Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Noun Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 6th Class English Grammar Noun

A noun is a name of a person, place or thing; as-
किसी व्यक्ति स्थान अथवा वस्तु के नाम को अंग्रेजी में noun कहते हैं।

India. Mohan, taxi, class, toy, boy, table, etc.
Look at these sentences:

1. Geeta went to Patiala.
2. The fox is looking at the grapes.
3. The boys are playing football.

The underlined words in the above sentences are all nouns because they are the names of some person, place, animal or thing.

There are four kinds of noun:

1. Common Noun
2. Proper Noun
3. Abstract Noun
4. Collective Noun.

1. Common Nouns

A Common Noun is the name of every person, place or thing of the same class; as- pen, cow. bird, man, animal, bridge.
Look at these sentences:

1. The boys are playing.
2. These mangoes are pulpy.
3. The birds build nests.

The underlined words in the given sentences are Common Nouns because they are common to every person, place or thing.

Exercises (Solved)

I. Underline the Common Nouns in the following sentences:

1. Keep the books on the table.
2. The shops are closed today.
3. The tiger lives in the forest.
4. The farmer bought a tractor.
5. This building has many offices.
6. There is a dairy near our house.
7. Ail birds do not build their nests.
8. A fish lives in water and not on land.

Hints:
1. books, table
2. shops
3. tiger, forest
4. farmer, tractor building, offices
6. dairy, house
7. birds, nests
8. fish.

II. Add five Common Nouns in each set:

1. birds : parrot, sparrow, peacock, crow, niehtineale. pigeon.
2, colours : red, white, black, green, yellow, orange
3. games : hockey, football, volleyball, cricket, basketball, baseball.
4. animals : dog, camel, cow, sheep, buffalo, goat.
5. vegetables : potato, tomato, cabbage, radish, brinial, pumpkin.
6. fruits : mango, grape, apple, banana, papaya, pear.
7. In a school : library, science room, assembly hall office, staff-room, class room
8. In a house : kitchen, bathroom, dining room, store, bed-room, guest room.

2. Proper Nouns

A Proper Noun is the name of some particular (विशेष) person.
Delhi, Kolkata, Beas, Kama!

Look at these sentences:

1. Moti loves to play.
2. My brother lives in Amritsar.
3. J.C. Bose was a great scientist.
4. The Shan-e-Puniab has left just now.

The underlined w’ords in the above sentences are proper nouns because they are the names of particular persons, places or things.

Note that-
A Proper Noun always begins with a capital letter.

Proper Nouns include (शामिल हैं) the names of people, countries, cities, villages, rivers, ships, streets, buildings, mountains, seas, months of the year, days of the week, festivals, etc.

Exercises (Solved)

I. Underline the Proper Nouns in the following sentences

1. We named the cat Silky.
2. Kabir was a great saint.
3. We visited the. Taj in Agra.
4. Delhi is the capital of India.
5. I have never been to Mumbai.
6. Misha and Monu went to Delhi.
7. Do you know Sunny and Chinkv ?
8. We visited the Golden Temple on Sunday.

Hints:
1. Silky
2. Kabir
3. Taj. Agra
4. Delhi. India
5. Mumbai
6. Misha, Manu, Delhi
7. Sunny, Chinky
8. Golden Temple.

II. Rewrite each Proper Noun correctly in these sentences:

1. Have you visited the taj mahal ?
Have you visited the Taj Mahal ?
2. lam going to ropar on Monday.
3. The amritsar mail goes to kolkata.
4. muslims go to mosques on fridays,
5. black beauty is the story of a horse.
6. Where were the last Olympics held ?
7. bill clinton was the president of ameriea.
Hints:
2. Ropar, Monday
3. Amritsar Mail, Kolkata
4. Muslims, Mosques, Fridays
5. Black Beauty
6. Olympics
7. Bill Clinton, America.

3. Abstract Nouns

An Abstract Noun is the name of a quality, feeling or state (गुण भाव या स्थिति); as-
goodness, hardness, wisdom, love, hatred, theft, boyhood, slavery, freedom.

Look at these sentences:

1. Fire gives us heat.
2. He had pain in his body.
3. He acted upon my advice.
4. Do you know the depth of this well ?

The underlined words in the given sentences are abstract nouns because they refer to some quality, feeling or state.

The following words are all Abstract Nouns:
theft
peace
poverty
kindness
hope
misery
honesty
darkness
truth
greed
courage
weakness
sleep
sorrow
sickness
childhood
death
hunger
patience
treatment

Exercises (Solved)

I. Underline the Abstract Nouns in the following sentences:

1. Please control your anger.
2. Honesty is the best policy.
3. There was silence all around.
4. We get knowledge from books.
5. There was darkness in the room.
6. What is the height of this building?
7. You should have kindness for the poor.
8. Wars always bring death and destruction.
Hints:
1. anger
2. Honesty, best policy
3. silence
4. knowledge
5. darkness
6. Height
7. kindness
8. death, destruction.

II. Form Abstract Nouns from the given words:

laugh – laughter
hate – hatred
true – truth
treat – treatment
child – childhood
soft – softness
cruel – cruelty
bright – brightness
brave – bravery
strong – strength
punctual – punctuality
dangerous – danger

III. Use any five Abstract Nouns in sentences of your own:

1. She likes the softness of her skin.
2. Always speak the truth.
3. He was rewarded for his bravery.
4. Punctuality is a great virtue.
5. Her life was in danger.

4. Collective Nouns

A Collective Noun is the name of a group of persons, animals or things of the same kind; as-
flock, cattle, class, army, family, committee.

Look at these sentences:

1. Our army won the battle.
2. I have lost my bunch of keys.
3. The cattle are grazing in the field.

The underlined words in the above sentences are collective nouns because they refer to a collection of persons or things of the same kind.
The word army is a collection of soldiers.
The word cattle is a collection of farm animals.
The word bunch is a collection of things tied together.

Learn the following Collective Nouns:
1. a shoal of fish
2. a hive of bees
3. a pride of lions
4. a herd of cattle
5. a flight of stairs
6. a bunch of keys
7. a flock of sheep
8. a crew of sailors
9. a heap of stones
10. a string of pearls
11. a suite of rooms
12. a basket of fruits
13. a gang of thieves
14. a library of books
15. a bundle of sticks
16. a bench of judges
17. a crowd of people
18. a brood of chickens
19. a band of musicians
20. a wardrobe of clothes
21. a regiment of soldiers
22. a fleet of ships or cars
23. a litter of pups / piglets
24. a pack of cards / wolves

Exercises (Solved)

I. Match the Collective Nouns with the given phrases:

1. A collection of pups	Pack
2. A collection of ships	flock
3. A collection of sheep	fleet
4. A collection of books	suite
5. A collection of rooms	litter
6. A collection of wolves	herd
7. A collection of flowers	library
8. A collection of elephants	bouquet

Hints:
1. litter
2. fleet
3. flock
4. library
5. suite
6. pack
7. bouquet
8. herd.

II. Fill in the blanks with suitable Collective Nouns:

1. A filght of stairs.
2. A ………… of fish.
3. A ………… of lions.
4. A ………… of cows.
5. A ………… of cards.
6. A ………… of fruits.
7. A ………… of pearls.
8. A ………… of judges.
9. A ………… of grapes.
10. A ………… of clothes.
11. A ………… of thieves.
12. A ………… of soldiers.

Hints:
2. shoal
3. pride
4. herd
5. pack
6. basket
7. string
8. bench
9. bunch
10. wardrobe
11. gang
12. regiment.

Miscellaneous Exercises (Solved)

I. What is a Noun ?

II. Name the different kinds of Noun.
Give two examples of each.

III. The italicized words in the following sentences are Nouns. Classify these Nouns (Common / Proper /Abstract / Collective):

1. He won much praise.
2. Nitin lives in Mumbai.
3. I saw a flock of sheep.
4. Silver is a white metal.
5. You cannot cheat God.
6. My sweater is made of wool.
7. I bought some new furniture.
8. The old woman was very happy now.
Hints:
1. praise – abstract
2. Mumbai – roper
3. sheep – common
4. silver – common, metal- common
5. God – proper
6. sweater – common, wool – common
7. furniture – collective
8. woman – common.

IV. Choose suitable Nouns to fill in the blanks:

duty, profit, courage, marriage, need, weight, freedom, childhood

1. Be careful about your weight.
2. We want to live in …………..
3. Her ………….. took place last month.
4. It is our………….. to obey our parents.
5. Seema lost her parents in her …………..
6. We helped him when he was in …………..
7. The soldier was rewarded for his …………..
8. Jatin made good ………….. from his business.
Hints:
2. freedom
3. marriage
4. duty
5. childhood
6. need
7. courage
8. profit.

V. Pick out the Nouns in the following sentences and say whether they are Common, Proper, Collective or Abstract:

1. I love music.
2. Meera studies in sixth class.
3. Ludhiana is an industrial city.
4. He bought a doll for his sister.
5. These tables are made of wood.
6. A drowning man catches at a straw.
7. His father left for London yesterday.
8. Mathematics is my favourite subject.
Hints:
1. music – abstract.
2. Meera – proper; class – collective.
3. Ludhiana – proper, city – common.
4. doll – common, sister – common.
5. tables – common, wood – common.
6. man – common, straw – common.
7. father – common, London – proper.
8. Mathematics – collective, subject – common.

VI. Choose a suitable Abstract Noun to match each phrase:

pride, silence, poverty, courage, strength, greatness, innocence, intelligence

1. A quiet room [silence]
2. A clever boy
3. A great king
4. A strong girl
5. A proud child
6. A poor beggar
7. A brave policeman
8. An innocent woman
Hints:
1. silence
2. intelligence
3. greatness
4. strength
5. pride
6. poverty
7. courage
8. innocence.

The Noun – Number

Singular and Plural Nouns
A noun that refers to one thing is said to be Singular; as-
ball, chair, book, town, cow etc.

A noun that refers to more than one thing is said to be Plural; as-
books, balls, chairs, towns, animals, etc.

Now look at these sentences:

1. Rita has three dolls.
2. Reema has a bag of books.
3. All the babies were crying.
4. Joy got a big ball on his birthday.

The underlined nouns in the above sentences are either singular or plural. They tell whether they refer to one or more than one thing.

Forming Plurals of Nouns

1. As a general rule, the plural of a noun is formed by adding -s to a singular noun.

Singular – Plural
cat – cats
cap – caps
ball – balls
flag – flags
doll – dolls
bird – birds
hare – hares
goat – goats
horse – horses
rat – rats
toy – toys
son – sons
owl – owls
lion – lions
page – pages
table – tables
sister – sisters
orange – oranges

2. Nouns ending in -s, -x, -ch, or -sh form their plurals by adding -es.

Singular – Plural
bunch – bunches
brush – brushes
dish – dishes
church – churches
match – matches
fox – foxes
bush – bushes
dress – dresses
gas – gases
class – classes
loss – losses
box – boxes
glass – glasses
tax – taxes

3. Nouns ending in -y (with a consonant before them) form their plural by changing -y to -ies.

Singular – Plural
city – cities
story – stories
fairy – fairies
lady – ladies
pony – ponies
sky – skies
dairy dairies
baby – babies
family – families
puppy – puppies
butterfly – butterflies
country – countries

4. Nouns ending in -y (with a vowel before them), form their plural by taking an -s only.

Singular – Plural
key – keys
valley – valleys
ray – rays
storey – storeys
day – days
holiday – holidays
boy – boys
journey – journeys
play – plays
monkey – monkeys

5. Nouns ending in -f or -fe form their plural by changing -f or -fe to -ves.

Singular – Plural
calf – calves
loaf – loaves
wolf – wolves
shelf – shelves
life – lives
half – halves
knife – knives
thief – thieves

6. Some nouns ending in -/ or -fe form their plural by taking -s only.

Singular – Plural
roof – roofs
safe – safes
proof – proofs
hoof – hoofs
chief – chiefs
dwarf – dwarfs

7. Nouns ending in -o (with a consonant before them), form their plural by taking -es.

Singular – Plural
echo – echoes
negro – negroes
hero – heroes
mango – mangoes
potato – potatoes
volcano – volcanoes
buffalo – buffaloes
mosquito – mosquitoes

Exceptions : The words photo and piano take -s only to form their plural.

8. Nouns ending in -o (with a vowel before them), form their plural by taking -s only.

Singular – Plural
radio – radios
cuckoo – cuckoos
bamboo – bamboos

9. Some nouns have irregular plurals.

Singular – Plural Singular – Plural
man – men
foot – feet
tooth – teeth
goose – geese
ox – oxen
louse – lice
mouse – mice
child – children

10. A compound noun generally forms its plural by adding -s to the principal word.

daughters-in-law	lookers-on	step-daughters
mothers-in-law	step-sons	maid-servants
fathers-in-law	sons-in-law	passers-by

11. The following Compound Nouns take a double plural.

man-servant – men-servants
woman-teacher – women-teachers
woman-servant – women-servants

Exercises (Solved)

I. Give the plural form of:

fly – flies
box – boxes
hero – heroes
roof – roofs
shoe – shoes
shelf – shelves
dwarf – dwarfs
potato – potatoes
pencil – pencils
mouse – mice
life – lives
fish – fishes
foot – feet
child – children
piano – pianos

II. Give the singular form of:

foxes – fox
teeth – tooth
halves – half
armies – army
watches – watch
gases – gas
ladies – lady
mosquitoes – mosquito
oxen – ox
copies – copy
knives – knife
negroes – negro
chimneys – chimney
shoes – shoe
wolves – wolf

III. Rewrite each sentence using the plural form of Nouns:

1. The monkey was in a cage.
The monkeys were in cages.
2. The knife is on the shelf.
3. He put his foot on the bench.
4. The hero in the film acted well.
5. The policeman chased the thief.
6. The woman told the child a story.
7. Sam plucked a leaf from the tree.
8. The maid washed the glass and the dish.
Answer:
2. The knives are on the shelves.
3. He put his feet on the benches.
4. The heroes in the films acted well.
5. The policemen chased the thieves.
6. The women told the children stories.
7. Sam plucked leaves from the trees.
8. The maids washed the glasses and the dishes.

IV. Rewrite each sentence using the singular form of Nouns

1. The oxen are pulling the carts The ox is pulling the cart.
2. Neha heard the cries of wolves.
3. The women rode on the ponies.
4. The loaves are kept in the boxes.
5. The mice were afraid of the geese.
6. The children were bitten by mosquitoes.
7. These stories are about witches and fairies.
8. The men told the ladies stories of Indian heroes.
Answer:
2. Neha heard the cry of a wolf.
3. The woman rode on a pony.
4. The loaf is kept in the box.
5. The mouse was afraid of the goose.
6. The child was bitten by a mosquito.
7. This story is about a witch and a fairy.
8. The man told the lady a story of an Indian hero.

Remember that-
1. Some Nouns have the same form in the plural and the singular; as-
कुछ Nouns एकवचन तथा बहवचन में एक जैसे होते हैं: जैसे-
deer, sheep, fish, dozen, score, hundred, thousand.

The following Nouns have a plural form but always take the singular verb; as-
निम्नलिखित Nouns बहुवचन में होते हैं, परन्तु उनके साथ हमेशा एकवचन क्रिया (verb) लगती है; जैसे-
news, civics, politics, physics, mathematics, means, gallows.

1. This news is true.
2. Physics is a difficult subject.

3. The following Nouns are always used in the plural form and take the plural verb; as-
निम्नलिखित Nouns का प्रयोग हमेशा बहुवचन में किया जाता है और उनके साथ बहुवचन क्रिया लगती है; जैसे-
thanks, scissors, trousers, pants, alms, wages, spectacles, socks.

1. My thanks are to you all.
2. The scissors were blunt.

4. The following Nouns are used only in the singular form and take the singular verb; as-
नीचे लिखे Nouns केवल एकवचन में प्रयोग किये जाते हैं और उनके साथ एकवचन क्रिया लगती है; जैसे-
furniture, scenery, luggage, machinery, advice, bread, hair, business, mischief.

1. This furniture is not for sale.
2. Where is my luggage ?

5. The word ‘hair’ is used in the plural when a definite number of hairs are to be mentioned.
जब बालों का निश्चित संख्या में उल्लेख किया जाए, तो hair शब्द का प्रयोग बहुवचन (hairs) में किया जाता है।
1. There were two hairs in my tea.
2. My aunt has four white hairs on her head.

Miscellaneous Exercises (Solved)

I. Give the plural of the following nouns:
1. ox
2. leaf
3. knife
4. chief
5. tooth
6. fox
7. wife
8. child
9. story.
10. mouse.
Answer:
1. oxen
2. leaves
3. knives
4. chiefs
5. teeth
6. foxes
7. wives
8. children
9. stories
10. mice.

II. Rewrite each sentence with a plural subject:

1. A cow eats grass.
2. The child is playing
3. The army was fighting.
4. A crow is sitting in the tree.
5. The ox is grazing in the field.
6. This road is closed for repairs.
Answer:
1. Cows eat grass.
2. The children are playing.
3. The armies were fighting.
4. Crows are sitting in the tree.
5. The oxen are grazing in the field.
6. These roads are closed for repairs.

III. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the given words:

1. She has white …………..
2. I have lost my …………..
3. This ………….. is not true.
4. The ………….. were crying.
5. The house has two …………..
6. Your ………….. were not new.
Hints:
1. teeth
2. shoes
3. news
4. babies
5. storeys
6. trousers

IV. Correct the following sentences:

1. Her hairs are black.
2. Your scissor is blunt.
3. Where is my trouser ?
4. Please accept my thank.
5. These furnitures are for sale.
6. We saw many wolfs in the zoo.
Answer:
1. Her hair is black
2. Your scissors are blunt.
3. Where are my trousers ?
4. Please accept my thanks.
5. This furniture is for sale.
6. We saw many wolves in the zoo.

The Noun – Gender

Gender means being a male (नर) or a female (मादा).
On the basis of gender, we can classify nouns into four kinds:

1. Masculine Gender
2. Feminine Gender
3. Common Gender
4. Neuter Gender

1. A noun that refers to a male is said to be of the Masculine (पुरुषवाचक) Gender; as-
horse, boy, man, lion, king, dog.

2. A noun that refers to a female is said to be of the Feminine (स्तरीवाचक) Gender; as-
mare, girl, woman, lioness, queen, bitch.

3. A noun that refers to both a male and a female, is said to be of the Common (सामान्य) Gender; as-
child, baby, parent, cousin, friend, student, thief.

4. A noun that refers to neither a male nor a female, is said to be of the Neuter (नपुंसक) Gender; as-
book, pen, toy, house, table, knife, etc.

Genders

1. Masculine (male)
2. Feminine (female)
3. Common (either sex)
4. Neuter (neither sex)

Change of Gender

We can change the gender of a Noun in different ways; as-
1. By using a different word:

Masculine – Feminine
monk – nun
fox – vixen
father – mother
uncle – aunt
boy – girl
son – daughter
man – woman
nephew – niece
bull – cow
cock – hen
king – queen
brother – sister
husband – wife
sir – madam
gentleman – lady
dog – bitch
horse – mare
bachelor – maid

2. By adding ‘-ess’, ‘-ss’ to the masculine and making some change in it:

Masculine – Feminine
god – goddess
prince – princess
lion – lioness
master – mistress
tiger – tigress
emperor – empress

3. By changing a part of the word:

Masculine – Feminine
bride – bridegroom
granduncle – grandaunt
peacock – peahen
he-goat – she-goat
landlord – landlady
headmaster – headmistress
milkman – milkwoman
father-in-law – mother-in-law
grandfather – grandmother
brother-in-law – sister-in-law

Exercises (Solved)

I. Put each word in the column it belongs to:

van
duke
horse
milkmaid
bull
child
flower
governess
box
book
parent
gentleman
nun
baby
servant
hairdresser
aunt
table
duchess
shopkeeper
road
monk
daughter
policeman
duchess
Answer:
Table

II. Change the Gender of the following:

sir – madam
lion lioness
bull – cow
cock – hen
mare – horse
uncle – aunt
tigress – tiger
peacock – peahen
gentleman – lady
grandfather – grandmother

Miscellaneous Exercises (Solved)

I. Give the opposite Gender of the following:

1. sir
2. aunt
3. mare
4. king
5. lady
6. cock
7. horse
8. tiger
9. wife
10. male
11. lioness
12. mother
Answer:
1. madam
2. uncle
3. horse
4. queen
5. gentleman
6. hen
7. mare
8. tigress
9. husband
10. female
11. lion
12. father.

II. Rewrite each sentence, changing the Gender of Nouns and Pronouns:

1. A cruel man killed the fox.
2. Mr. Sharma is a businessman.
3. The Emperor welcomed the Duke.
4. The dog is barking at the servant.
5. Madam, my aunt wants to see you.
6. His nephew went to Shimla with his son.
7. The headmaster punished the naughty boys.
8. The bride touched the feet of her mother-in-law.
Answer:
1. A cruel woman killed the vixen.
2. Mrs. Sharma is a businesswoman.
3. The Empress welcomed the Duchess.
4. The bitch is barking at the maid.
5. Sir, my uncle wants to see you.
6. Her niece went to Shimla with her daughter.
7. The headmistress punished the naughty girls.
8. The bridegroom touched the feet of his father-in-law.

III. Fill in the blanks with the Feminine gender of the words in italics:

1. We pray to gods and …………….
2. The hotel has a waiter and a …………….
3. The actor married an ……………. in Mumbai.
4. The lion and the ……………. are in their den.
5. The witch changed the prince into a …………….
6. The tiger and the ……………. look after their cubs.
7. The emperor and the ……………. of Japan live in Tokyo.
8. The guests were received by the host and the …………….
Hints:
1. goddesses
2. waitress
3. actress
4. lioness
5. wizard, princess
6. tigress
7. empress
8. hostess.

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Tenses Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 6th Class English Grammar Tenses

The form of verb that shows the Time or State of an action is called the Tense.
Verb का जो रुप क्रिया के समय अथवा स्थिति के बारे में बताती है उसे Tense कहते है।

We have three main Tenses in English.
They are-

1. The Present Tense वर्तमानकाल
2. The Past Tense भूतकाल
3. The Future Tense. भविष्यत्काल

Look at the following sentences:

1. Tanu is here today.
2. The girls are happy.
3. Tanu was here yesterday.
4. The girls were happy.
5. Tanu will be here tomorrow.
6. The girls will be happy.

Sentences 1 and 2 show the present state.
We can say they are in the Present Tense.

Sentences 3 and 4 show the past state.
We can say they are in the Past Tense.

Sentences 5 and 6 show the future state.
We can say they are in the Future Tense.

Please Note: 1. We use V₁ for Present Tense.
2. We use V₂ for Past Tense.
3. We use will / shall + V₁ for Future Tense.

Forms of Tenses काल के रूप

Each Tense in English has four different forms:

1. Indefinite
2. Continuous
3. Perfect
4. Perfect Continuous

Thus, there are twelve different Tenses.
They are-

1. Present Indefinite	I write poems.
2. Past Indefinite	I wrote poems.
3. Future Indefinite	I shall write poems
4. Present Continuous	I am writing poems.
5. Past Continuous	I was writing poems.
6. Future Continuous	I shall be writing poems.
7. Present Perfect	I have written poems.
8. Past Perfect	I had written poems.
9. Future Perfect	I shall have written poems.
10. Present Perfect Continuous	I have been writing poems.
11. Past Perfect Continuous	I had been writing poems.
12. Future Perfect Continuous	I shall have been writing poems.

1. Present Indefinite Tense

The Present Indefinite Tense is used to express a universal truth (सर्वमान्य सत्य) or habitual action (आदत की क्रिया)”; as-

1. The baby likes bread.
2. We do our duty.
3. Aman speaks the truth.
4. The earth moves round the sun.

The underlined verbs are all in the Present Indefinite Tense.
For Positive Statements in this tense:
We use V₁ for I, You and a Plural subject; as,

1. You learn your lessons.
2. We pray to God daily
3. I buy milk from this dairy.

We use V₁ + s/es, for third person Singular subject; as,

1. Meena tells lies.
2. My sister cooks delicious food.
3. Mr. Singh teaches us English.

Exercises (Solved)

I. Put each sentence into the plural:

1. A cat eats meat.
2. A dog hates a cat.
3. A writer writes a book.
4. An apple grows on a tree.
Answer:
Cats eat meat.
2. Dogs hate cats.
3. Writers write books
4. Apples grow on trees.

II. Put each sentence into the singular:

1. Houses have roofs.
2. Postmen wear caps.
3. They drink tea out of cups.
4. Classrooms have blackboards.
Answer:
1. A house has a roof.
2. A postman wears a cap.
3. He/She drinks tea out of a cup.
4. A classroom has a blackboard.

Framing Negative Questions

We use do not + V₁ for I, you and a Plural subject; as-
1. They do not learn their lessons.
2. You do not do your homework daily.
3. We do not buy milk from this dairy.

We use does not + V₁ for third person Singular subject; as
1. She does not waste her time.
2. Rita does not cook delicious food.
3. Mr. Singh does not teach us English.

Exercise (Solved)

Rewrite each sentence as a Negative:
1. Ram goes home for lunch.
2. I like coffee.
3. She looks beautiful.
4. These boys run fast.
5. We go for a walk daily.
6. You obey your teachers.
7. He takes care of his health.
8. “They take tea in the evening.
Answer:
1. Ram does not go home for lunch.
2. I do not like coffee.
3. She does not look beautiful.
4. These boys do not run fast.
5. We do not go for a walk daily.
6. You do not obey your teachers.
7. He does not take care of his health.
8. They do not take tea in the evening.

Framing Questions

We use the following sentence pattern:
Do + Plural subject + V₁ + Complement ?
Does + third person Singular subject + V₁ + Complement ?

Exercise (Solved)

Rewrite each sentence as a Question:

1. Owls hoot at night.
2. They work on Sundays.
3. Children play on the road.
4. A postman delivers letters.
5. Farmers grow crops for us.
6. Mosquitoes spread Malaria.
7. She helps her mother in the kitchen.
8. Your brother knows many people in this town.
Answer:
1. Do owls hoot at night ?
2. Do they work on Sundays ?
3. Do children play on the road ?
4. Does a postman, deliver letters ?
5. Do farmers grow crops for us ?
6. Do mosquitoes spread Malaria ?
7. Does she help her mother in the kitchen ?
8. Does your brother know many people in this town?

Framing Negative Questions

We can put not before the main verb or in short form after the helping verb; as-

1. Does Rani not tell lies ?
= Doesn’t Rani tell lies ?

2. Do you not take a bath daily ?
= Don’t you take a bath daily ?

Exercise (Solved)

Rewrite each sentence as a Negative Question:

1. Do cows live on grass ?
Do cows not live on grass ?
(or)
Don’t cows live on grass ?

Note : Do not = Don’t
Does not = Doesn’t

2. She does not like coffee.
3. The sun rises in the east.
4. Do they come here daily ?
5. Does Kusha bring flowers ?
6. We do not pluck the flowers.
7. Does Nitin obey his parents ?
8. He does not drive his car very fast.
9. These boys do not respect their teachers.
Answer:
2. Does she not like coffee ?
Or
Doesn’t she like coffee ?
3. Does the sun not rise in the east ?
4. Do they not come here daily ?
Or
Don’t they come here daily ?
5. Does Kusha not bring flowers ?
6. Do we not pluck the flowers ?
7. Does Nitin not obey his parents ?
8. Does he not drive his car very fast ?
9. Do these boys not respect their teachers ?

2. Past Indefinite Tense

Past Indefinite Tense is used to express an action which took place in the past or was completed before the time of speaking; as-
Past Indefinite Tense का प्रयोग बीते समय (भूतकाल) में हुई क्रिया के लिए किया जाता है जो उसके बारे में बात करने से पहले ही पूरी हो गई हो।

1. Simi liked ice cream.
2. Rohan went to the market.

For Positive Statements in this tense, we use V₁ with all subjects (singular or plural); as-

1. He worked hard.
2. We took milk in the morning today.
3. I bought this book last week.

Exercise (Solved)

Rewrite each sentence using the Past form of the given verbs:

1. Rahul (want) a shirt.
2. Deepa (eat) an ice cream.
3. Nancy (wear) simple clothes.
4. Raj (come) to India in March.
5. They (build) a house in Delhi.
6. The boys (laugh) at the beggar.
7. I (go) to the market with my friend.
8. My mother (buy) a new dress for me.
Answer:
1. Rahul wanted a shirt.
2. Deepa ate an ice cream.
3. Nancy wore simple clothes.
4. Raj came to India in March.
5. They built a house in Delhi.
6. The boys laughed at the beggar.
7. I went to the market with my friend.
8. My mother bought a new dress for me.

Negative Statements

We use did not + V₁ for all subjects (singular or plural); as-

1. He did not work hard.
2. We did not take milk in the morning today.
3. I did not buy this book last week.

Please note that did always take V₁ form with it; it never takes V₂ form.

Exercise (Solved)

Rewrite each sentence as a Negative:

1. Misha told the truth.
Misha did not tell the truth.
2. He took my pen.
3. Tony polished his shoes.
4. She cooked food for me.
5. Rohan respected his teachers.
6. They finished their work in time.
7. The naughty boys broke the glass.
8. Ranjan and his friends went for a picnic.
Answer:
2. He did not take my pen.
3. Tony did not polish his shoes.
4. She did not cook food for me.
5. Rohan did not respect his teachers.
6. They did not finish their work in time.
7. The naughty boys did not break the glass.
8. Ranjan and his friends did not go for a picnic.

For Questions

We use the following sentence pattern:

Exercise (Solved)

Rewrite each sentence as a Question:

1. Nancy danced at the party.
Did Nancy dance at the party ?
2. He invited us to dinner.
3. My uncle sent me a gift.
4. Our team won the match.
5. You paid your fees yesterday.
6. We spent our holidays at Shimla.
7. They plucked flowers in the garden.
8. Sonu broke his leg in the accident.
Answer:
2. Did he invite us to dinner ?
3. Did my uncle send me a gift ?
4. Did our team win the match ?
5. Did you pay your fees yesterday ?
6. Did we spend our holidays at Shimla ?
7. Did they pluck flowers in the garden ?
8. Did Sonu break his leg in the accident ?

For Negative Questions

We can put not before the main verb or in short form after the helping verb; as
1. Did she not tell lies ?
= Didn’t she tell lies ?

2. Did you not apply for the post ?
= Didn’t you apply for the post ?

Exercise (Solved)

Rewrite each sentence as a Negative Question:

1. Did the peon ring the bell ?
Did the peon not ring the bell ?
(or)
Didn’t the peon ring the bell ?
2. Did he tell a lie ?
3. We called him a fool.
4. Reeta ate all biscuits.
5. Did she reply your letter ?
6. Your sister painted this picture.
7. Did she finish her work in time ?
8. Did they congratulate you on your success ?
Answer:
2. Did he not tell a lie ?
(or)
Didn’t he tell a lie ?
3. Did we not call him a fool ?
4. Did Reeta not eat all biscuits ?
5. Did she not reply your letter ?
6. Did your sister not paint this picture ?
7. Did she not finish her work in time ?
8. Did they not congratulate you on your success ?

3. Present Continuous Tense

Present Continuous Tense is used to express an action that is going on at the time of speaking; as-

1. Radha is doing her homework.
2. Mona is cooking food in the kitchen.

The italicised words express an action which is going on at present. So we can say these sentences are in the Present Continuous Tense.

Positive Statements (is/am/are + V₁ -ing)

1. I am flying a kite.
2. She is doing her work.
3. They are reading a new lesson.

Negative Statements (is/am/are + not + V₁ -ing)

1. I am not flying a kite.
2. She is not doing her work.
3. They are not reading a new lesson.

Questions
(Helping verb before the Subject)

1. Am I flying a kite ?
2. Is she doing her work ?
3. Are they reading a new lesson ?

Negative Questions

(‘not is used before the main verb or in short form after the helping verb)

1. Am I not flying a kite ?
= An’t I flying a kite ?
(We use an’t in spoken language only.)

2. Is she not doing her work ?
= Isn’t she doing her work ?

3. Are they not reading a new lesson ?
= Aren’t they reading a new lesson ?

Exercises (Solved)

I. Use the Present Continuous Tense to complete each sentence:

1. Mona …………… a test. (take)
2. I ………. my breakfast. (have)
3. The hunter …………. the lion. (kill)
4. The trees …………… their leaves. (shed)
5. The farmers ……….. their fields. (water)
6. The pain in my arm ………… worse. (get)
7. The tailors………… the uniforms. (not make)
Answer:
1. Mona is taking a test.
2. I am having my breakfast.
3. The hunter is killing the lion.
4. The trees are shedding their leaves.
5. The farmers are watering their fields.
6. The pain in my arm is getting worse.
7. The tailors are not making the uniforms.

II. Rewrite each sentence as a question:

1. I am reading a book.
2. She is not doing her work.
3. They are watching a movie.
4. You are not listening to me.
5. We are going for a picnic today.
6. The girls are playing in the park.
7. The boys are not teasing the animals.
Answer:
1. Am I reading a book ?
2. Is she not doing her work ?
3. Are they watching a movie ?
4. Are you not listening to me ?
5. Aren’t we going for a picnic today?
6. Are the girls playing in the park ?
7. Are the boys not teasing the animals ?

4. Past Continuous Tense

The Past Continuous tense is used to express an action which was actually taking place at some particular moment (विशेष क्षण/समय पर) in the past.

Positive Statements
We use was/were + V₁ -ing; as-

1. Harjit was reading a book.
2. They were going to the fair.

Negative Statements
We use was/were + not + V₁ -ing; as-

1. Harjit was not reading a book.
2. They were not going to the fair.

Questions
We put the helping verb before the subject; as-

1. Was Harjit reading a book ?
2. Were they going to the fair ?

Negative Questions
We can put ‘not before the main verb or in short form after the helping verb; as-
1. Was Harjit not reading a book ?
= Wasn’t Harjit reading a book ?

2. Were they not going to the fair ?
= Weren’t they going to the fair ?

Exercises (Solved)

I. Complete each sentence using the Past Continuous Tense:

1. Children ………….. in the bushes. (hide)
2. They ………. through the zoo. (walk).
3. The waiter ……….. the people. (serve)
4. Meera …………. with her friends. (not play)
5. The baby ………. all the morning. (not cry)
6. The dancers ………… on the stage. (not perform)
Answer:
1. Children were hiding in the bushes.
2. They were walking through the zoo.
3. The waiter was serving the people.
4. Meera was not playing with her friends.
5. The baby was not crying all the morning.
6. The dancers were not performing on the stage.

II. Rewrite each sentence as a question:

1. The peon was ringing the bell.
2. We were not going to our village.
3. The boys were wearing red turbans.
4. Hema was not working at that time.
5. The children were playing in the street.
6. The teacher was writing on the blackboard.
7. The little girl was not playing with her doll.
8. Anu and Rosy were not talking to each other.
Answer:
1. Was the peon ringing the bell ?
2. Were we not going to our village ?
3. Were the boys wearing red turbans ?
4. Was Hema not working at that time?
5. Were the children playing in the street ?
6. Was the teacher writing on the blackboard ?
7. Was the little girl not playing with her doll ?
8. Were Anu and Rosy not talking to each other?

Miscellaneous Exercises

I. Use Simple Past form of the given verb to complete each sentence:

1. Did you ………….. this film ? (enjoy)
2. Did Roma …………. this picture ? (paint)
3. Columbus ……….. America in 1492. (discover)
4. She ………. to her village last month. (go)
5. The peon ……….. (not) the bell in time. (ring)
6. The fool didn’t ………. from experience. (learn)
Hints.
1. enjoy
2. paint
3. discovered
4. went
5. did not ring
6. learn.

II. Use Simple Present form of the given verb to complete each sentence:

1. I …….. for a walk daily. (go)
2. The sun …………… in the east. (rise)
3. They ……………. (not) bad workers. (like)
4. Kusha …………. (not) her parents. (obey)
5. Teachers …………… good students. (love)
6. We ………… milk and eggs for breakast.
Hints:
1. go
2. rises
3. do not like
4. does not obey
5. love
6. take

III. Rewrite each sentence in Past Indefinite Tense:

1. The bird flies to its nest.
2. They drink coffee every day.
3. Does he pay his fees regularly ?
4. Do you have milk for breakfast ?
5. Do we not fall ill by over-eating ?
6. You do not finish your work in time.
7. Kusha does not wear simple clothes.
8. Does he not help his friends in need ?
Answer:
1. The bird flew to its nest.
2. They drank coffee every day.
3. Did he pay his fees regularly ?
4. Did you have milk for breakfast ?
5. Did we not fall ill by over-eating ?
6. You did not finish your work in time.
7. Kusha did not wear simple clothes.
8. Did he not help his friends in need ?

IV. Rewrite each sentence in Past Continuous Tense:

1. Isn’t it raining heavily ?
2. We are waiting for the bus.
3. The teacher is teaching the children.
4. I am not living with my aunt these days.
5. They are not going home in the evening.
6. Is the lady knitting a sweater for her son ?
7. Aren’t Anu and Manu playing in the street ?
8. Am I wasting my time in watching Discovery Channel ?
Answer:
1. Wasn’t it raining heavily?
2. We were waiting for the bus.
3. The teacher was teaching the children.
4. I was not living with my aunt these days.
5. They were not going home in the evening.
6. Was the lady knitting a sweater for her son ?
7. Weren’t Anu and Manu playing in the street ?
8. Was I wasting my time in watching Discovery Channel ?

V. Rewrite each sentence in Present Continuous Tense:

1. Do you not speak the truth?
2. The students ask many questions.
3. I sit on the front bench in my class.
4. Does Kamla teach dance and music ?
5. These boys do not respect their elders.
6. She does not play with the poor children.
Answer:
1. Are you not speaking the truth?
2. The students are asking many questions.
3. I am sitting on the front bench in my class.
4. Is Kamla teaching dance and music ?
5. These boys are not respecting their elders.
6. She is not playing with the poor children.

VI. Rewrite each sentence in Past Continuous Tense:

1. The girls did not pluck flowers.
2. Did the peon not ring the bell ?
3. Did Ram break the windowpanes ?
4. My friends talked to me in English.
5. The watchman did not open the gate.
6. He spent all his money in good deeds.
Answer:
1. The girls were not plucking flowers.
2. Was the peon not ringing the bell ?
3. Was Ram breaking the windowpanes.
4. My friends were talking to me in English.
5. The watchman was not opening the gate.
6. He was spending all his money in good deeds.

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 6 Squares and Square Roots Ex 6.2 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Maths Chapter 6 Squares and Square Roots Ex 6.2

1. Find the square of the following numbers:

Question (i).
32
Solution:
Let us use: (a + b)² = a² + 2ab + b²
(32)² = (30 + 2)²
= (30)² + 2 (30) (2) + (2)²
= 900 + 120 + 4
= 1024

Question (ii).
35
Solution:
(35)² = (30 + 5)²
= (30)² + 2 (30) (5) + (5)²
= 900 + 300 + 25
= 1200 + 25
= 1225
Second method :
[Note : The unit digit of 35 is 5.]
(35)² = 3 × (3 + 1) × 100 + 25
= 3 × 4 × 100 + 25
= 1200 + 25
= 1225

Question (iii).
86
Solution:
(86)² = (80 + 6)²
= (80)² + 2 (80) (6) + (6)²
= 6400 + 960 + 36
= 7396

Question (iv).
93
Solution:
(93)² = (90 + 3)²
= (90)² + 2 (90) (3) + (3)²
= 8100 + 540 + 9
= 8649

Question (v).
71
Solution:
(71 )² = (70 + 1)²
= (70)² + 2 (70) (1) + (1)²
= 4900 + 140 + 1
= 5041

Question (vi).
46
Solution:
(46)² = (40 + 6)²
= (40)² + 2 (40) (6) + (6)²
= 1600 + 480 + 36
= 2116

2. Write a Pythagorean triplet whose one member is:

Question (i).
6
Solution:
Here, 2n = 6
∴ n = 3

Now, n² – 1 = 3² – 1
= 9 – 1
= 8
and n² + 1 = 3² + 1
= 9 + 1 = 10
Thus, the required Pythagorean triplet is 6, 8, 10.

Question (ii).
14
Solution:
Here, 2n = 14
∴ n = 7
Now, n² – 1 = 7² – 1 = 49 – 1 = 48
and n² + 1 = 7² + 1 = 49 + 1 = 50
Thus, the required Pythagorean triplet is 14, 48, 50.

Question (iii).
16
Solution:
Here, 2n = 16
∴ n = 8
Now, n² – 1 = 8² – 1 = 64 – 1 = 63
and n² + 1 = 8² + 1 = 64 + 1 = 65
Thus, the required Pythagorean triplet is 16, 63, 65.

Question (iv).
18
Solution:
Here, 2n = 18
∴ n = 9
Now n² – 1 = 9² – 1 = 81 – 1 = 80
and n² + 1 = 92 + 1 = 81 + 1 = 82
Thus, the required Pythagorean triplet is 18, 80, 82.

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 6 Squares and Square Roots Ex 6.1 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Maths Chapter 6 Squares and Square Roots Ex 6.1

1. What will be the unit digit of the squares of the following numbers?

Question (i).
81
Solution:
81
Here, the ending digit is 1.
1 × 1 = 1
∴ The unit digit of (81)² will be 1.

Question (ii).
272
Solution:
272
Here, the ending digit is 2.
2 × 2 = 4
∴ The unit digit of (272)² will be 4.

Question (iii).
799
Solution:
799
Here, the ending digit is 9.
9 × 9 = 81
∴ The unit digit of (799)² will be 1.

Question (iv).
3853
Solution:
3853
Here, the ending digit is 3.
3 × 3 = 9
∴ The unit digit of (3853)² will be 9.

Question (v).
1234
Solution:
1234
Here, the ending digit is 4.
4 × 4 = 16
∴ The unit digit of (1234)² will be 6.

Question (vi).
26387
Solution:
26387
Here, the ending digit is 7.
7 × 7 = 49
∴ The unit digit of (26387)² will be 9.

Question (vii).
52698
Solution:
52698
Here, the ending digit is 8.
8 × 8 = 64
∴ The unit digit of (52698)² will be 4.

Question (viii).
99880
Solution:
99880
Here, the ending digit is 0.
0 × 0 = 0
∴ The unit digit of (99880)² will be 0.

Question (ix).
12796
Solution:
12796
Here, the ending digit is 6.
6 × 6 = 36
∴ The unit digit of (12796)² will be 6.

Question (x).
55555
Solution:
55555
Here, the ending digit is 5.
5 × 5 = 25
∴ The unit digit of (55555)² will be 5.

2. The following numbers are obviously not perfect squares. Give reason:

Question (i).
1057
Solution:
1057
Here, the ending digit is 7, which is not one of the digits 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 or 9.
∴ 1057 is not a perfect square.

Question (ii).
23453
Solution:
23453
Here, the ending digit is 3, which is not one of the digits 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 or 9.
∴ 23453 is not a perfect square.

Question (iii).
7928
Solution:
7928
Here, the ending digit is 8, which is not one of the digits 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 or 9.
∴ 7928 is not a perfect square.

Question (iv).
222222
Solution:
222222
Here, the ending digit is 2, which is not one of the digits 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 or 9.
∴ 222222 is not a perfect square.

Question (v).
64000
Solution:
64000
Here, the number of zeros at the end is odd.
∴ 64000 is not a perfect square.

Question (vi).
89722
Solution:
89722
Here, the ending digit is 2, which is not one of the digits 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 or 9.
∴ 89722 is not a perfect square.

Question (vii).
222000
Solution:
222000
Here, the number of zeros at the end is odd.
∴ 222000 is not a perfect square.

Question (viii).
505050
Solution:
505050
Here, the ending digit is 0. (Number of odd zero.)
∴ 505050 is not a perfect square.

3. The squares of which of the following would be odd numbers ?

(i) 431
(ii) 2826
(iii) 7779
(iv) 82004
Solution:
[Note: The square of an odd natural number is odd and that of an even number is an even number.]
(i) 431
This is an odd number.
∴ (431)² is an odd number.

(iii) 7779
This is an odd number.
∴ (7779)² is an odd number.

4. Observe the following pattern and find the missing digits:

Solution :
Observing the above pattern, we can find the missing digits as follows :

5. Observe the following pattern and supply the missing numbers :

Solution:
Observing the above pattern, we can find the missing numbers as follows :

6. Using the given pattern, find the missing numbers:
1² + 2² + 2² = 3²
2² + 3² + 6² = 7²
3² + 4² + 12² = 13²
4² + 5² + …….² = 21²
5² + ……² + 30² = 31²
6² + 7² + ……² = ……²
[To find pattern:
Third number is related to first and second number. How?
Fourth number is related to third number. How?]
Solution:
(a)² + (a + 1)² + {a (a + 1 )}²
= {a (a + 1) + 1}²
The missing numbers are :
1² + 2² + 2² = 3²
2² + 3² + 6² = 7²
3² + 4² + 12² = 13²
4² + 5² + 20² = 21²
5² + 6² + 30² = 31²
6² + 7² + 42² = 43²

7. Without adding, find the sum:

Question (i).
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9
Solution:
The sum of first five odd numbers = 5²
= 5 × 5
= 25

Question (ii).
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19
Solution:
The sum of first ten odd numbers = 10²
= 10 × 10
= 100

Question (iii).
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19 + 21 + 23
Solution:
The sum of first twelve odd numbers = 12²
= 12 × 12
= 144

8.

Question (i).
Express 49 as the sum of 7 odd numbers.
Solution:
49 = 7² = Sum of first seven odd numbers
∴ 49 = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13

Question (ii).
Express 121 as the sum of 11 odd numbers.
Solution :
121 = 11² = Sum of first eleven odd numbers
∴ 121 = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19 + 21

9. How many numbers lie between squares of the following numbers?
[Note : Between n² and (n + 1)², there are 2n non-square numbers.]

Question (i).
12 and 13
Solution:
Natural numbers between 12² and 13²
= 2 × 12
= 24. (2n, n = 12)

Question (ii).
25 and 26
Solution:
Natural numbers between 25² and 26²
= 2 × 25
= 50. (2n, n = 25)

Question (iii).
99 and 100
Solution:
Natural numbers between 99² and 100²
= 2 × 99
= 198. (2n, n = 99)

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Pronouns Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 6th Class English Grammar Pronouns

A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.
संज्ञा (Noun) के स्थान पर प्रयोग किए जाने वाले शब्द को अंग्रेज़ी में Pronoun कहते है।

The words they, she, he and it are used in place of Nouns. They are Pronouns.
There are three main kinds of Pronoun:

1. Personal Pronouns. (पुरुषवचक सर्वनाम)
2. Demonstrative Pronouns (संकेतवाचक सर्वनाम)
3. Interrogative Pronouns (प्रश्नवाचक सर्वनाम)

I. Personal Pronouns Pronouns used for persons are called Personal Pronouns; as-
1, we, you, he, they, me, our, etc.
There are three kinds of Personal Pronouns.

1. Pronouns of the First Person:

Singular	Plural
I	we
my, mine	our, ours
me	us
myself	ourselves

2. Pronouns of the Second Person:

Singular	Plural
you	you
your, yours	your, yours
yourself	yourselves

3. Pronouns of the Third Person:

Singular	Plural
he, she, it	they
him, her, it	them
his, her, its	their, theirs
himself, herself, itself	themselves

Points to Remember:
याद रखने योग्य बातें:

1. He, his, him, himself are Pronouns of Masculine Gender. (पुरुषवचक लिंग)
2. She, her, hers, herself are Pronouns of Feminine Gender. (स्त्रीरीवाचक लिंग)
3. It, its, itself are Pronouns of Neuter Gender. (नपुंसक लिंग).
   We can use “It for little babies and lifeless things.
4. All Plural Pronouns are Pronouns of Common Gender (सामान्य लिंग). They can be used for both masculine and feminine genders.

Use of Personal Pronouns

1. I, we, he, she and they are used as Subject.

2. Me, us, him, her and them are used as Object.

Subject	Verb	Object
I	him.	know
We	them.	know
He	her.	knows
She	me.	knows
They	us.	know

3. My, mine, our, ours, your, yours, his, her, hers, its and theirs are used to express ownership.

This is my book.	This book is mine.
That is her pen.	That pen is hers.
This is our school.	This school is ours.

4. We never use an apostrophe (‘) with the personal pronouns.

Incorrect	Correct
Your’s sincerely/faithfully	Yours sincerely/faithfully
This school of our’s.	This school of ours.
That picture of her’s.	That picture of hers.

5. Personal Pronouns used to express emphasis are called Emphatic Pronouns; as-
1. I did it myself.
2. We did it ourselves.
3. You did it yourself.
4. He did it himself.
5. She did it herself.
6. They did it themselves.

6. Emphatic pronouns are never used as a Subject.

Incorrect	Correct
Myself did it.	I myself did it.
Yourself did it.	You yourself did it.
Himself did it.	He himself did it.

Exercises (Solved)

I. Rewrite each sentence using a suitable pronoun in place of the Noun in bold type:

1. Neha is not here.
Neha has gone to see her mother.

2. “The Panchtantra’ has many stories.
‘The Panchtantra’ is a good book.

3. Where is Anu’s school?
How does Anu go to school?

4. Karan has high fever.
Karan will not go to school today.

5. I have invited Micky and Joy.
Micky and Joy are my friends.

6. Yash ans Rahul are very happy.
Yash and Rahul are going on a picnic.

7. My aunt bought me a computer.
The computer cost my aunt a lot.

8. Simran gave her parents a gift.
The gift was liked by her parents.
Hints:
1. She has gone to see her mother.
2. It ia a good book.
3. How does she go to school ?
4. He will not go to school today.
5. They are my friends.
6. They are going on a picnic.
7. It cost her a lot.
8. The gift was liked by them.

II. Choose the correct Pronoun to fill in each blank:

1. That horse is ………… (our / ours)
2. This is ……….. pen, not mine. (your / yours)
3. The horse fell and broke ………. leg. (its / it)
4. Here is your book; take ………….. away. (it / its)
5. The girls were tired; ………. are resting. (they / them)
Hints:
1. ours
2. your
3. its
4. it
5. they.

III. Choose a suitable Pronoun for each blank:

(myself, yourself, himself, itself, themselves)
1. He …………. did all this.
2. I will do this …………
3. You should take care of …………..
4. They ………… admitted their fault.
5. The town …………… is not very large.
Hints:
1. himself
2. myself
3. yourself
4. themselves
5. itself

2. Demonstrative Pronouns

Pronouns used to point to some object or objects are called Demonstrative Pronouns; as-

The words this, these, that, those are used to point to some object or objects. We call them Demonstrative Pronouns.

Exercise (Solved)

Choose the correct Demonstrative Pronoun to fill in each blank:

1. ……… is not my fault. (This / These)
2. Are ……….. your books ? (that / those)
3. ……….. are very tasty sweets. (This / These)
4. Was …………. a costly hotel ? (that / those)
Hints:
1. This
2. those
3. These
4. that

3. Interrogative Pronouns

Pronouns used to ask questions are called Interrogative Pronouns; as-

1. Who is he?
2. What is your name?
3. Which is your school ?
4. Whose books are these ?
5. Whom did you tell the story?
The pronouns who, what, which, whose, whom have been used to ask questions. These are Interrogative Pronouns.

Exercise (Solved)

Fill in each blank with a suitable Interrogative Pronoun:

1. What are you doing?
2. ………… did they invite ?
3. ………… did the teacher say ?
4. …………. of these is your pen ?
5. …………. visited you yesterday ?
6. …………… is the price of this table ?
7. ………… does this book belong to ?
8. ………. is better, honour or riches ?
Hints:
2. Whom
3. What
4. Which
5. Who
6. What
7. Who
8. Which.

Miscellaneous Exercises

I. Rewrite each sentence, changing the Nouns and Pronouns into their plural form. Make other necessary changes also:

1. I love my sister.
2. That is her doll.
3. This is my book.
4. He is flying a kite.
5. She is a good girl.
6. He gave me his book.
7. I did this work myself.
8. You are my dear friend.
9. She was playing with her doll.
Hints:
1. We love our sisters.
2. Those are their dolls.
3. These are our books.
4. They are flying kites.
5. They are good girls.
6. They gave us their books.
7. We did this work ourselves.
8. You are our dear friends.
9. They were playing with their dolls.

II. Fill in the blanks with suitable Pronouns:

1. ………… is Reema’s doll.
2. ………… is a girl from Goa.
3. ………… are ripe mangoes.
4. …………. has taken my ball ?
5. ………… have done our best.
6. ……….. do you want to eat ?
7. …………. gave you that knife ?
8. …………. of your cows was ill ?
9. She will do this work …………..
Hints:
1. This/That
2. She
3. These/Those
4. Who
5. We
6. What
7. Who
8. Which
9. herself.

III. Say what kind of Pronoun each of the underlined words is:

1. That is my book. (Demonstrative)
2. This is their house. (Personal)
3. Who teaches you English ? (Interrogative)
4. What are you doing here ? (Interrogative)
5. She is not like her sister. (Personal)
6. You have been very kind. (Personal)
7. It is a book åbout animals. (Personal)
8. These are all fresh flowers. (Demonstrative)
9. Which of these is your bike ? (Interrogative)
10. We are students of class six. (Personal)

IV. Choose the correct Pronoun to fill in each blank:

1. This is ………… pen. (she, her, hers)
2. This pen is ………….. (she, her, hers)
3. I am ………… sincerely. (you, your, yours)
4. Anita has hurt ………… (she, her, herself)
5. He did this work ………. (myself, himself)
6. I looked at ………….. in the mirror. (my, mine, myself)
7. ………. shall finish this work today. (We, Us, our)
8. The teacher asked ……. a question. (he, him, his)
Hints:
1. her
2. hers
3. yours
4. herself
5. himself
6. myself
7. We
8. him.

V. Choose the correct Pronoun for each blank:

1. We love ……….. motherland. (our / his)
2. She is as wise as ………… am. (me/I)
3. He has gifted ………….. a watch. (me / mine)
4. This watch is better than …………. (yours / your)
5. This book of stories is for ……….. (she / her)
6. This house belongs to ………… father. (my / me)
7. Lalit is as gentle as ………….. brother is. (he / his)
8. This family is not as poor as ……….. are. (us / we)
Hints:
1. our
2. I
3. me
4. yours
5. her
6. my
7. his
8. we

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Verbs Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 6th Class English Grammar Verbs

A Verb is an action word. It tells us something about a person or thing.
Verb एक क्रिया शब्द है। यह हमें किसी व्यक्ति या वस्तु के बारे में कुछ बताता है।

A Verb tells us-
1. What a person or thing is; as-

• The rose is red.
• The mouse was dead.
• Camels are useful animals.

2. What a person or thing has; as-

• A week has seven days.
• Monkeys have long tails.
• They had a good day yesterday.

3. What a person or thing does; as-

• She made a doll.
• He is writing a poem.
• The sun rises in the east.

Parts of a Verb क्रिया के भाग

A Verb in English can have two parts:
1. The Main (Primary) (मुख्य) Verb.
2. The Auxiliary (Helping) (सहायक) Verb.

1. The Main Verb tells us ‘what happened or ‘what the situation is’. The main verb can have four different forms:
(i) V₁ (go) or the root form.
(ii) V₂ (went) or the past form.
(iii) V₃ (gone) or the past participle form.
(iv) V₁-ing (going) or the present participle form.

2. The Auxiliary Verb helps the Main Verb to complete its meaning. It helps the Main Verb to form a Tense, or to form Negatives and Questions.
सहायक क्रिया Main verb (मख्य क्रिया) के अर्थ को पूरा करने में सहायता करती है। यह काल (Tense), नकारात्मक कथनों अथवा प्रश्नों के निर्माण में मुख्य क्रिया की सहायता करती है।

The following verbs are often used as Auxiliary Verbs:

• is, am, are, was, were.
• has, have, had.
• do, does, did.
• will, would, shall, should.
• can, could, may, might, must, etc.

Exercises (Solved)

I. Underline the Verbs in the following sentences:

1. I live in Delhi.
2. The lion roars.
3. It is raining outside.
4. I have two brothers.
5. Rina gave me a flower.
6. A cobbler mends shoes.
7. I will give you my book.
8. The driver was cleaning the car.
Hints:
1. live
2. roars
3. is raining
4. have
5. gave
6. mends
7. will give
8. was cleaning

II. Fill in the blanks with appropriate Auxiliaries:

1. …………… I come in, sir ?
2. I ………….. finished my work.
3. You …………… pay your debts.
4. We …………… help our friends.
5. I ………….. solve this question.
6. You ……………. sit on this bench.
7. Anyone ……………. make mistakes.
8. He ………….. not telling the truth.
Hints:
1. May
2. have
3. must
4. shall
5. can
6. can
7. can
8. is

Three Forms (Conjuction) of the verb

Exercises (Solved)

I. Conjugate the following Verbs:

build, fall, rise, speak, teach, weep, ruin, look, sleep, learn, study, throw, weave, forget, destroy
Answer:

Present	Past	Past Participle
build	built	built
fall	fell	fallen
rise	rose	risen
speak	spoke	spoken
teach	taught	taught
weep	wept	wept
ruin	ruined	ruined
look	looked	looked
sleep	slept	slept
learn	learnt	learnt
study	studied	studied
throw	threw	thrown
weave	wove	woven
forget	forgot	forgotten
destroy	destroyed	destroyed

II. Give the present participle form of the following Verbs:

1. sit
2. die
3. sink
4. fight
5. catch
6. tie
7. run
8. bite
9. shine
10. apply
11. hit
12. live
13. swim
14. writer
15. begin
Hints:
1. sitting
2. dying
3. sinking
4. fighting
5. catching
6. tying
7. running
8. biting
9. shining
10. applying
11. hitting
12. living
13. swimming
14. writing
15. beginning.

Note : 1. Verb की Present participle form verb के साथ ‘ing’ जोड़ने से बनती है।
2. कुछ verbs में ‘ing’ जोड़ते समय उनके अंतिम अक्षर अक्षरों में कुछ फेरबदल भी करना पड़ता है।

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Preposition Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 6th Class English Grammar Preposition

A Preposition is a word used before a Noun or Pronoun to indicate place, direction, source; as-
on, in, at, under, upon, into, from.
In the following pictures, study the different positions of the cat.

The italicized words show the position of the cat. We call them prepositions. Some other Propositions of common use are-
of, near, to, after, with, during, off, down, by, above, before, between, at, from, for, among, below, without

Use of Some Prepositions

1. On, Upon.
On indicates position of rest on something.
Upon indicates motion.

• The books are on the table.
• The cat jumped upon the wall.

2. In, Into.
In expresses position of rest inside something.
Into indicates motion towards the inside of something.

• Meera was sitting in her room.
• Neha went Into the room.

3. At, In, On
At is used for a point of time.
On is used with days and dates.
In is used with months and years.

• My brother came here at eight.
• I met my friend at 5 o’clock.
• India got freedom in 1947.
• I shall go to Mumbai on Monday.
• His birthday falls on 15 Nov.
• He went to Ludhiana in May.

Note some other uses of ‘at’ and ‘in’.

• At dawn / noon / night
• In the morning
• In the evening
• In the afternoon

4. At, In
At is used with names of small villages and towns.
In is used with names of big cities and states.

• I was bom at Rampur.
• My uncle lives in Delhi.

5. Between, Among.
‘Between’ is used for two persons, places or things.
‘Among’ is used for more than two persons, places or things.

• The two brothers divided their property between themselves.
• The three brothers quarrelled among themselves.

Exercises (Solved)

I. Underline the prepositions in the following sentences:

1. She sat beside me.
2. Rani is afraid of her teacher.
3. The bird flew over the trees.
4. The dog ran after the mouse.
5. The sky and clouds are above us.
6. The river flows under the bridge.
7. December comes after November.
8. There is a big well behind his house.
9. She brought a beautiful dress for me.
10. I went with my friend to see a movie.
Hints:
2. of
3. over
4. after
5. above
6. under
7. after
8. behind
9. for
10. with, to.

II. Fill in the blanks with a suitable preposition from the box:

of, on, for, near, into, at, by, after, from, with
1. I am fond …………… music.
2. Look …………… the blackboard.
3. I am waiting …………… the bus.
4. The policeman ran …………… the thief.
5. Keep the books …………… the shelf.
6. What is Ludhiana famous …………… ?
7. We are proud …………… our country.
8. My ball has fallen …………… the well.
9. Are you coming …………… road or rail ?
10. I went …………… my Mends for a picnic.
11. There is a temple …………… the hospital.
12. Tony cleaned the floor …………… a broom.
13. The girls are waiting …………… the station.
14. My Mend’s house is far …………… our house.
15. She lives …………… her parents.

Hints:
1. of
2. at
3. for
4. after
5. on
6. for
7. of
8. into
9. by
10. with
11. near
12. with
13. at
14. from
15. with.

III. Write what you see in this picture. Use a suitable preposition in each one of your sentences; as-

Mrs. Raj and Mrs. Rani are sitting on a bench.
Tony is trying to get at the apple.
Some birds are flying in the sky.
A crow is sitting on the branch of a tree.
A dog is running after a ball.
Neha is reading a book under a tree.
Sonu and Anu are waiting for the fancy ball to come down.

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Articles Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 6th Class English Grammar Articles

‘A’, “an’, ‘the’ are called Articles.
An Article is a word that determines or limits the noun that follows it.
An Article is always used with a Noun. So it can also be called an Adjective.
Article वह शब्द है जो अपने बाद प्रयोग किए गए Noun को निरिचत अथवा सीमित करता है।
Article का प्रयोग हमेशा Noun के साथ ही किया जाता है। इसलिए इसे Adjective भी कहा जा सकता है।

Use of ‘a’, ‘an’

You have already learnt that ‘an’ is used before words beginning with a vowel sound and ‘a’ before words beginning with a consonant sound.

Look at these pictures and name the objects using appropriate articles. Two have been done for you:

Exercise (Solved)

Put ‘a’ or ‘an’ for each:

1. …………. ox
2. ………… kite
3. ………… unit
4. ………… cart
5. ………… M.A.
6. ……….. hour
7. …………. table
8. ………. inkpot
9. ……….. monkey
10. ……….. elephant
11. ……….. honest man
12. ………. useful thing
13. ……….. European lady
14. ……….. one-eyed man.
Hints:
1. an
2. a
3. a
4. a
5. an
6. an
7. a
8. an
9. a
10. an
11. an
12. a
13. a
14. a.

Use of ‘the’

We use “the’ to talk of some specific (विशिष्ट) person, animal, place or thing. We use the’ in the following cases also:

1. Before the names of rivers and seas–
the Ganges, the Sutlej, the Jamuna; the Indian Ocean, the Arabian sea.

2. Before the names of magazines, newspapers and holy books–
the India Today, the Observer, the Tribune, the Times of India; the Bible, the Quran, the Gita.

3. Before the names of races or people–
the Hindus, the Punjabis, the English.

4. Before superlatives–
the hardest, the best, the eldest

5. Before the names of natural objects–
the sun, the moon, the earth.

6. Before the names of mountain ranges–
the Himalayas, the Vindhyas, the Alps

7. Before the names of historical places–
the Jallianwalla Bagh; the Red Fort, the Taj Mahal

8. Before a noun that is modified-
She is the girl who stands first in the class.

Exercises (Solved)

I. Fill in the blanks with the articles ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the’:

1. I waited for ……………. hour.
2. ………….. ant is …………… insect.
3. …………. Red Fort is in Delhi.
4. Jack and Jill went up …………… hill.
Speak truth. Don’t tell …………. lie.
6. She rode on …………… elephant at the zoo.
7. ………….. earth is covered with land and water.
8. Bible is ……………. sacred book of Christians.
9. In ………….. sky at night we can see …………… stars and ……………. moon.
10. He took …………… banana, …………… orange and ………….. apple for breakfast.
11. ………….. Sun shines in the east.
12. He is …………….. engineer.
Hints:
1. an
2. An, an
3. The
4. the
5. the, a
6. an
7. The
8. The, a, the
9. the, the, the
10. a, an, an.
11. The
12. an

II. Fill in the blanks with suitable articles (a/an/the):

1. Rohit wrote …………. essay.
2. I saw …………… one eyed man.
3. ………….. sun rises in the east.
4. watch tells us …………. time.
5. accident is ……………. ugly sight.
6. She went home in …………….. morning.
7. …………….. boy standing there is my friend.
8. Mohit saw ……………… old man crossing the road.
9. In the north of our country are ……………. Himalayas.
10. ………….. Ganges, ……………… Yamuna and Saraswati meet at Sangam.
Hints:
1. an
2. a
3. The
4. The, the
5. An, an
6. the
7. The
8. an
9. the
10. The, the, the

III. Rewrite each sentence correctly:

1. He is an European.
2. I heard loud noise.
3. Look at blackboard.
4. Rajan is honest man.
5. I go for the walk in evening.
6. Gardener is watering plants.
7. I gave him an one-rupee coin.
8. An umbrella is an useful thing.
9. He was a best judge of horses.
10. She is a tallest girl in our class.
Answer:
1. He is a European.
2. I heard a loud noise.
3. Look at the blackboard.
4. Rajan is an honest man.
5. I go for a walk in the evening.
6. The gardener is watering the plants.
7. I gave him a one-rupee coin.
8. An umbrella is a useful thing.
9. He was the best judge of horses.
10. She is the tallest girl in our class.

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Adjectives Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 6th Class English Grammar Adjectives

An Adjective is a defining word. It is used with a Noun to tell us something more about that noun; as-
Adjective एक व्याख्यात्मक शब्द है। इसका प्रयोग किसी संज्ञा (Noun) के साथ उसके बारे में कुछ और बताने के लिए किया जाता है।

1. He is a tall boy.
2. She is a rich lady.
3. I have many books.

We can use Adjectives to compare (तुलना करना) the qualities of Nouns; as-

1. Chintu is a fat boy.
2. Mintu is fatter than Chintu.
3. Pintu is the fattest of the three.

The words fat, fatter and fattest show the degrees of a quality. We call them Degrees of Comparison.

Degrees Of Comparison

There can be three Degrees of Comparison:

1. Positive Degree.
2. Comparative Degree.
3. Superlative Degree.

1. Positive Degree : The ordinary form (साधारण रूप) of the adjective is called Positive Degree; as-

• Meena is a tall girl.
• June is a hot month.
• Dhawan is a good player.

2. Comparative Degree : When two things of the same class are compared, we use the Comparative Degree; as-

• Anita is taller than Payal.
• May is hotter than April.
• Virat is a better player than Murli.

3. Superlative Degree : When one thing is compared with all others of the same class, we use the Superlative Degree; as-

• Anita is the tallest of the three.
• June is the hottest month of the year.
• Virat is the best player in our cricket team.

Note that we usually use-
“the’ before a Superlative Degree.
“than’ after a Comparative Degree.

Forming Degrees Of Comparison

1. By adding -er and -est:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
tall	taller	tallest
fast	faster	fastest
long	longer	longest
kind	kinder	kindest
slow	slower	slowest
poor	poorer	poorest
short	shorter	shortest
small	smaller	smallest
old	older	oldest
young	younger	youngest

2. By adding -r and -st:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
late	later	latest
fine	finer	finest
nice	nicer	nicest
wise	wiser	wisest
large	larger	largest
brave	braver	bravest
gentle	gentler	gentlest

3. By adding -ier and -iest in place of the final ‘-y’:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
dirty	dirtier	dirtiest
noisy	noisier	noisiest
funny	funnier	funniest
heavy	heavier	heaviest
happy	happier	happiest
pretty	prettier	prettiest
greedy	greedier	greediest

4. By doubling the final consonant before adding -er and -est:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
fat	fatter	fattest
big	bigger	biggest
hot	hotter	hottest
sad	sadder	saddest
thin	thinner	thinnest
wet	wetter	wettest

5. By adding more and most:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
honest	more honest	most honest
popular	more popular	most popular
beautiful	more beautiful	most beautiful
wonderful	more wonderful	most wonderful
interesting	more interesting	most interesting

6. By using a different word:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
good	better	best
little	less	least
old	elder	eldest
bad	worse	worst
much / many	more	most

Exercises (Solved)

I. Fill in the blanks with ‘than’ or ‘the’:

1. June is hotter ————– April.
2. This is ———— best book I have.
3. Riding is ———- best kind of exercise.
4. She is more intelligent ———– her sister.
5. A wise enemy is better ———— a foolish friend.
6. Shakespeare was ———— greatest dramatist of England.
Hints:
1. than
2. the
3. the
4. than
5. than
6. the.

II. Complete the following table for Degrees of Comparison:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
dim	dimmer	dimmest
lazy	lazier	laziest
cool	cooler	coolest
dull	duller	dullest
hard	harder	hardest
wide	wider	widest
good	better	best.
quick	quicker	quickest
clever	cleverer	cleverest
happy	happier	happiest
narrow	narrower	narrowest
greedy	greedier	greediest
naughty	naughtier	naughtiest
important	more important	most important

III. Fill in each blank with the correct form of the given Adjective:

1. Soni is ———– than Neha. (pretty)
2. My bag is ———— than his. (heavy)
3. Today is ———— than yeserday. (cold)
4. Raj has ———– friends than I have. (much)
5. A hare runs ———— than a tortoise. (fast)
6. Rosy is the ———– girl in our town. (beautiful)
7. I am not ———– happy than you are. (little)
8. She is the ————– student in our class. (good)
9. This is the ———— thing I have ever seen. (bad)
Hints:
1. prettier
2. heavier
3. colder
4. more
5. faster
6. most beautiful
7. less
8. best
9. worst.

IV. Point out the Adjective and its Degree of Comparison in each sentence:

1. This is an easy question.
2. Ashoka was a great king.
3. She is wiser than her brother.
4. Mumbai is hotter than Shimla.
5. Neeru was wearing a red frock.
6. Manu got more marks than Rajan.
7. Which is the longest river of India ?
8. Who is the best player of your team?
Hints:
1. easy – positive
2. great – positive
3. wiser – comparative
4. hotter – comparative
5. red – positive
6. more – comparative
7. longest – superlative
8. best – superlative.

V. Supply the proper form of the given Adjectives:

1. Hot : May is ———– than April.
2. Tall : Megha is ————- than her sister.
3. Old : My uncle is ———- than my father.
4. Rich : He is the ————- man in our town.
5. Large : Name the ———— city in the world.
6. Dry : Rajasthan is the part ———- of India.
7. Good : This pen is ————- than any other pen.
8. Sharp : Your knife is sharp, but mine is ———-

Hints:
1. hotter
2. taller
3. older
4. richest
5. largest
6. driest
7. better
8. sharper.

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 5 Data Handling InText Questions and Answers.

PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Data Handling InText Questions

Textual (Textbook Page No. 69 – 70)

1. A Pictograph : Pictorial representation of data using symbols.

Question (i).
How many cars were produced in the month of July ?
Solution:
250 cars were produced in the month of July.

Question (ii).
In which month were maximum number of cars produced?
Solution:
Maximum number of cars were produced in the month of September.

2. A Bar Graph : A display of information using bars of uniform width, their heights being proportional to the respective values.

Question (i).
What is the information given by the bar graph ?
Solution:
Here, the bar graph gives information about number of students of class VIII in different academic years.

Question (ii).
In which year is the increase in the number of students maximum ?
Solution:
In year 2004-05, the increase in the number of students is maximum.

Question (iii).
In which year is the number of students maximum ?
Solution:
In year 2007 – 08, the number of students is maximum.

Question (iv).
State whether true or false:
‘The number of students during 2005 – 06 is twice that of 2003 – 04.’
Solution :
False, the number of students during 2005 – 06 is not twice that of 2003 – 04 but more than twice.

3. Double Bar Graph : A bar graph showing two sets of data simultaneously. It is useful for the comparison of the data.

Question (i).
What is the information given by the double bar graph?
Solution :
Here, the double bar graph provides information about marks obtained by a student in different subjects and comparison of his marks in year 2005 – 06 and 2006 – 07.

Question (ii).
In which subject has the performance improved the most?
Solution :
In the subject Maths, the performance has improved the most.

Question (iii).
In which subject has the performance deteriorated?
Solution :
In the subject English, the performance has deteriorated.

Question (iv).
In which subject is the performance at par?
Solution:
In the subject Hindi, the performance is at par.

Think, Discuss and Write (Textbook Page No. 71)

Question 1.
If we change the position of any of the bars of a bar graph, would it change the information being conveyed? Why?
Solution:
If the height of a bar remains unchanged, then changing of its position does not change the information being conveyed.

Try These (Textbook Page No. 71)

Question 1.
Draw an appropriate graph to represent the given information:

Solution:
To represent the given data by a bar graph, draw two axes perpendicular to each other. Let us represent ‘Months’ on \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{OX}}\) and ‘Number of watches sold’ \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{OY}}\) on OY. Let us make rectangles of same width. The heights of the rectangles are proportional to the number of watches, using a suitable scale :
Here, scale is 1 cm = 500 watches
Since, 500 watches = 1 cm
1000 watches = 2 cm
1500 watches = 3 cm
2000 watches = 4 cm
2500 watches = 5 cm

Question 2.

Children who prefer	School A	School B	School C
Walking	40	55	15
Cycling	45	25	35

Solution:
Since, a comparison of two activities is to be represented, therefore a double graph is drawn by taking the ‘Schools’ along X-axis and ‘Number of children’ along Y-axis, using a scale of 1 cm = 5 children.

Question 3.
Percentage wins in ODI by 8 top cricket teams.

Teams	From Champions Trophy to World Cup ’06	Last 10 ODI in ’07
South Africa	75%	78%
Australia	61 %	40%
Sri Lanka	54%	38%
New Zealand	47%	50%
England	46%	50%
Pakistan	45%	44%
West Indies	44%	30%
India	43%	56%

Solution:
To compare the percentage win in ODI achieved by various teams, we represent the data by a double bar graph. We represent the ‘Team’s Names’ along the X-axis and their ‘percentage win’ along Y-axis, using the scale 1 cm – 5%.

Try These (Textbook Page No. 72)

1. A group of students were asked to say which animal they would like most to have as a pet. The results are given below:
dog, cat, cat, fish, cat, rabbit, dog, cat, rabbit, dog, cat, dog, dog, dog, cat, cow, fish, rabbit, dog, cat, dog, cat, cat, dog, rabbit, cat, fish, dog.
Make a frequency distribution table for the same.
Solution:
Using tally-marks, we have

Try These (Textbook Page No. 73-74)

1. Study the following frequency distribution table and answer the questions given below.
Frequency Distribution of Daily Income of 550 Workers of a factory:

Class Interval (Daily Income in ₹)	Frequency (Number of workers)
100 – 125	45
125 – 150	25
150 – 175	55
175 – 200	125
200 – 225	140
225 – 250	55
250 – 275	35
275 – 300	50
300 – 325	20
Total	550

Question (i).
What is the size of the class intervals ?
Solution:
Class size = [Upper class limit] – [Lower class limit]
= 125 – 100
= 25

Question (ii).
Which class has the highest frequency ?
Solution:
The class 200 – 225 is having the highest frequency (140).

Question (iii).
Which class has the lowest frequency ?
Solution :
The class 300 – 325 has the lowest frequency (20).

Question (iv).
What is the upper limit of the class interval 250 – 275?
Solution:
The upper limit of the class interval 250 – 275 is 275.

Question (v).
Which two classes have the same frequency ?
Solution :
The classes 150 – 175 and 225 – 250 are having the same frequency (55).

2. Construct a frequency distribution table for the data on weights (in kg) of 20 students of a class using intervals 30 – 35, 35 – 40 and so on.
40, 38, 33, 48, 60, 53, 31, 46, 34, 36, 49, 41, 55, 49, 65, 42, 44, 47, 38, 39
Solution:
Lowest observation = 31
Highest observation = 65
Class intervals :
30-35, 35-40, 40-45, ……..
The frequency distribution table for above data can be prepared as follows :

Try These (Textbook Page No. 75 – 76)

1. Observe the histogram and answer questions given below:

Question (i).
What information is being given by the histogram ?
Solution:
This histogram represents the heights (in cms) of girls of class VII.

Question (ii).
Which group contains maximum girls ?
Solution:
The group 140- 145 contains maximum number of girls (7).

Question (iii).
How many girls have a height of 145 cms and more?
Solution:
7 girls have a height of 145 cm and more (4 + 2 + 1 = 7).

Question (iv).
If we divide the girls into the following three categories, how many would there be in each?
150 cm and more-Group A
140 cm to less
than 150 cm – Group B
Less than 140 cm – Group C
Solution:
Number of girls in
Group A : 150 cm and more = 2 + 1 = 3
Group B : 140 cm and less than 150 cm = 7 + 4 = 11
Group C : Less them 140 cm = 3 + 2 + 1 = 6

Try These (Textbook Page No. 78)

1. Each of the following pie charts gives you a different piece of information !; about your class. Find the fraction of the circle representing each of these information:

Solution:
(i) Fraction of the circle representing the ‘girls’ 50 % = \(\frac {50}{100}\) = \(\frac {1}{2}\)
Fraction of the circle representing the ‘boys’ 50% = \(\frac {50}{100}\) = \(\frac {1}{2}\)

(ii) Fraction of the circle representing ‘walk’ 40 % = \(\frac {40}{100}\) = \(\frac {2}{5}\)
Fraction of the circle representing ‘bus or car’ 40 % = \(\frac {40}{100}\) = \(\frac {2}{5}\)
Fraction of the circle representing ‘cycle’ 20 % = \(\frac {20}{100}\) = \(\frac {1}{5}\)

(iii) Fraction of the circle representing those who love mathematics = (100 – 15)%
= 85 %
= \(\frac {85}{100}\) = \(\frac {17}{20}\)
Fraction of the circle representing those who hate mathematics = 15%
= \(\frac {15}{100}\) = \(\frac {3}{20}\)

2. Answer the following questions based on the pie chart given:

(i) Which type of programmes are viewed the most?
(ii) Which two types of programmes have number of viewers equal to those watching sports channels ?
Solution:
From the given pie chart,

Type of viewers	Percentage
Sports viewers	25 %
News viewers	15 %
Information viewers	10 %
Entertainment viewers	50%

(i) The entertainment programmes are viewed the most (50 %).
(ii) The news and informative programmes have the number of viewers equal to those watching sports channels (15 % + 10 % = 25 %).

Try These (Textbook Page No. 81)

1. Draw a pie chart of the data given below : The time spent by a child during a day.
Sleep – 8 hours
School – 6 hours
Homework – 4 hours
Play – 4 hours
Others – 2 hours
Solution:
First we find the central angle corresponding to each of the given activities.

Activity	Duration of the activity in a day out of 24 hours	Central angle corresponding to the activity
Sleep	8 hours	\(\frac {8}{24}\) × 360° = 120°
School	6 hours	\(\frac {6}{24}\) × 360° = 90°
Home­ work	4 hours	\(\frac {4}{24}\) × 360° = 60°
Play	4 hours	\(\frac {4}{24}\) × 360° = 60°
Others	2 hours	\(\frac {2}{24}\) × 360° = 30°

The required pie chart is given below.
[Note: Dividing a circle into sectors with corresponding angle (with protractor) you get the required pie chart.]

Think, Discuss and Write (Textbook Page No. 81)

Which form of graph would be appropriate to display the following data.

Question 1.
Production of food grains of a state.

Solution :
A bar graph will be an appropriate representation to display given data.

Question 2.

Favourite food	Number of people
North Indian	30
South Indian	40
Gujarati	25
Others	25
Total	120

Solution :
A pie chart (circle graph) will be an appropriate representation to display given data.

Question 3.
The daily income of a group of a factory workers:

Daily income (in Rupees)	Number of workers (in a factory)
75 – 100	45
100 – 125	35
125 – 150	55
150 – 175	30

Solution :
A histogram will be an appropriate representation to display given data.

Try These (Textbook Page No. 83 – 84)

Question 1.
If you try to start a scooter, what are the possible outcomes ?
Solution:
It may start.
It may not start.

Question 2.
When a die is thrown, what are the six possible outcomes?
Solution:
When a die is thrown, the possible outcomes are: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 on the upper face of the die.

Question 3.
When you spin the wheel shown, what are the possible outcomes ? (Fig 5.9)
List them.
(Outcome here means the sector at which the pointer stops.)

Solution:
When we spin the wheel shown, the possible outcomes are A, B or C.
[Note: The sector at which the pointer stops is outcome.]

Question 4.
You have a pot with five identical balls of different colours and you are to pull out (draw) a ball without looking at it; list the outcomes you would get (Fig 5.10).

Solution:
When we draw a ball from a bag with five identical balls of different colours, the possible outcomes are : W, R, B, G or Y.

Think, Discuss and Write (Textbook Page No. 84)

In throwing a die:

1. Does the first player have a greater chance of getting a six?
Solution:
No.

2. Would the player who played after him have a lesser chance of getting a six?
Solution:
No.

3. Suppose the second player got a six. Does it mean that the third player would not have a chance of getting a six ?
Solution:
No.

Try These (Textbook Page No. 86)

Suppose you spin the wheel:

1. ( i ) List the number of outcomes of getting a green sector and not getting a green sector on this wheel.
Solution:
Number of outcomes of getting a green sector = 5
Number of outcomes of not getting a green sector = 3

(ii) Find the probability of getting a green sector.
Solution :
∴ The total number of outcomes = 8
Number of outcomes of getting a green sector = 5
∴ Probability of getting a green sector = \(\frac {5}{8}\)

(iii) Find the probability of not getting a green sector.
Solution:
∴ The total number of outcomes = 8
Number of outcomes of not getting a green sector = 3
∴ Probability of not getting a green sector = \(\frac {3}{8}\)