8848.

III. Match the following :

Question 1.

A

B
1. Rigveda (a) Sub mountainous Area
2. Sulaiman (b) North-Western Mountains
3. Bangar (c) Tsekai
4. Shivalik (d) Sapt Sindhu
5. Hieun Tsang (e) Ghaggar and Yamuna.

Answer:

A

B
1. Rigveda (d) Sapt Sindhu
2. Sulaiman (b) North-Western Mountains
3. Bangar (e) Ghaggar and Yamuna.
4. Shivalik (a) Sub mountainous Area
5. Hieun Tsang (c) Tsekai

IV. Differentiate between the following :

Question 1.
Malwa and Bangar
Answer:
Malwa: The area spread between Sutlej and Ghaggar rivers is called Malwa. Major cities of this region are Ludhiana, Patiala, Nabha, Sangrur, Faridkot, Bhatinda, Fazilka etc.

Bangar: This region is situated between Ghaggar and Yamuna rivers. Its major cities are Ambala, Panipat, Kurukshetra, Jind, Rohtak, Karnal, Gurugram etc. In this region, there is one historical area where many decisive wars were fought.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 1 Punjab: Physical Features and its Impact

Question 2.
West Punjab and East Punjab
Answer:
West Punjab and East Punjab : In 1947, at the time of Independence, Punjab was divided into two parts- West Punjab and East Punjab. Western side of Punjab was Muslim dominated area and become a part of newly made country Pakistan. East Punjab became a part of India. In 1947, 13 districts went over to Pakistan and rest 16 districts remained in Indian Punjab.

Question 3.
Pass and Doab
Answer:
(a) Pass. A pass is a gap or break in high, rugged terrain such as a mountain ridge. Through these, mountain can be crossed.
(b) Doab. The territory between two rivers is known as the Doab. Plains of Punjab are made up of Five Doabs.

Question 4.
Himalayas and Sub-mountainous region
Answer:
(a) Himalayas. The Himalaya means Him + Alaya i,e. Land of Ices The mountains of Himalaya are in series in Punjab. According to height, these mountains are divided into three parts, The Greater Himalayas, the Middle Himalayas and the Outer Himalayas.

(b) Sub-Mountainous Region (Terai Region). In the south of Pir Panjal range of Himalayas, there situated the foothills of Shivalik and Kasauli mountains. This region is known as Terai area of Punjab or sub-mountainous region. The average height of such mountains is 1000-3000 feet.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 1 Punjab: Physical Features and its Impact

Question 5.
Chaj Doab and Bist Jalandhar Doab.
Answer:
(a) Chaj Doab. The region between rivers Chenab and Jehlum is called Chaj Doab. Major cities of this region are Gujarat, Bhera and Shahpur.

(6) Bist Jalandhar Doab. The area situated between rivers Beas and Sutlej is Bist Jalandhar Doab. Jalandhar and Hoshiarpur are the famous cities of this Doab.

V. Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by the word ‘Punjab’?
Answer:
The word Punjab is a combination of two Persian words-Punj and Aab. The meaning of Punj is five and Aab is rivers. So, its literal meaning is the land of five rivers.

Question 2.
What name Greeks had given to Punjab?
Answer:
The Greeks called Punjab as Pentapotamia in which penta means five and potamia means rivers. So, it is the land of five rivers.

Question 3.
What do you mean by Sapt Sindhu?
Answer:
During the Vedic age, Punjab was called Sapt Sindhu because it was the land of seven rivers.

Question 4.
Punjab was divided into which two parts in 1947?
Answer:
In 1947, Punjab was divided into Western and Eastern parts. Western side went over to Pakistan and Eastern side remained in India.

Question 5.
Name any two passes located in North-West boundary of Punjab.
Answer:
Khyber pass, Kurram, Tochi etc. are the passes located in North-West boundary of Punjab.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 1 Punjab: Physical Features and its Impact

Question 6.
When and in how many parts was Punjab divided on the linguistic basis?
Answer:
On 1st November, 1966, Punjab was divided into two states on linguistic basis and these were Punjab and Haryana.

VI. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Throw light on the different historical names of Punjab at the different times.
Answer:
The names of Punjab were changed from time to time :

  1. During Rig vedic age, Punjab was called Sapt Sindhu (the land of seven rivers).
  2. In the epics, The Ramayana, Mahabharata and Puranas, the name of Panchnand was mentioned for Punjab.
  3. Greeks gave the name Pentapotamia (Penta-five, potamia-five rivers) to Punjab.
  4. Taki tribe gave Punjab the name Taki province or Taki.
  5. Chinese traveller Hieun Tsang called Punjab as Tseh-Kia.
  6. During the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Punjab was called as Lahore Province.
  7. The Mughal Emperor Akbar gave Punjab this name. Word Punjab is made up of two persian words Punj and Aab. Punj means five and Aab means water.
  8. In 1849 A.D., the British captured it and gave it the name of Punjab Province.
  9. In 1947 A.D., with the division of country, Punjab was divided into western and Eastern Punjab. But in both the countries, it is known with the name of Punjab.

Question 2.
Why is it necessary to study geographical characteristics of Punjab in order to study the history of Punjab?
Answer:
To study the history of any region, it is necessary to study its geographical characteristics. Punjab’s ways of living, eating, habits, wearing habits, nature of people and ideas, to an extent, are affected by its geographical characteristics. Its fertile plains became the Cradle of Civilisation. During hard times, it became the battle field where lakhs of people sacrificed their lives. Many times, its rivers guided the invaders. Its forests are also important. Many a times the victims of Mughal atrocities took shelter in its forests. Its fertile plains motivated many invaders to attack India. In this way, the geographical features of Punjab are very important.

Question 3.
Why is Punjab called the Gateway of India?
Answer:
Due to western branches of Himalaya, Punjab has acted as a gateway of India. It is not so difficult to cross the passes of these mountain ranges. Except Bolan pass, all other passes connect Afghanistan with Punjab. That’s why all the invaders from Aryans till Iranians, attacked India from this side. First of all, they had to struggle with the people of Punjab. They moved forward only after defeating Punjabis. In this way, Punjab played a role of gateway of India.

Question 4.
What were the causes of the spread of Islam in Punjab?
Answer:
The major reason of the spread of Islam in Punjab is that all the invaders first settled in Punjab. They asked the local people to adopt Islam. Muslim rulers commited atrocities on Hindus who stop following Islam. People of other far off regions, who initially adopted Islam, left it and came back to the fold of Hinduism but this was not the case with Punjabi’s because foreigners resided over here. Consequently Islam received great success in Punjab. One of another reason of the spread of Islam in Punjab was that the people were fed up with the complexity of vedic religion, caste system etc.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 1 Punjab: Physical Features and its Impact

Question 5.
In what way the physical features of Punjab affected the economic life of people?
Answer:
The physical features of Punjab gave strength ‘to the economic life of the people. From the ages, each year, Himalayan rivers bring new soil and nutrients and spread them all along the plains. Consequently plains of Punjab were considered the most fertile land in the country. Due to fertile land, people had a bumper crop and they became prosperous. These rivers also irrigated its land. The Himalayas rivers are perennial and this become a boon for agriculture. With the help of wood from the forests of the Himalayas, many furniture and sports industries were developed over here. People get many other things from the mountains which helped in the development of industries.

VII. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the geographical characteristics of Punjab.
Answer:
The study of Punjab from geographical point of view is quite interesting. From this point of view, Punjab can be divided into three parts :

  1. The Himalayas and North-West Mountains.
  2. The Sub-Mountains region-Terai region.
  3. The Plains.

1. The Himalayas and North-West Mountains. This physical part of Punjab is given ahead :
(a) The Himalayas. There are a number of Himalayan ranges in Punjab. These ranges can be divided into three parts on the basis of their average height, which are-the Great Himalayas, the Middle Himalayas and the Outer Himalayas.
1. The Great Himalayas. In the east, the mountain ranges of the Great Himalayas reach upto Nepal and Tibet. In its western part, it is again called the Great Himalayas. The Great Himalayas separate the Punjab regions of Lahul-Spiti and district of Kangra from Kashmir. The scenic Kulu Valley and Rohtang Pass are situated in these ranges. These ranges rise from 5851 metres to 6781 metres. These mountain ranges are always covered with snow.

2. The Middle Himalayas. They are popularly known as the Pangi mountain ranges. These ranges start from Rohtang Pass. They separate the Valleys made by the rivers Chenab and Ravi. Their average height is 2155 metres.

3. The Outer Himalayas. The ranges of outer Himalayas run between Chamba and Dharmshala. They reach from Kashmir to Rawalpindi, Jhelum and Gujarat districts. Their average height is 923 metres. These ranges are also know’n as Dhauladhar ranges.

(b) North-West Mountains. The North-West Mountains form the western part of the Himalayas in Punjab. These mountains include the Kirthar and Sulaiman ranges. They have nothigh rising ranges. The most important feature of these ranges is the presence of a number of passes in them. Among these passes, the Khyber Pass is the most important. This pass became a gateway for most of the invaders.

2. The Sub Mountainous region-Terai region. There situated Terai region between the higher ranges of the Himalayas and plains of Punjab. They are also known as Sub-Mountainous regions. Their width is 160 km-320 km and their height is 300-900 metres. Due to the existence of many Valleys, this region seems different from the ranges of Himalaya. Form areas of Sialkot, Kangra, Hoshiarpur, Gurdaspur and Ambala are included in it. Normally it is a mountainous region. That’s why there is quite less production over here. At many places, land has been made ready to cultivate potato, paddy and maize. To live, people have to do quite a lot of hard work. This hard work has made them healthy.

3. The Plains. The plains of Punjab are divided into two regions. The Eastern Plain and the Western Plain. The plains surrounded by Yamuna and Ravi rivers are called the Eastern plains. They are very fertile and densely populated. The plains between Ravi and Indus rivers are called Western plains.

They are less fertile as compared to the Eastern plains.
(a) Five Doabs. The territory between two rivers is called Doab. The plains of Punjab consist of five doabs.

  1. The Sindh Sagar Doab: The region situated between the rivers Indus and Jhelum is called the Sindh Sagar Doab. It is not a very fertile region. Jhelum and Rawalpindi are the important cities of this Doab.
  2. Rachna Doab: This area is situated between the rivers Ravi and Chenab, is quite fertile. The important towns of this Doab are Gujranwala and Shekhupura.
  3. Bist-Jalandhar Doab: This Doab consists of the plains situated between the rivers Beas and Sutlej. Jalandhar and Hoshiarpur are the leading cities of this Doab.
  4. Bari Doab: The territory between the rivers Beas and Ravi is called the Bari Doab. It is also a fertile region. It is popular as Majha as it refers in central location of the area in Punjab. The two most famous cities of Punjab, namely, Amritsar and Lahore, are situated in this Doab.
  5. Chaj Doab: The territory between the Chenab and Jhelum is called Chaj Doab. The important cities of this Doab are Gujarat, Bhera and Shahpur.

(b) Malwa and Bangar. The wide plain situated between the rivers Sutlej and Yamuna is a part of Punjab. The plain can be divided into two parts namely, Malwa and Bangar.
1. Malwa: The area extending from the banks of river Sutlej to the banks of river Yamuna is called Malwa. Ludhiana, Patiala, Nabha, Sangrur, Faridkot, Bhatinda etc. are the prominent cities of Malwa. The area is known in Punjab as Malwa and the people belonging to this area are called Malwais. The area got its name from the name of a republican tribe called Malava, which’ lived here during ancient period of Indian history.

2. Bangar or Haryana: This region extends from river ghaggar to river Yamuna. Ambala, Kurukshetra, Panipat, Rohtak, Karnal, Gurgaon, Faridabad and Hissar are the prominent cities of this area. This area has great historical importance because numerous battles which influenced the course of Indian history were fought here.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 1 Punjab: Physical Features and its Impact

Question 2.
Discuss the impact of physical features of Punjab on its political and religious sphere.
Answer:
Punjab is one of the most fertile land. Its ideal location has given its history a distinctive face. Moreover, history of any place takes birth from its geography. Punjab’s history is not an exception.

Its people have achieved great success in political and religious fields.
1. Impact on Political Sphere. The background of the Indian political history was prepared on the lands of Punjab. Almost all the initial invaders entered India from the North-West direction. The brave people of Punjab faced them. Most of the important and decisive wars were fought here. Chandragupta Maurya established first large kingdom in India but its base was prepared at Punjab. First of all, he provoked Punjabi’s against the Greek rule, recruited soldiers and prepared the programme to conquer India. The first Kingdom of Harshvardhana was Thaneshwar (near kurukshetra) and was in Punjab.

2. Impact on Religious Sphere. Many religious movements started in India which are of great importance in the Indian history. Chishti, Suharvardi, Sufi sects etc. originated here which spread in different parts of the country. On this sacred land, Sikhism was originated. Guru Nanak Dev Ji was the founder of Sikhism. After him there came 9 Gurus who gave Sikhism a distinctive indentity. Punjabis gave many sacrifices in the interest of humanity. The Sikh religion flourished rapidly in Punjab.

Question 3.
Discuss the impact of foreign invasion on the people of Punjab.
Answer:
The people of Punjab faced lot many foreign invaders. They also tolerated the people who came with the foreign invaders and settled over here. Due to continuous wars, a feeling of bravery and fearlessness came in them. They never lived at place for a very long time. With the advent of many people from foreign countries, their culture, ways of living, religion, language etc. became the part of Punjab. Many of the traits of the Muslim culture got assimilated in the Punjabi culture.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Guide Punjab: Physical Features and its Impact Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

Question 1.
Punjab was annexed into the British Empire in ______________
(a) 1947 A.E),
(b) 1857 A.D.
(c) 1849 A.D.
(d) 1889 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1849 A.D.

Question 2.
Punjab was divided in two parts on the basis of language in ___________
(a) 1947 A.D.
(b) 1966 A.D.
(c) 1950 A.D.
(d) 1971 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1966 A.D.

Question 3.
________ river acted as a boundary between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the British.
(a) Sutlej
(b) Chenab
(c) Ravi
(d) Beas.
Answer:
(a) Sutlej.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 1 Punjab: Physical Features and its Impact

Question 4.
Presently which river acts a boundary between India and Pakistan?
(a) Ravi
(b) Chenab
(c) Beas
(d) Sutlej.
Answer:
(a) Ravi.

Question 5.
Shah Jaman attacked India (Punjab) in ________
(a) 1811 A.D.
(b) 1798 A.D.
(c) 1757 A.D.
(d) 1794 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1798 A.D.

Question 6.
Who made Delhi as the capital of India?
(a) Lord William Bentick
(b) Lord Mountbatten
(c) Lord Hardinge
(d) Lord Curzon.
Answer:
(c) Lord Hardinge.

Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
Punjab was called Sapt Sindhu during period.
Answer:
Vedic

Question 2.
The territory between two rivers is known as the ________
Answer:
Doab

Question 3.
The Mughal Emperor Akbar divided Punjab in ________ provinces.
Answer:
two

Question 4.
Under Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Punjab was called ________ as a province.
Answer:
Lahore

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 1 Punjab: Physical Features and its Impact

Question 5.
During the Ramayana and Mahabharata age, Punjab was called ________
Answer:
Tsehkia

Question 6.
Alexander attacked India in ________ B. C.
Answer:
326.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why is it not correct to use the word Punjab after the partition of India?
Answer:
Before partition, Punjab was a land of five rivers but after independence, three rivers went over to Pakistan and only two (Beas and Sutlej) remained in present Punjab.

Question 2.
What was the impact of Indian partition on Punjab?
Answer:
With the Indian partition, Punjab was divided in two parts.

Question 3.
In how mahy parts, can Punjab be divided from geographical point of view? Name them.
Answer:
From geographical point of view, Punjab can be divided into three parts :

  1. The Himalaya and its North-Eastern mountains,
  2. Sub-Mountainous region,
  3. The plains.

Question 4.
What type of area would Punjab be had the Himalayas not been there?
Answer:
If the Himalayas had not been there in the north of Punjab,it could have been dry and cold.

Question 5.
What is the meaning of the term ‘Doab’?
Answer:
Territory between two rivers.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 1 Punjab: Physical Features and its Impact

Question 6.
What is the area between the rivers Sutlej and the Ghaggar called? What are the inhabitants of this area called?
Answer:
The region between the rivers Sutlej and Ghaggar is known as Malwa and people living in this region are called Malwais.

Question 7.
How was the Doab Bist Jalandhar named? Write the names of any two famous cities of this area.
Answer:

  1. Doab Bist Jalandhar is the region between the rivers Beas and Sutlej. By joining the first letters of the names of the rivers Beas and Sutlej, the word Bist is formed
  2. Jalandhar and Hoshiarpur are the two famous cities of this region.

Question 8.
Why is the Doab Bari called Majha? What are the residents of this area called?
Answer:
The Bari Doab is situated in the central Punjab. The word Majha means inner or the centre and that is why it is called the Majha. The people living in this region are called Majhels or Majahis.

Question 9.
Which Mughal ruler had divided the Punjab into two provinces?
Answer:
The Mughal ruler Akbar divided the Punjab into two provinces.

Question 10.
By what name was the Punjab called during the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
Punjab was called ‘Lahore Kingdom’ during the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Question 11.
When did the British annex Punjab?
Answer:
The British annexed Punjab in 1849.

Question 12.
When did the division of Punjab take place on linguistic basis?
Answer:
Punjab was divided in two states namely, Punjab and Haryana in 1966 on Linguistic basis.

Question 13.
Name any four major tribes which invaded Punjab after crossing the passes of the north-west ranges of Himalayas.
Answer:
The four main tribes were the Aryans, Sakas, Greeks and Kushans.

Question 14.
In which two parts are the plains of Punjab divided?
Answer:
The plains of Punjab are divided in two parts namely Eastern plains and Western plains.

Question 15.
Which two rivers have remained in the Indian Punjab?
Answer:
Sutlej and Beas.

Question 16.
What was Punjab called during Ramayana and Mahabharata ages?
Answer:
Panchnand

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 1 Punjab: Physical Features and its Impact

Question 17.
Which Governor-General made Delhi the Capital of India?
Answer:
Lord Hardinge.

Question 18.
Name any two passes situated in the western ranges of the Himalayas. ,
Answer:
Khyber and Tochi.

Question 19.
When did Delhi become the Capital of India?
Answer:
In 1911 A.D.

Question 20.
When did Alexander attack India?
Answer:
In 326 B.C.

Question 21.
When did Shah Zaman attack India (Punjab)?
Answer:
In 1798 A.D.

Question 22.
Which river acted as the boundary between the British and Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
River Sutlej.

Question 23.
Presently, few parts of which river act as a boundary between India and Pakistan?
Answer:
Ravi.

Question 24.
Which was the Capital of Punjab during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
Lahore.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 1 Punjab: Physical Features and its Impact

Question 25.
Why are the plains of Punjab called Real Punjab? Give any one reason in support of the claim.
Answer:
The plains are fertile and are the main cause of prosperity of Punjab.

Question 26.
Name any four Doabs of the plains of Punjab.
Answer:
Bist Jalandhar Doab, Bari Doab, Rachna Doab and Chaj Doab.

Question 27.
Name the rivers which surround the Malwa region in Punjab?
Answer:
The rivers Sutlej and Ghaggar surround the Malwa region.

Question 28.
Name any four cities of Punjab where decisive historical wars were fought?
Answer:
Terain, Panipat, Peshawar and Thanesar.

Question 29.
What name do we give to Pakistani Punjab?
Answer:
Western Punjab.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write any four advantages of the Himalayas.
Answer:
The following are the main four benefits of the Himalayan mountains.

  1. The rivers of Himalayan flow during the whole year. They make the land of the Punjab fertile.
  2. There are dense forests in the Himalayan mountains. These forests provide many herbs and large quantities of wood.
  3. The high snow-covered peaks of the Himalayas protect India from the attacks of foreign invaders from the North.
  4. The Himalayan mountains check the monsoon winds and help in bringing rains.

Question 2.
Write briefly about any three Doabs.
Answer:

  1. The Sindh Sagar Doab. This Doab is the region between the rivers Indus and Jhelum. It is not a fertile region for farming.
  2. The Chaj Doab. This Doab is the region between the rivers Chenab and Jhelum. The important cities of this Doab are Gujarat, Bhera and Shahpur.
  3. The Rachna Doab. It is the region between the rivers Ravi and Chenab, which is a very fertile region. Gujranwala and Shekhupura are the important towns of this Doab.

Question 3.
How did the rivers of Punjab affect the course of its history?
Answer:
The rivers of Punjab always stopped the march of the invaders of India. When the rivers were in flood in the rainy season, they expanded in the vast area and it became impossible to cross them. Undoubtedly, it was the reason that Alexander was held back for many days on the banks of river Jhelum before crossing it, because it was in flood. These rivers proved insurmountable hurdles for many invaders. The rivers of Punjab had also been used as the natural boundaries for administrative purposes. The Mughal rulers divided the areas of the administrative units like Sarkars, Parganas, and Subas by adopting the rivers as the boundaries. The rivers of Punjab had made its land fertile and brought its people wealth and prosperity. Had the rivers not brought the alluvial soil from the high mountains to the plains, Punjab would not have any fertile land.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 1 Punjab: Physical Features and its Impact

Question 4.
Give information about the boundaries of Punjab in different periods of Indian history.
Answer:
The boundaries of the Punjab territory varied from time to time throughout its history.

  1. According to the Rig Veda, the boundaries of Punjab included the regions covered by the rivers Indus. Jhelum Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Sutlej and Saraswati.
  2. During the Mauryan and Kushan periods, the boundaries of Punjab extended upto the Hindukush mountain ranges and Taxila.
  3. During the Sultanate period (1206-1526), the boundaries of Punjab extended from Lahore to Peshawar. During the Mughal period (1526-1707), the Punjab was diyided into two provinces, namely, Lahore Suba and Multan Suba.
  4. During the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the boundaries of Punjab extended from the river Sutlej to Peshawar.
  5. The British named the territory of Lahore kingdom of Maharaja Dalip Singh (Son of Maharaja Ranjit Singh) as the Punjab after annexing it to the British Indian Empire.
  6. After the partition of India, a major part^f the Punjab was transferred to Pakistan.
  7. On the basis of language, Punjab was divided into three states, namely Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh.

Question 5.
How did the Himalayan mountains influence the history of Punjab?
Answer:
The Himalayas influenced the history of Punjab in the following manner :

  1. Punjab-The Gateway of India: Punjab remained the Gateway of India for centuries since ancient times due to the North-Western mountain ranges of the Himalayas. The foreign invaders crossed the passes of these ranges to invade India.
  2. The Problem of the North-West Frontier: The security of North-West Frontier of India had always remained a major problem for the rulers of India. Those rulers, who failed to ensure the security of North-West Frontiers, suffered heavy losses.
  3. Protection against Foreign Invasions: It was impossible to cross the high ranges of the Himalayas from north. Consequently, Punjab remained secure in the north for a long time since nobody could invade from the northern side.
  4. Economic Prosperity: The rivers, originating in the Himalayas, replenished her plains with fertile soil from year to year. Consequently, the plains of Punjab were counted among the most fertile lands of the world.

Question 6.
What role did the Punjab play in the history of India?
Answer:
The Punjab played an important role in the history of India due to its special geographical location. It became the cradle of Indian civilization. The oldest ancient culture (Indus Valley Civilization) flourished in the Punjab. The Aryans made it the centre of their political sway. They composed their sacred books like the Vedas, Puranas, Mahabharata, Ramayana etc, in the Punjab. Punjab was the the Gateway of India. All the invaders during medieval period came to India by passing through Punjab. Hence, people of Punjab had to fight numerous battles to hold back the advancing invaders. Apart from this, Punjab was the birthplace of Hinduism and Sikhism. Guru Nanak Dev Ji gave his divine message on this very land. It was here that Guru Gobind Singh Ji created the Khalsa Panth and successfully resisted the Mughal oppression. Banda Singh Bahadur and Maharaja Ranjit Singh hold prominent places in the history of India.

Question 7.
Give a brief description of the geographical division of Punjab keeping in view the history of Punjab.
Answer:
The geographical features of Punjab can be divided into three parts, keeping in view the history of Punjab.

  1. Himalayas and the North-West Mountain ranges.
  2. The Terai region (foothills).
  3. The Plains.

The mighty Himalayas form the boundary of Punjab in the north. The high rising peaks of the Himalayas are always covered With snow. The Himalayas have three ranges which run parallel to one another. There are numerous passes in the North West ranges through which the invaders, traders and religious preachers had been coming to India since ancient times. The second geographical division of Punjab is Terai region. It is sandwiched between the mountains and the plains of Punjab. The population in this region is small. The most important geographical division of Punjab is its plains, which are very fertile. They extend from river Indus in the northwest to river Yamuna in the south-east. It is formed by the soil deposited by the rivers from the Himalayas. It is the cause of the prosperity of Punjab since the ancient times.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 1 Punjab: Physical Features and its Impact

Question 8.
How did the geographical features of Punjab influence the history of Punjab?
Answer:
Each geographical feature of Punjab has influenced differently the history of Punjab.

  1. The passes of the North-West Mountain Ranges of Himalayas allowed passage to many invaders. Hence the security of the North-west region remained a major problem for every ruler. On the other hand, the snow capped high rising peaks of the Himalayas in the parts of Punjab provided perfect security from all the possible invaders from the northern side.
  2. The distinctive culture of Punjab is a gift of the Himalayas standing in the North and West of Punjab.
  3. The prosperity and wealth of Punjab had always attracted the greedy invaders. Consequently. Punjab had to face their invasions frequently.
  4. The Terai region provided shelter to the Sikhs during their hard times. The Sikhs saved themselves and courageously faced the oppressive rulers.

Question 9.
Who annexed Punjab to the British Empire and when? Describe the role of the Punjab in the freedom struggle of India.
Answer:
Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856), the Governor-General of India, annexed the Punjab to the British Indian Empire in 1849. Punjab made a commendable contribution to the freedom struggle of India. Baba Ram Singh started the Kuka Movement in Punjab. He was the first to oppose the British rule. The people of Punjab began the freedom struggle during the 20th century by starting, Gaddhar Movement, Gurudwara Movement, Babbar Akali Movement, Naujwan Sabha (Martyr Bhagat Singh’s Movement), Akali Movement, Praja Mandal Movement etc. Martyr Bhagat Singh sacrificed his life on the gallows for the sake of his motherland. The heroes of freedom struggle like Madan Lai Dhingra, Kartar Singh Sarabha and Udham Singh laid down their lives for the freedom of India. Ultimately, in 1947, India became free.

Question 10.
Describe the main features of Mountain Valleys (Tilhat) or Terai region (foothills) in Punjab.
Answer:
The Terai region of Punjab is situated below the hills of Himachal Pradesh and of Punjab. This region is 308 to 923 metres high above sea level. It presents a different look from the rest of the Himalayan regions in Punjab because of its meadows and valleys. The areas of Sialkot, Kangra, Hoshiarpur, Gurdaspur and some areas of Ambala district are parts of this region. It is mostly a hilly area. Consequently, the region is not much fertile. The waterborne diseases rapidly spread here during the rainy season. It has a small population. The people of the region are forced to work hard for their livelihood. This hqrd life has made them strong and sturdy.

Question 11.
How far have the plains influenced the history of Punjab?
Answer:

  1. Punjab had always remained a prosperous .state because its plains are fertile. The wealth and prosperity of Punjab always attracted greedy invaders from outside Punjab.
  2. Many historic battles were fought in the plains of Punjab. Peshawar, Kurukshetra, Thanesar, Sirhind, Bhatinda, Bhera, Kari, Terain, Panipat etc. witnessed major decisive battles. The three major decisive battles, the Battles of Panipat took place in Punjab.
  3. The people of Punjab were made to fight numerous battles because of the geographical location of the plains of Punjab. They suffered numerous atrocities at the hands of invaders. For example, Timur was notorious for his inhuman atrocities, which he inflicted on the people of Punjab.
  4. The people of Punjab developed the qualities of bravery and courage due to their involvement in frequent wars which they were made to fight.
  5. The Aryans developed Hinduism in Punjab. During the medieval period, this very land had the honour of being the birthplace of Guru Nanak Dev Ji who gave his spiritual message in a very simple language.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 1 Punjab: Physical Features and its Impact

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
“The Himalayas have deeply influenced the history of Punjab.” Justify this statement with your arguments.
Answer:
The Himalayas stand high like a huge wall on the northern side of Punjab. The Himalayas have deeply influenced the history of Punjab :
1. Punjab: The Gateway of India. The Punjab had remained the Gateway of India for centuries because of the North-West ranges of Himalayas. First of all, the Aryans from Iran crossed the North Western mountain passes and invaded India. They faced strong opposition of the people of Punjab. But they ultimately settled in this region.

2. The Problem of North-West Frontier: The protection of North-West Frontiers had always remained a major problem for the Indian rulers. The Indian rulers were forced to spend a large amount of money for the protection of these frontiers.

3. Protection against the attacks of foreigners: The Northern ranges of the Himalayas are very high and always remain covered with snow. Therefore, Punjab remained safe from the attacks of the foreigners from the northern side.

4. Economic Prosperity: The Punjab has remained a prosperous region due to the Himalayas. The rivers of Himalayas replenished the upper soil of its land. Consequently, Punjab plains were counted among the most fertile regions of the world.

5. The Trade Relations with Foreign Countries: The passes in the North-West ranges served as trade routes to the foreign countries. The merchants from West Asian and Central Asian countries visited India by these trade routes. The Punjabi traders also visited their countries.

6. Distinctive Culture of Punjab. The Persians, Arabs, Turks, Mughals, and Afghans came to India crossing the passes of the North-West Himalayas. Their different languages like Arabic, Persian, Turkish, etc. mixed with Sanskrit-based local languages and dialects. This fusion of different cultures gave birth to the distinctive culture of Punjab which is now full of Indian and foreign features.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 Colonialism and Tribal Society

by

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 13 Colonialism and Tribal Society Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 13 Colonialism and Tribal Society

SST Guide for Class 8 PSEB Colonialism and Tribal Society Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions :

Question 1.
In which states majority of the people belonging the tribal society lives?
Answer:
Tribal people live more in number in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Orissa.

Question 2.
What are the main occupations of tribal people?
Answer:
Main occupations of tribal people are animal rearing, hunting, catching fish, collection of food items and agriculture.

Question 3.
In which states the tribal people revolted against the Britishers?
Answer:
People of tribal society revolted against the British in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Meghalaya, Bengal, etc.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 Colonialism and Tribal Society

Question 4.
Who was the leader of Khasi tribe?
Answer:
Tirut Singh was the leader of Khasi tribe.

Question 5.
When and which tribe in Chhota Nagpur area revolted against the Britishers?
Answer:
Kol tribe of Chhota Nagpur area revolted firstly against the British in 1820 A.D.

Question 6.
Who was made the leader of Kharodh tribe by the Britishers?
Answer:
One person of Kharodh tribe was thrown out of society. He was called back by the British and was made the head of tribe.

Question 7.
Write a note on Tribal society.
Answer:
Tribal society or tribal people are one of the important part of Indian population. Their population was around 160 millions according to the Census of 1991. A very large population of tribal people live in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Bihar, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh. 23.22% part of total population of Madhya Pradesh belongs to tribes. Some tribes also live in small states and union territories like Sikkim, Goa, Mizoram, Dadra-Nagar Haveli and Lakshadweep. Most of the tribal people belong to Gond, Bhil, Santhal, Mizo and other tribes.

Question 8.
Write a note on Birsa Munda.
Or
What do you know about Birsa Munda?
Answer:
Birsa Munda was a leader of the revolt of the Munda tribe in Bihar (Chhota Nagpur area). He was a very powerful person. He was considered as the messenger of God. He protested motion against such non-tribal people who took away the land of Munda people. Munda people also hate moneylenders and Zamindars because they treated them badly. Birsa Munda told the Munda people to not to pay the taxes to Zamindars. Munda people in Chhota Nagpur region attacked the British officers, missionaries and police stations. But Birsa Munda was arrested by the British and the revolt was crushed.

Question 9.
Write down the effects of the revolt of Birsa Munda.
Answer:
Munda revolt was a powerful tribal revolt. So government started to care about the problems of tribal people after the suppressing of revolt.

All in all impacts of revolt of Munda tribe are given below :

  • The British Government passed ‘Chhota Nagpur Act’ in 1908. According to this act marginal farmers were given the rights of land.
  • Social and religious consciousness came among the people of Chhota Nagpur region. Many people started to worship Birsa Munda.
  • Many new socio-religious movements were started.
  • Tribal people started to struggle for their rights.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 Colonialism and Tribal Society

Question 10.
Explain the revolts by tribal society in northern-eastern regions.
Answer:
Khasi revolt. First revolt in North-Eastern region was started by Khasi tribe. They had complete control from Jaintia mountains in East and upto Garo mountains in the west. Tiruth Singh was the founder of this tribe. Khasi people wanted to throw foreigners out of their region. On 5th May, 1829, Khasi people, with the help of Garo people, killed many Europeans and Bengalis. They put European colonies on fire. Tiruth Singh also wanted to remove foreign rule from Bhots and Singphose and some other mountaineous tribes. So he revolted against the British rule with the help of his 10,000 men. On the other side Khasis villages were put on fire one by one by the British. Later on in 1833 A.D., Tiruth Singh surrendered in front of the British army.

Singphos Revolt. When the British soldiers were busy in suppressing the revolt of Khasi tribe, at that time Singphos tribe also revolted against the British. Both of these tribes also invited the other tribes like Khapti, Garo, Naga, to join the revolt. All of them collectively attacked the British army in Assam and killed many Britishers. But they had to surrender because they were unable to face the modern weapons of the British.

Other Revolts,

  • Khasi tribe again revolted in 1839 A.D. They also killed the political messenger of the Britishers Colonal White and many other Britishers.
  • Another tribe of North-east Naga also revolted. This revolt lasted for 2-3 years.
  • Revolt of Kukis in mountainous region of Manipur also lasted for a long time. They were 7,000 in number. They revolted against the British in 1826, 1844 and 1849 A.D. They also killed many British officers. But later on all of these revolts were suppressed by the British government. arrested Kukis were tortured in a number of ways.

II. Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
Tribal society is an _______ part of the Indian population.
Answer:
important

Question 2.
Tribal people lived in _______ or _______ rooms huts.
Answer:
one, two

Question 3.
From Jaintiya hills to Garo hills territories in East were under the control of the _______ tribe.
Answer:
Khasi

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 Colonialism and Tribal Society

Question 4.
When the British soldiers were facing the revolt of Khasi, another tribe _______ revolted.
Answer:
Singphos.

III. Write ‘True’ or ‘False’ in the brackets given after each statement:

Question 1.
Gonds are in minority among the tribes.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
The basic unit among tribal people is family.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
The Britishers occupied the tribal land for the opium and indigo farming.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Birsa Munda called upon the farmers of Munda tribe to pay the taxes to the Zamindars.
Answer:
False.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Guide Colonialism and Tribal Society Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
Who was Birsa?
(a) Leader of Munda tribe
(b) Leader of Oraon tribe
(c) Leader of Ho tribe
(d) Leader of Khasi tribe.
Answer:
(o) Leader of Munda tribe.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 Colonialism and Tribal Society

Question 2.
Tribal Society is a Society which lives away from our civilization in , valleys and mountains.
(a) Villages
(b) Forests
(c) Towns
(d) Cities.
Answer:
(6) Forests.

Question 3.
_______ made some laws and started to interfere in the internal matters of tribals.
(a) Indian Government
(b) Local Governments
(c) The British
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) The British.

Question 4.
Who used to do Jhum Cultivation?
(a) Villagers
(b) Urban people
(c) Forest dwellers
(d) Jribals.
Answer:
(d) Tribals.

Question 5.
Large number of tribals recruited to work in tea plantations of
(a) Assam
(b) Jharkhand,
(c) Manipur
(d) West Bengal.
Answer:
(a) Assam.

Question 6.
Birsa Munda was arrested in _______
(a) 1890 A.D.
(b) 1895 A.D.
(c) 1888 A.D.
(d) 1898 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1895 A.D.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 Colonialism and Tribal Society

Question 7.
Birsa Munda was released in _______
(a) 1896A.D.
(b) 1898 AD.
(c) 1897 A.D.
(d) 1899 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1897 A.D.

Question 8.
When did Birsa Munda die?
(a) 1898A.D.
(b) 1899A.D.
(e) 1897A.D.
(d) 1900A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1900 A.D.

Question 9.
Birsa Munda was died due to _______ disease.
(a) Cholera
(b) Plague
(c) T.B.
(d) Fever.
Answer:
(a) Cholera.

Question 10.
What is Sal?
(a) A type of cloth
(b) A type of tree
(c) A type of honey
(d) A type of herb.
Answer:
(b) A type of tree.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 Colonialism and Tribal Society

Question 11.
Tell the name of the person shown in the picture.
PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 Colonialism and Tribal Society 1
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Birsa Munda
(c) Mangal Pandey
(d) Teerath Singh.
Answer:
(b) Birsa Munda.

Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
Tribal society is one of the _______ part of Indian population.
Answer:
important

Question 2.
Tribals live in huts with _______ or _______ rooms.
Answer:
one, two

Question 3.
From Jainia hills in the east till Garo hills in the west the area was under the occupation of ______________ tribe.
Answer:
Khasi

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 Colonialism and Tribal Society

Question 4.
When the British soldiers were facing the Khasi revolt, another tribe of _______ also revolted.
Answer:
Singfosa.

Tick the Right (✓) or Wrong (✗) Answer:

Question 1.
Gonds are in minority among the tribes.
Answer:
(✓)

Question 2.
The first basic unit of tribal social system is family.
Answer:
(✓)

Question 3.
The British occupied tribal land only to produce opium and indigo.
Answer:
(✓)

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 Colonialism and Tribal Society

Question 4.
Birsa Munda asked the people to not to pay taxes to Zamindars.
Answer:
(✗).

Match the Following :

Question 1.

A B
1. Revolt of Kharodh Tribe (i) 1855 A.D.
2. Revolt of Santhal Tribe (ii) 1846 A.D.
3. Munda Revolt (iii) 1899-1900 A.D.
4. Kol Revolt (iv) 1820 A.D.

Answer:

A B
1. Revolt of Kharodh Tribe (ii) 1846 A.D.
2. Revolt of Santhal Tribe (iv) 1820 A.D.
3. Munda Revolt (iii) 1899-1900 A.D.
4. Kol Revolt (i) 1855 A.D.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by tribal society?
Answer:
Society of tribal people is known as tribal society.

Question 2.
With which tribes Indian tribal people are associated? Name them.
Answer:
Gond, Bhil, Santhal, Mizo, etc.

Question 3.
Tell in brief the regional distribution of the tribal people.
Answer:
Around 63% tribal people live in the mountainous region, 2.2% in islands and 1.6% in cold regions. Other people are scattered in different urban and rural regions.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 Colonialism and Tribal Society

Question 4.
What was the basic reason of revolts of tribal people against British rule in 19th century?
Answer:
The main reason of revolts of tribal people against British rule in 19th century was wrong policies of the British government. Their land was snatched and their means of livelihood were destroyed.

Question 5.
When Naga revolt of North Eastern region took place? How much it lasts long?
Answer:
Naga revolt of North Eastern region took place in 1844 A.D. It lasted for 2-3 years.

Question 6.
Why was land of tribal people snatched by the British Government?
Answer:
The British wanted to grow opium and indigo due to the commercialization of crops. That’s why their land was snatched by the British government.

Question 7.
Name any four leaders of different tribal revolts.
Answer:
Tirut Singh (Khasi), Sidhu and Kanhu (Santhal) and Birsa Munda (Munda tribe).

Question 8.
Why did the British government start the commercialization of agriculture?
Answer:
The British government started the commercialization of agriculture for their own selfish economic-interests.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 Colonialism and Tribal Society

Question 9.
Why were tribals against the British rule?
Answer:
The tribals were completely against the new arrangements of the British rule because they did not approve the social and economic changes brought by the British.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give a brief description of houses and occupations of tribal people.
Answer:
Tribal people live in the huts of barely one-two rooms which are made without any planning. These huts are made in 2-4 lines in front of each other. These huts are surrounded by large trees. These people generally rear tamed animals, sheeps and goats. They depend upon local natural and material means. Except these, their occupations include hunting, catching fish, gathering of food and ploughing the field with the help of bulls.

Question 2.
Write a note on family of tribal society.
Answer:
Family is the first social unit of tribal society. Women play a very important role in household works of the family. Main functions of women are making food, collecting wood, cleaning and washing the clothes. They help males in their agricultural work. This work includes levelling the land, sowing the seeds, cutting the crops, etc. Main functions of males are cutting the jungles, levelling of the land, ploughing the field etc. Because females help in a great deal to men in their works, that’s why the custom of polygamy exists in tribal society.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 Colonialism and Tribal Society

Question 3.
Write a note on revolt of Khasi tribe in the North-Eastern region of the country.
Answer:
First revolt in the North-Eastern region was started by Khasis tribe. They had complete control from Jaintia mountains in East and upto Garo mountains in the west.

Tirut Singh was the founder of this tribe. Khasi people wanted to throw foreigners out of their region. On 5th May, 1829, Khasis people, with the help of Garo people, killed many Europeans and Bengalis. They put European colonies on fire. Tirut Singh also wanted to remove foreign rule from other mountainous tribes as well. So he revolted against the British rule with the help of his 10,000 people. On the other [side Khasi villages were put on fire one on one by the British. Later on in 1833 A.D. Tirut Singh surrendered before the British army.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the changes that occurred in the tribal society and their economic condition. ‘ (P.S.E.B. 2009)
Answer:
Tribal society. Tribal society or tribal people are one of the most important parts of Indian population. Their population was around 160 millions according to the census of 1991. Large population of tribal society live in the states’of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Bihar, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh. 23.22% of total population of Madhya Pradesh belong to tribal society. Some tribes also live in small states like Sikkim, Goa, Mizoram, Dadra-Nagar Haveli, Lakshadweep. Most of the tribal people belong to tribes like Gond, Bhil, Santhal, Mizo, etc.

Out of these tribal people, 63% live in mountainous region, 2.2% five in islands and 1.6% live in colder regions. Others are scattered in different urban and rural regions. These people live in the huts of one or two rooms. These huts are made in line with each other. These huts are surrounded by large trees. These people rear animals like sheep, goat, etc. They depends upon the local natural and physical means. Main occupations of these people are hunting, catching fish, collecting food and agriculture.

Family: Family is the first social unit of tribal society. Women play very important role in household works of the family. Main functions of females are making food, collecting wood, cleaning and washing the clothes. They help th’e males in agricultural works. This work includes levelling the land, sowing the seeds, cutting the crops, etc. Main functions of males are cutting the jungle, levelling the land, ploughing the field, etc. Because females help in a great deal to men in their works, that’s why the custom of polygamy exist in tribal society.

Changes in Economic Condition of Tribal society : Tribal people were very poor in 19th century under the British rule. Their living style was greatly affected by the British rule. Their ancient social and economic structures were completely changed by the British. It led to adverse impact on tribal society and their economy. Commercialization of crops was done by the British government to protect their economic interests. The government captured the land of tribal people for the agriculture of opium and indigo. As a result, tribal people were forced to do labour work. But they were given very less wages for their work. They were forced to take loans for their livelihood. It’s result came in adverse impact on their economic condition.

Tribal people were totally against these social and economic changes. That’s *.vhy resentment came among them against the British.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 Colonialism and Tribal Society

Question 2.
Explain the revolts by tribal society in Chhota Nagpur area.
Answer:
Revolts of Chhota Nagpur region against the British rule were very important. Out of these, revolt of Munda tribe was of great importance. A brief description of these revolts is given below :
1. Revolt of Kol tribe. First of all people of Kol tribe revolted against the British rule of Chhota Nagpur region in 1820 A.D. They didn’t tolerate the expansion of the British rule in their region. They put many villages on fire. Koli rebels were killed in great number that’s why they were forced to surrender in front of the British in 1827 A.D.

2. Revolt of Munda tribe. Munda tribe of Chhota Nagpur region also revolted against the British in 1830-31. People of Kol tribe also took part in it. Very quickly, this revolt spread till Ranchi, Hazari Bagh, Palamu and Anmum. Around 1,000 rebels were killed by the British. Even then it was unable to suppress the revolt completely. In the end, this revolt was suppressed in 1832 A.D. after army’s intervention. Even then activities of Munda and Kol people against the government hardly came to an end.

3. Revolt of Kharodh tribe. Kharodh tribe of Chhota Nagpur region also revolted against the British in 1846 A.D. They attacked the camp of British captain Macfferson and forced him to surrender with his 170 officials. People of other neighbouring tribes also joined the Kharodh tribe. But this revolt was crushed by the British in that same year. They called back Kharodh leader from outside and made him the head of Kharodh people.

4. Santhal Revolt. The Santhals also revolted against the British in 1855 A.D. They were 10,000 in number. They were lead by two brothers Sidhu and Kanhu. Santhal’s blocked the railway line between Bhagalpur and mountaineous region of Rajmahal. They attacked the British bunglows with swords and poisonous arrows. Many British officers of Railway and police were killed by them. The British army followed them.

But they went over to jungles. Later on in 1856, they faced the British soldiers. In the end their leaders were arrested and were tortured to a great deal.
PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 Colonialism and Tribal Society 2
PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 Colonialism and Tribal Society 3
5. Second Revolt of Munda tribe. Munda tribe has been a very famous tribe of Bihar. During British rule, many non-tribal people settled in the tribal regions. They snatched land from the tribal people. That’s why tribal people were forced to do labour work for non-tribal people. When they got frustrated, then they revolted under the leadership of Birsa Munda. The main revolt was started in the southern region of Ranchi in 1899-1900. The main objective of this revolt was to replace the British rule with Munda rule.

Birsa Munda stood against those non-tribal people who took away the land from the Munda people. Munda people also hate the moneylenders and Zamindars because they used to treat them badly. Birsa Munda told the Munda people not to pay the rent to Zamindars. Munda people in the Chhota Nagpur region attacked the British officers, missionaries, and police stations. But Birsa Munda was arrested by the British and revolt was crushed by them.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture

by

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture

SST Guide for Class 8 PSEB The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions :

Question 1.
Who has written ‘Anand Math?
Answer:
Anand Math Novel was written by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee.

Question 2.
Write down the names of the writers of short stories.
Answer:
Famous writers of short stories were Ravindra Nath Tagore, Premchand, Jaspal, Tejendra Kumar, Krishna Chand, etc.

Question 3.
Who established the printing press in India and when?
Answer:
First printing press of India was started by Portuguese in 1557 A.D.

Question 4.
Which two newspapers Bal Gangadhar Tilak started publishing?
Answer:
Newspapers called ‘Kesari’ in Marathi language and ‘Maratha’ in English language.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture

Question 5.
Write down the famous painters of Art School of Baroda University.
Answer:
G.R. Santosh, Ghulam Sheikh, Shanti Dev, etc.

Question 6.
Write down the famous artists of Madras School of Art.
Answer:
D.R. Choudhary, K.C.S. Pannikar, Satish Gujral, Ram Kumar and K.G. Subramaniyam.

Question 7.
Write down a note on the literature of 19th and the beginning of the 20th century.
Answer:
Every section of literature developed in 19th and at the beginning of 20th century whose description is given below :
1. Novels, Stories, etc. Katha literature.

  • Famous writers of the Bengali literature were Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Michael Madhusudan Dutt, Sharat Chandra Chatterjee etc. ‘Anand Math’ novel of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee is known as ‘Bible of modern Bengali Patriotism’.
  • Munshi Premchand throws light on the exploitation of peasants by the British government through his novels ‘Godan’ and ‘Rangbhumi’. He wrote many other novels in Hindi and in Urdu language.
  • Writers like Hemchandra Benarjee, Dinbandhu Mitra, Rabindra Nath Tagore etc. wrote a lot about patriotism.

2. Poetry. Romanticism in Indian poetry started when it came in contact with European literature. But more stress is given on nationalism and national movement in Indian poetry. Famous poets, who prospered Indian poetry, were Rabindra Nath Tagore (Bengali), Iqbal (Urdu), Keshav Sut (Marathi), Subramaniyam Bharti (Tamil) etc.

3. Dramas and Cinema. Indian Dramatists and artists tried to write Eastern and Western style of drama. Famous dramatists of this age were Girish Karnands (Kannada), Vijay Tendulkar (Marathi), Mulakhraj Anand and R.K. Narayan (English). Rabindra Nath Tagore gave stress on National consciousness and International Humanism through his writings.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture

Question 8.
Write down a note on the painting of 19th and the beginning of the 20th century.
Answer:
A new form to painting was given by different art schools and art groups in 19th and at the start of 20th century.
PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture 1

It’s description is given below :

  • Raja Ravi Verma painted European Naturalism by mixing it with Indian myths legends.
  • Painters of Bengal Art School, Rabindra Nath Tagore, Havell Kumarswami made paintings based on traditional stories, epics and ancient literature.
  • Paintings of Amrita Shergill and George Keyt were very much influenced by modern European art, modern spirit and symbols. Colour-scheme used by George Keyt was very impressive.
  • Rabindra Nath Tagore made beautiful paintings through watercolours and coloured chalks. Rabindra Nath Tagore
  • Paintings of flowers and women made by famous artists of Bombay were very beautiful because of their colours. Names of Francis Newton Souza, K.H. Ara, S.K. Banner can be taken in this regard. Except this, there is a great contribution of Baroda University of Art, Madras Art School and National Gallery of Modern Art in making painting popular.

Question 9.
What do you mean by the changes in Performing Arts?
Answer:
Mainly music, painting, dances and dramas are included in the fine-art. Indian heritage was very prosperous in these fields before the advent of Britishers. Classical music, Indian and Carnatic music school of our country are some of the examples of this prosperous heritage of India.

  • Folk music and folk dance of our country fills encouragement among the people. Names of Indian classical dances, Kathakali, Kuchipudi and Kathak are included in this.
  • Dramas played on the stage and puppet shows are important aspects of our cultural tradition.
  • Different types of musical instruments, like Sitar, Tumbi, Drum (Harp), (Sarangi), Tabla (Tabor) etc. are famous in India. Flute, Shehnai (clarionet) are musical instruments that run with air.
  • Great artists of India like Kumar Gandharva, Ravi Shankar, Rukmani Devi, Ragini Devi, Uday Shankar, and Rabindra Nath Tagore became very famous in the fields of Indian music and dance.

II. Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
Much literature was written in _______ language during the 19th century.
Answer:
Bengali

Question 2.
Bande Matram the national song was written by _______
Answer:
Bankim Chandra Chatterji

Question 3.
Munshi Prem Chand wrote many novels in _______ and _______ language.
Answer:
Urdu, Hindi

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture

Question 4.
Amrita Sher Gill and _______ were the great Indian painters.
Answer:
George Keyt.

III. Write True or False in the brackets given after each statement:

Question 1.
Prince of Wales Museum is known as ‘Chhatterpati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalya’.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Marina Coastal is 10 Kilometer long.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
War Memorial is made in the memory of martyrdoms of the First World War.
Answer:
True.

Question 4.
The Legislature and Secretariat Offices of Tamil Nadu are located in the Fort St. George building.
Answer:
True.

IV. Things To Do :

Question 1.
Write ‘Bande Matram’ national anthem on chart and sing it.
Answer:
Do it yourself

Question 2.
Make a chart of “Jan Gan, Man’ the National Anthem.
Answer:
Do it yourself

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture

Question 3.
To know about famous folk dances – Bhangra and Gidha etc. of Punjab.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Guide The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
An accepted norm or style is called
(a) Convention
(b) Commission
(c) Engraving
(d) Mural.
Answer:
(a) Convention.

Question 2.
The art form which observed carefully and tried to capture what the eye saw is called
(a) Realism
(b) Picturesque
(c) Portrait
(d) History painting.
Answer:
(a) Realism.

Question 3.
The Style of painting which showed Indian landscape as a quaint, unexplored land is known as
(a) Portrait
(b) Picturesque
(c) Realism
(d) History painting.
Answer:
(b) Picturesque.

Question 4.
Paintings which showed the social lives of Europeans in India are called
(a) Realism
(b) History painting
(c) Portrait
(d) Picturesque.
Answer:
(c) Portrait.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture

Question 5.
_______ are the paintings which depicted scenes from British imperial history and their victories.
(a) Picturesque
(b) Realism
(c) Portrait
(d) History painting.
Answer:
(d) History painting.

Question 6.
Which of these was brought in India with British art?
(a) Oil painting
(b) Miniatures
(c) Use of perspective
(d) Mural art.
Answer:
(a) Oil painting.

Question 7.
Painting made by Francis Hayman in _______depicts the British victory in the Battle of Plassey.
(a) 1770 A.D.
(b) 1762 A.D.
(c) 1766 A.D.
(d) 1768 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1762 A.D.

Question 8.
Who wanted to develop a national style of art?
(a) Raja Ravi Verma
(b) Ravindranath Tagore
(c) Aabindranath Tagore
(d) Francis Hayman.
Answer:
(c) Aabindranath Tagore.

Question 9.
Who decided to set up a picture production team and printing press in Bombay?
(a) Raja Ravi Verma
(b) Ravindranath Tagore
(c) Aabindranath Tagore
(d) Francis Hayman.
Answer:
(a) Raja Ravi Verma.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture

Question 10.
Which of these new things was introduced by colonial rule in India?
(a) New art forms
(b) New Styles
(c) New materials
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 11.
European artists came to India along with British
(a) Sailors
(b) Traders
(c) Warriors
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(b) Traders.

Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
During _______ century, much of the Bengali literature was written.
Answer:
19th century

Question 2.
Vande Matram was written by _______
Answer:
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee

Question 3.
Munshi Prem Chand wrote many novels in _______ and _______ languages.
Answer:
Urdu, Hindi

Question 4.
_______ is famous beach in Chennai.
Answer:
Marina beach

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture

Question 5.
Vande Matram, the national song was written by _______
Answer:
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee.

Tick the Right (✓) or Wrong (✗) Answer :

Question 1.
Prince of Wales Museum is presently known as ‘Chatrapati Shivaji Museum’.
Answer:
(✓)

Question 2.
Marina beach is 10 kilometer long.
Answer:
(✗)

Question 3.
War Memorial was made in the memory of the soldiers martyred during First World War.
Answer:
(✓)

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture

Question 4.
Vande Matram was included in a book Anand Marriage.
Answer:
(✗).

Match the Following :

Question 1.

A B
1. Fort St. George (i) Beach
2. V.G.B. Golden Beach (ii) Madras
3. Anand Math (iii) Munshi Prem Chand
4. Godan (iv) Bankim Chandra Chatterjee

Answer:

A B
1. Fort St. George (ii) Madras
2. V.G.B. Golden Beach (i) Beach
3. Anand Math (iv) Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
4. Godan (iii) Munshi Prem Chand

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
From which novel National Song of Wande Matram’ was taken?
Answer:
From the novel ‘Anand Math’.

Question 2.
Which novel of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee is known as ‘Bible of Bengali Patriotism’ and why?
Answer:
Bengali novel ‘Anand Math’, because many patriotic songs are there in it.

Question 3.
Name any two famous novels of Munshi Premchand.
Answer:
Godan and Rangbhoomi.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture

Question 4.
Name two newspapers published by Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
Answer:
Samvad Kaumudi and Mirat-ul-Akhbar.

Question 5.
Who was Raja Ravi Verma?
Answer:
Raja Ravi Verma was a famous painter and sculpture of modern India. His pictures and paintings were associated with Indian epics and Sanskrit literature.

Question 6.
Where was Kala Bhavan established by Rabindra Nath Tagore?
Answer:
At Shanti Niketan.

Question 7.
Name two famous painters of Madras Art School.
Answer:
D.R. Chaudhary and K.C.S. Panikar.

Question 8.
Name three musical instruments which run with air.
Answer:

  1. Flute
  2. Shehnai (clarionet)
  3. Algoza.

Question 9.
What is the modern name of Prince of Wales Museum of Mumbai? With which building it is situated?
Answer:
Modern name of Prince of Wales Museum of Mumbai is ‘Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahqlaya’. It is situated near to Gateway of India.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture

Question 10.
By which two architects, Gateway of India was built?
Answer:
John Wiltet and his friend John Beigh.

Question 11.
Name two famous Sea Beaches of Chennai.
Answer:
Merina Beach and V.G.B. Golden Beach.

Question 12.
In whose memory, War Memorial of Chennai was built?
Answer:
It was built in the memory of soldiers died in the First World War.

Question 13.
Raja Ravi Verma was a great artist. Which field of art was he associated with?
Answer:
He was a painter.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the development in the field of novels from 19th century till the beginning of 20th century.
Answer:
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Michael Madhu Sudan Dutt and Sharat Chandra Chatterjee were famous scholars of Bengali literature in modern age. Bankim Chandra Chatterjee wrote famous novel ‘Anand Math’ in Bengali language. Many national songs were there in it. Our national song Vande Matram’ is also one of them. Presently it is known as ‘Bible of Bengali Patriotism’.

Munshi Prem Chand also wrote many novels in Urdu and Hindi language. He threw light on the exploitation of peasants by British in his novels ‘Godan’ and ‘Rangbhoomi’. Writings of scholars like Hemchandra Benerjee, Dinbandhu Mitra, Rang Lai, Keshav Chandra Sen, Rabindra Nath Tagore became very popular and they filled sense of patriotism among the people.

Question 2.
Describe the development of poetry from 19th century till the beginning of 20th century.
Answer:
Romanceism started in Indian poetry when it came in contact with European literature. But Indian poetry gave more stress on Nationalism and National movement.

Famous poets of India are Rabindra Nath Tagore (Bengali), Iqbal (Urdu), Qazi Nazrool Islam (Bengali), Keshav Sat (Marathi), Subramaniyam Bharti (Tamil) etc. But poetry after 1936 A.D. tells the story of daily life and misery of the people. Faiz and Mezaz (Urdu), Jivan Nand Dass (Bengali), Agya and Mukti Bodh (Hindi) were some of the poets who gave new poetry. After independence, poetry was composed by poets like Raghuvir Sahai, Kedarnath Singh (Hindi), Shakti Chattopadhyaya (Bengali) etc.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture

Question 3.
Which developments took place in the Helds of dramas and cinema from 19th century till the beginning of 20th century A.D.?
Answer:
Indian artists and dramatists tried to mix western and eastern styles of dramas from 19th century till the beginning of 20th century. Cinema organization gave a great contribution is arosing interests of the people in dramas and cinema. Girish Karnad (Kannada), Vijay Tendulkar (Marathi) etc. were famous dramatists of this age. Mulakh Raj Anand, Raja Rao, R.K. Narayan wrote dramas in English language.

Rabindra Nath Tagore was also a famous dramatist of this age. We can find a beautiful mixture of ancient Indian traditions and European culture in his writings. He tried to develop National Consciousness and International Humanism through his writings.

Question 4.
Write down a note on Fort St. George.
Answer:
Fort St. George situated at Chennai was the first British fort in India. It was made in 1639 A.D. It’s name was kept on the name of St. George. This fort became the centre of commercial activities of the British. This fort gave a great contribution in establishing the British supremacy in the Karnatic region. In present age, Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu state and offices of the Secretariate are situated in this building. Pictures of Tipu Sultan are still there on the walls of this fort which increases its glory.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the development in the field of Painting in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century.
Answer:
Many changes came in the field of Indian painting during 19th century and at the beginning of 20th century. These changes were brought by art schools and art groups.

Their brief description is given below :
1. Raja Ravi Verma. Raja Ravi Verma was a great artist in the field of painting. He was not only good at painting but he was also famous for the making of sculptures. He made pictures by mixing European naturism with Indian myths legends. Pictures made by him are associated with Indian epics and Sanskrit literature. He expressed Indian glorious past through the medium of paintings.

2. Art School of Bengal. A number of steps were taken by Rabindra Nath Tagore and Havell Kumarswami to popularise Bengali Art school. Famous painters of this school made paintings based on Indian historical stories, epics and ancient literature. They made small pictures with water colours. Rabindra Nath Tagore used water colours in Japanese technique. He even established Kala-Bhavan in Shanti-Niketan.

3. Amrita Shergil and George Keyt. Amrita Shergil and George Keyt were also quite famous Indian painters. They had the knowledge of modern European art, modem animism and symbols. Disserent Paintings of Amrita Shergil were different from each other but she made pictures of Indian females. Colour-style used by George Keyt in his paintings was quite impressive.

4. Rabindra Nath Tagore. Paintings of Rabindra Nath Tagore were based on his own experiences. He made many pictures outlined by coloured chalks and filled with water colours.

5. Famous Artists of Bombay. Francis Newton Souza was one of the most famous artists of this school. He made pictures of different models with impressive colours. Paintings of flowers and women made by K.H. Ara were famous for their colours and specificness. S.K. Bakre, H.A. Gade and M.F. Hussain are other famous painters of Bombay.

6. Art School of Baroda (Vadodhra) University. G.R. Santosh, Ghulam Sheikh, Shanti Dev are famous painters of this school. Every artist of this school has its own style of painting but modernity can be seen in every work of every artist.

7. Art School of Madras. This school was prospered after independence under the guidance of D.R. Chaudhary and K.C.S. Pannikar. Other famous artists of this school were Satish Gujral, Ram Kumar and K.G. Subramaniyam.

Except these art schools, models of modern art can be seen in National Gallery of Modern Art. Lalit Kala Academy has encouraged the artists by giving them scholarships, grants, etc.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture

Question 2.
Explain the progress of press in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century.
Answer:
There was no printing press in India before the British rule. Newspapers in Mughal rule were hand written which were prepared by Mughal emperor and rich businessmen for their own use. First printing press in India was established by Portuguese in 1557 A.D. But their objective was to print Christian literature and to propagate Christianity.

Development of Press till 1857 A.D.:

  1. Newspapers started to be printed at Calcutta and other cities due to press related liberal policy of Lord Hastings. One famous journalist J.S. started to print newspaper, called ‘Calcutta Journal’, in 1818 A.D. At the same time G.C. Marshman star ted, to print newspapers ‘Darpan’ and ‘Digdarshan’ in Sarumpur.
  2. Raja Ram Mohan Roy started to publish ‘Samvad Kaumudi’ in Bengali language in 1821 A.D. and ‘Mirat-ul-Akhbar’ in Persian language in 1822 A.D. At the same time Furdoonji Murzbaan started to publish a newspaper ‘Bombay Samachar’ in Gujarati language.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture 2
Development of Press After 1857 A.D:
A number of newspapers started to publish after 1857-58 A.D. in different parts of the country. Later on, the Press developed to a great deal during 1881-1907 A.D. For example, Bal Gangadhar Tilak started to publish ‘Kesari’ in Marathi language and ‘Maratha’ in English language. Due to efforts of Ghosh brothers, newspapers of ‘Yugantar’ and “Vande Matram’ started to be published in Bengal and they started to raise their voice against the British rule. Monthly papers also started to be published in this age. ‘The Hindustan Review’ from 1899 A.D., ‘The Indian Review’ from 1900 A.D. and ‘The Modern Review’ from 1907 gaj Gangadhar Tilak A.D. were some of the famous monthly papers.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture

Question 3.
Explain the case study of: Mumbai and Chennai.
Answer:
Bombay is known as Mumbai these days and Madras is known as Chennai. Both of these cities became the main presidencies during British rule. Very quickly these cities became centres of political, commercial and cultural activities. Both of these cities developed to a great deal in music and dance as well.
1. Mumbai. Instead of political and commercial activities, Bombay became the centre of cultural activities under the East India Company in 1668 A.D. This city got royal protection and that’s why, many new schools and colleges were opened over here. All round development of music, dance and dramas took place over here. Field of literature also developed very quickly due to the development of new style of writing. Except this new styles of literature, painting and architecture were also developed.

Buildings of Mumbai. Different models of architecture of Mumbai still remind us about Colonial rulers and their style. All these building are made in Indo-European style.

Their brief description is given below :
(а) Prince of Wales Museum. Prince of Wales Museum is known as the ‘Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalya’ these days. It is situated in south Mumbai near to Gateway of India. It was made in the beginning of 20th century in the memory of Indian Journey of Prince of Wales and Ruler of Britain Edward VII. The work of building was given to a famous architect George Wiltet in 1909 A.D. It was completed in 1915 A.D. It is a beautiful mixture of many elements of architectural technique. This building has three floors and on the top, dome is there. This dome looks alike the dome of Taj Mahal. Its windows and floor match with the palaces of Mughals. Symbols of monuments of ancient India and architecture of Indus Valley Civilization can be seen over here.

(b) Gate Way of India. Gate Way of India is situated near to the Prince of Wales Museum on the coast of Arabic Sea. It was made by George Wiltet and his friend John Beigh. It was made in the memory of Delhi Durbar Journey of George V and Queen Mary in India.

(c) Victoria Terminas. Victoria Terminas was prepared in 1888 A.D. Now it is known as the ‘Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminas’. It’s earlier name was kept on the name of the Ruler of Britain Queen Victoria. Its model was prepared by the famous British architect F.W. Starus (Stievans). It took around 10 years to built this terminas. It was given the name of ‘Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminas’ in March 1996. It was included in the world heritage of UNESCO on the 2nd July 2004.
PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture 3

(d) Other Buildings of Mumbai. There are many other important buildings in Mumbai except the previously mentioned buildings and these are General Post Office, Municipal Corporation, Raja Bhai Tower, Bombay University. All these buildings were built in 19th and 20th centuries.

2. Chennai. Chennai (Madras) was built in 1639 A.D. by taking land from the local leaders. It was developed into a metropolitan city in 1658 A.D. and it became a presidency. Every type of art of Southern India, like dance and music, was developed over here. Many buildings were built over here in the 19th and 20th centuries.

Following are the famous places of Chennai:

  • Sea Beaches of Chennai. Sea beaches of Chennai are very famous all over India. Merina Beach is quite famous out of these beaches. It is around 6 km long. Many famous buildings are situated in front of it. V.G.B. Golden beach is one of the other famous beaches of Chennai. It is generally overcrowded by children due to the availability of toy trains over here.
  • War Memorial. War memorial is also a beautiful building that was built in Chennai. It was built in the memory of the soldiers who had died during the First World War.
  • High Court. Building of High Court of Chennai completed in 1892 A.D. It is the second famous Judicial complex in the world. Its dome and galleries are fine examples of Indo-European architectural techniques.
  • Other Famous Buildings. Other famous buildings of Chennai which were made during British rule are George Tower, Saint Thomas Cathedral Basilika, Presidency College, Rippen Building, Chennai Central Station, Southern Railway Headquarters, etc.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 10 The Harappan Civilization

by

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 10 The Harappan Civilization Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Social Science History Chapter 10 The Harappan Civilization

SST Guide for Class 6 PSEB Early Man: The Stone Age Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in brief:

Question 1.
Name some important cities of the Harappan Civilization.
Answer:
Some important cities of the Harappan Civilization were Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Lothal, Kalibangan, Banawali, etc.

Question 2.
What do you know about the social life of the Indus Valley people?
Answer:
The social life of the Indus Valley people was highly developed. The people ate wheat, barley, rice, pulses, fruits, vegetables, and drank milk. They also ate meat and fish. Both cotton and woollen clothes were worn. The women wore a long skirt and blouse, the skirt being held at the waist by a girdle. The men wrapped long pieces of cloth around themselves. Both men and women were fond of fashion and wearing ornaments. Rich people wore gold, silver and precious stones whereas the poor people wore jewellery made of bones, terracotta and semi-precious beads.

People were fond of games. Dancing and singing, playing of dice and chess, hunting, etc. were the main sources of amusement. For the children, there were toys made of clay.

Question 3.
Write a note on the town planning of the Indus Civilization.
Answer:
The town planning of the Indus Civilization was remarkable. The cities were usually divided into two parts. The upper part built on raised platforms was the citadel. It included the public buildings, the granaries, the more important workshops and the religious buildings. The lower part was inhabited by common people. If the city was attacked or threatened by floods, the inhabitants of the lower city found refuge in the citadel. The cities had wide and straight roads and streets that intersected at right angles. The drainage system was quite good that helped in the cleanliness of cities.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 10 The Harappan Civilization

Question 4.
What were the causes of the decline of the Harappan Civilization?
Answer:
The Harappan Civilization lasted for about a thousand years. By 1500 B.C., when the Aryans began to arrive in India, the Harappan Civilization had collapsed. Nothing can be said in certain how this civilization declined.

Various scholars have mentioned different reasons for the decline of the Harappan Civilization.

  • The Aryans waged a war against the people of the Harappan Civilization and defeated them. Consequently, the Harappan Civilization was ruined. But this view is not supported these days.
  • Regular floods in the river Indus and its tributaries destroyed this civilization.
  • About 1900 B.C. the river Sarasvati got dried and the Harappan people moved towards east in the Ganga plain.
  • Earthquakes or an epidemic destroyed this civilization.
  • The climate began to change and the region became more and more dry, like a desert. It resulted in unproductivity of the land.

Question 5.
What were the economic activities of the Indus Valley Civilization people?
Answer:
The Indus people led a prosperous economic life. Agriculture was the main occupation of the people. Plenty of wheat, barley and cotton were grown. Animals like sheep, bulls, cows, pigs, camels and elephants were reared. People living in cities were traders. They had good trade contacts with foreign lands like Mesopotamia. Pottery and brick-making were important industries. Metal workers made tools and implements. Women were engaged in spinning and weaving.

Question 6.
Write about any two centres of Harappan Civilisation in Punjab.
Answer:
1. Sanghol: Sanghol is situated in the Ludhiana district. This town was excavated in 1968 A.D. by S.S. Talwar and R.S. Bist. A number of statues and utensils of Indus valley have been found here. This centre had a big trench which always remained full with water.

2. Sunat: This site is also situated in Ludhiana district. It was excavated in 1983-84 A.D. The remains found here give us good information about the last period of Harappan Civilization.

II. Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
Harappan civilization was about ________ times bigger than the Egyptian civilization.
Answer:
20

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 10 The Harappan Civilization

Question 2.
In Punjab, ________, ________, ________ and ________ yielded remains of this civilization.
Answer:
Sanghol, Rohira, Surat, Kotla Nihang Khan

Question 3.
Houses were made of ________ and ________
Answer:
baked bricks, wood

Question 4.
A large ________ hall has been discovered at Mohenjodaro.
Answer:
pillared

Question 5.
Men and women were fond of jewellery and ________
Answer:
other fashions

Question 6.
The people worshipped ________
Answer:
Mother Goddess

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 10 The Harappan Civilization

Question 7.
The Peepal tree was considered ________
Answer:
sacred.

III. Match the columns :

Question 1.

A B
(i) Pasupati (a) Port city
(ii) Mohenjodaro (b) Writing
(iii) Lothal (c) God
(iv) Pictograph (d) Great Bath

Answer:
Correct columns:

A B
(i) Pasupati (c) God
(ii) Mohenjodaro (d) Great Bath
(iii) Lothal (a) Port city
(iv) Pictograph (b) Writing

IV. Write ‘true’ or ‘false’ in the brackets given after each statement:

Question 1.
Ropar (Roopnagar) is located in Pakistan.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Mother Goddess was not worshipped by the Harappan people.
Answer:
False

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 10 The Harappan Civilization

Question 3.
Punjab has no remains of the Indus Civilization.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
The Indus people did not know the art of writing.
Answer:
False

V. Activities (Something To Do) :

Question 1.
Visit the museum and see the excavated articles of the Harappan civilization.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Question 2.
On a map of India mark the cities of the Harappan civilization.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Question 3.
Draw sketches of the seals and the jewellery of the Harappan people and display them in your class.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Guide The Harappan Civilization Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Name some special buildings which were constructed on the citadel.
(A) The Great Bath
(B) Fire altars
(C) Elaborate Store houses
(D) All of these.
Answer:
(D) All of these.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 10 The Harappan Civilization

Question 2.
Which of these materials is used to make things found by archaeologists in Harappan cities?
(A) Stone
(B) Metal
(C) Shell
(D) All of these.
Answer:
(D) All of these.

Question 3.
Which of these metals was used in Harappan civilisation?
(A) Gold
(B) Copper
(C) Silver
(D) All of these.
Answer:
(D) All of these.

Question 4.
The weights were generally made of ________
(A) Chert
(B) Silver
(C) Gold
(D) Stone.
Answer:
(A) Chert.

Question 5.
The Harappan also made seals out of ________
(A) Gold
(B) Silver
(C) Stone
(D) Chert.
Answer:
(C) Stone.

Question 6.
Gold and silver were used to make ornaments and
(A) vessels
(B) chariots
(C) weights
(D) none of these.
Answer:
(A) vessels.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 10 The Harappan Civilization

Question 7.
________ was a very special tank found in Mohenjodaro.
(A) The Great Bath
(B) Fire altars
(C) Elaborate storehouses
(D) None of these.
Answer:
(A) The Great Bath.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the Indians who started excavations in Harappa for the first time. When did they excavate?
Answer:
The Indians who started excavations in Harappa for the first time were Daya Ram Sahni and R.D. Banerjee. They excavated in 1921-22 A.D.

Question 2.
What was found at Lothal (Gujarat)?
Answer:
The ruins of a port were found at Lothal (Gujarat).

Question 3.
Which pictures were mostly depicted on seals found out during excavations?
Answer:
The pictures of animals, birds, trees and gods and goddesses were depicted on seals.

Question 4.
Which was the oldest city discovered in India?
Answer:
The oldest city discovered in India was Mohenjodaro. Now it is in Pakistan.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 10 The Harappan Civilization

Question 5.
Name the people with whom the Harappans had trading contacts.
Answer:
The Harappans had trading contacts with the Sumerians.

Question 6.
Which was the centre of foreign trade in India during the Harappan Civilization?
Answer:
Lothal (Gujarat) was the main centre of foreign trade in India during the Harappan Civilization.

Question 7.
Name the script used by the Harappan people. Has it been deciphered by now?
Answer:
The Harappan people used the pictographic script. This script has not yet been deciphered.

Question 8.
Which metals did the Harappan people use?
Answer:
The Harappan people used copper, bronze, lead, tin, silver and gold.

Question 9.
Name a tree which the Harappan people treated as sacred.
Answer:
Peepal.

Question 10.
Which crops were widely grown during the Harappan Civilization?
Answer:
Wheat and barley were widely grown during the Harappan Civilization.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 10 The Harappan Civilization

Question 11.
When did the Harappan Civilization come to light?
Answer:
Harappan civilization came to light with the Harappan discovery located in Montgomery district of Punjab and Mohenjodaro in the Larkana district of Sind in 1921-22.

Question 12.
Why was a large pillared hall used at Mohenjodaro?
Answer:
Large pillared hall was probably used for public meetings or for some religious purpose.

Question 13.
Which ornaments were used by the Harappan people?
Answer:
Harappan women wore necklaces, bangles, ear-rings, etc. and men wore earrings, bracelets and pendants.

Question 14.
Which were the favourite pastime games of the Harappan people?
Answer:
Harappan people were fond of both outdoor and indoor games. Playing of dice and chess, dancing, racing, hunting etc. were some of their favourite pastimes.

Question 15.
Which Gods and Goddesses were worshiped by the Harappan. people?
Answer:
Harappan people worshiped Mother Goddess. They also worshiped, Pasupati the another name of God Siva. He was also worshiped in the form of Sivalinga.

Question 16.
When Indus Valley Civilization came to an end?
Answer:
Around 1500 B.C., Indus Valley Civilization came to an end.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 10 The Harappan Civilization

Question 17.
What was Granary?
Answer:
In the citadel at Harappa, the most impressive buildings were the granaries. These buildings were neatly laid out in rectangles and in them grain was stored.

Question 18.
What was the Great Bath?
Answer:
The best known building in the Mohenjodaro citadel was the Great Bath. It was 39 feet long, 23 feet broad and 8 feet deep.

Question 19.
What is meant by Pictographs?
Answer:
The Harappan people knew how to write apd their language was written in picture like signs, called pictographs.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why is the Harappan Civilization also called the .Indus Valley Civilization?
Answer:
The cities of Harappa and Mohenjodaro were discovered in the Indus Valley. Some other sites sharing the same culture were found in the Indus Valley. That is why the Harappan Civilization is also called the Indus Valley Civilization.

Question 2.
Describe the buildings of the Harappan Civilization.
Answer:
The buildings of the Harappan Civilization were built of baked bricks. The walls were plastered and coloured. The roofs were flat. The buildings had a few windows and plenty of doors. In the building, there was a courtyard. Some buildings had their own wells. Every building had its own bathroom and kitchen.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 10 The Harappan Civilization

Question 3.
What do you know about the roads and streets of the Harappan Civilization?
Answer:
The roads and streets of the Harappan Civilization were well planned. They were wide. They ran straight and intersected one another at right angles. The houses were built on both sides of streets.

Question 4.
Describe the Great Bath of Mohenjodaro.
Answer:
The Great Bath is the most remarkable structure found in Mohenjodaro. It was a common bathing place. It had galleries all around. There were many rooms on either side, for changing dress. On one side, there were steps leading into the bath. Arrangements were made to drain the used water through a network of the drainage system.
PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 10 The Harappan Civilization 1
The Great Bath at Mohenjodaro

Question 5.
Discuss the religion of the Harappan people.
Answer:
We cannot give any definite opinion about the religion of the Harappan people. No temples or houses of worship could be traced from the ruins so far. The female terracotta figurines discovered from various sites indicate that people worshipped Mother Goddess. Some seals bearing the picture of Pasupati (God Shiva) have been found. He was also worshipped in the form of Sivalinga. The Harappan people also worshipped bull and peepal tree.

Question 6.
Which were the main centres of the world’s earliest civilizations?
Answer:
There were four main centres of the world’s earliest civilization and these were :

  • The Valley of river Nile (Egypt)
  • The Valley of rivers Tigris and Euphrates (Mesopotamia)
  • The Valley of river Indus (Indus Valley)
  • The Valley of rivers Hwang-Ho and Yangtse Kiang.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 10 The Harappan Civilization

Long Answer Type Question

Question 1.
Describe the centres of the Harappan Civilization in Punjab.
Answer:
During excavations, the Archaeological Department of Punjab has discovered several places in Punjab which belong to the Harappan Civilization.

A brief account of these centres is as follows :
1. Sanghol: Sanghol is situated in District Ludhiana. The town was excavated in 1968 A.D. by S.S. Talwar and R.S. Bist There have been found many utensils and statues of the Harappan Civilization. This centre had a big trench which always remained full with water. It was built so that the city could be protected from enemies.

2. Rohira: Rohira, is situated in Sangrur District. This place was excavated in 1976-1977 A.D. There found the utensils, bricks, and toys made of clay, etc. It looks like that the Harappan Civilization and the Rohira Civilization had been contemporary to each other.

3. Sunat: Sunat is situated in Ludhiana District. It was excavated in 1983-84 A.D. The remains found at Sunat give us great information about the last period of the Harappan Civilization.

4. Kotla Nihang Khan: Kotla Nihang Khan is situated in District Ropar. It was discovered in 1953 A.D. by Y.D. Sharma The utensils, tools, and ornaments found here are very much similar to those found in the Harappan Civilization.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 8 New Kings and Kingdoms (A.D. 700-1200)

by

Punjab State Board PSEB 7th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 8 New Kings and Kingdoms (A.D. 700-1200) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 8 New Kings and Kingdoms (A.D. 700-1200)

SST Guide for Class 7 PSEB New Kings and Kingdoms (A.D. 700-1200) Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions :

Question 1.
Which type of caste system was prevalent in society during the medieval period?
Answer:
In the early medieval period, caste system was very strong. The whole society was divided into four castes. These were – Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras. Brahahmins performed religious ceremonies, so they had a place of respect in the society. Kashtriyas became warriors and administrators and participated in wars. Vaishyas traded and did agricultural tasks but the condition of Shudras in society was not good. Rajputs were proud of their high caste.

Question 2.
Which period is called as ‘Rajput Period’?
Answer:
The period between the eighth century and the thirteenth century is known as the ‘Rajput Period’ because many Rajput states were established in North India during this era.

Question 3.
Why Mahmud Ghaznavi invaded India?
Answer:
Mahmud Ghaznavi wanted to make Ghazni the most powerful kingdom in the region. That is why he wanted a lot of money to organise large army. Therefore, he invaded India to raise money seventeen times from 1001-1025 A.D.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 8 New Kings and Kingdoms (A.D. 700-1200)

Question 4.
Why Muhammad Ghori invaded India?
Answer:
Muhammad Ghori was the ruler of Gaur Kingdom in Afghanistan. He wanted to build up an empire in India. So in 1175 A.D. he invaded Multan and captured it.

II. Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
Mihir Bhoj was a powerful ruler of the ______ dynasty.
Answer:
Pratihara

Question 2.
Devpal built a temple of ______ at Bodh Gaya.
Answer:
Mahabodhi

Question 3.
Rashtrakuta rulers were the patrons of ______
Answer:
art, education.

III. Match the words :

Question 1.

A B
1. Gurjara Pratiharas rulers (i) Bengal, Bihar and Jharkhand
2. Palas rulers (ii) Rajasthan and Gujarat
3. Rashtrakuta rulers (iii) Deccan

Answer:

A B
1. Gurjara Pratiharas rulers (ii) Rajasthan and Gujarat
2. Palas rulers (i) Bengal, Bihar and Jharkhand
3. Rashtrakuta rulers (iii) Deccan

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Guide New Kings and Kingdoms (A.D. 700-1200) Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Which Kingdom ruled over Rajasthan and Gujarat?
(a) Gurjara Pratiharas
(b) Palas
(c) Cheras
(d) Rashtrakutas.
Answer:
(a) Gurjara Pratiharas.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 8 New Kings and Kingdoms (A.D. 700-1200)

Question 2.
Who was the most famous ruler of Chauhan dynasty?
(a) Prithviraj Chauhan
(b) Jai Chauhan
(c) Malik Raj Chauhan
(d) Harshavardhana
Answer:
(a) Prithviraj Chauhan.

Question 3.
Who founded the Rashtrakuta dynasty?
(a) Harshavardhana
(b) Dantidurga
(c) Jaipal
(d) Gopala.
Answer:
(b) Dantidurga.

Question 4.
Who defeated Prithviraj Chauhan in the second battle of Terain?
(a) Mahmud Ghaznavi
(b)Qutb-ud-din Aibak
(c) Mohammad Ghori
(d) Iltutmish
Answer:
(c) Mohammad Ghori.

Question 5.
Who attacked India 17 times?
(a) Mohammad Ghori
(b) Mahmud Ghaznavi
(c) Iltutmish
(d) Qutb-ud-din-Aibak
Answer:
(b) Mahmud Ghaznavi

Question 6.
Which of these dynasties fought to gain control of Kanauj?
(a) Gurjara Pratiharas
(b) Palas
(c) Rashtrakutas
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 7.
The period between 8th century and 13th century is known as
(a) Rajput period
(b) Sultnate period
(c) Mughal period
(d) Medieval period.
Answer:
(a) Rajput period.

Question 8.
______ was the most powerful ruler of Gurjana pratihara dynasty.
(a) Mihirbhoj
(b) Gopala
(c) Dantidurga
(d) Dhruva.
Answer:
(a) Mihirbhoj.

Question 9.
Dharampala was a famous ruler of dynasty.
(a) Gurjara Pratihara
(b) Pala
(c) Rashtrakuta
(d) Chera.
Answer:
(b) Pala.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 8 New Kings and Kingdoms (A.D. 700-1200)

Question 10.
Rashtrakutas ruled in ______ region.
(a) North
(b) South
(c) Deccan
(d) Eastern.
Answer:
(c) Deccan.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the names of three north and south Indian states in the early medieval period.
Answer:

  • North Indian states-Gurjara-Pratiharas, Palas and Rajputs.
  • South Indian states- Pallav, Pandaya and Cholas.

Question 2.
Where did Gurjar a Pratiharas rule?
Answer:
In some parts of Rajasthan and Gujarat.

Question 2A.
Which three dynasties were involved in the triple struggle?
Answer:
Three dynasties involved in the triple struggle for Kanauj were the Rashtrakutas, the Gurjara-Pratiharas and the Palas.

Question 3.
Who was the most powerful ruler of Gurjara/ Pratihara dynasty? Write his ruling period.
Answer:
It was Mihirbhqj who ruled from 836 A.D. to 885 A.D

Question 4.
How did Gurjara/Pratihara dynasty come to an end?
Answer:
The last ruler Rajpal accepted the subordination of Mahmud Ghaznavi in 1018-19 A.D. So he was killed at the hands of Rajputs. In this way, the dynasty came to an end.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 8 New Kings and Kingdoms (A.D. 700-1200)

Question 5.
Describe briefly Mahendrapal – the Gurjara/Pratihara ruler.
Answer:
Mahendrapal was the son of Mihirbhoj. He ruled from 885 to 910 A.D. He was a lover of art and literature.

Question 6.
Where did Pala rulers rule? Who established this dynasty?
Answer:
The Pala rulers ruled over modern Bengal, Bihar and Jharkhand. This dynasty was established by Gopal in 750 A.D.

Question 7.
Write two successes of Palas rulers.
Answer:

  1. Architecture, painting, education and literature were greatly developed.
  2. They followed Buddhism but were tolerant towards other religions.

Question 8.
Write one education related success of Pala ruler Dharampala.
Answer:
Dharampala established Vikkramshila Vihar, which later on became a great university.

Question 9.
Where did Rashtrakutas rule?
Answer:
Rashtrakutas ruled in Deccan region. It included the northern region between Krishna river and Tungbhadra river.

Question 10.
Name the famous rulers of Rashtrakuta dynasty.
Answer:
Dantidurg, Krishna I, Govind II, Dhruva, Govind III, Amoghvarsha and Krishna III were famous rulers of Rashtrakuta dynasty.

Question 11.
Name some main successes of Rashtrakuta rulers.
Answer:

  • They fought with Chalukayas and Pallavas in south India.
  • King Dhruva of Rashtrakuta dynasty defeated Pratihara ruler Vatsaraj of Kanauj.
  • Rashtrakuta rulers were patrons of art and education.
  • King Amoghvarsha was a good poet.
  • Krishna I built a Kailash Temple in Ellora.
  • Rashtrakutas established trade relationships with other countries.
  • They gave patronage to other religions also along with Hindu religion.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 8 New Kings and Kingdoms (A.D. 700-1200)

Question 12.
What do you mean by Rajput period?
Answer:
After the death of Harshvardhana, India was divided into many small states. Most of these states were under the occupation of Rajputs. The Rajputs fought with each other. So these Rajput kingdoms formed, dissolved and formed again. Thus from 8th century till 13th century it was mainly Rajputs who ruled over India. So this “period is called the Rajput period.

Question 13.
Comment briefly on the following :
1. Mihirbhoj
Answer:
Mihirbhoj: Mihirbhoj I (836 – 885 A.D.) was the famous ruler from Gurjara/ Pratihara dynasty. The Arab traveller Suleman has referred him as a brave warrior and efficient administrator. He got back lost areas from Pala dynasty. He was the worshipper of Lord Vishnu. He inherited the designation of ‘Adi Varah’.

2. Dharampala
Answer:
Dharampala: Dharampala (770-810 A.D.) was a famous ruler of Pala dynasty. The Arab trevellor Suleman writes that his military power was far more than his detractors. He fought against Pratiharas and Rashtrakutas. He was also an education lover. He established the famous boddh temple of Vikramshila which later on became a higher learning centre.

3. Devpal
Answer:
Devpal: Devpal was son of Dharampala who ruled from 81V to 850 A.D. He is known as the most powerful of Pala rulers. He won Assam and Orissa. He fought against Pratiharas also and earned a place of pride for Pala state.

4. Amoghvarsha
Answer:
Amoghvarsha: Amoghvarsha (814-878 A.D.) was a ruler of Rashtrakut dynasty. He ruled for 64 years. He is famous for his scholorship. He wrote a scripture called ‘Kavi Raj Marg’. This is the very first epic of Kannad literature.

5. Prithviraj Chauhan.
Answer:
Prithviraj Chauhan: He was the most famous and greatest ruler of Chauhan dynasty. He ruled from 1179 to 1192 A.D. He had Delhi and Ajmer under his control. He defeated the Chandel king Mahoba and also took under his control some other castles. He even fought against Chalukaya king Bhim II. In 1192 he was defeated by Mohammad Ghori.

Question 14.
What do you mean by Tripartite struggle?
Answer:
It refers to the struggle which took place among Rashtrakutas, Pratiharas and Palas to control Kanauj. Kanauj was a famous city of north India. It was strategically very important in north India. It means that the king who controlled Kanauj could control the fertile plain of the Ganges. So many battles were fought for its control. The Rashtrakutas, Pratihars and Palas—all these dynasties controlled Kanauj one by one. Modern historians call this struggle as tripartite struggle.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 8 New Kings and Kingdoms (A.D. 700-1200)

Question 15.
Write about two famous Rajput dynasties.
Answer:

  1. Pratihara Dynasty: The kings of this dynasty ruled over Kanauj and its surrounding areas. The first great ruler of this dynasty was ‘Nagabhatta I’.Mihirbhoj I was another famous ruler of this dynasty.
  2. Chauhan Dynasty: This dynasty ruled over Ajmer in Rajasthan. Prithvi Raj Chauhan was a famous king of this dynasty. He fought twice with Mohammad Ghori.

Question 16.
Who was Mahmud Ghaznavi? Why did he invade India?
Answer:
Mahmud Ghaznavi (999 – 1030 A.D.) was the son of Ghazni state ruler Subakatgin. He invaded India 17 times. The main objective of his invasions was to plunder money from India.

Question 17.
Who was Mohammad Ghori? What was his objective of coming to India?
Answer:
Shahabud-din, popularly known in history as Muhammad Ghori, was the younger brother of Ghias-ud-din, the ruler of Gaur, a small principality in Afghanistan.

Mohammad Ghori’s Aims in India

  1. Mohammad Ghori’s aim was not just to plunder the wealth of India but also to establish a Muslim rule over this country.
  2. He was more political and a better statesman than his predecessor. It was he who clearly perceived the rotton condition of India and thought of founding a permanent empire in this land.
  3. His main aim was the conquest of India and he was quite successful in achieving it. He never lost courage and continued his efforts ceaselessly and ultimately all his efforts in founding the Muslim Empire in India were fully rewarded.
  4. Muhammad Ghori’s conquest of India was real and permanent. The territories that he conquered were seldom lost to Islam as was the case with his predecessor, Mahmud Ghaznavi

Question 18.
What was the difference between the invasions of Mahmud Ghaznavi and Mohammad Ghori?
Answer:
The following were the points of difference :

Mahmud Ghaznavi Mohammad Ghori
1. He wanted to plunder the Indian wealth. 1. He wanted to establish Muslim state in north India.
2. He remain victorious in all his invasions. 2. He was once defeated in his invasions.
3. India lost much wealth by his invasions. 3. Muslim state was established by his invasions.

Question 19.
What was the importance of Kanauj? Name the kingdoms which wanted to occupy Kanauj.
Answer:
Many of the campaigns in northern India were fought over the city of Kanauj. This had been the capital of Harasha and remained an important city. It was thought that whoever will capture Kanauj could control the Ganga valley. Three major kingdoms were involved in this struggle. They occupied Kanauj in turn. The three kingdoms were those of the Rashtrakutas, the Gurjara-Pratiharas and the Palas.

Question 20.
Write a note about the origin of Rajputs.
Answer:
The Rajputs have a long and interesting history. Where they came from and who they were, remains something of a mystery. Historians think that some of them belonged to certain Central Asian tribes. The Rajputs always insisted that they were of the Kshatriya caste. Their kings ordered family histories to be written which connected them with either the sun-family (surya-vamsha) or the moon-family (chandra-vamsha) of ancient Indian kings.

According to Colonel Todd, the famous historian, Rajputs are the offspring of middle Asian tribes and came to live in India after the ‘Huna invasion’. Similarly Vedvyas and Gauri Shankar Ojha think that Rajputs are the offspring of ancient Kshatriyas. Another idea is of Chand Bardai, who wrrites in his book ‘Prithivi Raj Raso’, that Rajputs originated from ‘AgnikuF.

Question 21.
Who were the Chauhans? Write a brief note about them.
Answer:
Chauhans are also known as ‘Chahamans’. Prithvi Raj Chauhan was the most powerful king. He ruled from 1179 A.D. to 1192 A.D. He was a brave warrior. He defeated the Chandel king and snatched many areas. He defeated Mohammad Ghori in the first battle of Tarain in 1191 A.D. But in the very next year (1192 A.D. ), he was defeated by Mohammad Ghori in the second battle of Tarain and was killed. Thus the Chauhan dynasty came to an end in Delhi. Chand Bardai has described the successes of Prithvi Raj Chauhan in ‘Prithivi Raj Raso’.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 8 New Kings and Kingdoms (A.D. 700-1200)

Question 22.
Write in brief about the main invasions of Mahmud Ghaznavi.
Answer:
Mahmud was the ruler of Ghazni. He wanted to make Ghazni a big and powerful kingdom. India was extremely rich. So he planned to attack India in order to bring back wealth and thus build a larger army to conquer Central Asia.

The description of his main invasions is as follow :
1. Invasion on Jaipal (1001 A.D.). He invaded Jaipal the Hindu royal ruler of Punjab. Jaipal was defeated and imprisoned. It is said that Mahmud got 2.5 lac gold coins from Jaipal and set him free. Jaipal could not tolerate this insult and put himself to fire.

2. Battle with Anandpal (1008 A.D.). Anandpal was the son of Jaipal. He fought Mahmud Ghaznavi by combining the armies of Ujjain, Gwalior, Kalinjar, Delhi and Ajmer. The battle near Peshwar was terrible but Mahmud emerged victoriously and after that he plundered Punjab.

3. Invasion of Nagarkot (1009 A.D.). He invaded Nagarkot (Kangra) and looted gold and silver from Kangra temples.

4. Invasion on Thanesar (1014 A.D.). Again Ghaznavi plundered the big temples of Thanesar by invading this place.

5. Invasion on Mathura and Kanauj (1018-1019 A.D.). In 1018 A.D., Mahmud reached Mathura but before that he plundered the temples on the way to Mathura and set these on fire. When he reached Mathura, he demolished the temples there also. From Mathura he reached Kanauj. The ruler of Kanauj surrendered and Mahmud plundered and demolished the temples there.

6. Invasion on Kalinjar (1021 A.D.). The ruler of Kalinjar Vidyadhar had a big army but still he could not face Mahmud and ran away from the battlefield.

7. Invasion on the temple of Somnath (1025 A.D.)—Mahmud Ghaznavi attacked the temple of Somnath in Kathiawar in Gujarat. This temple was famous for its unlimited resources. Besides it was considered the holiest temple of the Hindus. Mahmud plundered and demolished this temple and took hundreds of tons of gold and silver and diamonds to his country. It was the biggest victory of Mahmud for which he was honoured by the Caliph. In 1030 A.D. Mahmud died.

Question 23.
Give an account of the important invasions of Muhammad Ghori.
Answer:
Mohammad Ghori was ruler of Gaur Kingdom in Afghanistan. He sat oh – the throne in 1173 A.D. He decided to invade India after becoming the king. He attacked’ and occupied Multan in 1175 A.D.

His other main invasions are as follows :
1. Invasion of Gujarat. In 1178 A.D. Ghori attacked Gujarat. The ruler of Gujarat faced Mohammad Ghori and badly defeated him.

2. First war of Tarain. Mohammad Ghori wanted to established a Muslim state iri India, so he attacked Delhi in 1191 A.D. Delhi had Prithvi Raj Chauhan as the king who was brave heart king. The two armies faced each other in terrible battle and Mohammad Ghori was defeated badly.

3. Second battle of Tarain. To take revenge of his defeat Mohammad Ghori again attacked India in 1192 A.D. This time Raja Jaichand, the king of Kanauj also sided with him. Under Prithvi Raj Chauhan’s leadership, Rajputs fought very bravely. But in the end it was victory for Mohammad Ghori and Delhi and Ajmer came under Mohammad Ghori’s possession.

4. Battle with Jai Chand. In 1194 A.D., Ghori defeated Raja Jai Chand and won the state of Kanauj.

5. Other Victories. During this time, Mohammad Ghori’s General Mohammad-bin- Bhakhtiar-Khalji controlled Bengal and Bihar. Another General Qutub-ud-Din Aibak won the state of Gujarat.
Thus in a short time Mohammad Ghori controlled the whole of the north India. He is considered to be the real establisher of Turk Empire in India. He died in 1206 A.D.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 8 New Kings and Kingdoms (A.D. 700-1200)

Question 24.
Write brief notes on :
1. Economy,
Answer:
Economy: The main profession was agriculture. India indulged in international trade also. From India valuable stones, spices, silk and cotton textiles, Chandan (sandalwood) and coconut, etc. were exported to foreign countries. From central and western Asia, dates, wine, and horses were imported to India.

2. Religion.
Answer:
Religion: Mainly Jainism, Buddhism, and Hinduism were prevalent. But Rajputs were the followers of Hinduism. So during their ruling period, Hinduism developed considerably. In north India, there were two sects of Hindu religion—Shaivs and Vaishnavs. People would worship Lord Vishnu and Shri Shiv and Shri Shakti. They would also worship the ten Avatars of Lord Vishnu. In this period, in North and South India, Bhakti Movement became very popular. Sri Guru Nanak Devji, Ramanuj Ji, and Madhavji emphasized one God’s worship. They gave the sermon that if you want to attain salvation pray to God with a pure heart. They were against the caste system.