Bhagya

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 12 Monumental Architecture

by

Punjab State Board PSEB 7th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 12 The Creation of an Empire – The Mughal Empire Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 12 Monumental Architecture

SST Guide for Class 7 PSEB Monumental Architecture Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions :

Question 1.
Which are the main temples of Northern India?
Answer:
During the period of 800-1200 A.D., a number of temples were built in North India. The Vishnu temple at Jagannath Puri, Lingaraj temple at Bhubaneswar, the Sun temple at Konark, the Mahadeva at Khajuraho in Bundelkhand, Tejpal temple at Mount Abu, are the important temples of North India.

Question 2.
Describe the main features of Indian-Muslim architecture?
Answer:
The main features are as follows :

  • This style was the remix of Turk, Afghan and Indian style.
  • Many mosques and tombs were built in this style. Pillars, minarets, and domes are the main features of this style.
  • On the walls of these buildings, writings have been done taken from the holy ‘Quran’.
  • On the ‘Allai Darwaza’ which was built in the period of Alauddin Khalji, red stone and white marble has been used.
  • In many buildings pillars have been used.

Question 3.
Which are the temples of the Southern India?
Answer:

  • Raj Rajeshwar Temple built by Chola King Rajraja.
  • Gangaikondcholpuram temple built by the Chola king Rajendra I.
  • The Kailash Temple in Ellora built by Rashtrakuta rulers.
  • Brihadeshwara Temple in Tanjavur.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 12 Monumental Architecture

Question 4.
Why Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan is calledi the ‘Prince of Builders’?
Answer:
Shah Jahan was very fond of building structures. All the buildings built by him have a special place from the viewpoint of art and beauty. In Agra he built Jahangir Mahal, Rani Jodhabai palace, Moti Masjid of Red Fort and Taj Mahal, etc. Taj Mahal is one of the most beautiful buildings of the world and is on the bank of river Yamuna. He built the Red Fort where he built many buildings like Diwan-i-Aam, Diwan-i-Khas, Moti Masjid, etc. Besides, he also built a throne for himself which was studded with diamonds and is known as Takht-e-Taus. Because of all these features, he is called the ‘Prince of Architecture’.

II. Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
The Qutab Minar was completed by _________
Answer:
Qutab-ud-din Aibak/Iltutmish

Question 2.
_________ near Agra, was built by Akbar as his new capital.
Answer:
Fatehpur Sikri

Question 3.
The Buland Darwaja is situated in _________
Answer:
Fatehpur Sikri

Question 4.
Taj Mahal was built by in the memory of _________
Answer:
Shah Jahan/Mumtaz Mahal

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 12 Monumental Architecture

Question 5.
Jahangir built _________
Answer:
Akbar’s Tomb in Sikandra.

III. Write True or False for each statement:

Question 1.
Turks and Afghans introduced new styles and techniques of architecture in India.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
The temples at Khajuraho were built by the rulers of the Chandella dynasty.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Ala-ud-din Khalji built a new capital at Siri.
Answer:
False

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 12 Monumental Architecture

Question 4.
Muhammad Tughlaq built Tughlaqabad.
Answer:
False

Question 5.
The Dravidian style of architecture was used in the Chola temples.
Answer:
True

IV. Activities

Question 1.
Collect pictures of the monumental architecture of the Mughal period and paste them in your notebook.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Question 2.
Draw the Taj Mahal.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Guide Monumental Architecture Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
A Style of architecture in which roofs, doors and windows made by placing a horizontal beam across two vertical columns was known as
(a) Trabeate
(b) Superstructure
(c) Substructure
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Trabeate.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 12 Monumental Architecture

Question 2.
_________ were attached to the teinples, mosques, tombs and in buildings between 8th and 13th centuries.
(a) Substructures
(b) Baolis
(c) Gardens
(d) Chahar Bagh.
Answer:
(b) Baolis.

Question 3.
Who constructed Kandariya Mahadeva Temple?
(a) Rajarajadeva King
(b) King Srimara Shrivallabha
(c) King Dhangadeva
(d) King Sena-I.
Answer:
(c) King Dhangadeva.

Question 4.
Who destroyed the temple of Somnath?
(a) Muhammad Ghori
(b) Mahmud Ghaznavi
(c) Sena-I
(d) Sena-II.
Answer:
(b) Mahmud Ghaznavi.

Question 5.
Which of these Mughal emperor was personally interested in art and architecture?
(a) Akbar
(b) Jahangir
(c) Shahjahan
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 12 Monumental Architecture

Question 6.
Who was a great lover of construction of buildings?
(a) Shahjahan
(b) Mahmud Ghaznavi
(c) Babur
(d) Humayun.
Answer:
(a) Shahjahan.

Question 7.
Who built the Taj Mahal?
(a) Babur
(b) Akbar
(c) Shahjahan
(d) Jahangir.
Answer:
(c) Shahjahan.

Question 8.
Who described his interest in planning and laying out formal gardens, placed within rectangular walled enclosures and divided into four quarters by artificial channels?
(a) Shahjahan
(b) Babur
(c) Akbar
(d) Humayun.
Answer:
(b) Babur.

Question 9.
Who constructed court in Red Fort which emphasised connection between royal justice and imperial court?
(a) Babur
(b) Akbar
(c) Shahjahan
(d) Jahangir.
Answer:
(c) Shahjahan.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 12 Monumental Architecture

Question 10.
Who built the city of Fatehpur Sikri?
(a) Akbar
(b) Shahjahan
(c) Babur
(d) Jahangir
Answer:
(a) Akbar.

Match the following columns :

Question 1.

A B
1. Lingaraja Temple (i) Bhubneshwar
2. Birhadeshvara Temple (ii) Delhi
3. Adhai Din Ka Jhonpara (iii) Fatehpur Sikri
4. Adina Masjid (iv) Khajuraho
5. Humayun’s Tomb (v) Madurai
6. Moti Masjid (vi) Agra.
7. Red Fort (vii) Tanjavur
8. Taj Mahal (viii) Ajmer.

Answers :

A B
1. Lingaraja Temple (i) Bhubneshwar
2. Birhadeshvara Temple (vii) Tanjavur
3. Adhai Din Ka Jhonpara (viii) Ajmer.
4. Adina Mosque (ii) Delhi
5. Humayun’s Tomb (ii) Delhi
6. Moti Masjid (vi) Agra.
7. Red Fort (ii) Delhi
8. Taj Mahal (vi) Agra.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which is the largest statue in the world?
Answer:
In Karnataka, a statue of Sharavanbelgola is located at Gomateshvara.

Question 2.
Give a list of temples of North India built from 806-1200 A.D.
Answer:

  1. Jagannath Puri Temple.
  2. Lingaraja Temple of Bhubneshwar.
  3. Sun temple at Konark.
  4. Tejpal Temple at Mount Abu.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 12 Monumental Architecture

Question 3.
Describe briefly the Birhadeshvara temple of Tanjavur.
Answer:
It is a magnificent example of temple construction in South India. This Lord Shiva temple was built by King Raj Raja I. The main door of this temple is known as ‘Gopuram’. Its height is almost 94 meters.

Question 4.
Describe briefly the Kailash temple at Ellora.
Answer:
This temple is a beautiful example of the building art of Rashtrakuta kings. It was built by Rashtrakuta King Krishna I. This temple has been cut out of rocks. This temple is considered one of the wonders of the world.

Question 5.
Name two buildings built by Mughal Emperor Jahangir.
Answer:
In Sikandara he built Akbar’s Tomb and in Agra, he built Itmad-ud-Daulah’s Tomb.

Question 6.
Shah Jahan built many other buildings besides Taj Mahal. Describe briefly.
Answer:
Shah Jahan built the following buildings besides Taj Mahal:
1. Red Fort: It was built by Shah Jahan in Delhi near the banks of Yamuna in 1639. It is made of red stone. In this castle, there are many beautiful buildings called ‘Rang Mahal’, ‘Diwan-i-Aam’, ‘Diwan-i-Khas’, ‘Shah Burj’ and ‘Khwab-Gah’. It has been decorated with valuable stones, diamonds, gold and silver.

2. Moti Masjid: Moti Masjid has been bruit by Shah Jahan in the Red Fort of Agra. It is made of marble and the expenditure was 3 lakh rupees.

3. Musamman Burj: It is also made of marble. It is very beautiful and looks clearly from Taj Mahal.

4. Shahjahanabad: In 1639 A.D., Shah Jahan founded Shahjahanabad. To make this city, skilled workers were brought from far and wide.

5. Jama Masjid: This is one of the biggest mosques of India. It took 10 years to build it.

6. Jahangir’s Tomb: This tomb was built in Shahdara (Pakistan). It was decorated with marble.

7. Peacock Crown Throne of Shah Jahan: It is placed in Diwan-i-Khas. It is known as Takhat-i-Taus. It is made up of marble. It took 7 years to build it and one crore was the expenditure. In 1739 A.D., Nadir Shah took it to Iran.
Besides the above, Delhi’s Shalimar Bagh and Kashmir’s Wazir Bagh are also very famous.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 12 Monumental Architecture

Question 7.
How did regional kingdoms contribute to architecture?
Answer:
In regional kings we can name the Bahmani kings and Vijaynagar kings :

  1. The Bahmani rulers built Jama Masjid, Char Minar, Madrasa of Mahmud Gawan. In Gulbarga, the tomb of Ferozshah is a beautiful example of building style.
  2. The kings from Vijaynagar made Hajara Rama and Vithal Swami Mandir.
  3. Besides Bahmani and Vijaynagar kings the Jaunpur ruler also built important monuments. The Atala mosque built by them is very famous.

Question 8.
Describe the main features of North India’s temples.
Answer:
From 800 to 1200 A.D., many temples were built in north India. The features are as under :

  • These temples were built in Nagar style. The Khajuraho Temple of Madhya Pradesh is a magnificent piece of Nagar art style.
  • The Tejpal Temple of Mount Abu in Rajashan and other temples have been built in white marble. These temples show the best artistic skill.
  • On the internal sidewalls of the temples beautiful statues have been carved. Whereas, outer side walls are plane.

Question 9.
Write short notes on the following :
1. Monuments constructed by Akbar.
Answer:
Monuments constructed by Akbar. Akbar was a lover of architecture. He built many forts and buildings where red stone was used. The buildings built by Akbar include Jama Masjid, Panch Mahal, Diwan-i-Khas and Diwan-i-Aam. After the victory of Gujarat, he built ‘Buland Darwaza’. His buildings are built on the style of Irani and Hindu building style.

2. Importance of temples in South India.
Answer:
Importance of temples in South India :

  • Raj Rajeshwar Temple built by Chola King Rajraja.
  • Gangaikondcholpuram temple built by the Chola king Rajendra I.
  • The Kailash Temple in Ellora built by Rashtrakuta rulers.
  • Brahdeshwar Temple in Tanjavur.

3. The Taj Mahal.
Answer:
The Taj Mahal. Taj Mahal is the most beautiful building built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. It is located on the banks of river Yamuna. It was built by Shah Jahan in the memory of his beloved wife Begum Mumtaz Mahal. To built the Taj Mahal almost 20,000 workers worked for twenty two years and almost 3 crores were spent as expenditure. Taj Mahal is a beautiful mixture of many building styles. It is made of white marble and decorated with almost 20 types of valuable stones brought from different countries. Because, of its beauty it is counted among the seven wonders of the world.

Question 10.
Make list of the monuments constructed during the Delhi Sultanate.
Answer:
The description is as follows :
1. Monuments by the slave dynasty: Qutab-ud-din built a mosque named Quwat- ul-Islam in Delhi. It has writings from the Holy Quran. In Ajmer he built a mosque named Dhai-Din-Ka-Jhompra. He also started the construction of Qutab Minar near Mahroli in Delhi. But because of his death, the construction could not be completed. Afterwards, his successor Iltutmish completed it. The 70-metre high building has five storeys.

2. Monuments in the period of Ala-ud-din Khalji: The ‘Alai Darwaza’ is the most famous building built by Ala-ud-din Khalji. This door is made up of red stone and white marble. Ala-ud-din Khalji also built a palace with 1000 pillars, Hauz-i- Khas, and a mosque named Jamait Khana.

3. Monuments by Tughlaq rulers:

  • Giasuddin Tughlaq built a city called Tughlaqabad near Delhi.
  • Muhammed-bin-Tughlaq built a city named Jahanpanah.
  • The cities founded by Ferozshah Tughlaq include Firozabad, Firoza, Hisar, and Jaunpur. He built many mosques, schools, bridges, etc.

4. Buildings by Lodhis and Sayyid: These Sultans made tombs of Mubarak Shah and Muhammad Shah. The tomb of Sikandar Lodhi, Bara Gumbad, etc, was built during the Lodhi period.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 3 Development of Sikh Religion (1539-1581)

by

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 3 Development of Sikh Religion (1539-1581) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 3 Development of Sikh Religion (1539-1581)

SST Guide for Class 9 PSEB Development of Sikh Religion (1539-1581) Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
Which Guru Ji started the construction work of the Baoli at Goindwal
(a) Guru Angad Dev Ji
(b) Guru Amar Das Ji.
(c) Guru Ram Das Ji
(d) Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:
(a) Guru Angad Dev Ji.

Question 2.
What was the total number of Manjidars?
(a) 20
(b) 21
(c) 22
(d) 23.
Answer:
(c) 22.

Question 3.
To which Guru Sahib did Mughal flmperor Akbar come to meet at Goindwal Sahib?
(a) Guru Nanak Dev Ji
(b) Guru Angad Dev Ji
(c) Guru Amar Das Ji
(d) Guru Ram Das Ji.
Answer:
(c) Guru Amar Das Ji.

Question 4.
Where did Bhai Lehna Ji go to see Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
(a) Shri Amritsar Sahib
(b) Kartarpur
(c) Goindwal
(d) Lahore.
Answer:
(b) Kartarpur.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 3 Development of Sikh Religion (1539-1581)

Question 5.
To which of his sons did Guru Ram Das Ji entrust the Gurugaddi?
(a) Prithichand
(6) Mahadev
(c) Arjundev
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Arjundev.

II. Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
Shri Guru Angad Dev Ji wrote __________ in Gurmukhi script.
Answer:
Bal Bodh

Question 2.
__________ used to visit Haridwar for taking dip in the holy Ganga.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji

Question 3.
__________ constructed Baoli at Goindwal Sahib.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji

Question 4.
Shri Guru Ram Das Ji established __________city.
Answer:
Ramdaspur (Amritsar)

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 3 Development of Sikh Religion (1539-1581)

Question 5.
The Bani ‘Laavan’ is the famous composition of Guru __________
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji.

III. Match the following :

Question 1.

A

B
1. Baba Buddha Ji (i) Amrit Sarovar
2. Masand System (ii) Shri Guru Ram Das Ji
3. Bhai Lehna Ji (iii) Shri Guru Angad Dev Ji
4. Manji System (iv) Shri Guru Amar Das Ji

Answer:

A

B
1. Baba Buddha Ji (iv) Shri Guru Amar Das Ji
2. Masand System (ii) Shri Guru Ram Das Ji
3. Bhai Lehna Ji (iii) Shri Guru Angad Dev Ji
4. Manji System (i) Amrit Sarovar

Differentiate between the following :

Question 1.
Sangat and Pangat
Answer:
Sangat: Sangat is the group of the followers of the Guru who sit together to follow the preachings of the Guru.
Pangat: According to Pangat, all the followers of the Guru used to eat collectively the food made in the common kitchen.

IV. Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What was the earlier name of Guru Angad Dev Ji?
Answer:
Bhai Lehna was the earlier name of Guru Angad Dev Ji.

Question 2.
What do you mean by Gurmukhi?
Answer:
The meaning of Gurmukhi is the words uttered by the Guru. Presently all the religious books of the Sikhs are in this language.

Question 3.
Who was known as a Manjidar?
Answer:
The head of the Manji was known as a Manjidar. They acted as a bridge between Guru Ji and the Sikh Sangat.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 3 Development of Sikh Religion (1539-1581)

Question 4.
What was the old name of Amritsar?
Answer:
The old name of Amritsar was Ramdaspura.

Question 5.
What was the real name of Guru Ram Das Ji?
Answer:
Bhai Jetha Ji was the real name of Guru Ram Das Ji.

Question 6.
What do you understand by Masand System?
Answer:
Guru Ramdass Ji needed a large amount of money to complete the construction work of ponds (Sarovars) of Amritsar and Santokhsar. Therefore, Guru Sahib started Masand System. Guru Sahib deputed his trusted Sikh devotees to go to far off places to spread the message of Sikh religion and collect donations. Such devotees were called Masands. These Masands successfully spread the message of Sikhism and collected large donations. This system played a major role in the spread of Sikh religion to far off places. The Masand system proved to be a link between the Sikh devotees and Guru Sahib and established an emotional bond between them.

V. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a note on Manji System.
Answer:
The Manji System was founded by Guru Amar Das Ji. The number of the Sikh followers had increased immensely by the time of Guru Amar Das Ji. However, Guru Amar Das Ji was very old and it was difficult for him to visit his large spiritual empire of Sikh followers in order to spread his teachings. Hence, Guru Sahib divided his spiritual empire into 22 regions called the Manjis. Each Manji was further divided into Pidees. The Manji System had great significance in the history of Sikh religion.

Question 2.
What was the contribution of Guru Angad Dev Ji in the development of Gurmukhi Script?
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji made improvements in the Gurumukhi Script. In order to popularise Gurmukhi, Guru Sahib wrote Bal Bodh to help the children learn the alphabet of Gurmukhi. The Gurmukhi was a common language of the people of the region. It helped in the promotion of Sikh religion. All the religious literature of Sikhism is written in Gurmukhi script.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 3 Development of Sikh Religion (1539-1581)

Question 3.
Write a short note on the social reforms of Guru Amar Das Ji.
Answer:
Guru Ji did the following social reforms :

  • Guru Amar Das Ji criticised the caste system. Guru Ji believed that caste based differences were against the wishes of the Supreme God. That’s why the langar system of Guru Ji does not keep any discrimination of caste system.
  • Another social evil of Sati system prevailed during those days. Guru Ji strongly opposed the evil of Sati System.
  • Guru Ji strongly criticised the Purdah system prevalent among the women. Guru Sahib considered purdah as the main hindrance in the development of society.
  • Guru Ji was against the use of intoxicants. That is why Guru Ji instructed the Sikhs to remain away from the intoxicants.

Question 4.
Write a note on the founding of Amritsar.
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji founded Ramdaspura. This city is now called Amritsar. Guru Ram Das Ji had started the work of digging of two sarovars (ponds) called Amritsar and Santokhsar in 1577 A.D. Guru Sahib found that it was difficult to look after the work of construction of the ponds from Goindwal. Hence, Guru Sahib decided to camp at the site of construction at Amritsar. His followers started visiting him at his camping sight and some of them also stayed there, which led to the rise of a small township. This township was lovingly named Ramdaspur, Guru Ram Das Ji tried to provide all the amenities to his followers who were staying there because of their devotion to him. Guru Sahib also established a small market there. That market became popular as ‘Market of Guru Ji’ or ‘Guru ka Bazaar’. In this manner, the city became an important place of pilgrimage and trading centre for the Sikhs and contributed in a significant way to the growth of Sikh religion.

VI. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Shri Guru Angad Dev Ji contributed significantly towards the development of Sikhism. Discuss.
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji became the second Guru of the Sikh religion in 1539 after Guru Nanak Dev Ji. His period proved to be a blessing for the Sikh religion.

Guru Sahib contributed to the development of the Sikh religion in the following manner :
1. Improvement in Gurmukhi Script. Guru Angad Dev Ji made improvement, in Gurmukhi script in order to popularise Gurmukhi. Guru Sahib wanted to help the children learn the alphabet of Gurmukhi. The Gurmukhi was a common language of the people of the region. It helped in the promotion of Sikh religion. All the religious literature of Sikhism is written in Gurmukhi script.

2. The Janam Sakhi of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Angad Dev Ji instructed Bhai Bala Ji to write the Janam Sakhi of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Sahib also collected all the sayings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. It helped the Sikhs to follow the true path shown by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Sahib himself also wrote Vani in line with the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

3. The Langar System. Guru Angad Dev Ji continued the Langar system with full devotion. Langar was served to all the people without any distinction based on caste system. It helped in decreasing the feelings of inequality based on caste system and helped in spreading the message of Sikh religion.

4. Separating the Udasis from the Sikhs. The elder son of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Bhai Sri Chand had established the Udasi sect. He’had popularised asceticism (Sanyas). The idea of asceticism was against the fundamental teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Angad Dev Ji made it clear to his followers that the Sikh religion is a religion of householders. There was no place for ascetics (Sanyasis) in it. Guru Sahib declared that those Sikhs, who believed in asceticism, were not true Sikhs. In this manner, by separating Udasis from the Sikh community, Guru Sahib strengthened the Sikh religion.

5. Laid the foundation of Goindwal. Guru Angad Dev Ji founded the city of Goindwal. This city became an important Sikh religious centre during the period of Guru Amar Das Ji. Even today, it is one of the most important religious centres of Sikhism.

6. Enforced Discipline. Guru Angad Dev Ji maintained strict discipline in his Sikh community. He turned out Bhai Satta and Bhai Balwand out of Sikh Sangat for breaking discipline. However, on the request of Bhai Laddha, Guru Sahib pardoned them. This episode served as a warning to the indisciplined elements in the Sikh community.

It is true that Guru Angad Dev Ji had given a distinct identity to the Sikh religion by making improvements in Gurumukhi script. The Sikh followers got their own separate script and language. The langar system freed the Sikh religion from the influence of caste system. It helped Sikh religion to establish its own separate identity different from the Hindu religion. All the credit goes to Guru Angad Dev Ji for all such developments which made Sikh religion a distinct religion.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 3 Development of Sikh Religion (1539-1581)

Question 2.
What is the contribution of Shri Guru Amar Das Ji towards the development of Sikh religion?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji occupies an important place in the history of Sikh religion. The seeds of the religion which Guru Nanak Dev Ji had sowed, sprouted during the period of Guru Angad Dev Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji raised a fence around the new religion and saved it from getting absorbed into Hindu religion. Guru Amar Das Ji helped the Sikh community to adopt new customs and traditions in their social life, which developed the real traits of Sikh religion. They were different from the social customs and .traditions of the Hindu religion. No doubt, Guru Sahib was a great divine soul. Payne, a scholar, called him an aggressive reformer. Another scholar has praised Guru Sahib as a genius and a man of justice. It is a historical fact that it was during his period that Sikh religion established its distinctive identity.

A brief survey of the work of Guru Amar Das Ji is as follows :
1. Construction of Baoli at Goindwal. Guru Amar Das Ji completed the construction work of Baoli at Goindwal which was started during the period of Guru Angad Dev Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji constructed 84 steps in the Baoli. Guru Sahib said that a Sikh could get freedom from the cycle of births and deaths covering 84 lakh forms of lives by reciting the hymns of Jupji Sahib on each step. The Baoli of Goindwal became an important place of pilgrimage for the Sikhs.

2. Langar System. Guru Amar Das Ji also made the Langar system popular which helped further in the spread of Sikhism. Guru Sahib made some more rules for Langar System. As per the new rules, whosoever wanted to earn the benefit of participation in Sangat, he must partake Langar with the rest of the Sangat before joining it in the presence of Guru Sahib. While partaking food in the Langar, Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishs, Shudras, Kings, common men and people of all castes and tribes sat in one row and partook food.

Langar system propagated the message of Sikh religion in a more forceful and effective manner. It ended the discrimination based on castes. It developed the feelings of unity and equality in the Sikh Sangat. As a consequence, it bound the Sikhs into a strong bond of unity.

3. Collection of the Sayings of Guru Sahiban. Guru Angad Dev collected the true Vani’ of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and added his own Vani’ also. Guru Angad Dev Ji entrusted the sacred collection to Guru Amar Das Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji also composed his ‘Vani’ and added to the collection. In this manner, the true ‘Vani’ was preserved in a pure form and later found place in the ‘Adi Granth Sahib’. The grandson of Guru Amar Das Ji, Guru Arjan Dev Ji accomplished the ultimate task.

4. Manji System. The number of followers of Sikhism had increased manifold by the time of Guru Amar Das Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji found it difficult to reach all his disciples who were spread over a large area. Guru Sahib divided his spiritual territory into 22 regions. Each region was called a ‘Manji’. Each Manji was a centre of religious preaching and Guru Sahib appointed learned and reliable Sikh devotees to control each Manji.

The establishment of Manji system was an important step in the systematic organisation of the Sikh religion. G.C. Narang in his book ‘Transformation of Sikhism’, remarks that the introduction of Manji System by Guru Sahib, had strengthened the Sikh religion and contributed to the spread of Guru’s divine message in different regions of the country in a more effective way.

5. Separation of Sikhs from the Udasis. The Udasi sect of Bhai Sri Chand had also become popular in the early period of Guru Amar Das Ji’s Guru-gaddi. There was a possibility of Sikh religion losing its identity by being merged with the Udasi sect. It is recognised by. many historians that Guru Amar Das Ji had judged the situation and strongly spoken against the main principles of asceticism of Udasi sect, which were against the principles of Sikh religion as founded by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji helped the Sikh Sangat to understand clearly that they would not be able to become true Sikhs, if they adopted the principles of Udasi sect. In this manner, because of the efforts of Guru Amar Das Ji, the Sikh religion maintained its separate identity and flourished.

6. Separate Sikh Ceremonies. Guru Amar Das Ji instructed the Sikhs to discontinue useless customs and traditions. Among the Hindus, it was a tradition of weeping and crying over the death of one’s near ones. Guru Sahib advised his disciples to meditate on God in such situations in one’s life instead , of performing useless ceremonies and rites. Guru Sahib also started a new ceremony for marriage, which was called Anand Karaj.

7. Composition of Anand Sahib. Guru Sahib composed a new Vani which is called ‘Anand Sahib’. Anand Sahib ended the importance of Vedic hymns for the Sikhs and gave them their own sacred literature.

Thus, the period of Guru Amar Das Ji’s Guru-gaddi and his sacred literature occupy the most important place in the history of Sikh religion. Guru Sahib constructed a Baoli, introduced Manji System, elaborated the Langar System, and introduced new traditions and customs in the Sikh religion which was well-organised during his days.

Question 3.
What is the contribution of Shri Guru Ram Das Ji towards the development of Sikhism?
Answer:
The fourth Guru Sahib of Sikh religion was Guru Ram Das Ji. Guru Sahib made the contribution to the growth of Sikh religion given ahead :
1. Laid the foundation of Amritsar City. Guru Ram Das Ji laid on the land bought during the period of Guru Amar Das Ji, the foundation of a city called Ramdaspur. Presently, it is called Amritsar. In 1577, when Guru Sahib started construction work on the two ponds (Sarovars) called Amritsar and Santokhsar, he found that it was not easy to supervise the construction of ponds from Goindwal. Guru Sahib encamped at the construction site. His Sikh devotees also came after him and pitched their tents around the ponds.

The camping place developed into a small settlement. That settlement became popular as Ramdaspur. Guru Sahib wanted to provide every facility to his devotees who had followed him to the place out of love for him. Guru Sahib, therefore, invited 52 merchants belonging to 52 different trades and provided all the things required by the settlers. They set up a type of Bazaar which is now called Guru Ka Bazaar. The city soon acquired the status of an important place of pilgrimage for the Sikhs. They stopped visiting the places of Hindu pilgrimage.

2. Introduction of Masand System. Guru Ram Das Ji needed a large amount of money to complete the construction work of ponds (Sarovars) of Amritsar and Santokhsar. Therefore, Guru Sahib started Masand System. Guru Sahib deputed his trusted Sikh devotees to go to far off places to spread the message of Sikh religion and collect donations. Such devotees were called Masands. These Masands successfully spread the message of Sikhism and collected large donations. This system played a major role in the spread of Sikh religion to far off places. The Masand system proved to be a link between the Sikh devotees and Guru Sahib and established an emotional bond between them.

3. End of the Conflict with the Udasis. Guru Angad Dev Ji and Guru Amar Das Ji had separated Udasi sect from the Sikh community but Guru Ram Das Ji adopted a kind attitude towards the Udasi sect. According to a tradition, once Bhai Sri Chand, the founder of Udasi sect came to meet Guru Ram Das Ji. During his meeting, Bhai Sri Chand asked Guru Sahib that why he had kept a long beard. Guru Sahib gave an answer full of humility when he said that his beard was meant to dust the feet of great personalities like Bhai Sri Chand. Bhai Sri Chand was highly impressed by the answer of Guru Sahib and he accepted Guru Sahib as superior to him. In this manner, the conflict between the Udasi sect and the Sikh community ended. It immensely helped in the spread of Sikh religion.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 3 Development of Sikh Religion (1539-1581)

Question 4.
How did Sikhism flourish with the establishment of the new cities and the new traditions by the Gurus?
Answer:
The Guru Sahiban founded many cities for the spread of the Sikh religion and prosperity of their devotees. One of the main aims of founding the new cities was to provide separate places of pilgrimage to the Sikhs which could be exclusively used by them for the fulfilment of their religious needs.

They created a spirit of unity among them. A brief survey of the cities founded during the Guru periods is as given ahead :
1. Goindwal. Guru Angad Dev Ji founded the city of Goindwal. The city started developing as a religious centre since 1546, the year of its foundation. Guru Sahib entrusted the development of the city to his follower Amar Das Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji had constructed Baoli Sahib during the period of Guru Angad Dev Ji. Gradually, Goindwal became an important religious centre for the Sikhs. Presently, it is one of the most important and sacred religious places for the Sikhs.

2. Ramdaspur. Guru Ram Das Ji laid the foundation of Ramdaspur. Presently, it is called Amritsar. In 1577, Guru Sahib started work on the two ponds (Sarovars) called Amritsar and Santokhsar. Guru Sahib found that it was not easy to supervise the work of construction of the ponds from Goindwal. So Guru Sahib camped at the construction site. His Sikh devotees also came after him and pitched their tents around the ponds. The camping place developed into a small settlement. That settlement became popular as Ramdaspur. Guru Sahib was anxious to provide every facility to his devotees who had followed him to the place out of love for him. Guru Sahib, therefore, invited 52 merchants belonging to 52 different trades, and provided all the necessary things of daily life to the settlers. A type of bazaar sprang up which is now called Guru Ka Bazaar. The city soon became an important centre of pilgrimage for the Sikhs. They stopped visiting the places of Hindu pilgrimage.

3. Tarn Taran. Guru Arjan Dev Ji laid the foundation of the city of Tarn Taran in the region surrounded by the rivers Beas and Ravi. Guru Sahib had laid its foundation in 1590. The city of Tarn Taran has great importance in the history of Sikhs. Tarn Taran is a very important centre of pilgrimage just like Amritsar. Thousands of Sikh pilgrims come to take a dip in the Sarovar (tank) at Tarn Taran regularly. The city attracted the Jats of Majha region who hecame the followers of the Sikh religion. The Jats of Majha region recorded their name in the history of the region for their valour and courage which they demonstrated in the battles from time to time.

4. Kartarpur. In 1593, Guru Arjan Dev Ji founded a city in Jalandhar Doab and named it Kartarpur, meaning a ‘City of God’. Guru Sahib also got dug a well at Kartarpur which became popular as Gangsar. The city became a major centre of preaching of Sikh religion for Jalandhar Doab region.

5. Hargobindpur and Chheratta. In order to celebrate the birth of his son Hargobind Ji, Guru Arjan Dev Ji founded a city on the banks of river Beas and called it Hargobindpur. In addition to that, Guru Sahib got dug a well near Amritsar to overcome the shortage of water in the region. Guru Sahib got manufactured six pulleys (rehat) to draw water from the well. Therefore, the city became popular as Chheratta while referring to the six pulleys. Gradually, the settlement at Chheratta grew into a city and it still reminds us of the activities of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

6. Chak Nanaki. Guru Hargobind Ji laid the foundation of Chak Nanaki near Kiratpur. Guru Sahib had bought land for this city on June 19, 1665 for Rs. 500.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Guide Development of Sikh Religion (1539-1581) Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
Which Guru laid the foundation of Baoli at Goindwal?
(a) Guru Arjan Dev Ji
(b) Guru Nanak Dev Ji
(c) Guru Angad Dev Ji
(d) Guru Teg Bahadur Ji.
Answer:
(c) Guru Angad Dev Ji.

Question 2.
Guru Ram Das Ji founded the city of
(a) Amritsar
(b) Jalandhar
(c) Kiratpur Sahib
(d) Goindwall Sahib.
Answer:
(a) Amritsar.

Question 3.
Guru Angad Dev Ji became the second Guru in A.D.
(a) 1479
(b) 1539
(c) 1548
(d) 1670.
Answer:
(b) 1539.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 3 Development of Sikh Religion (1539-1581)

Question 4.
Guru Angad Dev Ji left this world in A.D.
(a) 1552
(b) 1538
(c) 1546
(d) 14 1$,
Answer:
(a) 1552.

Question 5.
Guru Amar Das Ji left this world in A.D.
(a) 1564
(b) 1538
(c) 1546
(d) 1574.
Answer:
(d) 1574.

Question 6.
Which Guru Sahib made Guru-gaddi hereditary?
(a) Guru Amar Das Ji
(b) Guru Ram Das Ji
(c) Guru Gobind Singh Ji
(d) Guru Teg Bahadur Ji.
Answer:
(b) Guru Ram Das Ji.

Fill in the blanks:

Question 1.
The earlier name of Guru __________ was Bhai Lehna.
Answer:
Angad Sahib

Question 2.
__________ was the fourth Guru of Sikhs.
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji

Question 3.
Guru Angad Dev Ji founded the city of
Answer:
Goindwal

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 3 Development of Sikh Religion (1539-1581)

Question 4.
The Mughal Emperor met Guru Amar Das Ji at Goindwal.
Answer:
Akbar

Question 5.
__________ was the third Guru of Sikhs.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji

Question 6.
Udasi Sect was started by __________ the elder son of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:
Baba Srichand

Question 7.
Manji System was established by __________
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the Guru who was earlier known as Bhai Lehna Ji.
Answer:
Bhai Lehna Ji was the earlier name of Guru Angad Dev Ji.

Question 2.
Define Langar System.
Answer:
The Langar System or Pangat refers to that tradition by which all the people without any distinction, like caste, religion, etc. sat in one row and partook food. Guru Amar Das Ji had made a rule according to which no body would come in his presence without first partaking food in the Pangat.

Question 3.
Name the Guru who laid the foundation of Baoli at Goindwal Sahib.
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev ji laid the foundation of a large well (Baoli) in Goindwal.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 3 Development of Sikh Religion (1539-1581)

Question 4.
Name the Guru whom Akhar visited.
Answer:
Akbar Met Guru Amar Das Ji at Goindwal.

Question 5.
Write two objectives of the Masand System.
Answer:
The two aims of Masand System were as follows :
1. To collect the donations for the development work relating to Sikh religion.
2. To organise the Sikhs.

Question 6.
Who was the fourth Guru of the Sikhs? Which city was founded by him?
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji was the fourth Guru of the Sikhs and Guru Sahib built the city of Ramdaspur (Amritsar).

Question 7.
What do you know about Langar System?
Answer:
The Langar System or Pangat was started by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Angad Dev Ji continued the system with full devotion. This system proved to be a powerful agency for popularising the Sikh religion.

Question 8.
What was preached by Guru Angad Dev Ji to the Sikhs through the Sangat System?
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji gave the message of peace and brotherhood and dealt a severe blow to the caste system among the Sikhs.

Question 9.
What was the contribution of Guru Angad Dev Ji towards Langar system?
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji further promoted the Langar system or Pangat, which was established by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. This system worked with the voluntary support of his Sikh followers. Bibi Khiwi, wife of Guru Angad Dev Ji, managed the Pangat System with full devotion.

Question 10.
Write about the wrestling grounds established by Guru Angad Dev Ji.
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji believed that the physical fitness was essential for the intellectual development of the Sikhs. That’s why he established wrestling grounds.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 3 Development of Sikh Religion (1539-1581)

Question 11.
What do you know about Goindwal Sahib?
Answer:
The city of Goindwal is situated on the bank of river Beas. Guru Amar Das Ji constructed here a baoli, a large oblong tank of water. In the course of time, Goindwal became an important centre of Sikh pilgrimage.

Question 12.
Write the views of Guru Amar Das Ji about Caste System.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji was strongly against untouchability and discrimination based on Caste System (Jati System).

Question 13.
What were the views of Guru Amar Das Ji about the Sati System?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji strongly criticised the practice of Sati.

Question 14.
How was Goindwal Sahib founded by Guru Amar Das Ji? How was it different from other religious places?
Answer:
Goindwal was different from the other religious places in many ways.

  • The city was built with the voluntary service (Kar sewa) of the Sikhs.
  • The Sikh devotees had no faith in the worship of any god or goddess or any priest in the city.

Question 15.
What reforms did Guru Amar Das Ji introduce for marriage, birth and death ceremonies?
Answer:

  1. Guru Amar Das Ji replaced the ceremony of Pheras (going around the fire pit in Hindu marriage) with the ceremony of Lavan in Sikh marriage.
  2. Guru Sahib started the ceremony of singing the ‘Anand Vani’ at the time of birth and marriage.

Question 16.
Write about the importance of Ramdaspur or Amritsar.
Answer:
The Sikhs got their own city of pilgrimage and an important business centre with the founding of Ramdaspur or Amritsar.

Question 17.
Write about the importance of the meeting between Guru Ram Das Ji and the Mughal emperor Akbar.
Answer:
Friendly relations developed between Guru Ram Das Ji and Akbar when Akbar met Guru Sahib at Goindwal.

Question 18.
Name the parents of Guru Angad Dev Ji.
Answer:
The name of father of Guru Angad Dev Ji was PheTuman and name of the mother was Sabrai Devi.

Question 19.
To whom was Bhai Lehna married?
Answer:
Bhai Lehna (Guru Angad Dev Ji) was married to Bibi Khivi.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 3 Development of Sikh Religion (1539-1581)

Question 20.
Who established the Udasi Sect?
Answer:
Baba Sri Chand, the elder son of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, established the Udasi Sect.

Question 21.
Which place was the centre of religious activities of Guru Angad Dev Ji?
Answer:
Khadoor Sahib in Amritsar district.

Question 22.
Where and when was Guru Amar Das Ji born?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji was born in 1479 A.D. in village Basarke in district Amritsar.

Question 23.
Describe one difficulty which Guru Amar Das Ji faced on occupying Guru-gaddi.
Answer:
He was faced with the opposition of Bhai Dattu and Bhai Dasu.

Question 24.
How many children did Guru Amar Das Ji have?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji had two sons and two daughters.

Question 25.
How many steps were constructed in the Baoli (Large Well) at Goindwal?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji got constructed 84 steps in the Baoli at Goindwal.

Question 26.
Which Guru Sahib had started Manji System?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji had started the Manji System.

Question 27.
Write about any one major contributions of Guru Amar Das Ji for the spread of Sikh religion.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji got completed the construction of Goindwal.

Question 28.
Which three festivals were selected by Guru Amar Das Ji for the Sikh community to celebrate?
Answer:
Baisakhi, Maghi, and Diwali.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 3 Development of Sikh Religion (1539-1581)

Question 29.
When did Guru Amar Das Ji make the final union with the Divine Power?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji made the final union with the Divine Power in 1574.

Question 30.
Who had made the Guru-gaddi hereditary?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji declared that after Guru Ram Das Ji, the Guru-gaddi will be hereditary.

Question 31.
What was the name of the wife of Guru Ram Das Ji?
Answer:
The name of the wife of Guru Ram Das Ji was Bibi Bhani.

Question 32.
Write about any one important contribution made by Guru Ram Das Ji for the spread of Sikh religion.
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji founded and developed the holy city of Amritsar.

Question 33.
What was the earlier name of the holy city of Amritsar?
Answer:
The earlier name of the holy city of Amritsar was Ramdaspur.

Question 34.
Write the names of two Sarovars (Large ponds) constructed by Guru Ram Das Ji.
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji got dug two Sarovars namely Santokhsar and Amritsar.

Question 35.
By what name did the bazaar founded by Guru Ram Das Ji around Amritsar become famous?
Answer:
“Guru ka Bazaar”.

Question 36.
Who started Langar System?
Answer:
Langar system was started by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. .

Question 37.
Name the fourth Guru of the Sikhs.
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 3 Development of Sikh Religion (1539-1581)

Question 38.
Which Guru started the Masand System?
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji.

Question 39.
For which two occasions, Guru Amar Das Ji started new special customs?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji started the ceremony of singing the ‘Anand Vani’ at the time of birth and marriage.

Question 40.
Write any one work done by Guru Amar Das Ji to spread Sikhism.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji started the construction work of a Baoli in Goindwal.

Question 41.
Guru Amar Das Ji instructed the Sikhs to celebrate which three festivals?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji instructed the Sikhs to celebrate Baisakhi, Maghi and Diwali. .

Question 42.
Where did the Sikhs collect to celebrate their festival during the times of Guru Amar Das Ji?
Answer:
They collected at Goindwal.

Question 43.
When did Guru Amar Das Ji leave this world?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji left this world in 1574 A.D.

Question 44.
To which family did Guru Amar Das Ji give Guru-gaddi?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji gave Guru-gaddi to the Sodhi family of Guru Ram Das Ji and Bibi Bhani Ji.

Question 45.
Name the wife of Guru Ram Das Ji.
Answer:
Bibi Bhani was the wife of Guru Ram Das Ji.

Question 46.
Give the names of the sons of Guru .Ram Das Ji.
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji had three sons—Prithi Chand, Mahadev and Arjan Dev.

Question 47.
Write any one function done by Guru Ram Das Ji to spread Sikhism.
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji founded the city of Amritsar which became the most important pilgrimage place of the Sikhs.

Question 48.
What was the earlier name of Amritsar?
Answer:
Ramdaspur was the earlier name of Amritsar.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 3 Development of Sikh Religion (1539-1581)

Question 49.
What was the reason behind founding ‘Guru ka Bazaar’ by Guru Ram Das Ji?
Answer:
Guru Ji wanted to make Amritsar self-reliant. So, Guru Ji invited 52 different traders and founded this Bazaar.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How did Guru Angad Dev Ji separate the Sikhs from the Udasi Sect?
Answer:
Bhai Sri Chand, the elder son of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, had founded the Udasi sect. He praised the life of an ascetic (monk or sanyasi). This idea of spiritual ascetic life was against the fundamental teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Angad Dev Ji made it clear to the Sikhs that the Sikh religion was a religion of the householders and not of the monks who broke the family ties for their spiritual life.

There was no place for ascetics in the Sikh religion. Guru Sahib also declared that a Sikh who adopted a life of an ascetic was not a true Sikh. In this manner, Guru Sahib separated the Sikhs from the Udasis and consolidated the foundations of Sikh religion.

Question 2.
What reforms were introduced in marriage ceremonies by Guru Amar Das Ji?
Answer:
At the time of Guru Amar Das Ji, the influence of caste system was dominating the people of Punjab. The people considered it against their religion to marry outside one’s own caste. Guru Sahib believed that such a tradition had divided the people. Guru Sahib instructed his Sikh followers to break the caste barriers and permitted inter-caste marriages. Guru Sahib also reformed the marriage ceremonies. Guru Sahib started the ceremony of Lavan in place of Pheras. Bhai Jetha Ji (Guru Ram Das Ji) wrote the Lavans on the advice of Guru Amar Das Ji.

Question 3.
Describe the Baoli Sahib (water source) at Goindwal Sahib.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji completed the work of construction of the Baoli at Goindwal, which was started during the period of Guru Angad Dev Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji constructed 84 steps in the Baoli. Guru Sahib told his Sikh followers that whosoever would recite the hymns of ‘Jupji Sahib’ with full devotion on each of the 84 steps, he would become free from the cycle of births and deaths covering 84 lakh types of lives (Yonis) and achieve Moksha (Salvation). Indu Bushan Banerjee says that the Baoli played a significant role in the history of Sikh religion. The Baoli of Goindwal became a popular place of pilgrimage for the Sikhs. The Gurudwara Baoli Sahib stands there. ,

Question 4.
Write about the Anand Sahib.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji had composed fresh Vani called Anand Sahib. Guru Sahib had composed the Anand Sahib at the time of birth Of his grandson named Anand. It has forty hymns. Guru Amar Das Ji instructed his Sikh followers to sing Anand Sahib on the happy occasions in their fives like birth, marriage or any other similar occasion. After the composition of Anand Sahib, the need of Vedic hymns for Sikh community completely ended. The Sikhs sing the hymns of Anand Sahib on the occasions of happiness in their fives upto this day.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 3 Development of Sikh Religion (1539-1581)

Question 5.
Write about the agreement between the Sikhs and the Udasis.
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji and Guru Amar Das Ji had successfully kept the Sikhs away from the Udasi sect. However, Guru Ram Das Ji adopted an attitude of humility and kindness towards the Udasis. It is said that once Bhai Sri Chand, the organiser of the Udasi sect came to meet Guru Ram Das Ji. On meeting Guru Sahib, Bhai Sri Chand asked, “Why have you kept such a long beard 7” Guru Sahib humbly replied, “It is meant to clean the feet of great persons like you.” The answer touched the heart of Bhai Sri Chand and the overwhelmed Bhai Sri Chand immediately accepted the superiority of Guru Ram Das Ji. In this manner, the decades long conflict between the Udasis and the Sikhs ended.

Question 6.
Describe the Baolis (water sources) constructed during the times of Guru Sahibs.
Answer:
During the period of Sikh Guru Sahiban, the following large wells (Baolis) were constructed.
1. The Baoli at Goindwal: The construction of Baoli at Goindwal was completed by Guru Amar Das Ji. The foundation stone of the Baoli was laid by Guru Angad Dev Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji constructed 84 steps leading to the water level in the large well. Guru Sahib further instructed his Sikh followers that whosoever recited the hymns of Jupji Sahib with full devotion on each of the 84 steps, he would become free from the cycle of births and deaths.

2. The Baoli at Lahore : Guru Arjan Dev Ji constructed a large well in Dubbi Bazaar at Lahore. The Baoli at Lahore became an important place of pilgrimage for the Sikhs.

Question 7.
Throw light on any four measures taken by Guru Angad Dev Ji for the development of Sikhism.
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji became the second Guru of the Sikhs after Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s demise in 1539. His period proved to be a blessing for the rise of Sikhism.

Guru Sahib contributed to the rise of Sikhism by doing the following works :

  1. Improvement of Gurmukhi Script. Guru Angad Dev Ji made improvements in the Gurmukhi script. In order to popularise Gurmukhi, Guru Sahib wrote ‘Bal Bodh’ to help children to learn the alphabet of Gurmukhi.
  2. The Janam Sakhi of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and other Writings. Guru Angad
    Dev Ji instructed Bhai Bala Ji to write a Janam-Sakhi of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Sahib also collected all the hymns of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. It helped the Sikhs to know the true instructions of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Angad Dev Ji also wrote his own Vani in line with the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
  3. Langar System. Guru Angad Dev Ji continued Langar system with full devotion. It helped in reducing the ill-feelings based on caste system among the people and helped in spreading the message of Sikh religion.
  4. Founding of Goindwal. Guru Angad Dev Ji founded the city of Goindwal. This city became an important Sikh religious centre during the period of Guru Amar Das Ji. Even today, it is one of the most important religious centres of Sikhism.

Question 8.
How was the institution of Guru and Sikh (Guru and his follower) established?
Answer:
A brotherhood of Sikh community had been fully evolved before the final union of Guru Nanak Dev Ji with the Divine Power. Guru Nanak Dev Ji took special care to perpetuate the Sikh community. Guru Sahib appointed his most devoted follower Bhai Lehna as his successor before he breathed his last. Bhai Lehna ascended the Guru-gaddi under the name Guru Angad Dev Ji after the final union of Guru Nanak Dev Ji with the Divine Power. In this manner, Guru-Sikh tradition was evolved and gradually it was firmly established. The tradition of Guru Panth (Guruship of Guru-gaddi) became the most revered institution in the history of Sikh religion.

Question 9.
Why had Guru Nanak Dev Ji appointed Bhai Lehna to Guru-gaddi in place of his own sons by completely setting aside their claims?
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji had two sons, named Baba Sri Chand and Baba Lakshmi Chand. Guru Sahib did not appoint either of them to Guru-gaddi. Guru Sahib preferred to appoint his devoted follower Bhai Lehna as his successor to Guru-gaddi.

Guru Sahib had special reasons to turn down the claims of his sons to Guru-gaddi, which were as follow :
1. A perfect householder’s life for a Sikh was one of the important principles of the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. However, Baba Sri Chand was an ascetic and Baba Lakshmi Chand was too worldly. On the other hand, Bhai Lehna had sincerely followed the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and lived a life of a perfect householder.

2. The humility and service to the Guru with complete devotion were the core principles of the creed of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Baba Sri Chand was devoid of these very qualities in his personality. On the other hand, Bhai Lehna was a perfect model of humility and complete surrender to Guru Sahib.

3. Guru Nanak Dev Ji did not believe in the superiority of the Vedas, Shashtras and the Brahmin class. Guru Sahib did not consider Sanskrit as a sacred language. However, Baba Sri Chand Ji had deep faith in Sanskrit language, the Vedas and the Shastras.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 3 Development of Sikh Religion (1539-1581)

Question 10.
Describe the position of Langar System and its importance during the period of Guru Angad Dev Ji.
Answer:
The expansion and promotion of Langar System by Guru Angad Dev Ji had beneficial results. The Langar System became an important and effective method of propagation of Sikh religion. Secondly, it turned up as an institution for the shelter of the poor people and thirdly, it became a powerful agency for preaching and popularity of the principles of Sikh religion. There were already numerous similar institutions which worked on charity of some individuals but Langar system was probably the first institution of its own kind which depended on the collective donations and gifts of the whole Sikh community. It ended the feelings of high and low rooted in the principles of caste system and inculcated the feelings of unity and brotherhood among the members of the Sikh community.

Question 11.
Which incident of the period of Guru Angad Dev Ji revealed Guru Sahib as a strict disciplinarian?
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji set an effective example of discipline in the Sikh community for his devotees. According to the oral history, there were two famous players of Rabab (a string musical instrument) named Satta and Balwant in the service of Guru Sahib. Both of them became proud of their artistic skills and started overlooking the instructions of Guru Sahib. They also started boasting that the popularity of Guru Sahib was due to their mastery over ragas and way of singing of the Guru Vani. They even went to the extent of claiming that the popularity of Guru Nanak Dev Ji was due to the melodies of Mardana. Guru Sahib banished them from his place due to their indiscipline and overbearing attitude. However, on the pleading of his devoted follower Bhai Laddha, Guru Sahib pardoned them. It left a deep impression on the minds of the Sikhs. Consequently, the importance of discipline was honoured in Sikh religion very strictly.

Question 12.
How did Guru Amar Das Ji become the follower of Guru Angad Dev Ji? How had Guru Amar Das Ji received the Guru-gaddi?
Answer:
Before adopting Sikh religion, Bhai Amar Das, one day got a chance to listers to divine Vani of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, which was being sung by Bibi Amro, the daughter of Guru Angad Dev Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji was so impressed and captivated by the divine hymns that he immediately sought the audience of Guru Angad Dev Jf and adopted Guru Angad Dev Ji as his Guru. From then onwards, Guru Amar Das Ji stayed with Guru Angad Dev Ji at Hradoor Sahib from 1541 to 1552 and devoted himself completely to the service of Guru Angad Dev Ji. During the chilly winter of Punjab plains, Bhai Amar Das Ji used to fetch water in an earthen pitcher from the river Beas for the bath of Guru Angad Dev Ji early in the morning.

Once on his way back to Guru Sahib’s house, Bhai Amar Das Ji stepped on a thorn and stumbled. The pitcher fell making a loud noise. A sleeping woman, a wife of a washerman on the way side of his path, was awakened from her sleep and lamented with a taunt that the old man might be the homeless Amro. Guru Angad Dev Ji learnt about this” episode. Guru Sahib immediately called Bhai Amar Das Ji in his presence and ordained, “From now on Amar Das shall not remain homeless, rather he shall be a shelter to numerous homeless.” In March 1552, Guru Angad Dev Ji appointed Guru Amar Das Ji as his successor. In this way, Guru Amar Das Ji became the third Sikh Guru.

Question 13.
Describe the progress of Langar System during the period of Guru Amar Das Ji.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji introduced some new rules for Langar system. According to the new rules, no one was expected to join the Sangat of Guru Sahib without partaking food in the Langar. The women, who served in the Langar, were not allowed to observe Purdah. It is said that even Emperor Akbar took food in the Langar following all the rules before meeting Guru Amar Das Ji. The Langar was open to people from all the sections of the society without any consideration of religion, caste and tribe.

The Brahmans, Kshtriyas, Vaish, lower castes and people of all other castes sat together and partook food served equally to all. It gave a strong blow to the caste, colour, and racial considerations, which were quite dominating at that time. It developed the feeling of equality among the followers of Guru Sahib. No doubt, Langar system had definitely bound the Sikh community in a common bond of unity and brotherhood and developed the feeling of equality among them thereby.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 3 Development of Sikh Religion (1539-1581)

Question 14.
Describe the progress of Manji System during the period of Guru Amar Das Ji.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji introduced the Manji System. The number of the Sikhs had increased tremendously by his times. However, Guru Sahib was quite advanced in age and he, therefore, found it difficult to peach his Sikhs spread far and wide in order to preach his teachings. Hence, Guru Sahib divided his religious domain into 22 provinces. Each province was called ‘Manji’. Each ‘Manji’ was further divided into local centres called ‘Piris’. The Manji System played an important part in the history of Sikh religion. G.C. Narang is of the view that the contribution of Guru Sahib Ji to Manji System consolidated the base of Sikh religion and facilitated in a great way the spread of Sikh religion in all parts of the country.

Question 15.
“Guru Amar Das Ji was a great social reformer.” Give any four arguments in support of this statement.
Answer:

  1. Guru Sahib strongly criticised the principles of Caste system. Guru Sahib declared that the class differences were totally unacceptable to Supreme God. Ther ” re, no caste or class considerations were observed in Langar System.
  2. The practice of Sati was very common in the times of Guru Sahib. Guru Sahib strongly condemned the evil of Sati.
  3. Guru Sahib also denounced the prevailing Purdah system in very strong terms. Guru Sahib considered Purdah a great hindrance in the growth of society.
  4. Guru Sahib instructed his Sikh followers to keep away from the use of intoxicants.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the social reforms introduced by Guru Amar Das Ji.
Answer:
During the times of Guru Amar Das Ji, the society was suffering from many social evils. Guru Amar Das Ji was fully aware df those shortcomings and brought about numerous social reforms.

The main achievements of Guru Amar Das Ji in the field of social reforms are as follow :
1. Criticism of Caste System. Guru Amar Das Ji made efforts to end the evils in the society caused by caste system. Wherever Guru Sahib went, he criticised the differences among the social groups based on caste system. Guru Sahib was of the view that those caste differences were against the wishes of Supreme God and a hindrance in the way of social development. The 19th century leaders of social reform movements had the same views and all their activities to reform social condition were similar to what Guru Amar Das Ji did in the 16th century.

2. Opposed to Untouchability. Guru Amar Das Ji made successful efforts to end untouchability. No untouchability or Jati considerations were permitted and observed in the Langar. People of all castes, tribes and social status sat together and partook food with brotherly feelings. It is said that Emperor Akbar and Raja of Hamirpur partook food in the Langar according to the rules laid down by Guru Amar Das Ji.

3. Supported Widow Remarriage. Widow remarriage was not permitted during the period of Guru Amar Das Ji. The widows were forced to live a miserable life after the death of their husbands. Guru Amar Das Ji strongly supported widow remarriage and tried to secure a respectable position for women in the society.

4. Condemnation of the Practice of Sati. Another most shameful social evil was the custom of Sati. The historians believe that it was Guru Amar Das Ji who had raised a voice of protest against the custom of Sati for the first time in the history of India. Even Akbar borrowed the idea of taking some measures against the practice of Sati from Guru Sahib. Guru Sahib declared that a woman was not a true Sati who had burnt herself alive on the pyre of her husband. Guru Sahib opined that a true Sati could be a woman who lived her life in the memory of her dead husband. For that, the widow should lead a highly moral life and purity and spend her time in praying to God.

5. Criticism of Purdah System. Guru Amar Das Ji strongly criticised the Purdah System prevalent among the women. Guru Sahib considered purdah as the main hindrance in the development of society. Guru Sahib did not permit purdah for women who volunteered to serve the Langar and wanted to participate in Sangat.

6. Criticism of the Use of the Intoxicants. Guru Amar Das Ji instructed the Sikhs to remain away from the intoxicants. In one of his ‘Shabads’, Guru Sahib has strongly criticized the use of liquor. Guru Amar Das Ji guided his followers to pray for forgiveness and become addicted to the spirit of Name. Guru Sahib condemned the addiction to intoxicants. Guru Sahib suggested an alternative of seeking enjoyment in social service.

7. Promotion ojf Brotherhood among the Sikhs through New Festivals.
Guru Amar Das Ji instructed the Sikh Sangat to celebrate three main festivals, i.e. Maghi, Diwali, and Baisakhi in a new way. On the advice of Guru Sahib, the Sikh Sangat used to gather around the house of Guru Sahib and celebrated those festivals as he directed. This reform played a major role in uniting the Sangat in a strong bond of brotherhood.

8. New Ceremonies concerning Birth and Death. Guru Amar Das Ji also started new and distinctive ceremonies for birth, marriage, and death for the Sikhs. Those ceremonies are different from the ceremonies of the Hindus. There was no need of the assistance of the Brahmins in performing those ceremonies. These reforms played a major role in imparting a separate identity to the Sikh religion.

It is a historical fact that the reforms undertaken by Guru Amar Das Ji had given new strength to the Sikh religion.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 2 HTML Fundamentals

by

This PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 2 HTML Fundamentals will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 2 HTML Fundamentals

HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language, and it is the most widely used language to write Web Pages.

  • Hypertext refers to the way in which Web pages (HTML documents) are linked together. Thus, the link available on a webpage is called Hypertext.
  • As its name suggests, HTML is a Markup Language which means you use HTML to simply “mark-up” a text document with tags that tell a Web browser how to structure it to display.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 2 HTML Fundamentals

HTML:

Originally, HTML was developed with the intent of defining the structure of documents like headings, paragraphs, lists, and so forth to facilitate the sharing of scientific information between researchers.

Web page has many elements as page style, paragraph, list, table and picture etc. Each section is written in the form of tag. The tags indicate that the element viz. heading, list, paragraph etc to which the section of web page relates. Picture, sound and movie can be included in addition to the text in a web page.

Structure of Document:

It is easier to understand the structure of a HTML document. The complete document is written between <HTML> and </HTML> tags. The tags <Head>, <Body>, <Title>etc are written between these. The structure of HTML document is explained in detail below:
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 2 HTML Fundamentals Notes 1

Creating A Web Page or Html Document:

Web page is the first page of a website. This gives an introduction about whole website. This page contains many types of the links which are related with other web pages.
The whole of work regarding creation of web document is done in notepad. The steps to be followed to open a notepad are:
1. Start → Programs → Accessories → Notepad
Or
2. Notepad can also be opened by typing notepad in Run dialog box.
The notepad windows will be displayed. Create the document in the notepad as under :
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE> First Web Page</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
This is my first Web page in HTML document.
</BODY>
</HTML>

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 2 HTML Fundamentals

Viewing HTML Document

Save this document as .html extension. For example, you can name this document as MyWebpage.html.
To look at web page we use some web browser. Internet explorer is a commonly used browser. The steps to look a webpage with the help of internet explorer are as under:

  1. Click on Start → Programs → Internet Explorer Internet explorer windows will be displayed.
  2. Click on File → Open Menu
  3. Go to MyWebpage.html file with the help of browse button and click on open button.
  4. Click OK. The internet explorer will show the Page.

Types of Web Browsers:

Web Browsers are software installed on your PC. To access the Web, you need a web browser, such as Netscape Navigator, Microsoft Internet Explorer or Mozilla Firefox.
There are four leading web browsers – Explorer, Firefox, Netscape, and Safari, but there are many other browsers available. You might be interested in knowing complete browser statistics. Now we will see these browsers in a bit more detail.

1. Internet Explorer. Internet Explorer (IE) is a product from software giant Microsoft. This is the most commonly used browser in the universe. This was introduced in 1995 along with Windows 95 launch and it has passed Netscape popularity in 1998.

2. Google Chrome. This web browser is developed by Google and its beta version was first released on September 2, 2008 for Microsoft Windows. Today, chrome is known to be one of the most popular web browser with its global share of more than 50%.

3. Mozilla Firefox. Firefox is a new browser derived from Mozilla. It was released in 2004 and has grown to be the second most popular browser on the Internet.

4. Safari. Safari is a web browser developed by Apple Inc. and included in Mac OS X. It was first released as a public beta in January 2003. Safari has very good support for latest teclinologies like XHTML, CSS2 etc.

5. Opera. Opera is smaller and faster than most other browsers, yet it is full- featured. Fast, user-friendly, with keyboard interface, multiple windows, zoom functions, and more. Java and non Java-enabled versions available. Ideal for newcomers to the Internet, school children, handicap and as a front-end for CD- Rom and kiosks.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 2 HTML Fundamentals

HTML Tags:

HTML is made up of different tags and attributes. The tag is an HTML command that shows the layout or displays the desired output of a whole or part of the web page. HTML tag is bound by angular brackets ( <> ) that always opens with a < (less than) sign and closes with a > (greater than) sign. It controls the appearance, layout and flow of the web page.
A tag contains three parts: element (identification of tag), attribute and value.
HTML tags can be of two types:
1. Container/Paired Tags
2. Empty/Singular Tags

1. Container/Paired Tags. It is also called container tag. A tag is said to be a paired tag if it along with a companion tag or closing tag appears at the end. For example, the tag is paired tag. The tag with its closing tag is used to render in Bold Text. In paired tag, first tag is called the opening tag and the second tag is called the closing tag.

2. Empty/Singular Tags. The second type of tag is the singular tag, which is also known as a stand-alone tag or empty tag. The stand-alone tag does not have companion tag or closing tag.
For example: Other singular tags are:
Tags Description
<BR> Insert a link break
<HR> Defines a horizontal rule
<!–> Defines a comment

HTML Attributes:

An attribute defines a property for an element, consists of an attribute/value pair, and appears within the element’s start tag. An element’s start tag may contain any number of space separated attribute/value pairs.
An attribute is used to define the characteristics of an HTML element and is placed inside the element’s opening tag. All attributes are made up of two parts – a name and a value:
1. The name is the property you want to set. For example, the paragraph <p> element in the example carries an attribute whose name is align, which you can use to indicate the alignment of paragraph on the page.
2. The valuers what you want the value of the property to be set and always put within quotations.

Tags Attributes

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 2 HTML Fundamentals

Body Tags:

It is main tag of HTML. It contains all other tags. Everything written in this tag is displayed.

Background Attributes:

It defines background image of HTML document <Body Background = “Image.JPG”>

Bg Color attribute:

It defines background color of HTML document <Body bgcolor = ” green” >

Difference between Background and BGCOLOR:

The difference between background and BGCOLOR is as ahead:

Background BGCOLOR
1. Background attribute is used in body as well as in table tag ,to add background image in the given webpage or a table. 1. BGCOLOR attribute is used in body as well as in table tag, to change the background color of the webpage or a table.
2 Syntax <body background= “Red”> 2. Syntax is <table bgcolor=”Green” >
3. Example : <BQDY background-‘image.jpg”> 3. Example : <body bgcolor-‘green”>

Text Attribute:

It defines Text Color in HTML document <Body Text = “Read”>

Formatting In Html Documents:

HTML Headings

The heading tag is used to fix the heading. There are 6 levels of heading in all. The levels are numbered as heading 1 to heading 6. All the letters of the heading in a given level have same font. The font size goes on decreasing as we move from heading 1 to heading 6. The heading in level 1 is expressed by tags <H1> and </Hl>. Similarly in the heading in level 2 we use the tags <H2> and </H2>. <H6> is the lowest level. The font size in it is the smallest.

Tags – Description
<H1 >…</HI> – A first-level heading.
<H2>…</H2> – A second-level heading.
<H3>…</H3> – A third-level heading.
<H4>…</H4> – A fourth-level heading (seldom used).
<H5>…</H5> – A fifth-level heading (seldom used).
<H6>…</H6> – A sixth-level heading (seldom used).

Font Tag

Fonts play a very important role in making a website more, user friendly and increasing content readability. Font face and color depends entirely on the computer and browser that is being used to view your page but you can use HTML <font> tag to add style, size, and color to the text on your website. You can use a <basefont> tag to set all of your text to the same size, face, and color.

The font tag is having three attributes called size, color, and face to customize your fonts. To change any of the font attributes at any time within your webpage, simply use the <font> tag. The text that follows will remain changed until you close with the </font> tag. You can change one or all of the font attributes within one <font> tag.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 2 HTML Fundamentals

Set Font Size

You can set content font size using size attribute. The range of accepted values is from 1 (smallest) to 7(largest). The default size of a font is 3.

Setting Font Face

You can set font face using face attribute but be aware that if the user viewing the page doesn’t have the font installed, they will not be able to see it. Instead user will see the default font face applicable to the user’s computer.

Specify Alternate Font Faces

A visitor will only be able to see your font if they have that font installed on their computer. So, it is possible to specify two or more font face alternatives by listing the font face names, separated by a comma.
<font face = “drial,helvetica”>
When your page is loaded, their browser will display the first font face available. If none of the given fonts are installed, then it will display the default font face, Times New Roman.

Setting Font Color

You can set any font color you like using color attribute. You can specify the color that you want by either the color name or hexadecimal code for that color.

Paragraph Tag:

Paragraph is the basic composition of HTML, Paragraph is started with <P> tag and closes with </P> tag. Whenever one has to get to next line leaving one line blank, <P> tag is used. The tag <P> leave a space equivalent to one line between previous line and the following line.

Paragraph Tag Attributes

The paragraph tag has a few basic attributes you should learn about to start with.

  • id – this has to be unique to the page. An id can be used on multiple pages but only once on a single page.
    An id can be used in the stylesheet to set specific formatting to the paragraphs with this id.
  • class – A class is used to apply styling to the paragraph. It can be applied to many paragraphs on the page or across the whole website.
  • lang – defines the language used in the paragraph. You would use this if the contents of the paragraph is different from the base language of the web page. e.g. French when the rest of the page is in English.
  • style – The style attribute is used when you want to apply specific styling to a paragraph.

Novice web page coders and some HTML editors do this when using the design view of the HTML editor like a word processing program. This adds unnecessary coding to the web page as this is a typical styling it can be applied using the stylesheet.

Using the style attribute of the paragraph tag makes it hard to manage the editing of the website because in the future if you want to change the styling you have to hunt down every instance of that inline style in all the pages. This can be quite a bit of work if you have a large site. We would recommend that you try and avoid using this paragraph tag attribute all together but if you absolutely have to use it, use it very few times.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 2 HTML Fundamentals

The Line Break:

The line break tag is used to start the text from the new line. This tag does not leave a blank line space as the paragraph tag does. The text jumps to new line on using line break tag. The tag <BR> is a symbol for line break.

Difference between <P> and <BR> tags.

The difference between <P> and <BR> tag is as follows:

Paragraph <P> Tag Break <BR>Tag
1. <P> tag is a container element which marks a block of text as a paragraph in a webpage and tlxl web browser leaves a line between two paragraphs. This tag has an attribute ALIGN, which can take three values – left, right and center. 1. The <P> tag denotes a paragraph and ends with a </P> and is a container tag. t < BR> tag b an empty element that is used to break a line and display the proceeding text from the next line, without giving any spare between two lines. It has no attribute. The <BR> is a line break and is an empty tag.
2. This tag is used to define paragraphs with in your text. 2. This tag is simply a line break. It just jumps to the next line without any spacing or formatting options.
3. Example: <P>hello Dear students </P> 3. Example : Hello<BR>Dear Students.

The HR Tag

The HR (Horizontal Ruler) tag is a very helpful html element for dividing up sections of text in a page, without having to resort to one pixel high graphic. The problem is that left unstyled, your leaving it up to the browser to determine how it looks. Which can be indifferent at the best of times.

One way to control this is by using the available HTML attributes:

  • align: [left, center and right] noshade: (solid line)
  • size: [pixel value] line height of the element
  • width: [ pixel or percentage value ] width of the element

HTML Lists:

HTML offers web authors three ways for specifying lists of information. All lists must contain one or more list elements. Lists may contain:

  • <ul> – An unordered list. This will list items using plain bullets.
  • <ol> – An ordered list. This will use different schemes of numbers to list your items.
  • <dl> – A definition list. This arranges your items in the same way as they are arranged in a dictionary.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 2 HTML Fundamentals

HTML Ordered Lists

If you are required to put your items in a numbered list instead of bulleted, then HTML ordered list will be used. This list is created by using <ol> tag. The numbering starts at one and is incremented by one for each successive ordered list element tagged with <li>.

Example
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 2 HTML Fundamentals Notes 3

The type Attribute

You can use type attribute for <ol> tag to specify the type of numbering you like. By default, it is a number. Following are the possible options:

  • <ol type = “1”> – Default-Case Numerals.
  • <ol type = “I”> – Upper-Case Numerals.
  • <ol type = “i”> – Lower-Case Numerals.
  • <ol type = “A”> – Upper-Case Letters.
  • <ol type = “a”> – Lower-Case Letters.

The start Attribute

You can use start attribute for <ol> tag to specify the starting point of numbering you need. Following are the possible options:

  • <ol type = “1” start = “4”> – Numerals starts with 4.
  • <ol type = “I” start = “4”> – Numerals starts with IV.
  • <ol type = “i” start = “4”> – Numerals starts with iv.
  • <ol type = “a” start = “4”> – Numerals starts with d.
  • <ol type = “A” start = “4”> – Numerals starts with D.

HTML Unordered List:

An unordered list is a collection of related items that have no special order or sequence. This list is created by using HTML <ul> tag. Each item in the list is marked with a bullet.
Example
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 2 HTML Fundamentals Notes 4

The type Attribute:

You can use type attribute for <ul> tag to specify the type of bullet you like. By default, it is a disc. Following are the possible options:

  • <ul type = “square”>
  • <ul type = “disc”>
  • <ul type = “circle”>

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 2 HTML Fundamentals

HTML Definition Lists:

HTML and XHTML supports a list style which is called definition lists where entries are listed like in a dictionary or encyclopedia. The definition list is the ideal way to present a glossary, list of terms, or other name/value list.
Definition List makes use of following three tags:

  • <dl> – Defines the start of the list
  • <dt> – A term –
  • <dd> – Term definition
  • </ dl> – Defines the end of the list

Example
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 2 HTML Fundamentals Notes 5

Difference between Ordered and Unordered Lists:

The difference between ordered and unordered lists is as follows :

Ordered List Unordered list –
1. In an Ordered list, the order of the list item is important. If we change the order, the meaning of the whole list changes.

2. Ordered List starts with <OL> and ends with</OL> tag.

3. Ordered List has an <U> (list Item) tag which defines the list dements defined in the list.

4. In an Ordered List, the attribute used is TYPE which has values as 1, A, a, I, i.

5. Default value of TYPE ATTRIBUTE is 1.

 1. In an unordered list the order of the items is not significant. We can swap two items or reverse the whole list and it still remains the same list.

2. Unordered List starts with <UL> and aids with</UL> tag.

3. Unordered List has an <U> (List Item) tag which defines the list dements defined in the list.

4. In an Unordered List the attribute used is TYPE which has values as *, o, and SQUARE. ‘

5. Default value of TYPF. ATTRIBUTE is “Disc”.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 2 HTML Fundamentals

Nested List:

When a list is given in another list. It is called a nested list. We can give as many as list in another lists.

HTML – Images:

Images are very important to beautify as well as to depict many complex concepts in simple way on your web page. This tutorial will take you through simple steps to use images in your web pages.

Insert Image

You can insert any image in your web page by using <img> tag. Following is the simple syntax to use this tag.
<imgsrc = “Image URL” … attributes-list/>
The <img> tag is an empty tag, which means that, it can contain only list of attributes and it has no closing tag.

Example
To try following example, let’s keep our HTML file test.htm and image file test.png in the same directory.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 2 HTML Fundamentals Notes 6

Set Image Location

Usually we keep all the images in a separate directory. So let’s keep HTML file test.htm in our home directory and create a subdirectory images inside the home directory where we will keep our image test.png.

Set Image Width/Height

You can set image width and height based on your requirement using width and height attributes. You can specify width and height of the image in terms of either pixels or percentage of its actual size.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 2 HTML Fundamentals

Set Image Border

By default, image will have a border around it, you can specify border thickness in terms of pixels using border attribute. A thickness of 0 means, no border around the picture.

Example
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 2 HTML Fundamentals Notes 7

Set Image Alignment

By default, image will align at the left side of the page, but you can use align attribute to set it in the center or right.

Example
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 2 HTML Fundamentals Notes 8

HTML-Tables:

The HTML tables allow web authors to arrange data like text, images, links, other tables, etc. into rows and columns of cells.
The HTML tables- are created using the <table> tag in which the <tr> tag is used to create table rows and <td> tag is used to create data cells. The elements under <td> are regular and left aligned by default.
Example
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 2 HTML Fundamentals Notes 9

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 2 HTML Fundamentals

Table Heading

Table heading can be defined using <th> tag. This tag will be put to replace <td> tag, which is used to represent actual data cell. Normally you will put your fop row as table heading as shown below, otherwise you can use <th> element in any row. Headings, which are defined in <th> tag are centered and bold by default.

Cellpadding and Cellspacing Attributes

There are two attributes called cellpadding and cellspacing which you will use to adjust the white space in your table cells. The cellspacing attribute defines space between table cells, while cellpadding represents the distance between cell borders and the content within a cell.

Colspan and Rowspan Attributes

You will use colspan attribute if you want to merge two or more columns into a single column. Similar way you will use rowspan if you want to merge two or more rows.

Difference between Colspan and Rowspan Attributes

The difference between colspan and rowspan is as follows:

Colspan Rowspan
1. Sometimes it makes sense for a cell to span multiple columns. This might be used for a header cell that titles a group of columns of entries.

2. Allows a single table cell to span the width of more than one cell or column.

3. ROWSPAN is attribute that is used in i.e. <th> and <td> tag.

4. It provides the same functionality as “merge cell” in spreadsheet programs like Excel.

5. Example: <th colspan=”3″>

 1. Sometimes it makes sense for a cell to span multiple rows. This might be used for a side-bar that groups rows of entries.

2. Allows “a single table cell to span the height of more than one row.

3. COLSPAN is attribute that is used in i.e. <th> and <td> tag.

4. It provides the same functionality as “merge cell” in spreadsheet programs like Excel.

5. Example: <th rowspan=”3″>

Tables Backgrounds

You can set table background using one of the following two ways –
1.  bgcolor attribute – You can set background color for whole table or just for one cell.
2. background attribute – You can set background image for whole table or just for one cell.
You can also set border color also using bordercolor attribute.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 2 HTML Fundamentals

Table Height and Width

You can set a table width and height using width and height attributes. You can specify table width or height in terms of pixels or in terms of percentage of available screen area.

Table Caption

The caption tag will serve as a title or explanation for the table and it shows up at the top of the table. This tag is deprecated in newer version of HTML/ XHTML.

Table Header, Body and Footer:

Tables can be divided into three portions – a header, a body, and a foot. The head and foot are rather similar to headers and footers in a word-processed document that remain the same for every page, while the body is the main content holder of the table.
The three elements for separating the head, body, and foot of a table are –

  • <thead> – to create a separate table header.
  • <tbody> – to indicate the main body of the table.
  • <tfoot> – to create a separate table footer.

A table may contain several <tbody> elements to indicate different pages or groups of data. But it is notable that <thead> and <tfoot> tags should appear before <tbody>.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 2 Globe – The Model of the Earth

by

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class Social Science Book Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Globe – The Model of the Earth Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Social Science Geography Chapter 2 Globe – The Model of the Earth

SST Guide for Class 6 PSEB Globe – The Model of the Earth Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in brief:

Question 1.
Why is Globe called a model of the Earth?
Answer:
Globe shows the earth in its true shape. The shapes and sizes of all the physical features of the earth such as continents and oceans, distances and directions, etc. are correctly represented on it. As such, it is a correct replica of the round shape of the earth. That is why Globe is called a model of the earth.
PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 2 Globe - The Model of the Earth 1
Globe

Question 2.
What is the name of the ending of screw of Globe?
Answer:
The upper screw of Globe is known as North Pole and lower one is called South Pole.

Question 3.
What is the name given to the semi-circles that connect both the poles?
Answer:
The semi-circles that connect both the poles are named as longitudes.

Question 4.
What is Hemisphere? Name the line that cuts the Globe or Earth into the Hemispheres.
Answer:
The half of a sphere is called hemisphere. The equator cuts the Globe or Earth into the hemispheres.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 2 Globe - The Model of the Earth

Question 5.
What is the Prime Meridian? From where it passes?
Answer:
0° longitude is called the Prime Meridian. It passes through Greenwich in England.

Question 6.
What is the difference between Longitudes and Latitudes?
Answer:
Longitudes are angular distances of a place from the Prime Meridian, whereas latitudes are angular distances of a place from the equator.

Question 7.
Why longitudes are called Meridians of Longitude? Into how many Meridians do we divide the Earth or Globe?
Answer:
Longitudes are called Meridians of Longitude because they are drawn through the Prime Meridian. We divide the Earth or Globe into 360° meridians.

Question 8.
Which is the largest circle of Globe? Name it.
Answer:
The circle of equator is the largest circle of Globe.

Question 9.
What is the difference between Parallels of Latitude and Meridians of Longitude?
Answer:

Parallels of Latitude Meridians of Longitude
1. Parallels of latitude are imaginary circles drawn parallel to the equator. 1. Meridians of longitude are imaginary lines running from North to South.
2. These are circles. 2. These are semi circles.
3. The distance between them is measured in degrees of latitude. 3. The distance between them is measured in degrees of longitude.
4. They are 180+1 in number. 4. They are 360 in number.

Question 10.
What is the importance of Longitudes?
Answer:
The importance of longitudes is as follow :

  1. Longitudes help us in knowing the east-west distance of a place.
  2. They help us in calculating the local time of a place.

Question 11.
Which lines help us to divide the Earth into Heat Zones? Give reasons why there are Heat Zones.
Answer:
Latitudes help us to divide the earth into Heat Zones. Heat Zones are there because of the following reasons :
1. The rays of the sun which are vertical, occupy less space but intensity of heating is very high and the rays of the sun which are slanting, occupy more space but intensity of heating is low.

2. The shape of the earth is spherical. The central, the bulging part of the earth receives maximum heat of the sun and as we go away from the central part towards the poles, the heat reduces.

Question 12.
What is the difference between Local Time and Indian Standard Time?
Answer:
1. Local Time. Local time is the time reckoned by the noon sun at a given place. At any place a watch can he adjusted to read 12 O’ clock when the sun is at the highest point in the sky or when it is mid day. The time shown by such a watch will give the local time for that place. All the places, on a given meridian of longitude, have the same local time.

2. Indian Standard Time. In a particular country, local time of a particular or rather a central place is adopted as the uniform time for the whole country. It is called the standard time of that country or that area. In India, the local time of 8214 ° E Longitude is used as the standard time for the whole country. It is called the Indian Standard Time. 8214° E is thus the standard meridian of India.

II. Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
Tropic of Cancer is depicted by ________ Parallel of Latitude.
Answer:
0 to 23 1/2° North

Question 2.
Tropic of Capricorn is depicted by ________ Parallel of Latitude.
Answer:
0 to 23 1/2° South

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 2 Globe - The Model of the Earth

Question 3.
Latitudes and Longitudes make a on a Globe.
Answer:
grid

Question 4.
The distance between any two parallels is always ________
Answer:
equal

Question 5.
The ________ is also known as Zero Meridian.
Answer:
Prime Meridian

Question 6.
In India, the Longitude of ________ is considered the Standard Meridian.
Answer:
82 1/2° East

Question 7.
The time difference between Greenwich Mean Time and Indian Standard Time is ________
Answer:
5 hours 30 minutes.

III. Say whether the following statements are True or False :

Question 1.
Each parallel of Latitude is a semi-circle.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Temperature increases as we go away from the equator.
Answer:
False

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 2 Globe - The Model of the Earth

Question 3.
The Torrid Zone lies between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn.
Answer:
True.

Question 4.
The Earth rotates from the West to East direction.
Answer:
True.

IV. Things To Do (Activity):

Question 1.
Draw a diagram of the earth, liark the earth’s Axis, the Great Circle, Tropic of Cancer, Tropic of Capricorn, Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle on it.
Answer:

  • N.P. – S.P. = Axis
  • EQ = Great Circle
  • TC = Tropic of Cancer
  • T’C’ = Tropic of Capricorn
  • AR = Arctic Circle
  • A’N’ = Antarctic Circle.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 2 Globe - The Model of the Earth 2

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Guide Globe – The Model of the Earth Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
As earth is a globe, most accurate model of it is :
(A) Map on chart
(B) Globe
(C) Map on spherical fruit
(D) Map on a circular paper.
Answer:
(B) Globe.

Question 2.
A system of orbiting satellites that send radio signals to receivers on earth is a
(A) Navigator
(B) Radio
(C) Radar
(D) GPS.
Answer:
(D) GPS.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 2 Globe - The Model of the Earth

Question 3.
A great circle is a circle which passes through the centre of the earth and bisects it into two equal hemispheres is called :
(A) Arctic circle
(B) Antarctic circle
(C) Great circle
(D) Equator.
Answer:
(C) Great circle.

Question 4.
The ends of the axis are called :
(A) Equator
(B) Poles
(C) Great Divide
(D) Great Circle.
Answer:
(B) Poles.

Question 5.
The zone with moderate temperatures is called :
(A) Temperate zone
(B) Tropical zone
(C) Equatorial zone
(D) None of these.
Answer:
(A) Temperate zone.

Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
The tropic of capricorn is located at ________
Answer:
23% south of equator

Question 2.
The standard meridian of India is ________
Answer:
82’4° East,

Question 3.
The 0° meridian is also known as ________
Answer:
Prime meridian

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 2 Globe - The Model of the Earth

Question 4.
The distance between the longitudes decreases towards ________
Answer:
Poles

Question 5.
The arctic circle is located in the hemisphere.
Answer:
Northern.

True/False :

Question 1.
Frigid zone lies between the arctic circle and the north pole.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
With longitudes we can divide the earth into heat zones.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
Local time is the time of a central meridian of an area.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
Latitude is the angular distance of a place north to south of the equator.
Answer:
True

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 2 Globe - The Model of the Earth

Question 5.
I.S.T. is termed as Indian Standard Time.
Answer:
False

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the two Hemispheres.
Answer:
The two Hemispheres are Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere.

Question 2.
What is Northern Hemisphere?
Answer:
The northern and upper part of Globe from equator is called Northern Hemisphere.

Question 3.
What is Southern Hemisphere?
Answer:
The southern and lower part of Globe from equator is known as Southern Hemisphere.

Question 4.
Explain Parallel Lines.
Answer:
Parallel lines’are those lines which run at equal distance and never meet with each other. They may be straight or circular.

Question 5.
What is Equatorial Line?
Answer:
The line drawn through the centre or 0° latitude is known as Equatorial Line.

Question 6.
How many Parallels of Latitude are there?
Answer:
There are 180+1 Parallels of Latitude.

Question 7.
What degree of angle does the equator represent?
Answer:
The equator represents 0° latitude.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 2 Globe - The Model of the Earth

Question 8.
What does 90° South Latitude indicate?
Answer:
90° South Latitude indicates South Pole.

Question 9.
Where does the Tropic of Cancer lie on Globe?
Answer:
The Tropic of Cancer lies in the Northern Hemisphere on Globe.

Question 10.
What is the angular distance of the Tropic of Cancer from the equator?
Answer:
The angular distance of the Tropic of Cancer from the equator is 231/4° North.

Question 11.
What is the angular distance of the Tropic of Capricorn from the equator?
Answer:
The angular distance of the Tropic of Capricorn from the equator is 2354° South.

Question 12.
What is the Indian Standard Time?
Answer:
The Indian Standard Time is taken in the longitude of 8214° E.

Question 13.
Which area on the earth receives the maximum heat?
Answer:
The area lying between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn receives the maximum heat.

Question 14.
Into how many Heat Zones has the earth been divided?
Answer:
The earth has been divided into three Heat Zones.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 2 Globe - The Model of the Earth

Question 15.
What is the basis of the division of Heat Zones?
Answer:
Temperature is the basis of the division of Heat Zones.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Distinguish between Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere.
Answer:

Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere
1. The part of the earth which lies in the northern part of equator is called Northern Hemisphere. 1. The part of the earth which lies to the south of the equator is called Southern Hemisphere.
2. 0° to 90° North latitude mark Northern Hemisphere. 2. 0° to 90° South latitude mark Southern Hemisphere.

Question 2.
Distinguish between Latitude and Longitude.
Answer:

Latitude Longitude
1. Latitude is the angular distance of a place North or South of the Equator. 1. Longitude is the angular distance of a place East or West of Prime Meridian.
2. The latitude value increases in North-South directions from the Equator. 2. The longitude value increases in East-West directions from meridian.
3. Its value ranges between 0° to 90° N, 0° to 90°S. 3. Its value ranges between 0° to 180°E, 00 to 180°W.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 2 Globe - The Model of the Earth

Question 3.
Distinguish between Local and Standard Time.
Answer:

Local Time Standard Time
1. Local time of a place is the time of its meridian. 1. Standard time is the time of a central meridian of an area.
2. Each place has its own local time. 2. All places have a uniform or same time.
3. When it is noon, the local time is 12 o’clock. 3. It has not any relation with noon or height. of the sun.
4. All places on the Meridian have same local time. 4. All places within a country have the same standard time.
5. The places in the East are ahead of west in time. For 10 longitude there is difference of 4 minutes of time. 5. There is no change in time. So it is known as standard time.

Question 4.
In which hemisphere does the Tropic of Cancer lie?
Answer:
The Tropic of Cancer lies in the Northern Hemisphere. It is at an angular distance of 23’A° North from the equator. It runs in an east-west direction almost mid-way through our country.

Question 5.
What are Temperate Zones?
Answer:
The areas bounded by the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle in the Northern Hemisphere and the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle in the Southern Hemisphere are called Temperate Zones.

Question 6.
What are Frigid Zones?
Answer:
The areas lying between the Arctic Circle and the North Pole in the Northern Hemisphere and the Antarctic Circle and the South Pole in the Southern Hemisphere are known as Frigid Zones.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 2 Globe - The Model of the Earth

Question 7.
Where is Greenwich? For what is it famous?
Answer:
Greenwich lies near London in England. It is the place where British Royal Observatory is located. Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) has been fixed here.

Question 8.
Discuss the importance of Grid.
Answer:
The importance of Grid is as follows :
1. Grid helps us in making maps and atlases.
2. It helps us in reading maps.
3. It helps us in fixing the boundary between two countries.
PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 2 Globe - The Model of the Earth 3
Grid

Question 9.
What is the importance of Latitudes?
Answer:
The importance of latitudes can be discussed as under :
1. We can very easily form an idea of the temperature of a place.
2. We can divide the earth into Heat Zones.
3. We can find the exact location of a place.

Question 10.
Why do we use models to show earth?
Answer:
The earth is very large in size. We cannot’ see the whole of the earth in its actual size and shape in one go. So we use models, photographs, and maps to see the earth.

Question 11.
Why is the globe a correct replica of the earth?
Answer:
On the globe, shapes, sizes, distance and directions of continents and oceans are correctly represented.

Question 12.
How many parallels of latitude are there?
Answer:
There are 90 imaginary lines drawn to the north of equator and 90 imaginary lines drawn to the south of equator. It makes 181 parallels of latitude in all.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 2 Globe - The Model of the Earth

Question 13.
How to locate a place on it (The Earth/Globe)?
Answer:
If we want to locate a place on the globe we have to do the following exercise :

  • First we have to know the latitude and longitude of that place.
  • Now we draw the meridian and parallel of latitude of that place on the basis of its longitude and latitude.
  • The point where these meridian and parallel of latitude intersect themselves, will be the location of that place.

Question 14.
Do you know what is the time difference between India and England?
Answer:
The time difference between India and England is of 5.30 hours.
1. If it is noon in England, it is 5.30 p.m. in India because time is ahead in India than in England by 5.30 hours.

2. This can be calculated in the following manner :

  • Difference between 0° longitude and 82 1/4° E longitude = 82 1/4°
  • Time in the East is ahead by 4 minutes on passing every meridian
  • Hence time ahead 82 1/4° × 4 = 330 minutes or 5.30 hours.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
In what way is a globe different from maps?
Answer:
Globe is a true jnodel of the earth while a map is a picture of the earth. A globe has three dimensions, while a map has two dimensions. Globe gives correct idea of shape of the earth, but a map gives details of an area. It is easy to carry maps, but globes are not portable. Globe is not*fixed. It can be rotated while map is fixed. A globe can be rotated as a top spin or a potter’s wheel. On the globe, countries, continents and oceans are shown in their correct size.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 2 Globe - The Model of the Earth

Question 2.
List the situation in which the globe is far more useful than maps.
Answer:

  • Earth is truly shown by a globe. It gives shapes and directions correctly.
  • It is a true model of our planet.
  • Lines of latitudes and longitudes are shown correctly on a globe.
  • NoW-a- days relief features can be shown on globe.
  • It can be rotated on its axis.
  • Globe is an important tool of Geography.
  • Globe can be rotated like a top spin or a potter’s wheel.

Question 3.
What are the shortcomings of a globe?
Answer:
A globe has some limitations :

  • It is not easy to carry globes.
  • It is not useful for studying an area of a country.
  • Only one hemisphere can be studied from a globe.
  • Distances cannot be measured on a spherical globe.
  • Globes do not show details.

Question 4.
Into how many Heat Zones can tile earth be divided? Explain each zone.
Answer:
The earth can be divided into three Heat Zones. They are Torrid Zone, Temperate Zone and Frigid Zone.
1. Torrid Zone: It lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. It is the hottest zone of the world. The noon sun shines vertically over this part of the earth.

2. Temperate Zone: It lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle in the Northern Fig. Heat Zones of Earth
Hemisphere and between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle in the Southern Hemisphere. The sun is never overhead in this zone. It is neither very hot in summer nor very cold in winter. It is, therefore, called the Temperate Zone.

3. Frigid Zone: It lies between the Arctic Circle and the North Pole in the Northern Hemisphere and the Antarctic Circle and the South Pole in the Southern Hemisphere.

Question 5.
Describe the important Parallels of Latitude.
Answer:
The Equator, the Tropic of Cancer, the Tropic of Capricorn, the Arctic Circle, and the Antarctic Circle is the important Parallels of Latitude.

  1. The Equator: The equator is the most important parallel of latitude. It divides the earth into two equal parts. These parts are the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. It is the largest possible circle that can be drawn around the earth.
  2. The Tropic of Cancer: It lies in the Northern Hemisphere at 23°30′ latitude. It is an angular distance of 2314° N from the equator.
  3. The Tropic of Capricorn: It is also an imaginary circle measuring the angular distance of 23/4° to the south from the central point of the equator.
  4. The Arctic Circle: It is the parallel of latitude that lies at a distance of 6614° North of the equator.
  5. The Antarctic Circle: It lies in the Southern Hemisphere and is at 66!4° South to the equator.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 2 Globe - The Model of the Earth

Question 6.
How do longitudes help us in calculating time?
Answer:
Longitude and Time.

  • Longitudes help us to calculate time.
  • It takes 24 hours for the earth to complete one rotation.
  • This means in 24 hours the Earth completes 360°.
  • Hence, it takes about 4 minutes for crossing one degree of longitude.
  • This means each place has a different time of Sunrise and Sunset.
  • Places East of the Greenwich Meridian experience day or sunrise earlier than the places lying west of this Meridian.

In other words, time is ahead in the east than that in the west, at the rate of 4 minutes per degree of longitude.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Population

by

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Social Science Book Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Geography Chapter 6 Population

SST Guide for Class 9 PSEB Population Textbook Questions and Answers

Map Work :

Question 1.
Show in the outline map of India :
(i) State and Union territory with highest population.
(ii) State and Union territory with lowest population.
(iii) State and UTs with population density more than 1000 per square km.
(iv) State and UTs with population density less than 100 per square km.
Answer:
Do it yourself with the help of India Map.

Question 2.
(i) Prepare a chart of occupational structure of Punjab with the help of your teacher and put on the wall of your classroom.
Answer:Do it yourself with the help of your teacher.
(ii) Prepare a chart of sex ratio of Punjab (district wise) and discuss with your subject teacher.
Answer:
Do it yourself with the help of your teacher.

Objective Type Questions :

Question 1.
Which state has highest population as per census 2011 among the followings :
(a) Uttar Pradesh
(b) Bihar
(c) Bengal
(d) Kerala.
Answer:
(6) Bihar.

Question 2.
Shifting the place of the residence is known as :
(a) Dwelling
(b) Independence
(c) Urbanisation
(d) Migration.
Answer:
(d) Migration.

Question 3.
What percentage of Population was agricultural workers in Punjab as per census 2011?
(a) 35.5
(b) 40.5
(c) 30.5
(d) 27.5
Answer:
(a) 35.5.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Population

Question 4.
What is meant by female foeticide?
Answer:
Killing of female foetus in the womb of mother is called female foeticide. It reduces sex ratio in the country.

Question 5.
Which factors are necessary to find out the nations socio-economic development?
Answer:
Literally, health, income etc. are the necessary elements to know about the social and economic developoment of the country.

Question 6.
How percentage of increase in population is calculated?
Answer:
It can be calculated by a formula :
\(\frac{\text { No. of Literate persons }}{\text { Total population }}\) × 100

Question 7.
When do we celebrate the World Population Day?
Answer:
World Population Day is celebrated on 11 July.

Short Answer Questions :

Question 1.
Write a note on the position of India in terms of population in the world?
Answer:
According to Census survey of 2011, India’s population was 1,21,05,69,5.73 means more than 121 crore. If we look at the expected data of 2016, it has reached upto 132 crores. Presently, the total population of the world is 742 crore. India’s geographical area is 32 Lakh 87 thousand sq. km. and India is at seventh place in the world. But India’s place is second from population’s aspect and around 17.2% people of the world live in India. It means every sixth person in the world is Indian.

Question 2.
The citizen of Punjab shall be on what rank, in terms of density of population, literacy rate and sex ratio.
Answer:

  1. Punjab is at 15th place from populations aspect and its population is 2,77,43,338.
  2. The Density of population in Punjab was 551 persons per sq. km. in 2011 which was 484 persons in 2001.
  3. Sex ratio in India was 1000 : 895 in 2011 which is actually quite less. Child sex ratio in Punjab was 1000 : 846 in 2011.
  4. Punjab’s literacy rate is 75.8% and it holds 15th place in India.

Question 3.
What are the main reasons of migration?
Answer:

  1. Migration in search of employment.
  2. Migration to find land for agriculture.
  3. Migration for religious freedom.
  4. Migration in the hope of more income.
  5. Migration due to some pressure or any other reason.
  6. People migrate for political freedom.
  7. Migration to do marriage.
  8. Rural people migrate to urban areas in search of better facilities.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Population

Question 4.
How do we calculate literacy rate? How Punjab is behind many states in India in terms of literacy rate?
Answer:
According to Census of India, one who can* read and write in any Indian language is a literate person. In 1991, it was decided that children below the age of 7 years will be considered illiterate. This decision was followed even in 2Q01 and 2011 Census. There is a formula to know about literacy rate and this is :
Literacy Rate = \(\frac{\text { No. of Literate persons }}{\text { Total population }}\) × 100

If we look at Punjab’s position in terms of literacy rate then Punjab is at 14th place as its literacy rate is 75.8%. It is quite less in comparison to many other states such as Kerala (94%), Mizoram (91.3%), Goa (88.7%), Tripura (87.2%) etc.

Question 5.
Write a note on the distribution of rural-urban population in Punjab?
Answer:
Total population of Punjab is 2,77,43,338 out of which 1,03, 99,146 persons live in urban areas and 1,73,44,192 persons live in villages. In this way 37.5% people live in towns and 62.5% people live in villages. Urban population in 2001 was 33.9% which increased to 37.5% in 2011. Actually due to many factors, urban population is increasing such as more facilities, more opportunities of education and employment. During this period, there came great urbanisation in Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar district in which 54.8% people live in cities. In Taran Taran, only 12.7% live in urban areas and 87.3% people live in villages. So, we can say that gradually urban population is increasing.

Question 6.
Describe the National Population Policy 2000.
Answer:
While keeping in mind many objectives, Indian Government in 2000, made National Population Policy whose major aims are given below :

  • Compulsory and free education upto the age of 14 years.
  • To reduce the number of students who leave their education at primary and secondary level.
  • To reduce infant mortality rate upto 30 per 1000.
  • To reduce maternal mortality rate less than 100 per 1,00,000.
  • To give preference to small family.
  • To encourage girls to not to marry before the age of 18.
  • To give stress on delievering children from trained individuals.
  • To achieve the target of stable population till 2045.

Long Answer Questions :
Answer the following questions in detail :

Question 1.
What are the -specific problems adolescents may face?
Answer:
When a child crosses the age of 10 years, he enters the adolescent age. This age remains till 19 years. In this age, many physical and mental changes come in a child because of which he/she faces many problems which are given below :

  1. Child Marriage. This custom still prevails in many parts of the country and children with less than prescribed age group gets married. It reduces their physical and mental development. They are even unable to get proper education.
  2. Child Labour. A large portion of Indian population still lives below poverty line. That’s why children are forced to do any work to maintain their ‘house. They come under pressure in very early age to earn money when there is a time to take education.
  3. Drug Addiction. In this age, children very quickly adopt a wrong path and many children become drug addicts. Their future gets spoiled.
  4. Inadequate Diet. This is the age when children need good and healthy diet for proper physical and mental development. But due to poverty or any other reason, they are unable to get nutritious diet. It creates an obstacle in their allround development.
  5. Problem of Dropouts from Schools. This is the age when children take education and make their future. But it has been seen many parents withdraw their children from schools even before secondary level. They are forced to earn money which becomes a major problem for them.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Population

Question 2.
Discuss situation of India and Punjab from migration point of view.
Answer:
Population of an area never remains the same. Birth rate and death rate plays an important role in increasing or decreasing population. But migration also plays an important role in this. But question arises that what is Migration? Actually the meaning of migration is when people leave one place to another place to live over there. This mobility or movement can be temporary as well as permanent
1. India’s Position. There is no denying the fact that many Indians migrate to foreign countries. North Indians prefer to migrate to the countries such as U.S.A., Canada, England, Australia, Germany etc. South Indians prefer to migrate to Gulf Countries. Actually everyone wants to earn more money and that’s why they migrate to western countries. The value of currency of western countries is much higher as compared to Indian currency. Consequently, Indians get attracted towards these countries. Doctors, Engineers, I.T. Professionals always try to migrate to earn more money. That’s why many Indians migrate each year to different countries.

2. Punjab’s Position. Like other Indians, Punjabi’s also prefer to mirgrate. A number of males of Jalandhar Doab region have already migrated to western countries and then they took their families with them. Their favourite destinations are Australia, U.S.A. Canada and England. They get attracted towards Dollars and leave no earth and stone to migrate from India.

If Punjabis are migrating to other countries then many people are also coming to Punjab. These are .those migrated labourers who come from the states like U.P. Bihar etc. to earn more money. They either work in industries or in agricultural fields. In 2011, around 21,30,262 people came to Punjab which become 8.7% of the total population of Punjab.

Question 3.
Describe the population density of India.
Answer:
The distribution of population in India is very unequal. According to 2011 census the total population of India is 121 crores and the density of population is 382 persons per sq. kilometre. The density of population varies according to relief, climate and the agricultural productivity of the land. The density of population depends on the amount of rainfall. The areas of sufficient rainfall can support a large number of people.

1. Densely populated areas. These areas have a density of more than 400 persons per sq. kilometre. The high density areas makes a girdle round the Deccan plateau. Right from Satluj-Beas plain to Brahmaputra valley, the density of population is very high.
(а) West Coastal Plain. Kerala has 860 persons per sq. kilometre density of population.
(b) The East Coastal Plain. Tamil Nadu has a density of 555 persons per. sq. kilometre.
(c) The Northern Plain. It includes West Bengal (1028), Bihar (1106) , Uttar Pradesh (829), Punjab (551).
PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Population 1

Factors favouring high density.

  • Sufficient rainfall
  • Fertile river valleys and deltas
  • 2 to 3 crops of rice in a year
  • Healthy climate
  • Rich in minerals and power resources.

2. Moderately populated areas. These include the areas with a density between 200 to 400 persons per sq. kilometre. These areas are surrounded by Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats. Haryana (573) Maharashtra (365), Andhra Pradesh (308), Karnataka (349), Gujarat (308), Orissa (270), Goa (394), Assam (398) have a moderate density.

Factors for moderate density.

  • Agriculture is not developed due to thin and rocky soils.
  • Rainfall is uncertain
  • Means of transportation are not developed.
  • Some areas have high density of population due to irrigation, lava soils and mineral resources.

3. Sparsely Populated Areas. These areas have a density less than 200 persons per sq. kilometre.
(a) North-Eastern India. This region includes Meghalaya (132), Manipur (115), Nagaland (119), Sikkim (86) and Arunachal (17).
(b) Rajasthan Desert. Rajasthan has a density of 200 persons per sq. kilometre.
(c) Western Himalayas. It includes Jammu and Kashmir (124), Himachal Pradesh (123).

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Population

Question 4.
Discuss Indian population from health and population fronts.
Answer:
1. Health. Health is considered as one of the important aspect of population structure which affects the development process of a country. Due to continuous government efforts, people’s health is continuely improving. In 1951, death rate was 25 per 1000 but in 201 h, it reduced to 7.9 per thousand. In the same way average age in 1951 was 36.7 years which also increased to 65.2 years in 2011.

This important change came due to many factors such as health of people, security from many diseases, using modern facilities etc. Government has opened up thousands of hospitals, dispensaries, health centres to provide better health services to the people. Even then health is a major cause of concern for us. Per capita calorie consumption is still quite less. A large portion of our population is still unable to get nutritious food. Clean drinking water and basic health facilities are still a distinct reality for large number of people. To remove such problems, a proper population policy is required.

2. Occupation. The percentage of working population in economy is an important indicator of development. Division of population on the basis of different occupations is called occupational structure. People are actually engaged in different occupations which are divided in three parts—primary, secondary and tertiary.
(а) Primary occupations. It includes agriculture, pastoralism, fishing, mining etc.
(b) Secondary occupations. It includes industries, construction etc.
(c) Tertiary occupations. It includes those people who give their services to the people such as administration, banking, insurance sectors etc.

The proportion of people engaged in different occupations is different in developed and developing countries. In developed countries, more people are engaged in secondary and tertiary sectors. But in developing countries, more people are engaged in primary sector. In India, 53% people are engaged in primary sector, 13% in secondary sector and 20% in tertiary sector. During recent times, this number has witnessed a continues change due to development of industrialization and urbanization.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Guide Population Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
India stands at___________place in the world from population point of view.
(a) Second
(b) Fourth
(c) Fifth
(d) Ninth.
Answer:
(a) Second.

Question 2.
How much of India’s population lives in Punjab?
(a) 1.3%
(b) 2.3%
(c) 3.2%
(d) 1.2%.
Answer:
(b) 2.3%.

Question 3.
How much of India’s population lives in rural areas?
(a) 70%
(b) 75%
(c) 78%
(d) 68%.
Answer:
(d) 68%.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Population

Question 4.
Punjab’s densities of population in 2011 was
(a) 888
(b) 944
(c) 551
(d) 933.
Answer:
(c) 551.

Question 5.
In 2011, how many females were there behind every 1000 males?
(a) 943
(b) 933
(c) 939
(d) 894.
Answer:
(a) 943.

Question 6.
Which Indian state has highest density of population?
(a) Uttar Pradesh
(b) Bihar
(c) Rajasthan
(d) Tamil Nadu.
Answer:
(b) Bihar.

Question 7.
Which Indian state has least density of population?
(a) Mizoram
(b) Sikkim
(c) Arunachal Pradesh
(d) Nagaland.
Answer:
(c) Arunachal Pradesh.

Question 8.
What was sex ratio of Punjab in 2011?
(a) 943
(b) 866
(c) 872
(d) 895.
Answer:
(d) 895.

Question 9.
Which Indian district has highest population?
(a) Thane
(b) Uttar Chaubis Pargana
(c) Dibang Ghati
(d) Anjah.
Answer:
(a) Thane.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Population

Question 10.
Which of these is the reason of migration?
(a) Search of employment
(b) Religious Freedom
(c) Political Freedom
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
In 2011, India’s total urban population was ___________
Answer:
35 crore

Question 2.
In rural areas, the percentage of labourers is _________
Answer:
40%

Question 3.
In 2011, India’s density of population was _________ persons per sq.km.
Answer:
382

Question 4.
The percentage of labourers in India is _________
Answer:
37.50

Question 5.
_________ state has maximum percentage of labourers.
Answer:
Andhra Pradesh

Question 6.
The population in the age group of 15-65 years is
Answer:
58.4.

True/False :

Question 1.
India holds first place in the world from population point of view.
Answer:
False

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Population

Question 2.
Population in mountainous and desert regions is quite dense.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
In poor countries, more population comes in the age group of 10-14 years.
Answer:
True.

Question 4.
India’s sex ratio is quite less.
Answer:
True.

Question 5.
Natural growth in population depends upon the difference in birth rate and death rate.
Answer:
True.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by Density of Population?
Answer:
An average number of people living in square kilometres is known as density of population.

Question 2.
Which is the major factor affecting population distribution in India?
Answer:
Agricultural productivity.

Question 3.
Name any two parts of India with a dense populations.
Answer:
Upper Ganga Valley and Malabar region.

Question 4.
Which areas of India has less density of population?
Answer:
North-eastern states, western Rajasthan, few parts of Gujarat etc.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Population

Question 5.
What are the adverse consequences of increasing population in urban areas?
Answer:
Pressure on available resources and public facilities.

Question 6.
What is meant by sex ratio?
Answer:
Number of females after every 1000 males in any area is called sex-ratio.

Question 7.
What is meant by working population?
Answer:
Working population is that population which is engaged in different occupation to earn money.

Question 8.
What is dependent population?
Answer:
All those children and old age persons come in dependent population who cannot earn and are dependent on working population.

Question 9.
Give reason of decreasing death rate.
Answer:
The spread of health services by the government.

Question 10.
Name the Indian state with least population.
Answer:
Sikkim.

Question 11.
What is the density of population in India?
Answer:
382 persons per sq.km.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Population

Question 12.
What is the density of population in West Bengal?
Answer:
1028 persons per sq.km.

Question 13.
Which state has highest density of population?
Answer:
Bihar.

Question 14.
Which state has highest population in India?
Answer:
Uttar Pradesh.

Question 15.
What is density of population in Delhi?
Answer:
11297 persons per sq.km.

Question 16.
What was sex ratio in India in 2011?
Answer:
943 persons after every 1000 males.

Question 17.
Which state in India has highest literacy rate?
Answer:
Kerala.

Question 18.
Which state has lowest density of population?
Answer:
Arunachal Pradesh.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Population

Question 19.
What is the most important and valuable resource of a country?
Answer:
The people of the country healthy, mentally as well as physically is the biggest natural source of a country.

Question 20.
What were the causes of slow increase in population before independence?
Answer:
The causes of this normal growth are epidemics, wars and famines which increase death rate.

Question 21.
What was the population of India in the year 1901?
Answer:
The population of India was 23,83,96,327 (23.8 Crore) in the year 1901.

Question 22.
What is the population of India in the year 2011?
Answer:
The population of India was 121 crores in the year 2011.

Question 23.
What is rank of India in the world from the point of view of populations?
Answer:
India ranks second in world (after China) in the view of population.

Question 24.
Write the name of the states with highest and lowest population.
Answer:
Uttar Pradesh has the highest population (19.9 crore) and Sikkim has the lowest population to (6 lakh) in India.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Population

Question 25.
Name the states which have a population of more than 5 crores.
Answer:
There are 10 states of India in which population is more than 5 crores.

Question 26.
What was the population of Punjab in the year 2011 and what is the rank of Punjab from the population point of view?
Answer:
The population of Punjab was 2.77 crores in the year of 2011 and Punjab ranks 15th in the country in the view of population.

Question 27.
What percentage of population of India lives in Punjab?
Answer:
Almost 2.3 percent of total population of country live in Punjab.

Question 28.
How many cities are there in India with a population of more than one lakh?
Answer:
There are 302 cities in India with the population of more than one lakh.

Question 29.
How much per cent of population of our country live in plains?
Answer:
40% of population of the country lives on the plains.

Question 30.
How much percentage of population of the country lives in villages?
Answer:
More than 68% of population of the country lives in the villages.

Question 31.
What is the average density of population in our country?
Answer:
The average density of population in India is 382 persons per square kilometres.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Population

Question 32.
Name the states having highest and lowest density of population.
Answer:
Bihar is the state with highest density of population (1102) and Arunachal Pradesh is the state with lowest density of population (17) in India.

Question 33.
What is the density of population in Punjab?
Answer:
The density of population is 551 persons per square kilometre in Punjab. Question 34. Which union territory has the highest.density of population? Answer:National Capital Area Delhi has the largest density of population (11297).

Question 35.
Name the elements that determine the age structure.
Answer:
The factors which determine the age structure are :

  • Fertility
  • Mortality
  • Migration.

Question 36.
What is percentage of population that fall in the 0-14 years age group in our country?
Answer:
37.2% of population is found in the country with the age of 0-14 years.

Question 37.
What percentage of population falls in the 15-64 years age group in our country?
Answer:
58.4% of population is found in the country with the age group of 15-65 years.

Question 38.
What do you understand by sex ratio?
Or
What is meant by sex ratio?
Answer:
The number of women per thousand men is sex ratio.

Question 39.
What is sex ratio of the population of the year 2011?
Answer:
The sex ratio is 943 females for 1000 males in India according to 2001 census.

Question 40.
What are the rural and urban sex ratio?
Answer:
The sex ratio is 939 in rural areas and is 894 per thousand men in urban areas in the year of 2011.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Population

Question 41.
Give two reasons decreasing sex ratio in India.
Answer:
Female foeticide and lower status of females in India.

Question 42.
What is birth rate?
Answer:
Number of births behind every 1000 persons in a particular area is called birth rate.

Question 43.
What is death rate?
Answer:
Number of deaths behind every 1000 persons in a particular area is called birth rate.

Question 44.
What is migration?
Answer:
When a person leaves his geographical area moves to other area to live is called migration.

Question 45.
What is adolescent age?
Answer:
Age between 10-19 years is called adolescent age.

Question 46.
Give one problem of adolescent age.
Answer:
Many physical changes come in this age and children feel quite awkward.

Question 47.
Why migrant labourers come to India?
Answer:
To earn money by working in industries and in agricultural fields.

Question 48.
From which states did migrant labourers come to Punjab?
Answer:
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal etc.

Question 49.
Which district of India have highest and lowest population?
Answer:
Highest Population: Thane (Maharashtra)- 1,10,60,148 persons.
Lowest Population: Dibang Ghati (Arunachal Pradesh)-8004 persons.

Question 50.
What is literacy rate in India?
Answer:
In 2011, literacy rate in India was 74.04%.

Question 51.
Which district of Punjab has highest sex ratio?
Answer:
Hoshiarpur-1000: 961.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Population

Question 52.
Which district of Punjab has highest literacy rate?
Answer:
Hoshiarpur-84.16%.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by Census Survey? Write a note on it.
Answer:
Indian government conducts counting of population after every ten years which is called census survey. In this, information is collected about the age, sex, house, literacy rate etc. First census in India was held in 1872 and after this, census is held in the first year of each decade. The census of 2011 was 15th census survey in which? 2200 crore were spent and 27 lakh officer conducted this survey.

Question 2.
What is the difference between Regional distribution of Population and density of population?
Answer:
Distribution of population refers to a place or area, but density of population refers to a ratio. Distribution reflects a pattern of population. It shows Whether population is scattered or concentrated at a place. But density of population shows size of population ratio between men and land.

Question 3.
What are the factors that affect the distribution of population?
Answer:
Population in India is not evenly distributed many factors are responsible for this.

  1. Fertility of the soil. The states in which there is a large fertile area the density of population is high. U.P. and Bihar are such states.
  2. Amount of rainfall. The density of population is higher in regions of abundant rain. In northern India the amount of rainfall goes on decreasing from east to west. The density of population also goes on decreasing in the same direction.
  3. Climate. Wherever the climate is congenial the density of population will be high. In Assam even though there is abundant rainfall but the density of population is low because the climate is unhealthy. The malaria is always there is an epidemic form.
  4. Developed means of transportation. With the development of means of transportation the business makes rapid progress and the density of population increases. The reason for high density of population in U.P., Bihar and West Bengal is the development of means of transportation.

Question 4.
Why is India known as country of villages?
Answer:
There is no doubt that India is a country of-villages.

  • Most of people live in villages.
  • 3/4th of population lives in rural areas.
  • There are more than 5 lakh and 50 thousand rural settlements but 71% of urban population lives in 302 towns.
  • About 40.1% of labourers live in rural areas and 30.2% of labourers live in urban areas.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Population

Question 5.
What are characterisitc features of regional distribution of population?
Answer:
Characteristics :
1. The distribution of population is uneven in India. There is dense population in river valleys and coastal plains. There is space population in hilly, deserts areas and drought affected areas, 16% of the area of the country, in the Northern plains only 3% people of India live. 94% of population lives on an area of 18% in plains. Only 2% population lives on an areas of 6% in Rajasthan.

2. Most of the people live in villages. Only 31% people live in urban areas.

3. A large part of minorities live in sensitive border area. Along the N.W. border of India. Sikhs in Punjab and Muslims in J & K. form a majority community. Along the borders of China and Burma, in the North East, mostly Christians are found. It has created many political economic and social problems.

4. On the one hand, there is concentration of population in river valleys and coastal areas but deserts, hilly areas are sparsely populated. It looks like a demographic divide.

Question 6.
What do you mean by density of population? Tell something about density of population in India.
Answer:
Persons living in a square kilometre is called density of population. How many persons live in a particular area, will be known only by looking at density of population. According to Census survey of 2011, population density in India was 382 persons per sq.km. There are many Indian states where density of population is quite high such as Bihar (1106), West Bengal (1028), Kerala (860), Uttar Pradesh (829), Punjab (551) etc. But there are few states in which there is quite less density of population such as Nagaland (119), Sikkim (86), Mizoram (52), Arunachal Pradesh (17) etc. Delhi’s density of population is 11297 which is highest among all the union Territories.

Question 7.
Write a note on population Growth.
Answer:
Population of a place or a country never remains the same but it changes from time to time. That’s why when positive changes come at a particular place on a particular time, it is called population growth. This population growth can be due to many reasons such as birth rate, death rate, migration of people etc. The population growth of India between 2001 to 2011 was 17.68% and that of Punjab was 13.9%. Population growth can be calculated with a formula :
Population Growth = \(\frac{\text { Pure growth in Ten Years }}{\text { Total population }}\) × 100

Question 8.
Name few factors responsible for population growth.
Answer:
Many factors are responsible for population growth such as:

  • If birth rate is more than death rate then population increases.
  • If girls get married at an early age then there is a possibility of population growth.
  • If climate is positive for life then also there will be an increase in population.
  • Universality of marriage is also responsible for population growth.

Question 9.
Write a note on Age composition.
Answer:
The process of dividing population of a place, state or country in different age groups is called age composition. Generally, whole of the population is divided in three groups. In first group, people with the age of 0-14 years are included. In the second group, people with the age of 15-84 years are included which is known as working class. Third group includes people with the age of 65 years or above which is known as dependent group. First and third group are dependent upon second group for their needs. Dependency ratio can be expresses with a formula :
Dependency Ratio = \(\frac{\text { No. of children }+\text { No. of old Age people }}{\text { No. of Adults }}\) × 100

Question 10.
What is sex-ratio? Explain sex ratio in India.
Answer:
Number of females behind 1000 males in a particular area is known as sex ratio. In 2011, sex ratio in India was 1000 : 943 means there were 943 females behind every 1000 males. Sex ratio in India was always low. Only Kerala (1084) and Puducherry (1037) has positive sex ratio but it is negative in other states. In Punjab (895) and Haryana (879), it was quite less. If we want to know about the status of women in any society, we must look in for sex ratio of that place. But during last few decades, it is continuely improving due to official efforts.

Question 11.
What are the causes of low sex Ratio in India?
Answer:
The sex ratio of India is 943 per thousand males. There is a general declining trend in sex ratio. The ratio in 1901 was 972. It was declined to 934 in 1981. This decline has been due to social evils in our society.

In our society, female child is neglected. Male population dominates in our society. There is high death rate among females. Death rate is particularly high among married women. Women labour migrates to some mining and industrial centres. It also results in declining sex ratio.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Population

Question 12.
What is the Sex ratio of States of North India?
Answer:
There is an adverse sex ratio in Northern India. The number of females is less than that of males. It is clear from sex ratio in Bihar (916), Rajasthan (926), Punjab (895), U.P. (898), and Haryana (877). (The lowest Sex Ratio in India).

Question 13.
What is the importance of Economic Structure of population?
Answer:
Importance

  1. We come to know the percentage of people engaged in productive \york.
  2. It shows the cultural composition of population which determines the stage of development of a country.
  3. It marks the backward areas of the country so that proper planning can be done.

Question 14.
Why is it necessary to study the structure of population?
Answer:
It is necessary to study the structure of the population of a country due to :
1. We need different components of population such as age structure, sex ratio, occupational structure for the economic and social planning of a country.

2. The different aspects of population have a close relationship with developoment on the one hand. These are affected by population and on the other hand these affect population and development. For example, if the percentage of children and old age people is high in age structure, a country has to spend more on education and health facilities. On the other hand, a high percentage of working age group encourages the economic development of a country.

Question 15.
What are the importance of study of age structure?
Answer:
These are the advantages of study of age structure of population :
1. By determining the 0-14 age group the govt, knows that there is need of expenditure on education, health and social services. So new schools, health centres and community centres are opened.

2. We know the number of eligible voters in the country which is vital for a democracy. There should be 58% voters per age group, but actually there are 60% of voters in the country.

Question 16.
Write about the needs of adolescents in adolescent age.
Answer:

  • Adolescents must get good and balanced diet.
  • They must be given proper environment and proper education.
  • They must be informed about physical changes.
  • Parents and society must talk with them with great love and affection.
  • Efforts must be made to save them from drug addiction.
  • They must be provided with proper guidance for a good future.

Question 17.
What is the role of society, teachers and parents in making future of adolescents?
Answer:

  • Parents can provide good education and environment to their children to give them a bright future.
  • Parents can show them the way to make their children better citizens, to remain away drugs etc.
  • Teachers can motivate their students to become good citizens by giving them proper education.
  • Social, Religious and Political leaders can motivate their students to move on a right path.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Population

Question 18.
Write a note on gender based structure of Punjab.
Answer:
Punjab’s total population is 2,77,43,338 out of which 1,46,39,465 are males and 1,310,3873 are females. Their sex ratio is 1000 : 895. It means that after every 1000 males, there are 895 females which is quite less. This is 875 in cities and 907 in village which is little bit more in comparison to 2001. Sex ratio of Hoshiarpur district (961) is at the top and then it comes Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar (954)), Jalandhar (915) and Roop Nagar (915). Bathinda (868) has the lowest sex ratio. Then it comes the number of Fathegarh Sahib (871). During last decade, this sex ratio has increased due to strict official efforts.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Population 2

Question 19.
Throw a light on the occupational structure in Punjab.
Answer:
Agriculture is the major occupation of the people of Punjab and that’s why most of the population is engaged in agriculture or related acitvities. Out of total workers of Punjab, 35.5% are engaged in agriculture or related activities 3.9% people are engaged in household industries. Rest of the 60.5% people are engaged in other activities. In the districts of Sri Muktsar Sahib and Mansa, most of the workers are engaged in agriculture but in Ludhiana and Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, very few people are engaged in agriculture but rest are busy in industrial and service sector. A number of Punjabi’s have migrated to other countries in search of employment.

Question 20.
Give cause of Declining Sex Ratio.
Answer:

  1. People want to have a boy child and they never hesitate to abort the female foetus. It leads to decline in sex ratio.
  2. Sex ratio declines with increase in female foeticide.
  3. Sex ratio declines with the custom of killing new born girls i.e. female infanticide.
  4. Emigration of males from one place to another also leads to decline in sex ratio.
  5. In traditional societies birth of girl is considered as a curse because of which boys are preferred over girls. It also leads to decline in sex ratio.

Question 21.
Give consequences of Declining Sex Ratio.
Answer:

  • Declining Sex ratio leads to increase in violence against women.
  • The custom of polyandry encouragement with declining sex ratio.
  • Declining sex ratio leads to lower social status of women.
  • Health of women deteriorates with it.
  • Trade of women also takes place with declining sex ratio.

Question 22.
Which are the states those have high density of population?
Answer:
There is dense population in Northern plains, western coastal plain, Eastern Coastal plain (Deltas). These area have fertile soils and facilities of irrigation. So the population is dense. As we go westward, the rainfall goes on decreasing and the density of population also decreases. That is why the density of population in West Bengal is greater than that in Haryana and Punjab. Kerala has also high density because two or three crops can be grown due to high rainfall.

Question 23.
What are the causes of high density of population in plains?
Answer:
The density of population is high in plains. This is due to :

  • The Northern plain is fertile.
  • It has high rainfall.
  • It has many big industrial centres.
  • The means of transport are developed.
  • Coastal plain has the facilities of fishing and foreign trade.

Question 24.
What are the areas of low density of population?
Answer:
Thar Desert, Eastern Himalayas and Chotta Nagpur plateau are sparsely populated areas.

  • The soils are infertile or sandy or stony.
  • The means of transport are not developed.
  • The climates is not healthy. It is either too hot or too cold. Himalayas get heavy rainfall.
  • Industries are not developed in these areas except Chotta Nagpur plateau.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain in detail the state wise structure of sex ratio in India.
Answer:
Sex ratio means the number of females per 1000 males. Now a days, women have equal rights with men. In developed countries, the number of women is equal to number of men. In some countries sex ratio is 1050. The average sex ratio in developing countries is 964. In India, in 2011, sex ratio was 940, and is one of the lowest in the world.

State-wise sex ratio. Sex ratio is not uniform in all states. Only one state, Kerala, has sex ratio of 1084 and Puducherry (1036) (Above the average). In other states, sex ratio is less than average.
PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Population 3
It is clear that Northern States have low sex ratio and it is a matter of concern.
PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Population 4

Question 2.
List factors influencing distribution of population.
Answer:
The following factors influence the distribution of population :
1. Fertility of the soil. The states in which there is a large fertile area, the density of population is high. U.P. and Bihar are such states.

2. Amount of rainfall. The density of population is higher in regions of abundant rain. In northern India, the amount of rainfall goes on decreasing from east to west. The density of population also goes on decreasing in the same direction.

3. Climate. Wherever the climate is congenial, the density of population will be high, In Assam even though there is abundant rainfall but the density of population is low because the climate is unhealthy. The malaria is always in an epidemic form.

4. Developed means of transportation. With development of means of transportation the business makes rapid progress and the density of population increases. The reason for high density of population in U.P., Bihar and West Bengal is the development of means of transportation.

5. Industrial development. At places where the factories are located, the density of population also increases. The reason is that people like to live in those areas where industrial development takes place. They can carry on their business more easily in such areas, and they have better chances of earning more money. That is why the density of population is high in Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Population

Question 3.
Write an essay on problem of population increase in India and also enlighten the solution to this problem.
Answer:
India’s population is growing rapidly, and creating some problems.
1. Low standard of living. Indian people have low standard of living as compared that of Europeans. About 48% people live below poverty line. They do not have full meals. It results in low production capacity.

2. Deforestation. The forests are cleared rocklessly to meet the growing needs. It has resulted in problems of soil erosion floods, pollution and loss of forest- wealth.

3. Lack of pastures. India has only 4% land under pastures. If this land is used for other purposes, it will result in shortage of fodder for cattles.

4. Pressure on population. Land is a limited source and cannot be increased. It is leading a pressure of population on land. It will decrease the productivity of the land.

5. Lack of minerals. Industries are developed to meet the growing needs of people. So more minerals are used. These reserves will exhaust soon.

6. Environment. Population growth has an adverse effect on environment. Clear water and air is a problem. Oxygen is also decreasing.

Solutions:

  • Family planning should be adopted,
  • People should be explained the significance of small families by films, songs, plays,
  • Illiteracy should be abolished so that people should understand harms of growing population.
  • Female education should be increased, marriageable age of girls be increased.

Question 4.
Write a note on population distribution in Punjab.
Answer:
Punjab’s total population is 2,77,43,338 and this population lives in 12,581 villages and 217 big small cities. Few areas of Punjab has more concentration of population and few areas have less concentration. Cities like Ludhiana and Amritsar have more population i.e. 16 Lakhs and 11 Lakhs respectively. But the population of few cities is in thousands. On the basis of population density Punjab can be divided in four parts and these are :
PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Population 5
1. Areas with less density of population. In first category, those districts are included where population density is less than 400 persons per square kilometre. Sri Muktsar Sahib is included in this category whose population density is 348 which is quite less than other districts.

2. Moderate density of population. Those districts are included in this category which has a population density of 401-500 persons per sq. km. It includes many districts such as Taran Taran, Hoshiarpur, Faridkot, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar, Moga, Faridkot, Barnala, Bathinda, Sangrur, etc.

3. More density of population. The third category includes the districts of Patiala, Fatehgarh Sahib, and Roop Nagar where the density of population is between 501-600 persons per sq. km.

4. Extreme Density of population. It includes such districts whose density of population is more than 600 persons per sq. km. The districts of Amritsar, Gurdaspur, Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar are included in this category. Ludhiana’s density of population is 978 which is the highest in Punjab. Then comes the number of Amritsar (928) Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar (909) and Jalandhar (836).

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Natural Vegetation, Wild Life and Soils

by

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Social Science Book Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Natural Vegetation, Wild Life and Soils Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 4 Natural Vegetation, Wild Life and Soils

SST Guide for Class 10 PSEB Natural Vegetation, Wild Life and Soils Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer each of the following questions in brief:

(A) Natural Vegetation

Question 1.
What is meant by natural vegetation?
Answer:
Natural vegetation includes all the trees, thorny bushes, plants and grass.

Question 2.
Which vegetation type is known as ‘Terror of Bengal’?
Answer:
Water Hyacinth plant is called. Terror of Bengal.

Question 3.
In which places the local natural vegetation is found in India?
Answer:
In areas with less than 70 cm of rainfall the natural vegetation is found consisting of thorny bushes. This is found in the N-W part of India and semi-arid regions of Gujarat, Rajasthan, MP, Chhattisgarh, UP and Haryana and also found in the hills of Khasi and Jaintia.

Question 4.
What percentage of land in India is covered under forests as compared to the whole world?
Answer:
22.7% of land area is covered with forests in India.

Question 5.
In which State and Union Territories, the areas of maximum and minimum forest land fall?
Answer:
The smallest forest area is found in Delhi and the largest forest area is found in Madhya Pradesh in India.

Question 6.
Why do coniferous forests are found more than the broad forests in our country?
Answer:
Most of the part of our country have extreme climate with short summers and cold long lasting winters and these forests thrive where summers are short and cool and winters long and harsh,’ with heavy snowfall coniferous forests are needle shaped tree which remain evergreen. These forests with conical leaves are found in high mountains.

Question 7.
Which are State forests?
Answer:
State forests are those forests in which the sole right is of state govt.

Question 8.
What do you mean by reserved forests?
Answer:
Reserved forests are protected forests are terms denoting forests accorded a specific degree of protection. These are protected from any depletion.

Question 9.
Name some trees of Tropical Evergreen Vegetation. (Pb. 2008)
Answer:
The trees grown in tropical evergreen forests are Mahogony, Rubber, Coconut, Bamboo, Cane, Rosewood, Palm etc.

Question 10.
Which factors destroy the semiarid deciduous vegetation?
Answer:
The extensive agricultural area is the main reason of destroying semiarid deciduous vegetation.

Question 11.
Give the names of trees and area of arid vegetation.
Answer:
The trees found in semiarid are mainly Kikar, Cactus, Jand, Phulahi, Ber, Neem, etc.

Question 12.
What are the other names of tidal vegetation?
Answer:
The other names of tidal forests are Mangrove, Marshy, Sunder Ban.

Question 13.
Name the trees found at an elevation of about 2500 meters in Eastern Himalayas.
Answer:
Silver Fur, Pine, Spruce, Deodar, Blue Pine, etc.

Question 14.
In which areas the mountainous vegetation is grown in Deccan Plateau?
Answer:
Mountain vegetation in southern plateau is found in Bastar, Panchmari, Mahabaleshwar, Nilgiri, Palni, Shevroy and the mountain areas of Anamalai.

Question 15.
Which trees are used for making Health Medicines?
Answer:
The trees of Khar, Sincona Quinine, Sarpgandha, Oak, Awla are used for the preparation of medicines.

Question 16.
Which trees are used for Leather tanning?
Answer:
The trees of Mangrove, Kach, Gambear, Harr, Bahera, Amtand Kikar help in tanning material.

Question 17.
What is the chief objective of national forest policy?
Answer:
The maiji aim of national forest policy is to grow forests on 60% of hilly areas and 20% of plain areas.

(B) Animals

Question 1.
How many different types of animals could be there?
Answer:
There are 76 thousand species of animals in India.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Natural Vegetation, Wild Life and Soils

Question 2.
What type of areas are liked by elephant to live in?
Answer:
The hot wet equatorial region and dense forests.

Question 3.
Which species of deer are found in India?
Answer:
The species of deer found in India are Black Deer, Chikara, Ordinary Deer and four horn deer are main species.

Question 4.
Where are lions found in India?
Answer:
The maiii natural living place of Sunder Ban in the Delta of Ganges.

Question 5.
Name the animals which are found in Himalayas.
Answer:
Wool Sheep, Goats, Cycan, Taper, Panda, Snow Leopard are found in Himalayas.

Question 6.
Name the Nation’al Animal and National Bird of India.
Answer:
Lion is our national animal and peacock is our national bird.

Question 7.
Which species of animals are (endangered?
Answer:
Wolf, lion, rhinoceros, golden sparrow are animals feared to extinct.

(C) Soils

Question 1.
Define soil.
Answer:
Soil is the mixture of soft, loose, unconsolidated rock material and bacteria is called soil.

Question 2.
How is Soil formed?
Answer:
The process of the formation of soil is due to disintegration of rocks.

Question 3.
Which are the basic elements of Soil?
Answer:
The parent materials for soil are:

  1. Primary Rocks
  2. Climate
  3. Slope of land
  4. Period of natural vegetation.

Question 4.
Which chemical elements are found in Black Soil?
Answer:
Iron, Potash, Aluminium, Limestone and Potassium.

Question 5.
Where is laterite soil found in India?
Answer:
Laterite soil is found in Vindhyanchal, Madhya Pradesh along with Satpura, Orissa, Basaltic mountain ranges.

Question 6.
Where is Bhur soil found?
Answer:
Bhur soil is found in border districts of Punjab and Haryana.

Question 7.
What are different names of Saline soils in different parts of the country?
Answer:
Thur, Reh, Kallar.

Question 8.
In which areas of India are the soils suitable for cultivation of Tea found?
Answer:
Assam, Himachal Pradesh (Lahul Spiti, Kinnaur), Western Bengal, Darjeeling, Uttar Pradesh and Nilgiris in South.

Question 9.
What is meant by soil erosion?
Answer:
To remove the thick layer (15 to 30 cm thick) found on surface by physical and non physical factors is called soil erosion.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Natural Vegetation, Wild Life and Soils

Question 10.
What different measures are taken to check the forward extension of desert?
Answer:
The trees are grown to decrease the speed of winds in deserts. Along this, grass is grown on sand dunes.

II. Answer each of the following questions in short:

(A) Natural Vegetation

Question 1.
Why has foreign vegetation beconae a problem for us? Elaborate with examples.
Answer:
Nearly 40% of plant species found in India have come from outside and are called exotic plants. These plants have been brought from Sino; Tibetan, African and Indo- Malayasian areas. These plants were brought as decorative garden plants in India. These plants grow rapidly as weeds under hot-wet tropical conditions. These rapidly multiply so that it is difficult to eradicate these.

Lantana and water hyacinth are two such species. Water Hyacinth is known as “Terror of Bengal”. It has choked up all the watercourses like rivers, streams, tanks, canals, etc.

Question 2.
How can foreign plants be harmful for us?
Answer:
The exotic plants have following disadvantages:

  1. Our useful domestic vegetation can get destroyed.
  2. It requires lot of money to destroy these exotic plants.
  3. These spread diseases and are a hazard to public health.
  4. It can pollute our water resources.
  5. It can reduce our fertile land pastures and destroy the forest areas in the country.

Question 3.
What are the main reasons for our natural vegetation not remaining actually natural?
Answer:
Most of present vegetal cover in India is not really natural. A considerable part of the original cover has been destroyed or changed due to human settlement and use of the land. Much of vegetation is low in quality and content. The original natural vegetation survives only in inaccessible areas of the Himalayas and Thar Desert. In other parts of the country, the vegetation is not ‘natural’ in the real sense of the term.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Natural Vegetation, Wild Life and Soils

Question 4.
Write a short note on Deciduous or Monsoonal Vegetation.
Answer:
The vegetation that sheds its leaves in order to have excessive evaporation, before the start of the hot season, is called Deciduous or Monsoon vegetation.

According to rainfall, the vegetation can be subdivided into two such types:
1. Moist Deciduous Forests. This type of vegetation is found where the annual rainfall is 100 to 200 cms. The vegetation is not much dense and the trees can achieve the height of 30 m. Teak, sandal are the main trees.

2. Dry Deciduous Forests. This type of vegetation is found in areas having rainfall between 50 to 100 cms. Its long belt starts from Punjab and goes up to Deccan plateau. Kikar, Jand are its main trees.

Question 5.
What type of vegetation is found in Eastern Himalayan region?
Answer:
In Eastern Himalaya, we find 4000 species of flowers and 250 species of ferns. Height, Temperature and Rainfall has great impact on the type of vegetation:

  1. Upto an altitude of 1200 metres, we can find deciduous vegetation and mixed forests.
  2. Upto the altitude from 1200 to 2000 metres we find desert evergreen forests. Sal and Magnolia are the main trees.
  3. Due to decrease in temperature at a height of 2000 to 2500 metres are found temperate type of vegetation. Oak, Chestnut, Laurel, Birch, Maple, Alder are the main trees.
    PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Natural Vegetation, Wild Life and Soils 1
  4. At an altitude between 2500 to 3500 metres, we find coniferrous trees. It includes Silver Fir, Pine, Spruce, Deodar, Rendoderan, Blue pine as main trees.
    After some more height short natural grass (Alpine grass) and different types of flowers can be seen.

Question 6.
How does natural vegetation act as a boon for industries?
Answer:
Natural vegetation provides the basis for many industries. The main industries based on forests are like this.

  1. Match Industry. Soft wood is used to manufacture match boxes.
  2. Lac Industry. Insects provide lac on trees and is used for records, polish, electrical goods.
  3. Paper Industry. Bamboo, eucalyptus, and many types of grass are used in paper industry. Bamboo is found in Terai region.
  4. Warnish and paints. Warnish and paints are prepared from resin which comes from forests.
  5. Medicines. Many important medicines are made from forests, e.g. Quinine from cincona. Other Industries: Forests provide raw material for many industries like pencils, boxes, sandal oil, furniture and sports goods.

Question 7.
What have been the implications of indiscriminate cutting of forests in the country?
Answer:
Natural vegetation plays an important role in our life. There has been great deforestation during the last four years which can result in the following disadvantages:

  1. Deforestation has great impact on ecological balance.
  2. It can create problem of soil erosion due to floods on mountain slopes as well as on plains.
  3. The northern parts of Punjab are facing the problems of soil erosion.

(B) Animals

Question 1.
What steps are being taken for protection of animal life in India?
Answer:
Our rich wild life is rich heritage formed through centuries. It must be preserved. Many of the fauna are found only in India such as swamp deer, the one horned rhinoceros, the bison, Kashmiri stag, Nilgai, etc. These rare species are in danger of extinction. Wild life is a gift of nature and a thing of beauty. Wildlife Act provides for the protection and conservation of these species. For this zoos, national parks, bio-reserves, tiger reserves have been established in India.
PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Natural Vegetation, Wild Life and Soils 2

  • Nilgiri Bio-reserve. This is the first reserve set up in the country in 1986.
  • Nanda-Devi Bio-reserve in Uttranchal Himalayas in (1988).
  • Nokrek in Meghalaya
  • Andaman-Nicobar Bio-reserve.
  • Valley of flowers in western Uttranchal
  • Gulf of Mannar in Tamil Nadu
  • Thar desert in Rajasthan
  • Rann of Kutchh (Gujarat)
  • Kaziranga and Manas Park in Assam.

(C) Soils

Question 1.
What is the contribution of Primary Rocks in the formation of soils?
Answer:
Sedimentary rocks are found in Northern plains and igneous rocks are found in Indian plateau. Their composition is different and different types of soils are formed. The colour, texture and composition of soil depends upon the time factor the rocks have suffered a type of climate. In West Bengal, Bacteria help in the formation of soils. But in Rajasthan, the fertility of soil decreases due to absence of vegetation. In areas of heavy rainfall and strong winds, soil erosion is active. So the fertility decreases.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Natural Vegetation, Wild Life and Soils

Question 2.
What should be done to increase the fertility of soils?
Answer:
The following methods should be used to improve the fertility of the soils:

  • Methods should be adopted to check soil erosion
  • Manures and chemical fertilizers should be used to maintain the fertility of soils.
  • Crop rotation should be practised.
  • Scientific methods of cultivation should be used.
  • Land should be kept fallow to retain its fertility.
  • Suitable combination of crops should be cultivated.

Question 3.
Write a short note on Peat or Marshy Soils.
Answer:
Peat soils cover an area of 1500 sq. km. It is found in Sundar Bans, the coastal area of Orissa, coastal areas of South Tamil Nadu, Central Bihar, Almora in Uttranchal. It is black and acidic. It is called Black soil in Kerala. Sometimes it takes the form of blue soils due to excess of bacteria.

Question 4.
What are the different types of Soil erosion?
Answer:
Soil Erosion. Soil erosion is of two types:

Types of Soil Erosion:

  1. Sheet Erosion. When the soil is washed away in thin layers by water or wind, it is called Sheet Erosion. Fine silt and clay is removed from the top soil.
  2. Gully Erosion: It is done by running water by cutting channel. Gullies and ravines are formed by rapid run off. Badland is formed over clay soils in Chambal Valley.

Question 5.
What are the causes of soil erosion?
Answer:
Causes of Soil Erosion:

  1. Steep slopes. Steep slopes affect the rapidity of running water. On steep slopes, intensity of soil erosion increases.
  2. Torrential rainfall. Heavy rainfall loosens the soil particles.
  3. Strong winds. Winds and dust storm blow away soil in dry areas. This process is known as deflation.
  4. Over-grazing. Due to over-grazing, the vegetation becomes too thin to protect the soil. Rain and wind can easily erode the loose soil.
  5. Over-cropping. Crop rotation maintains soil fertility. But over-cropping and shifting cultivation renders soil infertile.
  6. Deforestation. Deforestation means the removal of forest cover and it exposes the area to soil erosion. Reckless cutting of trees has resulted in soil erosion by Chos along the Siwalik hills. Human misuse of the land through wrong farming practices, deforestation, etc. leads to the removal of soil cover.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Natural Vegetation, Wild Life and Soils

Question 6.
What are the agents of soil erosion?
Answer:
Wind, water, glaciers are the agents of soil erosion.

III. Answer each of the following questions subjectively:

Question 1.
Explain the classification of natural vegetation of India on various bases.
Answer:
Natural vegetation of India can be divided into the following five parts on the basis of geographical factors:
1. Evergreen forests or tropical evergreen forests. Evergreen forests are found in those parts of India where the average annual rainfall is 200 cms or more. These forests are mostly found in the Tarai region of the Eastern Himalayas, Western Ghats and Andaman islands.

2. Deciduous forests or monsoon forests. These forests are found in those parts of India where the average annual rainfall is between 60 and 200 centimetres. These forests are mainly found on the lower slopes of the Himalayas, Chotanagpur, Gangetic Valley and the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats.

3. Semi-desert forests. Such forests in India are found in Rajasthan, Western Haryana, Southwestern Punjab and Gujarat.

4. Desert or thorny forests. Thorny bushes are the typical vegetation of such forests. Such forests are found in parts of Rajasthan and Kutch.
PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Natural Vegetation, Wild Life and Soils 3
5. Forests of Delta regions or Tidal forests. Such forests are found in the deltas of the rivers. Such forests in India are found in the deltas of Mahanadi, Godawari, Krishna, Cauvery, Ganga and Brahmputra rivers.

6. Mountain forests or the natural vegetation of the Himalayas. Forests of this type are found on the slopes of the mountains.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Natural Vegetation, Wild Life and Soils

Question 2.
How is natural vegetation classified on the basis of Geographical elements in the country? (Pb. 2005, 06)
Answer:
There .are many variations of soil and climate in India. This has given rise to many types of forests. The forests in India can be divided into the following main types:
1. Evergreen forests or the tropical evergreen forests. Evergreen forests are found in those parts of India where the average annual rainfall is 200 cms or more. These forests are mostly found in the Terai region of the eastern Himalayas, Western Ghats and Andaman islands. The chief trees of these forests include Mahogany, bamboos, cane, rubber and cinchona. The wood from these trees is used for making furniture, houses and boats.

2. Deciduous forests or monsoon forests. These forests are found in those parts in India where the average annual rainfall is between 60 and 200 centimeters. These forests are mainly found on the lower slopes of the Himalayas, Chhotanagpur, Gangetic valley and the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats. The chief trees found in these forests include teak, sal, sesoo, mango, sandal and cotton tree. These trees shed off their leaves in summer.

3. Semi-desert forests. This type of forests are found in those parts of India where the average annual rainfall is between 20 and 60 cms. Such forests in India are found in Rajasthan, Western Haryana, South Western Punjab and Gujarat. Acacia and date palm are the typical trees of these forests.

4. Deserts or thorny forests. Such vegetation or forests are found in those parts of India where the average annual rainfall is less than 20 cms. Thorny bushes are the typical vegetation of such forests. Such forests are found in parts of Rajasthan and Kutch.

5. Forests of Delta regions or Tidal forests. Such forests are found in the deltas of the rivers. There is ample water and the soil is also fertile. Such forests in India are found in the deltas of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, Ganga and Brahmputra rivers. Such forests are found in the states of West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

6. Mountain forests or the natural vegetation of the Himalayas. Forests of this type are found on the slopes of the mountains. The nature of forests changes with the height and the amount of rainfall.

Question 3.
Describe the benefits of natural vegetation to the country.
Answer:
Importance of Forests:
Forests are a valuable rersource; like a river system, it is a multiple resource. Forests provide mankind with a number of products. Forests have greatly influenced human activities. Modern civilisation depends more and more on forests.

Following are the direct and indirect advantages of forests:

  • Forests provide many things to meet our food requirements like wild fruits, nuts, berries, etc. Many tribes are dependent on gathering of these products in forests.
  • Forests are a source of timber for house building, furniture making, ship building, etc.
  • Forests supply about 40% of fuel of the world. Wood has been the major source of fuel in houses, smelting industries and running locomotives.
  • Softwoods supply raw materials for wood pulp, paper, rayon industries.
  • Many products like rubber, pitch, gum, tanning materials, cork, camphor, fir, herbs, etc. are gathered from forests.
  • Forests provide plywood and fibre wood for packing purposes.
  • Forests help in rainfall by capturing moisture in the air. These affect the climate of an area,
  • Forests prevent Soil erosion and floods.
  • Forests increase the fertility of soil, help agriculture and maintain ecological balance.
  • Forests provide shelter to wild animals and help recreation, wild life and hunting.
  • They check the advance of deserts.

Question 4.
Which elements determine the texture of soil?
Answer:
The formation of soils depends upon the following factors:

  1. Bed rocks. Sedimentary rocks are found in the Northern plain while igneous rocks are found in peninsular India. These rocks have a variety of minerals which add to their fertility.
  2. Climate. Colour, structure and composition of soils depend upon climate. West Bengal has fertile soils due to chemical processes. But Rajasthan has less fertile soils due to absence of vegetation. Areas with heavy rainfall and strong winds have soil erosion and the soils are less fertile.
  3. Slope. Slope also affects the development of soils. Land slide occurs in hilly areas due to fast running water and gravity. Therefore, slopes are not fertile, but the valleys of Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra are fertile.
  4. Natural vegetation. Vegetation provides Humus which makes the soils fertile. India has a large area under cultivation. Vegetation is.not adequate. Only 5% to 10% bacteria is available. So soils are not very fertile.
  5. Period. Time plays an important factor. Soils receive every year humus, sediments, bacteria, etc. Soil formation is a slow process which takes thousands of years.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Natural Vegetation, Wild Life and Soils

Question 5.
Discuss the various types and characteristics of soils found in India.
Answer:
India is primarily an agricultural country. The soils of India are classified on the basis of bed rocks and climate conditions.
1. Black Soils: Black soils are mainly found over the Deccan Lava tract including Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh. These soils have been formed due to weathering of Lava rocks. These soils cover an area of about 5 lakh sq. km. These soils are rich in lime, iron, magnesia and alumina. These are also called ‘Regur Soils’. These soils are most suitable for cotton cultivation and are known as ‘Black Cotton Soils’.
PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Natural Vegetation, Wild Life and Soils 4
2. Red Soils. These soils are found in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and areas on periphery of Deccan Plateau. These soils have been formed due to decomposition underlying igneous rocks.

3. Laterite Soils. Laterite soils are found on the highland areas of the plateau. These are found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and hilly regions of Assam, Rajmahal hills and Chottanagpur plateau. Due to monsoonal climate (wet and dry seasons alternatively occurring), there is the leaching of soils.

4. Alluvial Soils. These soils have been deposited by the rivers in river valleys of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and their deltas. These are deep and fertile soils. These are dark soils.

5. Desert Soils. These soils cover 2 lakh sq. km. from dry areas of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab and Haryana. These sandy soils are suited to cultivation of jowar, bajra, cotton, wheat, etc.

Question 6.
What is Soil Erosion? Why is it caused? What is its regional distribution? How can it be checked? (Pb. 2008)
Answer:
Causes of Soil Erosion:

  1. Steep slopes. Steep slopes affect the rapidity of running water. On steep slopes, intensity of soil-erosion increases.
  2. Torrential rainfall. Heavy rainfall loosens the soil particles and scoopes out the soil forming gullies and ravines. This gives rise to a dissected surface called badland as in Chambal Valley of India.
  3. Strong winds. Winds and dust storms blow away soil in dry areas. This process is known as deflation.
  4. Over-grazing. Due to over-grazing, the vegetation becomes too thin to protect the soil. Rain and wind can easily erode the loose soil.
  5. Over-cropping. Crop rotation maintains soil fertility. But over-cropping and shifting cultivation renders soil infertile,
  6. Deforestation. Deforestation means the removal of forest cover and it exposes the area to soil-erosion. Reckless cutting of trees has resulted in soil erosion by chos along the Shiwalik hills. Human misuse of the land through wrong farming practices, deforestation, etc. leads to the removal of soil cover.

Soil conservation. Soil is a fundamental natural resource. Soil formation is a slow process, but it is easily lost by soil erosion. In fact, more soil is being lost each year than Nature makes. Soil erosion must be checked. Sound farming practices and measures be adopted to conserve, protect, renew and maintain soil fertility.

These methods constitute soil conservation.

  1. Afforestation. In some areas, the original vegetation cover has been removed.
    It has resulted in soil erosion as along Shiwalik Hills. In such areas, trees should be planted (reforestation) to hold the soil. Afforestation is needed in new areas to check the surface run off. Advance of deserts can be checked by planting trees along the margins of deserts.
  2. Controlled grazing. The number of animals to be grazed on slopes should be
    according to the carrying capacity of the pastures. It gives time for the grass to grow again.
  3. Terraced Agriculture. Slopes must be cut into a senes of terraces (fields) for cultivation. Outer walls at edges are made to slow down the flow of rainwater.
  4. River Dams. River Dams are built in the upper course of rivers to control floods and check soil erosion.
  5. Contour ploughing. Contour ploughing, terracing and bunding is done to check soil wash on slopes. Ploughing is done at right angles to the hill slopes.
  6. Crop rotation. Crop rotation system be applied and the land should be left fallow for some time. Soil fertility can be maintained in this way.
  7. Other methods. In areas of heavy rain, basin type of cultivation is adopted.

IV. Show the following on the map of India:

Question 1.
(i) Areas of arid vegetation,
(ii) Mangrove vegetation area.
(iii) Areas of black soil and alluvial soils
Answer:
PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Natural Vegetation, Wild Life and Soils 5

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Guide Natural Vegetation, Wild Life and Soils Important Questions and Answers

Answer the following questions each in one line or one word:

Question 1.
How much part of India is under forests?
Answer:
22 percent.

Question 2.
Name an industrial use of Timber.
Answer:
Fuel.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Natural Vegetation, Wild Life and Soils

Question 3.
How much rainfall is required for the growth of tropical evergreen forests?
Answer:
200 cm.

Question 4.
Name the forests which shed their leaves in the summer season.
Answer:
Deciduous forests.

Question 5.
Which state has the largest area under forests?
Answer:
Madhya Pardesh.

Question 6.
Name a tree found in Tidal forests.
Answer:
Sundari.

Question 7.
Which forests are found in Nilgiris?
Answer:
Sholas.

Question 8.
Name a Biosphere recognised by UNESCO.
Answer:
Sunder Bans.

Question 9.
Name a Bird sanctuary.
Answer:
Bharatpur.

Question 10.
Where are Rpyal Bengal Tigers found?
Answer:
In Sunderbans.

Question 11.
What name is given to a Horizon of soil?
Answer:
Top Soil.

Question 12.
Which is the mostly found soil in India?
Answer:
Alluvial.

Question 13.
Which soil is most indispensable on Deccan plateau?
Answer:
Red soil.

Question 14.
What name is given to Black soil?
Answer:
Regur soil.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Natural Vegetation, Wild Life and Soils

Question 15.
Name the crop for which black soil is used.
Answer:
Cotton.

Question 16.
Name an area of soils.
Answer:
Thar.

Question 17.
In which area Ravines are found?
Answer:
Chambal Valley.

Question 18.
Why is diversity of vegetation found in India?
Answer:
Because there is a great diversity in relief, climate vegetation in India.

Question 19.
Where are tropical evergreen forests found in India?
Answer:
Tropical evergreen forests are found on west coast, western ghats, Assam, Nagaland, Tripura and West Bengal.

Question 20.
Where are Monsoons forests found in India?
Answer:
Monsoon forests are found in Maharashtra, Tamilnadu, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, U.P., Uttranchal and Punjab.

Question 21.
Name the four main trees found in Monsoon forests.
Answer:
Sal, Teak, Sheesham and Ebony.

Question 22.
Where are Delta forests found? Name one important tree.
Answer:
Delta forests are found in coastal areas where Deltas are formed. Sundri is an important tree.

Question 23.
Which wood is the best for making furniture, ships and rail coaches?
Answer:
Teak wood is the best.

Question 24.
Where are mangrove forests found?
Answer:
These forests are found in Deltas and coastal areas. These can be grown in salt areas as well as in fresh water areas.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Natural Vegetation, Wild Life and Soils

Question 25.
Why is Ganga, Brahmputra Delta known as Sunder Ban?
Answer:
Sundri is the most important tree in this Delta. Therefore it is called Sunder Ban.

Question 26.
Why do the trees in deserts have long roots?
Answer:
There is absence of water in deserts. Nature has provided trees with long roots to get water from depth.

Question 27.
How do forests increase the fertility of soil?
Answer:
Dead leaves of trees mix with soil and become humus. It increases fertility.

Question 28.
Why do the forests control floods?
Answer:
Flood water seeps into the ground and decreases the flow of floods and control floods.

Question 29.
What do you mean by alluvial soils?
Answer:
The soils formed by rivers are called alluvial soils.

Question 30.
Name three types of alluvial soil.
Answer:
Khadar soil, Bhangar soil and Delta soil are types of alluvial soil.

Question 31.
Name one merit of Black soil.
Answer:
It can hold moisture and is best suited for cotton crop.

Question 32.
Which elements are found in large quantity in laterite soils?
Answer:
Iron and aluminium elements are found in large quantity in laterite soils.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Natural Vegetation, Wild Life and Soils

Question 33.
Name any two milch animals.
Answer:
Cow, Buffalo etc.

Fill in the blanks:

Question 1.
Trees and plants make_______
Answer:
Natural vegetation

Question 2.
_________ plant is called Terror of Bengal.
Answer:
Hyacinth

Question 3.
Coniferous cover _______ % forests.
Answer:
5

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Natural Vegetation, Wild Life and Soils

Question 4.
_________ % of land should be under forests.
Answer:
33

Question 5.
________ has the largest forest area.
Answer:
Madhya Pradesh.

Multiple Choice Questions:

Question 1.
Describe forest cover in India is:
(a) 9.48%
(b) 10.48%
(c) 11.48%
(d) 12.48%.
Answer:
(c) 11.48%

Question 2.
Teak wood is found in forests:
(a) Evergreen
(b) Tidal
(c) Mountain
(d) Deciduous.
Answer:
(a) Evergreen

Question 3.
Which is a bird sanctuary?
(a) Bharatpur
(b) Dacligarm
(c) Gir
(d) Nilgiris.
Answer:
(a) Bharatpur

Question 4.
Sunderbans is the habitat of:
(a) Tiger
(b) Lions
(c) Elephants
(d) Camels.
Answer:
(a) Tiger

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Natural Vegetation, Wild Life and Soils

Question 5.
Kaziranga is a national park in:
(a) Bihar
(b) U.P.
(c) Assam
(d) Tripura.
Answer:
(c) Assam

True / False:

Question 1.
Teak wood is best for making ships.
Answer:
True.

Question 2.
Black soils are mainly found in Tamil Nadu.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
Flora is related with plant kingdom.
Answer:
True.

Question 4.
There are 80,000 species of plants in the world.
Answer:
False

Question 5.
There are 75,000 species of animals in India.
Answer:
True.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Soil? How is it formed?
Answer:
The loose and unconsolidated material which forms the upper layer of the crust is called soil. It is found in layers or horizons. Its thickness varies from some cms to meters. It consists of many mineral and organic particles, humus, bacteria, etc. Soil formation is a slow process. Soil is formed through the chemical and mehanical weathering of rock cover. Parent materials derived from rock cover and humus together lead to soil formation. Soil is the end product of the physical, chemical, biological and cultural factors which act and react together.

Question 2.
What are the major factors in the formation of Soil?
Answer:
The formation of soil depends upon many factors. The major factors are:

  1. Parent Material
  2. Climate
  3. Surface features of relief
  4. Slope of the land
  5. Natural vegetation.

Question 3.
What are the characteristics of Alluvial Soils?
Answer:

  1. Alluvial soils are deposited by rivers.
  2. These soils are limited to river basins and plains.
  3. These are very fertile soils.
  4. These consist of fine grained clay and sand.
  5. These soils are rich in potash, but poor in phosphorus.
  6. These are generally deep soils.

Question 4.
Which type of soils are formed as a result of wide diffusion of iron in the rocks? Explain two important characteristics of these soils of India.
Answer:
Red soils are formed as a result of wide diffusion of iron in the rocks.

Characteristics of Red Soils. These soils are found in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and areas on periphery of Deccan Plateau. These soils have been formed due to the decomposition of underlying igneous rocks. The red colour of these soils is due to oxidation and diffusion of iron in hard crystalline rocks. These are given to the cultivation of millets, pulses, linseed, tobacco etc. These soils cover the largest area in Peninsular India. These soils are poor in lime, nitrogen and humus. Fertilizers are added to make these soils fertile.

Question 5.
Which exotic species is known as ‘Terror of Bengal5? Why is it called so?
Or
Why does exotic flora become a problem for us? Name two such species.
Answer:
Nearly 40% of plant species found in India have come from outside and are called exotic plants. These plants have been brought from Sino-Tibetan, African and Indo – Malayasian areas. These plants were brought as decorative garden plants in India. These plants rapidly multiply so that it is difficult to eradicate these. These reduce the useful land cover. These prevent the growth of economic plants. These spread diseases and are a hazard to public health. Lantana and water hyacinth are two such species. Water hyacinth is known as “Terror of Bengal”. It has choked up all the water courses like rivers, streams, tanks, canals, etc.

Question 6.
What is the need for conservation of forests?
Answer:
Increasing human and animal population has adverse impact on natural vegetation. Areas which were once covered with forests, have now become semi-desert. Even Rajasthan has forests. Forests are essential for ecological balance which in turn is essential for human survival and development. For balanced ecology and healthy environment, at least one third of the land of India must be kept under forest. Unfortunately we do not have even one fourth of the total area under forest. The need for a policy for conservation and mangement of forest resources, therefore, demands no emphasis.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Natural Vegetation, Wild Life and Soils

Question 7.
What are the aims of National Forest Policy?
Answer:
A new National Forest Policy was adopted in 1988 to stop the further decrease in the forest cover.

  1. The policy aimed at bringing 33 percent of India’s landmass under forest cover. The world coverage was 27 percent, and India’s own coverage at that time was only 19 percent.
  2. The policy further stated that efforts would be made to maintain environmental stability and to restore forests where ecological balance was disturbed.
  3. The other objective was to conserve the natural heritage of the country, its biological diversity and genetic pool.
  4. The policy further aimed to check soil erosion, an extension of the desert lands and reduction of floods and droughts.
  5. Other objectives of the policy were to increase the forest cover through social forestry and afforestation denuded and unproductive land, increase in productivity of forests to make timber, fuel, fodder and food available to rural and tribal populations dependent on forests and encourage the substitution of wood.
  6. Lastly it emphasized the creation of a massive people movement involving women to encourage planting of trees and stop felling of trees.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Soil Erosion? In which different ways does it occur?
Answer:
Soil Erosion. It is the destruction and removal of top soil by running water, wind, etc. Soil erosion has become a serious problem in many areas. Soil formation is a slow process and takes thousands of years to develop soil, but it may be removed in a matter of a few years. Soil erosion results from the following causes ;

Causes of Soil Erosion:

  1. Steep Slopes. Steep slopes affect the rapidity of running water on steep slopes, and the intensity of soil erosion increases.
  2. Torrential Rainfall. Heavy rainfall lessens the soil particles and scoops out the soil-forming gullies and ravines. This gives rise to a dissected surface called badland as in the Chambal valley of India.
  3. Strong Winds. Winds and dust storms blow away soil in dry areas. This process
    is known as deflation.
  4. Over-grazing. Due to over-grazing, the vegetation becomes too thin to protect the soil. Rain and wind can easily erode the loose soil.
  5. Over-cropping. Crop rotation maintains soil fertility. But over-cropping and shifting cultivation render soil infertile.
  6. Deforestation. Deforestation means the removal of forest cover and it exposes the area of soil erosion. Reckless cutting of trees has resulted in soil erosion by chos along the Shiwalik hills. Human misuse of the land through wrong farming practices, deforestation etc. leads to the removal of soil cover.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Natural Vegetation, Wild Life and Soils

Question 2.
What factors control the diversity and growth of fauna and flora?
Answer:
The growth, types, and diversity in flora and fauna kingdom is due to the following factors:

  1. Temperature
  2. Sunlight
  3. Precipitation
  4. Soil
  5. Relief

1. Temperature. The character and extent of vegetation are mainly determined by temperature along with humidity in the air, precipitation and soil. On the slopes of the Himalayas and the hills of the peninsula above the height of 915 metere, the fall in the temperature affects the types of vegetation and its growth, and changes it from tropical to subtropical temperature and alpine.

2. Sunlight. The variation in sun’s radiant energy at different places is due to the difference in latitude, season and duration of the day. Due to long duration of sunlight, trees grow faster in summer.

3. Precipitation. Almost the entire rainfall occurs by the advancing south-west monsoon (June to Sept.) and retreating north-east monsoons. Areas of heavy rainfall have more dense vegetation as compared to other areas.

4. Soil. Changes in soil conditions have given rise to peculiar types of vegetation in many areas such as mangrove forests swamps and sandy coastal forests.

5. Relief. It is another important factor affecting vegetation. Plains, plateaus and mountains have different types of vegetation.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 3 Minerals and Energy Resources

by

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Social Science Book Solutions Geography Chapter 3 Minerals and Energy Resources Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 3 Minerals and Energy Resources

SST Guide for Class 8 PSEB Minerals and Energy Resources Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in 1-15 words :

Question 1.
Write the definition of mineral resources.
Answer:
Minerals are natural substances that are made up of one or more elements. These are found in the interior of the earth. These have a definite chemical composition. These are identified by their physical and chemical qualities.

Question 2.
Where do iron-ore is found in India?
Answer:

  1. Bihar: Singhbhum.
  2. Orissa: Mayurbhanjh.
  3. Chhattisgarh: Durg and Bastar.
  4. Karnataka: Bellary, Dharwar, Kudremukh.

Question 3.
What are the uses of copper?
Answer:
Copper is used for making utensils, coins, electrical wires and electronics. Their sheets are also made.

Question 4.
Name the famous gold mines in India.
Answer:
In Karnataka, Kolar and Hutti.
In Andhra Pradesh: Ramgiri.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 3 Minerals and Energy Resources

Question 5.
How should we use atomic minerals?
Answer:
Atomic minerals should be used carefully. These should be used for the development of the country and not for destruction and pollution.

Question 6.
What are the non-conventional sources of energy?
Answer:
Water power, solar energy, wind power, geothermal energy and tidal energy.

Question 7.
Name the four types of coal.
Answer:

  1. Anthracite
  2. Bituminous
  3. Lignite
  4. Peat.

Question 8.
What are multipurpose projects?
Answer:
The dams built mainly for power generation are called multi- purpose projects as these provide many benefits at the same time.

II. Answer the following questions in 50-60 words :

Question 1.
Which are the countries from where iron ore is mainly found? Write down the different types of iron ore :
Answer:
Countries: Russia and its neighbouring countries, Australia, Brazil, U.S.A. produce large quantities of iron ore. India produces 5% iron ore in the world.

Types of Iron ore :

  1. Magnetite
  2. Haematite
  3. Limonite
  4. Siderite.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 3 Minerals and Energy Resources

Question 2.
Write down a note on the importance of Bauxite.
Answer:
Aluminium is extracted from Bauxite. It makes up about 8 per cent of the earth’s crust. It is light, strong and a very good conductor of electricity. It is largely used in various industries like transportation (aircraft, ship building, automobiles), chemical industries, electrical goods, machines, etc. It is used in making utensils, coins, furniture, sheets, packing material, photo-frames, pipes, etc. It is the basis of our telecommunication systems as it is used in radios, telegraphs, televisions and electrical wires. Due to its wide uses, it has been described as the ‘champion of metals’ or ‘the metal of the twentieth century’.

Question 3.
What is the importance of natural gas in our life and name the major areas in our country where it is found?
Answer:
Natural gas is produced in areas producing petroleum. When an oil well is dug, Natural gas is found in upper layers.

Use: It is used in homes for cooking, in vehicles and in industry.

Production: All the petroleum-producing countries produce Natural gas. The U.S.A. is the leading producer in the world. Russia, Middle East, Canada, Uzbekistan are other producers. Natural gas is produced in some parts of India. These include the Krishna-Godavari basin, Bay of Bengal-Orissa region and Barmer region of Rajasthan. Gulf of Cambay and Kutch region in Gujarat is a potential area. About 75% of the production of India comes from Bombay High.

Question 4.
Name the important factors which are favourable for the generation of Hydroelectricity?
Answer:
The development of water power (Hydro-electric power) depends upon the following factors:

  1. Uneven relief. Mountainous areas provide quite good sites for the development of water power. Such areas provide rapids or falls.
  2. Abundant rainfall. Fairly = heavy rainfall uniformly distributed throughout the year is necessary for water power development.
  3. Presence of huge rivers and waterfalls. There should be some large rivers like Indus or Nile to provide large and regular supply of water.
  4. Presence of lakes. The presence of lakes along the course of a river helps to regulate water flow naturally.
  5. Nearness to market. The consuming areas should be near the power stations to avoid the loss during transmission.

III. Answer the following questions in about 125-130 words :

Question 1.
What are energy resources? What is their contribution towards the development of the country? Write in detail about any two energy resources.
Answer:
Coal: Coal is the prime source of energy. It is often called the ‘Mother of Industries’. It has been the basis of industrial revolution. Coal is used as a raw material in iron and steel, chemical industries. India ranks seventh in the world as regards coal reserves. The total proven coal reserves are nearly 214,000 million tonnes. These reserves will not last long. The major states known for coal reserves are Jharkhand, Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, M.P., Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra. Coal production is 330 million tonnes (4% of world).

Distribution: India has two types of coalfields :
(a) Gondwana coalfields (98%)
(b) Tertiary coalfields (2%).

(a) Gondwana coalfields: These belong to the period of Gondwana age. Nearly 3/ 4th of coal deposits are found in Damodar valley (Damuda series). Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valley have also coal deposits.
PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 3 Minerals and Energy Resources 1

  1. W. Bengal. West Bengal has the oldest coalfield of India at Raniganj. It covers an area of 1267 sq. km.
  2. Jharkhand and Bihar. These two states produce 50% coal of India. The major coalfields of Jharia, Bokaro, Karanpura, Daltonganj are found in Damodar valley. Coking coal from this coalfield is supplied to steel centres of Jamshedpur, Asansol, Durgapur and Bokaro.
  3. Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh have Son valley coalfields of Suhagpur, Korba, Rampur, Tatapani, Singrauli.
  4. Petroleum: In about 10 lakh sq. km oil-bearing rocks are found in India. The oil reserves in India are estimated to be about 4000 million tonnes.

The first oilfield in India was discovered in 1867 at Makum in Assam. At present the production is as below (334 lakh tonnes) :

  1. Assam: In Assam oil is produced in Digboi, Moran, Naharkatiya and Sibsagar regions.
  2. Gujarat: In Gujarat oil is produced in the Gulf of Cambay region at Kalol, Ankleshwar, Lunej, etc.
  3. Maharashtra: Oil has struck in the off-shore region at Bombay High along the coast of Mumbai. It is the leading producer of crude oil in India. North Basin and South basin are the important oilfields.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 3 Minerals and Energy Resources 2
The production of oil in India is increasing everywhere under the organization of Oil and Natural Gas Commission.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 3 Minerals and Energy Resources

IV. Map Skill

Question 1.
Show one important area of minerals and energy resources on map of India
1. Iron ore
2. Manganese
3. Gold
4. Mica
5. Coal
6. Petroleum.
Answer:
PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 3 Minerals and Energy Resources 3

V. Activity

Question 1.
Prepare a list of atleast ten minerals.
Answer:

S.No. Name of the minerals Name of state of India in which mineral is found Use of the mineral
1. Iron ore Jharkhand Iron steel industries
2. Manganese Madhya Pradesh Steelmaking
3. Gold Karnataka Jewellery
4. Copper Jharkhand Electrical industries
5. Mica Bihar Chemical Industries
6. Uranium Jharkhand Utensils
7. Bauxite Andhra Pradesh Chemical
8. Coal Jharkhand Power
9. Petroleum Assam Power
10. Hydroelectricity Maharashtra Power

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Guide Minerals and Energy Resources Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
Which one of the following is not a type of mining?
(a) Open cast
(b) Shaft
(c) Drilling
(d) Shaft.
Answer:
(d) Shaft.

Question 2.
Which is the hardest mineral?
(a) Diamond
(b) Granite
(c) Basalt
(d) Gatbro.
Answer:
(a) Diamond.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 3 Minerals and Energy Resources

Question 3.
Which is the first metal discovered by man?
(a) Copper
(b) Silver
(c) Gold
(d) Iron.
Answer:
(a) Copper.

Question 4.
Name the diamond which is rarest diamond.
(a) Green diamond
(b) White diamond
(c) Pink diamond
(d) Brown diamond.
Answer:
(a) Green diamond.

Question 5.
Which is a ferrous mineral?
(a) Bauxite
(b) Iron
(c) Mica
(d) Coal.
Answer:
(b) Iron.

Question 6.
What is the name of mining shown in the picture?
PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 3 Minerals and Energy Resources 4
(a) Open Cast
(b) Shaft
(c) Drilling
(d) Shaft mining.
Answer:
(d) Shaft mining.

Question 7.
Which source of energy is the activity in the picture associated with?
Or
Seeing the picture tell the source to which it belongs.
PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 3 Minerals and Energy Resources 5
(а) Hydroelectricity
(b) Solar energy
(c) Wind energy
(d) Nuclear (Atomic) energy.
Answer:
(a) Hydroelectricity.

Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
The __________ metals do not contain metals.
Answer:
Non-Metallic

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 3 Minerals and Energy Resources

Question 2.
Gondwana coalfields belong to the period of __________ age.
Answer:
Gondwana

Question 3.
Biogas is produced in __________ areas.
Answer:
Rural

Question 4.
Khetri is famous for __________
Answer:
Copper

Question 5.
In Gujarat oil is produced in the __________ region.
Answer:
Gulf of camboy.

True/False :

Question 1.
Energy generated by Tides is called Tidal energy.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
West Bengal has the oldest coalfield of India.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Iron is a non-ferrous mineral.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
Jharia is famous for Atomic energy.
Answer:
False

Question 5.
Gold metal is used for decoration.
Answer:
True.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Into how many categories can minerals be classified? Give two examples of each.
Answer:
Minerals are grouped into three categories :

  1. Metallic Minerals. Iron ore, tin.
  2. Non-metallic Minerals. Diamond, Gypsum.
  3. Atomic Minerals. Uranium, Thorium.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 3 Minerals and Energy Resources

Question 2.
Distinguish between Ferrous and Non-ferrous minerals.
Answer:

Ferrous minerals Non-ferrous minerals
1. The metallic minerals which contain iron content are called ferrous minerals (Fe). 1. The minerals which do not contain iron (ferrous) content are called non-ferrous minerals (Nfe).
2. Iron, Manganese, Chromite, Cobalt, etc. are ferrous minerals. 2. Copper, Lead, Zinc, Aluminium are non-ferrous minerals.

Question 3.

What are the uses of Manganese?
Answer:

  1. It is used for manufacturing bleaching powder.
  2. It is used in insecticides.
  3. It is used for making paints and batteries.

Question 4.
Where does India rank in the production of manganese in the world? Where is it found in India?
Answer:
India ranks second in world production of Manganese. In India the main producing areas are Karnataka, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal and Goa.

Question 5.
What is Bronze? What is its use?
Answer:
It is a hard and strong product. Tin and copper are mixed to make it. It is used in making tools and weapons.

Question 6.
Where is copper found in the world ? Name the copper producing areas in India.
Answer:
USA, Russia, Chile, Zambia, Canada and Zaire are the main producers of copper. In India copper is found in Singhbhum (Jharkhand), Balaghat (Madhya Pradesh) and Jhunjhunu, Alwar (Rajasthan).

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 3 Minerals and Energy Resources

Question 7.
Which two states of India are large producer of Bauxite? Name two copper producing areas of these states.
Answer:
Jharkhand and Rajasthan are Bauxite producing states of India. Copper is mined at Singhbhum and Khetri.

Question 8.
What are the uses of Gold?
Answer:
Gold is a valuable metal :

  1. It is used for making ornaments and articles for decoration.
  2. It is used for gold plating, teeth covers and medicines.

Question 9.
What are the uses of copper?
Answer:
Copper is a soft and brown-coloured metal. It has been used by man for a very long time. It is mixed up with tin to be known as Bronze. It is used in the production of utensils, coins, electric wires.

Question 10.
Which minerals are used to produce atomic energy?
Answer:
Uranium, Thorium, Lithium and Zircon are used to produce atomic energy.

Question 11.
Why is petroleum called Rock oil?
Answer:
Petroleum or ‘mineral oil is called rock oil because it is formed in sedimentary rocks. It is called crude oil.

Question 12.
Which country is the largest producer of Gold in the world? And how much?
Answer:
South Africa is the largest producer of gold in the world. It produces about 70% gold of the world.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 3 Minerals and Energy Resources

Question 13.
What is Mica? Why is it used in electrical goods industry?
Answer:
Mica is black or brown or white transparent material. It is a non-metallic .mineral. It is non-conductor of electricity. So it is used in electrical goods industry.

Question 14.
Describe the different methods of extracting minerals.
Answer:
Taking out minerals from rocks is called mining :

  • Open cast mining: Minerals at shallow depths are taken out by removing the surface layer.
  • Shaft Mining: Minerals at depth are taken out by making deep bores.
  • Drilling: Deep wells are bored to take out petroleum.
  • Quarrying: Minerals at surface are dug out.

Question 15.
Most industries are concentrated around coal mines.
Answer:
Most industries are concentrated around coal mines because coal is an important source of energy. It is key mineral and fuel for the industries. It is used as a power resource in many industries. Many industries use it as a raw material. So most industries are concentrated around coal mines.

Question 16.
Petroleum is referred to as “black gold”. Why?
Answer:
Nowadays petroleum is a major source of energy in the world. Many byproducts such as kerosene, fuel, lubricating oils etc. are obtained from it. Petrochemical products have become very useful. Petroleum is used in agro-industry, paints, perfumes, transport, etc. So it is rightly called the “black gold”.

Question 17.
Distinguish between conventional and non-conventional sources of energy.
Answer:

Conventional Sources Non-conventional Sources
1. The sources of energy which have been used since a long time are called the conventional sources of energy. . 1. The sources of energy which have not been commonly used are called non conventional sources of energy
2. Wood, fuel, coal, petroleum gas and water power are conventional sources of energy. 2. Wind, tidal power, Geothermal energy, bio gas, solar energy are non conventional sources of energy.

Question 18.
Distinguish between
(i) Thermal power and Hydel power.
Answer:
Thermal Power and Hydel Power

Thermal Power Hydel Power
1. It is expensive. 1. It is comparatively cheaper.
2. It is a limited resource. 2. It is an unlimited resource.
3. It creates problems of atmospheric pollution. 3. It is non polluted.
4. The electricity generated by coal or petroleum is called thermal power. 4. The electricity generated by running water is called hydel power.

(ii) Anthracite coal and Bituminous coal.
Answer:
Anthracite coal and Bituminous coal

Anthracite coal Bituminous coal
1. It is the best quality of coal. 1. It is the low quality of coal.
2. It causes very less pollution. 2. It causes more pollution.
3. It gives more energy. 3. It gives less energy.
4. It is found only in J & K. 4. It is found in West Bengal, Orissa, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 3 Minerals and Energy Resources

Question 19.
How should the natural resources be conserved?
Answer:
The natural resources should be used carefully in a planned manner. No resource should be wasted. These should be used so that the future generations can also use these.

Question 20.
Distinguish between Metallic and Non-metallic minerals.
Answer:

Metallic Minerals Non-Metallic Minerals
1. Metals are malleable i.e., they can be beaten into sheets. 1. They are brittle in nature and cannot be beaten into sheets.
2. They are good conductors of heat and electricity. 2. They are bad conductors of heat and electricity.
3. All metals are solids. 3. They may be solids, liquids and gases.
4. For Example iron, copper. 4. For Example sand, diamonds.

Question 21.
‘Human civilisations are associated with discovery of minerals.’ Give example.
Answer:
Mining is an age-old activity. The use of minerals is marked with different stages of human civilisation. During 5000 B.C., copper age existed. During 3000 B.C., Bronze age and during 1400 B.C., iron age were developed.

Question 22.
What are the alternative sources of energy?
Answer:
There are other sources of energy as well. They include hydropower, geothermal, nuclear, solar and wind. These are also referred to as the alternative energy sources.

Question 23.
Many African countries have large potential of water resources but they have not used it to generate hydro-electricity.
Answer:
Large amount of capital is required for making dams on rivers, fixing machines and turbines and buying of transmission lines. So in spite of the water resources they are not used to generate hydro-electricity.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 3 Minerals and Energy Resources

Question 24.
Name four main belts where iron ore is found.
Answer:
The four main iron ore belts are :

  1. Orissa – Jharkhand belt
  2. Durg – Bastar Chandarpur belt
  3. Bellary – Chick Manglur belt
  4. Maharashtra – Goa belt.

Question 25.
‘Mineral conservation can delay a crisis.’ Explain.
Answer:
Due to growing population, the use of minerals is increasing at an alarming rate. Minerals will not last long. We need to find substitutes, reduce consumption, recycle mineral resources. It can delay a mineral crisis.

Question 26.
Classify the following metals :
(i) Ferrous
Answer:
Ferrous: Iron and Manganese

(ii) Non-ferrous
Answer:
Non-ferrous: Copper and Lead

(iii) Light metal
Answer:
Light metal: Aluminium

(iv) Rare metals.
Answer:
Rare metals: Zirconium.

Question 27.
List three basic ways through which energy is-obtained.
Answer:
Energy is the capacity to do work. It can be obtained by :

  • Direct heating like fire, sun, etc.
  • Electricity
  • Stored energy in the form of a battery.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 3 Minerals and Energy Resources

Question 28.
Describe the different types of coal.
Answer:

  1. Peat: Peat is the first stage of coal development. It is dark brown in colour. It has about 35 per cent carbon content.
  2. Lignite: Lignite is the next stage of coal formation, which has almost 50 per cent carbon.
  3. Anthracite: Lignite becomes sub-bituminous, bituminous and eventually anthracite coal. Anthracite has more than 85 per cent carbon. It is the best quality of coal. It is very hard, compact, black in colour. It ignites slowly and bums with short blue flame.

Question 29.
Describe the formation of coal.
Answer:
Coal is a black or brown rock consisting mainly of carbon. Coal is formed by the decomposition of vegetation of last ages. Most of coal deposits were formed in carboniferous age about 300 million years ago.

Question 30.
Describe natural gas as a source of conventional energy.
Answer:

  1. Natural gas is found with petroleum deposits.
  2. It is released when crude oil is brought to the surface.
  3. It is used as a domestic and industrial fuel.
  4. Russia, Norway, UK and the Netherlands are the major producers of natural gas in the world.
  5. Jaisalmer, Krishna-Godavari delta. Tripura and some areas off shore in Mumbai have natural gas resources in India.
  6. Very few countries in the world have sufficient natural gas reserves of their own.

Question 31.
Describe solar energy.
Answer:
Solar Energy:

  1. Sun provides heat and light energy every day.
  2. Solar energy trapped from the sun is used in solar cells to produce electricity.
  3. These cells are joined into solar pan&b to generate power for heating and lighting purpose.
  4. The technology of utilising solar energy benefits tropical countries with abundant sunshine.
  5. Solar energy is also used in solar heaters, solar cookers, solar dryers along with community lighting and traffic signals.

Question 32.
Explain wind energy.
Answer:

  1. Wind is an inexhaustible source of energy.
  2. Windmills have been used for grinding grain and lifting water since times immemorial.
  3. At present high speed wind rotate the windmill which is connected to a generator to produce electricity.
  4. Wind farms are clusters of wind mill. They are located in coastal regins and in mountains passes where strong and steady win blows.
  5. Wind farms are found in Netherland, Germany, Denmark, UK, USA and Spain, ‘ They are known for wind energy production.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 3 Minerals and Energy Resources

Question 33.
Give an account of nuclear power.
Answer:
Nuclear power:

  1. Nuclear power is obtained frm energy stored in the nuclei of atoms of naturally occurring radioactive fuels like uranium and thorium.
  2. These fuels undergo nuclear fission in nuclear reactors and emit power.
  3. USA and Europe are the greatest producers of nuclear power.
  4. In India: Rajasthan and Jharkhand have large deposits of uranium.
  5. Thorium is found in large quantities in the monozite sands of Kerala.
  6. Nuclear power stations in India are located in Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu), Tarapur (Maharashtra), Ranapratap Sagar near Kota (Rajasthan), Narora (Uttar Pradesh) and Kaiga (Karnataka).

Question 34.
How is geothermal energy used?
Answer:
Geothermal Energy

  • Heat energy obtained from the earth is known as geothermal energy.
  • The temperature in the interior of the earth increases with increase in depth.
  • This heat energy comes on the surface in the form of hot springs. This heat energy is used to generate power.

Question 35.
Rajan lives in West Bengal. Which cereal crop should he sow in his field to maximise his profit?
Answer:
Rice.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the production of mica in world and in India.
Answer:
U.S.A., Russia, India, France, Argentina and South Korea are the main producers of Mica. India is the leading producer of mica in the world. But the production of mica is decreasing in India.

It is due to two factors :

  1. The demand for mica is decreasing in the world.
  2. The use of substitutes is increasing.

90% of the production of Mica in India comes from three states of Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan and Jharkhand. Other producers are Bihar, Gujarat, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh. The main districts are Nellore, Vishakhapatnam, Krishna (Andhra Pradesh), Jaipur, Udaipur, Bhilwara (Rajasthan), Gaya (Bihar), Hazaribagh (Jharkhand).

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 3 Minerals and Energy Resources

Question 2.
What is Nuclear Energy? Name the areas in India producing nuclear minerals.
Answer:
The energy generated by nuclear minerals is called nuclear energy. Uranium, Thorium, Lithium are nuclear minerals.

Areas of Production :

  • Uranium. Singhbhum, Hazaribagh (Jharkhand), Gaya (Bihar) Saharanpur (U.P.) and Udaipur (Rajasthan).
  • Thorium. Kerala, Jharkhand, Bihar, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu.
  • Lithium. Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Kerala.

Question 3.
Describe the importance of Natural Resources in our day to day life. Name the main areas of Natural Resources.
Answer:
Natural resources are free gifts of nature. These are very important for our lives. These are the index of a country’s progress and strength. These are called ‘the backbone of a country.

Areas of Natural Resources:

  • India’s 30% of the total area is covered with mountains. These have huge water and forest resources.
  • About 27% of the total area is covered with plateaus. These are storehouses of minerals.
  • About 43% of the total area is covered with plains. These have fertile soils and agriculture is well developed. These are ‘granaries’ of India.

Question 4.
Describe the Non-conventional sources of energy produced in India.
Answer:
Non-conventional sources of energy. Today non-conventional sources of energy include wind, tides, geothermal heat, biogas, farm and animal waste including human excreta.

All these sources are renewable or inexhaustible.
1. Wind energy: It can be used for generating electricity. It is estimated that wind alone can provide 2000 MW of electricity. The states of Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Orissa are better placed in regard to this energy. Areas with constant and high speed winds are suitable for the purpose.

2. Tidal energy: The Gulfs of Kutch and Cambay are ideally suited to develop electricity from the energy produced by high tides entering to narrow creeks.

3. Geo-thermal energy: India is not rich in this source. However, efforts are on to utilize natural energy of the hot springs at Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh.

4. Energy from urban waste: A pilot for demonstration purposes had already been set up in Delhi to treat solid municipal waste for conversion into energy. It produces nearly 4 MW energy every year. Sewage in cities is used for generating gas and electricity.

5. Biogas based power plants: Bagasse, farm wastes, rice husk are being used to produce electricity.

6. Farm animal and human wastes (Urja Gram): By using biomass, animal poultry waste and human excreta, gobar gas plants are being set up in villages.

7. Solar energy: Solar voltaic cells are used to generate solar energy.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 3 Minerals and Energy Resources

Question 5.
Environmental aspects must be carefully looked into before building huge dams.
Answer:

  • Dams create an imbalance in the earth’s equilibrium.
  • Deforestation leads to environmental pollution.
  • People are displaced.
  • Cities/villages/towns are shifted causing untold hardships to people.
  • Silting of lakes a problem.

Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
Russia is rich in __________ resource.
Answer:
Natural gas

Question 2.
Processing of digging out of minerals is known as __________
Answer:
quarrying

Question 3.
Biogas is produced in __________ areas.
Answer:
rural

Question 4.
India __________ in ferrous minerals.
Answer:
is rich

Question 5.
Australia is the largest producer of __________ in the world.
Answer:
bauxite

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 3 Minerals and Energy Resources

Question 6.
China and India have large __________ are deposits.
Answer:
iron.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Hydel power? How is it generated? Describe its production in India and world.
Answer:
Hydel power is generated through falling water. Dams are built on rivers, the water is dropped from a height to rotate turbines. Due to friction, turbines generate electricity.

Production: Many countries have sufficient water resources. These countries produce large quantities of Hydel power. U.S.A., Russia, Japan, Germany, Canada, England, France, Italy, Poland, Brazil and India are the main producers. U.S.A. produces 31% water power of the world.

Hydel power in India. India produces sufficient Hydel power. But India’s share is only 1% in world production. Rivers and canals are the main sources.

  1. Himalayan rivers
  2. Peninsular rivers.

Ganga, Brahmaputra and tributaries are snow fed and perennial rivers. So these have large capacity to generate water power with 18% of total potential of India. But peninsular rivers are seasonal and depend upon rainfall. So their capacity is low.

Distribution: All the states, except, Goa produce Hydel power. Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Kerala states have large capacity. Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh are rich in Hydel power resources. We have to develop these resources.

Important: Projects,

  • Nagarjun Sagar Dam-Karnataka.
  • Ganga Hydro-electric system-U.P.
  • Tata Hydro-electric Grid-Maharashtra.
  • Hirakud Dam-Orissa.
  • Pandoh Project-Himachal Pradesh.
  • Bhakra-Nangal Project-Punjab.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 3 Minerals and Energy Resources

Question 2.
Describe the economic importance of minerals. Explain the main types of minerals.
Answer:
Minerals. Mineral resources are of great use to man. Minerals have been called ‘The Gifts of Nature’. Mineral resources have been used since pre-historic times. Human civilisation has seen many ages like the stone age, copper age and iron age. Modern industrial and economic development depends upon the production and utilization of minerals.

Types of Minerals: There are 70 to 80 minerals found on the surface of the earth. These can be divided into three types :

  1. Non-Metallic Minerals. These include salt, mica, limestone, graphite, potash, gypsum.
  2. Metallic Minerals. These include iron, copper, aluminium, gold, silver. These can be melted into useful metals.
  3. Fuel Minerals. These include coal, oil and natural gas. These are called sources of power.

Importance of Minerals :

  • Industries. Minerals form the basis of heavy industries like iron and steel. Minerals are called ‘vitamins’ of industry.
  • Machinery. Minerals provide machinery for modern manufacturing.
  • Transport. Minerals are used in the making of different means of transportation.
  • Sources of Energy. Minerals provide energy to modern industries.

Question 3.
Describe the production of Petroleum in India.
Answer:
Production. In about 10 lakh sq. km. oil-bearing rocks are found in India. The oil reserves in India are estimated to be 50 crore metric tons.
The first oilfield in India was discovered in 1867 at Makum in Assam. At present the production is as under:

  1. Assam: In Assam, oil is produced in Digboi, Moran, Naharkatiya, and Sibsagar regions.
  2. Gujarat: In Gujarat, oil is produced in the Gulf of Cambay region at Kalol, Ankleshwar, Lunej, etc.
  3. Maharashtra: Oil has struck in the offshore region at Mumbai High along the coast of Mumbai. It is the leading producer of crude oil in India. North Basin and South Basin and Albet islands are the important oil fields.
  4. The production of oil in India is increasing everywhere under the organization of the Oil and Natural Gas Commission. The production of oil in India was estimated to be about 210 lakh tonnes in 2001.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Source Based Questions and Answers

by

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Social Science Book Solutions Geography Source Based Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Geography Source Based Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Read the following quotes carefully and answer the given questions : The Indian Republic is a large country with a large geographical spread. India is a distinct geographical unit, in which a distinct culture has developed. It is the seventh largest country in the world. Where as in terms of population, it ranks second in the world after China. It is clear from this that 17.5% (2011 data) population is on 2.4% of the total geographical area of the world. On the northern border of China, there are mountain ranges of the Great Himalayas which extend parallel to each other. She makes India a separate territory from Asia. The vast fertile plains of the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers provide food security to our country. The peninsular plateau is a storehouse of natural minerals. Surrounded by many major rivers, lakes and vast oceans on all three sides of the world, India holds the status of an independent landform or subcontinent.
(A) What is the place in the world in terms of area and population of India?
Answer:
India ranks seventh in the world in terms of area. In terms of population, India is second.

(B) Why is India called the sub-continent?
Answer:
India is located to the South of the continent of Asia. Part of Asia is a distinct geographical entity. It is separated from the rest of Asia by the Himalayan mountains. India has been given the status of a sub-continent due to its’ features. The Indian sub-continent consists of countries other than India including Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Maldives etc.

Question 2.
Plains of Punjab-Haryana-These plains are spread over an area of about 640 Kilometres from northwest to south-east. Their average width is up to 300 km. The total area of this ground is up to 1.75 lakh km. This plain is made up of alluvial deposits of Indus and its tributaries: Sutlej, Beas and Ravi. There are five Doabs of this ground, including Bist Doab (Beas and Sutlej), Bari Doab (Beas and Ravi), Rachna Doab (Ravi and Chenab), Chaj Doaba (Chenab and Jehlum) and Sindh-Sagar Doab (Jehlum, Chenab and Sindhu (middle) area of the river).
(A) Write about the extension of the plain of Punjab-Haryana?
Answer:
The plain of Punjab-Haryana has spread about 640 km from North-West to South-East. Its average width is 300 km. Its total area is 1.75 lakh square kilometres.

(B) How did these plains become? Write the names of its doabs.
Answer:
This plain is formed by the accumulation of alluvium of Indus and its tributaries; Sutlej, Beas and Ravi. There are five Doabs of this plain, Bist Doab (Beas and Sutlej), Bari Doab (Beas and Ravi), Rachna Doab (Ravi and Chenab), Chaj Doab (Chenab and Jehlum) and Sindh-Sagar Doab (Jehlum, Chenab and Indus River of middle area.)

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Source Based Questions and Answers

Question 3.
The plains of the Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers are one of the largest plains in the world. These plains are about 2,400 km long and 150 to 130 km wide. These plains are made of alluvial soil. In millions of years, this fertile plain has been created due to the deposition of alluvium in a very large basin situated in Giripad, Himachal. Many plains are also built-in these plains such as Alluvial fans, alluvial cone, crooked or meandering rivers, natural leaves, flood plains etc. Most of the Terai Region of Punjab, Uttarakhand has been cut into forests and made into arable land.
(A) How was India’s vast northern plains formed?
Answer:
The vast plains of India have been formed by the deposition of alluvial soil brought by the Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers. These deposits occurred in a huge basin in Girpad in the Himalayas.

(B) Name the main landforms of these plains.
Answer:
Many landscapes are found in these plains, like alluvial fans, alluvial cone, meanders, crooked or erosive flow, rivers, natural leaves, flood plains etc. Most of the Terai Region of Punjab, Uttarakhand has been cut into forests and made into arable land.

Question 4.
A network of rivers and canals flowing in an area is called water flow. Nature has given India hundreds of big and small rivers. It is very important for students to understand some facts related to water flow, such as Doab, water separator and drainage pattern etc. The area between the two rivers is called Doab. Any elevated area, such as a mountain or high land that divides two water streams, is called a water divide. The water flowing over any part of the earth creates many different forms which are called drainage forms.
(A) What is the meaning of water flow?
Answer:
The network of rivers and canals flowing in an area is called water flow. This means that the network of all the rivers or canals flowing in a particular area is called water flow.

(B) Who is called Doab?
Answer:
The area between two rivers is called Doab. This means that the area or plain between two rivers is called Doab.

(C) Explain the meaning of water divide.
Answer:
The elevated area, such as a mountain or a high land that divides two water streams is called a water divide.

Question 5.
Rivers have been of great importance throughout human history. The Indus Valley civilization is an example of this. Water has attracted humans since ancient times. Our life depends on water only. The survival or absence of population is dependent on water. Folk songs, stories, folk-dances, agriculture are all dependent on water. Water is the most important natural resource. For livelihood, water is very important everywhere in agriculture, irrigation, hydroelectric construction, industiral area, construction and homes. Internal water ways are possible only due to rivers.
(A) What is the importance of rivers in our life?
Answer:

  • Rivers give us drinking water. This water is purified to make it potable.
  • Many multipurpose projects are put on these rivers which not only provide electricity but also provide water for irrigation.
  • Many civilizations flourish on the banks of these rivers. Indus valley civilization is an example of this.
  • Rivers bring alluvial soil from the mountains in which our plains become fertile.

(B) What is an internal waterway?
Answer:
Many rivers flow in India and many of these rivers go and merge in some sea. But there are some rivers that cannot reach the sea and dissolve on the way. All these are called internal waterways.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Source Based Questions and Answers

Question 6.
Human life is greatly influenced by climate. Man is completely subject to climate at every stage of life, including food, clothes, design of homes, health work, employment etc. In cold climate regions, hot things are used in food such as tea, coffee and hot food. Colder substances like lassi, ice, sorket etc. are used more, in countries with hot climate. Warm clothes such as coats, sweaters (Woollen garments), jackets, blankets etc. are used in cold countries. Homes are open and ventilated in areas with hot climates. The roofs of houses in hilly areas are sloping. Fruits like apples, almonds, cherries in cold winter. Climate and crops of sugarcane, cotton, rice, jute etc. are grown in hot climatic regions.
(A) How is human life affected by climate?
Answer:
Human life is greatly influenced by climate such as:

  • Our food habits are affected by climate such as hot things are eaten in cold areas,
  • Our clothes are also affected by climate such as wearing warm clothes in cold areas,
  • The structure and size of our houses are also affected by climate such that houses in hot areas are open and ventilated,
  • People living in cold and mountainous areas are physically stronger.

(B) Which crops grow in cold and hot climate areas?
Answer:

  • Fruits like apple, almond, cherry are grown in cold climate areas.
  • Crops like cotton, sugarcane, rice, wheat, jute etc. are grown in areas with hot climate.

Question 7.
Natural vegetation is a boon for humans or for the provincial economy. There is an acute need for its protection and development. We are aware that the situation of Punjab in this region is not favourable as only 6.07 percent of the forests are found here. The other part of the ground is being used’for the development of agriculture, industry, roads and railways, villages and cities. In terms of population, the area of Punjab is much less than the average of the country. The state’s population and pollution rate are constantly increasing. Therefore, there is a great need to increase the area under vegetation. To accomplish this goal, more and more trees should not be planted in the arable land.
(A) What is the benefit of natural vegetation to us?
Answer:

  • We get oxygen from natural vegetation which gives us clean air.
  • We get many types of wood from natural vegetation which makes our furniture.
  • Many types of herbs are found from natural vegetation which are used in making many types of medicines.
  • There is no land degradation due to natural vegetation.

(B) Why should we increase the area of natural vegetation?
Answer:

  • We should increase natural vegetation to increase fresh air.
  • It is necessary to increase the forests to meet its wood requirements.
  • It is necessary to increase the area of natural vegetation to save land degradation.
  • To give good life to the coming generations, natural vegetation needs to be more and more.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Source Based Questions and Answers

Question 8.
If we want to live our life comfortably and think the same for future generations then we should protect our forests properly. Planting of plants is called afforestation. We can plant saplings or barren land or non-agricultural land without converting them into forests. You can improve the deteriorating state of forests by planting 311 social forests, agricultural forests, commercial forests. The government should make every effort to awaken the people regarding the importance of forests and cooperation for their protection. Laws should be strictly enforced by the Forest Department and punish the culprits for cutting down trees, either illegally or without adopting the right method.
(A) What are the benefits of forests?
Answer:

  • Forests control the climate compact, forests prevent temperature rise in summer and increase the temperature in winter.
  • The roots of dense forests help in reducing the speed of flowing water, thus reducing the speed of flowing water, thus reducing the outbreak of floods.
  • The roots of trees strengthen the soil tightness and prevent soil erosion.
  • The soil gets green manure in the form of bacteria due to dry leaves falling.

(B) How can we save the dwindling forests?
Answer:

  • We can imporove the deteriorating state of forests continuously by dividing forests into different parts.
  • People should be awakened from time to time for the benefits and care of the forests.
  • Cutting of forests should be declared as a legal offence and strict punishment should be given to those who cut down trees without proper law.
  • People should be constantly encouraged to plant new trees.

Question 9.
In our country, the girl is worshipped on one side and on the other side, she tries to take away her right to live. But now the time has come when we have to get rid of the priority of men and children have to understand the gift of nature without any gender discrimination. In future, we can not imagine a society without women. Misconceptions about women need to be changed. By punishing the guilty, the law has to be strictly enforced. We must end shameful and illegal acts such as female feticide and forced abortions.
(A) What is the meaning of female feticide?
Answer:
When it is found out about a pregnant woman that she is having a daughter in her womb, she is killed in the womb or the woman is miscarried. This process is called female feticide.

(B) Why female feticide is done?
Answer:

  • Dowry has to be given at the time of marriage of the girl. That’s why people don’t want girls. So they commit female feticide.
  • It is written in religious texts that to attain liberation one must have a boy. So they kill the female fetus.
  • Use of modern techniques has promoted female feticide.
  • People also commit female feticide in order to gain respect in society.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life

by

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Social Science Book Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Geography Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life

SST Guide for Class 9 PSEB Natural Vegetation and Wild Life Textbook Questions and Answers

Map Work

Question 1.
Show in the outline map of India:
(i) Any three regions of different types of natural vegetation.
(ii) National parks situated in any five states.
(iii) Water reserves of Punjab (in an outline map of Punjab).
Answer:
Do it yourself with the help of India Map.

Question 2.
Identify the trees shown below and specify the type of vegetation.
PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life 1
Answer:
Do it yourself.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life

Question 3.
Make a chart of ten types of trees, five animals and five birds found around you.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Objective Type Questions :
Answer the following questions in a single word to one sentence length :

Question 1.
Plants prepare their food by way of __________ by receiving __________ from __________
Answer:
photosynthesis, rays, sun

Question 2.
Punjab’s __________ area is under forests which comes to percent of total area.
Answer:
1837 sq. km

Question 3.
Vegetation belongs to __________ sphere and types of __________ makes effect on __________
Answer:
bio, soil, Vegetation.

Question 4.
Which sphere of the Earth has living beings (Human beings)?
(i) Atmosphere
(ii) Lithosphere
(iii) Hydrosphere
(iv) Biosphere.
Answer:
(iv) Biosphere.

Question 5.
Which of the following districts has maximum area under forests?
(i) Mansa
(ii) Roopnagar
(iii) Amritsar
(iv) Bathinda.
Answer:
(ii) Roopnagar.

Question 6.
‘Chinkara’ is type of which animal?
Answer:
Chinkara is a species of gazelle found in Asia.

Question 7.
What is Beerh?
Answer:
In many areas, there exist dense vegetation and its small pieces are known as Beerh.

Question 8.
Name the grass found in semi tropical shrub vegetation.
Answer:
Here a long type of grass-Sarkanda is available.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life

Question 9.
What percentage of Punjab total area is under forests?
Answer:
6.07%.

Question 10.
Which animals are found in forests with throny vegetation?
Answer:
Camel, lion, rabbit, mice etc.

Short Answer Questions :
Give short answer for the following questions :

Question 1.
Explain Flora and Fauna.
Answer:
Flora. The vegetation or plant kingdom of an area is called flora. It consists of forests, grasslands, flowering and non-flowering trees.
Fauna. The animal kingdom of an area is called fauna. In includes birds, fish, animals, insects, etc.

Question 2.
Why forests be protected? Write a note.
Answer:

  1. Forests provide many things to meet our requirements like wild fruits, nuts, berries, etc. Many tribes are dependent on gathering of these products in forests.
  2. Forests are source of timber for house building, furniture making, ship building etc.
  3. Forests supply about 40% of fuel of the world. Wood has been the major source of fuel in houses, smelting industries and running locomotives.
  4. Softwood supply raw materials for wood pulp, paper, rayon industries.
  5. Many products like rubber, pitch, gum, tanning materials cork, camphor, fir, herbs, etc. are gathered from forests.
  6. Forests provide plywood and fibre wood for packing purposes.
  7. Forests help in rainfall by capturing moisture in the air. These effect the climate of an area.

Question 3.
Describe Characteristics of evergreen forests.
Answer:

  1. There is no definite time for trees to shed their leaves and these forests appear green all the year around.
  2. These forests grow in the areas having more than 200 cm. of rainfall and in hot and humid ragion.
  3. The trees can reach great heights upto 60 metres or even above.
  4. Because they are dense forests, they form a canopy at the top and many a times sun rays do not reach the land.
  5. Dense small vegetation also grows under the trees and it becomes difficult to move from this region.

Question 4.
Introduce with natural vegetation of Punjab.
Answer:
Presently, only 6.07% of the total land of Punjab is under forests. Its major part of the forest is grown by humans. The natural vegetation of Punjab can be divided in many parts such as :

  1. Himalayan Type Moist Temperate Vegetation.
  2. Sub Tropical Pine Vegetation.
  3. Sub Tropical Scrub Hill Vegetation.
  4. Tropical Dry Deciduous Vegetation.
  5. Tropical Thorny Vegetation.

Question 5.
How Aawla, Tulsi and Cinchona may be beneficial for human beings? Write.
Answer:

  1. Aawla (Indian Gooseberry). It is full of Vitamin C and it helps in improving digestive system. It is also used to remove constipation, diabatese and cough.
  2. Tulsi. If any one is suffering from fever, clold or cough, Tulsi is quite helpful.
  3. Cinchona. Bark of Cinchona plant is used to make Quinine and is given at the time when one is suffering from Malaria.

Long Answer Questions :
Answer the following questions in detail:

Question 1.
How natural vegetation is lungs of a society?
Answer:
There is no denying the fact that natural vegetation is the lungs of human society and it will become clear with the following points.

  1. Trees release oxygen and inhale carbon dioxide. This oxygen gives life to humans and animals.
  2. Forests help in increasing underground water level.
  3. Water available in forests become water vapour due to sun’s heat which helps in reducing air temperature.
  4. Many animals live in forests and forests are the permanent habitat for them.
  5. Forests are quite helpful in making our environment clean and healthy.
  6. Forests also help in reducing the speed of lands, to reduce noise pollution etc.
  7. They play an important role in having rainfall.
  8. Forests also help in stopping soil erosion as trees hold the soil tightly.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life

Question 2.
Classify Indian forests on basis of climate and name trees of each class.
Answer:
Types of Forests. Due to variation in rainfall, temperature and altitude, there is a great variety of natural vegetation in India. The following different types of forests are found in India :
1. The Tropical Rain Forests. These forests are found in areas where annual rainfall is more than 200 cms and the mean temperature is more than 20°C. These forests are found in western parts of Western Ghats, Plains of West Bengal, Orissa, Eastern Himalayas, and Andaman Islands. These forests grow rapidly due to high temperatures and high rainfall. Sometimes these trees reach a height of 60 metres. These are hard wood trees like equatorial forests. These are evergreen trees because these do not shed their leaves. These forests include the trees like Rubber, Mahogany, Iron wood, rose wood, Gurjan and Bamboos.

2. The Monsoon or Tropical Deciduous Forests. These forests are found in areas where rainfall is between 70 and 200 cms. These trees shed their leaves in hot dry season. So these are called deciduous forests. These forests are found in Terai, Chotta Nagpur plateau (Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh); eastern slopes of Western Ghats and eastern part of peninsular India. These are not dense forests. These forests are the true monsoon forests. These form the natural cover all over India. These are of two types : (0 moist (ii) dry. Teak is the important species of moist deciduous and is found in Chotta Nagpur plateau. Sal is the dry deciduous found over peninsular India.

3. Thorn Forests and Scrubs. These forests occur where annual rainfall is less than 70 cms. These are found in eastern Rajasthan, Saurashtra, Malwa plateau (M.P.), Southern Haryana, S.W. Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka Plateau.’ These trees have long roots, thick bark. These trees are scattered. These gradually merge into scrubs and thorny bushes. These form of typical desert vegetation. These forests include Shisham, Babul, Kikar, Khair and Haldu. These are hard wood trees.

4. The Tidal Forests. These forests are found in deltas of rivers in coastal areas. These are called Tribal forests of Deltaic forests. These forests are found in Ganges—Brahmaputra Delta, Delta of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Cauvery. These are marshy areas. In West Bengal in Ganga, Brahmaputra delta, these forests are called Sunderbans because Sundari tree is found in this area. These forests include the tree of Sundari, Mangrove, Gurjan and Hintal. These trees are used for boat building, fuel, match boxes and house building.

5. The Mountain Forests. These forests are found on the southern slopes of Himalayas from Kashmir, to Assam. Mixed deciduous and coniferous forests are found. A gradual change in vegetation occurs according to altitude and climate. In western Himalayas, coniferous forests are found due to low rainfall and low temperature. But in eastern Himalayas, evergreen forests are found as there is heavy rainfall and high temperatures.
PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life 2
Forests of India

  • Tropical moist forests of sal are found upto a height of 1200 metres in foothills.
  • Temperate forests of oak, chestnut and pine trees are found upto a height of 2000 metres.
  • Coniferous forests are found upto a height of 3800 metres. These include Spruce, Deodar, Pine, Birch, Silver fir, etc.
  • Alpine pastures are found beyond 3600 metres where pastoral tribes like Gujjars graze their sheep on short grasses.

Question 3.
Put light on classification of natural vegetation of Punjab.
Answer:
Due to the diverse climate, soil and land, we can find many types of vegetation in Punjab which is given below :
1. Himalayan Type Moist Temperate Vegetation. This type of vegetation is available in the Dhar Kalan Tehsil in Pathankot district of Punjab. This part of Punjab experiences more rainfall and is situated on the higher side as compared to other parts of Punjab. Here many types of trees are available such as Cheel trees, Tahli, Keekar, Shahtoot, Mango.

2. Sub-Tropical Pine Vegetation. Many Tehsils of many Districts of Punjab have this type of vegetation such as Pathankot tehsil of Pathankot district, Mukerian, Dasuha and Hoshiarpur tehsils of Hoshiarpur districts. Very few Cheel trees are available but they are not of good quality. Tahli, Khair, Shahtoot and other types of trees are found here.

3. Sub-Tropical Scrub Hill Vegetation. Such vegetation is found in the eastern parts of Hoshiarpur and Roop Nagar districts. Around four to five decades ago, this region had dense vegetation but now it has been scrubs region also due to deforestation, grazing of animals, forest fire and soil erosion. Many types of trees are found here such as Tahli, Khair, Keekar, Shahtoot, Dek, Neem, Bamboo, Amaltar etc. A long grass, called Sarkanda, is also available over here and it is used to make rope and paper.

4. Tropical Dry Deciduous Vegetation. Dry and hot regions of Punjab have this type of vegetation. It is available in the plains of Kandi region, high-low and open plains of Punjab and Central plains. There was a time when this region also had dense vegetation. Even today few patches of dense vegetation are available in many areas and these are known as Beer, Jhangi or Jhiri. Beer Bhadson, Chat Beer, Beer Bhunarheri, Beer Moti Baag are quite famous. Neem, Tahli, Bobar, Peepal, Mango tree, Keekar etc. trees are available here. Safaida and Popalar plants are also grown over here.

5. Tropical Thorny Vegetation. There are many areas in Punjab” which experience less rainfall and they have such vegetation. Thorny vegetation is available in Bathinda, Mansa, Fazilka, Central and southern parts of Faridkot and Firozepur. Many regions of this area do not have any vegetation at all. Cactus, Tahli, Keekar etc. trees are available over here.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life

Question 4.
Give detail of wildlife and ways of its protection.
Answer:
India has great diversity of animals. More than 56,000 animal species are there in India. Around 2500 types of fish are there in the fresh and salty water of India. Around 2000 types of birds are also there. Many of the important animal species live in India but there is a situation of worry that many animal and bird species have become extinct. That’s why it is must to protect our wildlife. Humans have created an awkward situation by recklessly cutting forests and trees. Presently very few rhinos, cheeta, monkeys, lions etc. are available. That’s why it is the duty of everyone to protect the wildlife.

Measures of Protection of Wildlife.
1. Fourteen biosphere reserves has been set up in the country, and three out of them are the Sunderbans in the West Bengal, the Gulf of Manner in Tamil Nadu and the Nilgiris (Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu) are included in the world network of Biosphere reserves.

Main Bio-reserves

  • Sunderbans (West Bengal)
  • Simiipal (Orissa)
  • Gulf of Mannar (Tamil Nadu)
  • Dthang-Dibang (Arunachal Pradesh)
  • The Nilgiris (Tamil Nadu)
  • Dibru-Sailkhowa (Assam)
  • Nanda Devi (Uttaranchal)
  • Agas Thyamalai (Kerala)
  • Nokrek (Meghalya)
  • Kanchenjunga (Sikkim)
  • Great Nicobar
  • Panchmari (Andaman-Nicobar) (Madhya Pradesh)
  • Manas (Assam)
  • Acharakmar Amarkantak (Madhya Pradesh)

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life 3

2. Financial and technical assistance is provided to many Botanical gardens by the government since 1992.

3. Project Tiger, Project rhino, Project Great Indian Bustard and many other eco- developmental projects are introduced.

4. Many facilities to develop awareness among the people and to educate people for the benefits of flora and fauna are provided.

5. 89 National Parks, 49 Wildlife sanctuaries and Zoological gardens are set up to take care of Natural heritage.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Guide Natural Vegetation and Wild Life Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

Question 1.
All the animals living in a particular area are known as
(a) Fauna
(b) Flora
(c) Hydrosphere
(d) Atmosphere.
Answer:
(a) Fauna.

Question 2.
Where is the headquarter of Forest Survey of India situated?
(a) Mussorie
(b) Dehradoon
(c) Delhi
(d) Nagpur.
Answer:
(b) Dehradoon.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life

Question 3.
Which of these factors is responsible for the diversity of natural vegetation?
(a) Land
(b) Soil
(c) Temperature
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 4.
Leaves of Tropical evergreen forests remain __________ through out the year.
(a) Green
(b) Yellow
(c) White
(d) Red.
Answer:
(a) Green.

Question 5.
Trees of which forests can reach the height of 60 m or above?
(a) Tropical Deciduous
(b) Tropical Evergreen
(c) Tidal
(d) Thorny.
Answer:
(b) Tropical Evergreen.

Question 6.
Small parts of dense vegetation are known as __________ in Punjab.
(a) Beer
(b) Jhiri
(c) Jhangi
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 7.
How much of Punjab’s land is under natural vegetation?
(a) 5.65%
(b) 3.65%
(c). 4.65%
(d) 6.65%.
Answer:
(b) 3.65%.

Question 8.
Which of the following districts of Punjab have maximum vegetation?
(a) Bathinda
(b) Patiala
(c) Roop Nagar
(d) Faridkot.
Answer:
(c) Roop Nagar.

Question 9.
Around people are working with the forest department of Punjab.
(a) 5500
(b) 6500
(c) 7500
(d) 8500.
Answer:
(b) 6500.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life

Question 10.
Which of these is the largest mammal on earth?
(a) Elephant
(b) Rhino
(c) Hippo
(d) Giraffe.
Answer:
(a) Elephant.

Question 11.
__________ is the national bird of India.
(a) Sparrow
(b) Peacock
(c) Koel
(d) Flamingo.
Answer:
(b) Peacock.

Fill in the blanks:

Question 1.
There are __________ national parks and wildlife sanctuaries in India.
Answer:
103, 544

Question 2.
__________ is full of Vitamin C.
Answer:
Amla

Question 3.
The seeds of __________ are used to control diabetes.
Answer:
Jamun

Question 4.
In Sanskrit Neem is called as __________
Answer:
Neem

Question 5.
Life on earth is possible because of four spheres i.e. biosphere, __________ and atmosphere.
Answer:
Geosphere, hydrosphere

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life

Question 6.
The dependency of humans on four spheres is known as __________
Answer:
Ecosystem.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the four spheres of Earth.
Answer:
Lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.

Question 2.
What is Biosphere?
Answer:
Biosphere is that sphere of the earth in which many types of animal species live.

Question 3.
What do you mean by Fauna?
Answer:
All the animals living in a particular area and time are called Fauna.

Question 4.
What is Flora?
Answer:
All the vegetation available in an area is called Flora.

Question 5.
How is ecosystem formed?
Answer:
The interdependence of plants and animals in an area forms the ecosystem.

Question 6.
What is Natural Vegetation?
Answer:
That vegetation which grow without any human effort is called natural vegetation.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life

Question 7.
On which factors do natural vegetation depends?
Answer:
Natural vegetation depends upon land, soil, temperature, duration of sunlight, rainfall etc.

Question 8.
Which trees are grown in high mountains?
Answer:
Cheel or Spurse are the trees grown in high mountains.

Question 9.
In which soil, the dense forest is grown?
Answer:
In delta soil.

Question 10.
What is Photosynthesis?
Answer:
The process of preparing food by plants through sunlight is called photosynthesis.

Question 11.
In how many parts can we divide Indian vegetation?
Answer:
Indian vegetation can be divided in five parts.

Question 12.
Give one feature of Tropical Evergreen forests.
Answer:
Tress do not shed their leaves collectively and that’s why they remain green through out the year.

Question 13.
In which areas can we find Tropical Evergreen forests?
Answer:
In those areas which are hot and humid and which experience more than 200 cm annual rainfall.

Question 14.
Which forests are called rain forest?
Answer:
Tropical Evergreen forest.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life

Question 15.
Which trees are found in Tropical Evergreen forest?
Answer:
Mahagony, Rosewood, Ebony, Rubber, Cinchona, Bamboo etc.

Question 16.
What is the use of bark of Cinchona tree?
Answer:
It is used to make quinine medicine which is quite helfpul for the patients of Malaria.

Question 17.
In which area Tropical Evergreen Forests are available?
Answer:
Slopes of eastern and western Ghats, Hills of north-west India, Tamil Nadu coast, few parts of West Bengal, Odisha, Andaman Nicobar islands and Lakshdweep islands.

Question 18.
Where can we find Tropical Deciduous forests?
Answer:
In those areas which receive 70-200 cm of annual rainfall.

Question 19.
Give one feature of Tropical Deciduous forests?
Answer:
They shed their trees according to the season.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life

Question 20.
Name the types of Tropical Deciduous forest’s?
Answer:
Wet Tropical Deciduous forests and Dry Tropical Deciduous Forests.

Question 21.
In which areas can we find wet Tropical Deciduous forests.
Answer:
In those regions which experience 100-200 cm of annual rainfall.

Question 22.
In which parts of India can we find Wet Deciduous forests?
Answer:
North Eastern States, Western Ghats, Odisha, few parts of Chhattisgarh.

Question 23.
Which trees are available in wet deciduous forests?
Answer:
Saal, Teek, Deodar, Neem, Sal etc.

Question 24.
In which areas can we find Scrubs and Thorny forests?
Answer:
In those areas which experience less than 70 cm. of annual rainfall.

Question 25.
Which trees are there in dry deciduous forests?
Answer:
Peepal, Teek, Neem, Saal etc.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life

Question 26.
In which states can we find Scrubs and Thorny forests?
Answer:
Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh etc.

Question 27.
Delta of which rivers can have tidal forests?
Answer:
Ganga, Brahmaputra, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri.

Question 28.
What is Sundervan?
Answer:
The forests available in the delta region of Ganga and Brahmaputra is called Sundervan because Sundari trees are found here.

Question 29.
Which trees are found in Mountainous forests?
Answer:
Cheel, Spruce, Deer, Oak, Fur etc.

Question 30.
Which animals are found in Mountainous forests?
Answer:
Deer, Yak, Snow Leopard, Beer, Wild sheep, Wild goat etc.

Question 31.
Which soils are found in Punjab?
Answer:
Alluvial soil, Sandy soil, Clayey soil, Loamy soil, Hill soil or Kandi soil, Sodic and Saline soil.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life

Question 32.
What did the British do to save natural vegetation?
Answer:
They classified the forests and stopped the animals to graze there.

Question 33.
Which vegetations are found in Punjab?
Answer:
Himalayan Type Moist Temperature vegetation, Sub Tropical Pine vegetation, Sub Tropical Scrub Hill Vegetation, Tropical Dry, Deciduous Vegetation and Tropical Thorny vegetation.

Question 34.
What is Beer?
Answer:
There exist few small pieces of dense vegetation in plains which are called Beer.

Question 35.
How much of Punjab’s total land is under natural vegetation?
Answer:
Only 3.65%

Question 36.
Which district of Punjab is under maximum natural vegetation?
Answer:
Roop Nagar district-37.19%.

Question 37.
Give one importance of Forests?
Answer:
Trees inhale carbon dioxide and release oxygen which is quite important for humans.

Question 38.
What is Wildlife?
Answer:
Animals, birds, reptiles living in the natural habitat or forests are called wildlife.

Question 39.
How many species of animals live in India?
Answer:
There are around 89,000 species of animals living in India which becomes 6.5% of the worlds animal species.

Question 40.
Name few animals found in Indian forests.
Answer:
Elephant, Rhino, Deer, Barasingha, Lion, Monkey, Langoor, Crocodile, Tortoise etc.

Question 41.
Which animal is called the Bull of Snow?
Answer:
Yak.

Question 42.
Which animal gives us Kasturi?
Answer:
Musk deer.

Question 43.
How many species of birds live in India?
Answer:
Around 2000 birds.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life

Question 44.
Name few birds which migrate to India during winters.
Answer:
Siberian crane, Amur Falcon, Greater Flamingo, Bluethroat, Bluetailed bee- eater, Bar-headed goose etc.

Question 45.
When and why was Indian Board for wildlife set up?
Answer:
In 1952 to make people conscious about the protection of wildlife.

Question 46.
Why is Bill used?
Answer:
To cure constipation and diarrhoea.

Question 47.
Why is Sarpgandha used?
Answer:
To improve blood circulation.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a note on Biosphere?
Answer:
There are four spheres on earth and biosphere is the sphere in which many types of species live. This is a complex area in which all other three spheres meet. As life exists in this sphere that’s why it is quite important in our life. These species include from bacteria till elephant. All the species can be divided in two parts Flora and Fauna. All the plants come under Flora and all the animals are included in Fauna.

Question 2.
Why is natural vegetation different in different areas?
Answer:
Natural vegetation is different in different areas because it is affected by different geographical factors. The geographical factors any area have, same type of vegetation will grow over there. Natural vegetation is affected by many factors such as :

  • Land
  • Soil
  • Temperature
  • Rainfall
  • Duration of Sunlight.

Question 3.
Give features of Tropical Evergreen forests.
Answer:

  • Tropic evergreen forests grow in such areas which experience more than 200 cm. of rainfall.
  • All the trees do not shed their leaves at same time and that’s why they remain green through out the year.
  • Such forests are found in hot and humid regions.
  • Its trees reach the height of more than 60 metres and due to their denseness, they form a canopy at the top. This is the reason that at many places, sunlight is unable to reach the land.
  • Mahagoni, Rosewood, Ebony, Bamboo, Cinchona, Rubber etc are the trees formed here.
  • Such forests are there in many parts of India such as slopes of western side of Western Ghats, North-Eastern hills, few parts of Odisha and West Bengal, Lakshdweep and Andaman-Nicobar islands.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life

Question 4.
Give few features of Tropical Deciduous forests.
Answer:

  • Tropical Deciduous forests grow in the areas which experience the rainfall of 70-200 cm. annually.
  • Trees shed their leaves according to season which is from 6-8 weeks during summer.
  • Such forests are of two type-Wet deciduous forests (100-200 cm rainfall) and dry decidiuous forests (70-100 cm rainfall).
  • Many trees are found here such as Teak Sandal wood, Saal, Deodar, Khair, Peepal, Neem, etc.
  • Such forests are not dense like evergreen forests but are dense enough.

Question 5.
Name the soils found in Punjab.
Answer:
Different areas of Punjab have different types of soil and these are :

  • Alluvial Soil
  • Sandy Soil
  • Clayey Soil
  • Loamy Soil
  • Hill Soil or Kandi Soil
  • Sodic and Saline Soil.

Question 6.
What efforts were made by the British to protect natural vegetation?
Answer:
Punjab’s vegetation region was continuely decreasing due to many factors such as reckless cutting of trees, animal grazing and lack of laws. That’s why the British took certain steps to save natural vegetation and these were :

  • Reclamation of forests was made and they were divided into many categories.
  • Animal grazing was stopped to save natural vegetation.
  • Extra vegetation was cleared to provide land for agriculture. Here more food grains were produced to meet the increasing needs of the people.

Question 7.
Write a note on Wildlife of India.
Answer:
All such wild animal, birds and reptiles which live in their natural habitat i. e. forests are known as wildlife. India experiences many climatic conditions and have many types of soil and that’s why it has many natural habitats. This is the reason it has variety of wildlife. More than 89,000 species of animals live in India which is 6.5% of the total animal species of the world. In the same way India has 2000 species of birds, 2546 species of fish, 458 types of reptiles.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life

Question 8.
Which migrated birds come to India during winter season?
Answer:
During winter season many migrated birds come to India and these are :

  • Siberian Crane.
  • Amur facon
  • Greater Flamingo
  • Demoiselle Crane
  • Black Winged Stilt
  • Long Billed Pippit
  • Rozy Palicon
  • Ruff
  • Common Teal
  • Gadwall.

Question 9.
Name the migrated birds which come to India during summer season.
Answer:
Many migrated birds come to India during summer season and these are :

  1. Blue Cheeked Bee Eater
  2. Asian Koel
  3. Black-crowned Night Heron
  4. Eurasian Golden Oriole
  5. Comb Duck
  6. Cuckoos
  7. Blue Tailed Bee Eater.

Question 10.
Discuss the government’s efforts to save wildlife.
Answer:

  1. Indian Board for wildlife was made in 1952 whose major function is to give advice govt, for wildlife protection to encourage the people for wildlife protection and to create new wildlife habitats.
  2. In 1972, wildlife protection Act was made to protect the animals which are on the verge of becoming extinct.
  3. Many Biosphere Reserves were made to protect the diversity of wildlife. Till now 18 Biosphere Reserves have been made.
  4. To protect and care wildlife in the country, 103 national parks and 544 wildlife sanctuaries have been made where poaching is delcared illegal.

Question 11.
What are the main reasons for our natural vegetation not remaining actually natural?
Answer:
Most of present vegetal cover in India is not really natural. A considerable part of the original cover has been destroyed or changed due to human settlement and use of the land. Much of vegetation is low in quality and content. The original natural vegetation survives only in inaccessible areas of the Himalayas and Thar Desert. In other parts of the country, the vegetation is not ‘natural’ in the real sense of the term.

Question 12.
Analyse the Forest Areas in our country at the regional and state levels.
Answer:
There should be atleast 33% land under forests to keep the ecological balance and for forest development of the country. But in India this percentage is just 22.7.

At state level distribution is unequal as it is clear from the following :

  1. Tripura (59.6%), H.P. (48.1%), Arunachal Pradesh (48.8%), M.P. (32.9%), Assam (29.3%).
  2. Punjab (2.3%), Rajasthan (3.6%), Gujarat (8.8%), Haryana (12.1%), W. Bengal (12.5%), U.P. (13.4%).
  3. The Union Territory of Andaman & Nicobar has the maximum area under forests (94.6%) and National Capital Delhi has minimum (2.1%) area under forests.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life

Question 13.
Write a short note on Deciduous or Monsoonal Vegetation.
Answer:
The vegetation that shed its leaves in order to have excessive evaporation, before the start of the hot season is called Deciduous or Monsoon vegetation. According to rainfall, the vegetation can be subdivided into two such types :

  1. Moist Deciduous Forests. This type of vegetation is found where the annual rainfall is 100 to 200 cms. The vegetation is not much dense and the trees can achieve the height of 30 m. Teak, sandal are the main trees.
  2. Dry Deciduous Forests. This type of vegetation is found in areas having rainfall between 50 to 100 cms. Its long belt starts from Punjab and goes up to Deccan plateau. Kikar, Jand are its main trees.

Question 14.
What type of vegetation is found in Eastern Himalayan region?
Answer:
In Eastern Himalaya, we find 4000 species of flowers and 250 species of ferns. Height, Temperature and Rainfall has great impact on the type of vegetation :

  1. Upto an altitude of 1200 metres, we can find deciduous vegetation and mixed forests.
  2. Upto the altitude from 1200 to 2000 metres we find desert evergreen forests. Sal and Magnolia are the main trees.
  3. Due to decrease in temperature at a height of 2000 to 2500 metres are found temperate type of vegetation. Oak, Chestnut, Laurel, Birch, Maple, alder are the main trees.
  4. At an altitude between 2500 to 3500 metres, we find coniferrous trees. It includes Silver Fir, Pine, Spruce, Deodar, Rendoderan, Blue pine as main trees.
    After some more height short natural grass (Alpine grass) and different types of flowers can be seen.

Question 15.
What have been the implications of indiscriminate cutting of forests in the country?
Answer:
Natural vegetation plays an important role in our life. There has been great deforestation during the last four years which can result in following disadvantages :

  1. Deforestation has great impact on ecological balance.
  2. It can create problem of soil erosion due to floods on mountain slopes as well as on plains.
  3. The northern parts of Punjab are facing the problems of soil erosion.

Question 16.
Which factors are responsible for soil erosion?
Answer:
Soil erosion occur due to mainly two factors-Physical activities and human activities. Presently the process of soil erosion is continuely increasing due to human activities. Physical activities include running water, cyclones, too much rainfall, slope of mountains etc. But human factors are mainly responsible for soil erosion such as deforestation, animal grazing, wrong methods of a agriculture, mining etc.

Question 17.
Write a detailed note on conservation of Wildlife. Suggest three measures to conserve wildlife and explain them.
Answer:
India is rich in fauna and flora. There is a great biological diversity in India. There are about 89,000 known species of animals. It has 2500 species of fish and 1200 species of birds. But many of these fauna have been destroyed by man. Many rare species have become extinct in India. Our rich wildlife is rich heritage formed through centuries. It must be preserved. Many of the fauna are found only in India such as swamp deer, the one horned rhinoceros, the bison. Kashmir stag, Nilgul etc. These rare species are in danger of extinction. Wildlife is a gift of nature and a thing of beauty. Wildlife Act provides for the protection and conservation of these species. For this zoos, national park, bio-reserves, tiger reserves have been established in India.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
“There is found a sequence of vegetation from Tropical evergreen to Alpine vegetation in India”. Explain this statement.
Answer:
Different types of vegetation region are found in the Himalayas from its southern foothills to high altitudes. The natural vegetation ranges from the equatorial to Tundra Type. A series of vegetation regions exist according to the changes of temperatures and rainfall with altitude.

A gradual change in vegetation results according to altitude and climate.

  1. Tropical Wet Deciduous Forests. These forests are found along the Southern foot-hills of the Himalayas, upto a height of 1000 metres. Due to high rainfall, dense forests of Sal are found.
  2. Temperate Forests. The dense wet temperate forests occur upto a height of 2000 metres. These include evergreen Oaks, Chestnut and Pine trees which are commercially useful.
  3. Broad Leaved Evergreen Forests. These occur between height of 2000 metres and 3000 metres. These include Oak, Laurels and Chestnut trees.
  4. Coniferous Forests. These occur upto a height of 3500 metres. These include the trees of Pine, Cedars, Silver fir and Spruce. Deodar is commercially important for timber and railway sleepers. At higher altitudes, near the Snow line, Birch, Juniper and Silverfir trees are found.
  5. Alpine Pastures. These occur beyond a height of 3500 metres. These include short grasses, these are used for transhumane grazing by Nomadic tribes like the Gujjars.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life

Question 2.
Describe the benefits of natural vegetation to the country.
Answer:
Importance of Forests :
Forests are a valuable resource; like a river system, it is a multiple resource. Forests provide mankind with a number of products. Forests have greatly influenced human activities. Modern civilisation depends more and more on forests.

Following are the direct and indirect advantages of forests :

  1. Forests provide many things to meet our food requirements like wild fruits, nuts, berries, etc. Many tribes are dependent on gathering of these products in forests.
  2. Forests are a source of timber for house building, furniture making, ship building, etc.
  3. Forests supply about 40% of fuel of the world. Wood has been the major source of fuel in houses, smelting industries and running locomotives.
  4. Soft woods supply raw materials for wood pulp, paper, rayon industries.
  5. Many products like rubber, pitch, gum, tanning materials, cork, camphor, fir, herbs, etc. are gathered from forests.
  6. Forests provide plywood and fibre wood for packing purposes.
  7. Forests help in rainfall by capturing moisture in the air. These affect the climate of an area.
  8. Forests prevent soil erosion and floods.
  9. Forests increase the fertility of soil, help agriculture and maintain ecological balance.
  10. Forests provide shelter to wild animals and help recreation, wild life and hunting.
  11. They check the advance of deserts.

Question 3.
Discuss the various types and characteristics of soil found in India.
Answer:
India is primarily an agricultural country. The soils of India are classified on the basis of bed rocks and climate conditions.
1. Black Soils. Black soils are mainly found over the Deccan Lava tract including Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh. These soils have been formed due to weathering of Lava rocks. These soils cover an area of about 5 lakh sq. km. These soils are rich in lime, iron, magnesia and alumina. These are also called ‘Regur Soils’. These soils are most suitable for cotton cultivation and are known as ‘Black Cotton Soils’.

2. Red Soils. These soils are found in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and areas on periphery of Deccan Plateau. These soils have been formed due to decomposition underlying igneous rocks.

3. Laterite Soils. Laterite soils are found on the highland areas of the plateau. These are found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and hilly regions of Assam, Rajmahal hills and Chota Nagpur plateau. Due to monsoonal climate (wet and dry seasons alternately occurring), there is the leaching of soils.

4. Alluvial Soils. These soils have been deposited by the rivers in river valleys of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and their deltas. These are deep and fertile soils. These are dark soils.

5. Desert Soils. These soils cover 2 lakh sq. km. from dry areas of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab and Haryana. These sandy soils are suited to the cultivation of jowar, bajra, cotton, wheat, etc.

Question 4.
Describe the medicinal plants found in India.
Answer:
Medicinal plants. India is known for its herbs and spices from ancient times. Some 2,000 plants have been described in Ayurveda and atleast 500 are in regular use. The World Conservation Union’s Red list has named for 352 medicinal plants of which 52 are critically threatened and 49 endangered.

  1. The Rauvolfia Serpentina (Sarpagandha). Used to treat blood pressure; it is found only in India.
  2. Jamun. The juice from unripe fruit is used to prepare vinegar which is carminative and diuretic, and has digestive properties. The powder of the seed is a cure of diabetes, the bark is good for cough, asthma and dysentery.
  3. Arjun. The fresh juice of leaves is a cure for earache. It is also used to curve blood pressure problems and heart diseases.
  4. Babool. Leaves are used as a tonic and a cure for eyesores. It is used as a tonic and medicine for cough, its bark dust is a cure for dog bite.
  5. Neem. Neem has high antibiotic and antibacterial effects.
  6. Tulsi Plant is used to cure cough and cold.
  7. Kachnar is used to cure asthma and ulcers. The buds and roots are good for digestive problems. The root is used as cure for snake bites.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1a India: Size and Location

by

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Social Science Book Solutions Geography Chapter 1a India: Size and Location Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Geography Chapter 1a India: Size and Location

SST Guide for Class 9 PSEB India: Size and Location Textbook Questions and Answers

Map Work:

Question 1.
Show in the ouline map of India :
(i) Indian Standard Meridian (82/4°E)
(ii) Tropic of Cancer
PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1a India Size and Location 1
Based upon Survey of India map with the permission of the Surveyor General of India. The responsibility for the correctness of internal details rests with the publisher. The territorial waters of india extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate base line. The external boundaries and coastlines of India agree with the Record Master Copy certified by Surveyor General of India.
(iii) States and Territories using Punjabi as their language.
(iv) Two neighbours of India the boundaries of which do not touch sea.
(v) India’s neighbouring island country.
Answer:
(iii) Punjab, Jammu & Kashmir, Delhi and Chandigarh
(iv) Nepal, Bhutan
(v) SriLanka
Do it yourself with the help of India Map.

Activity:
(i) Colour India’s neighbouring SAARC nations in a map and display map in classroom.
(ii) Show 29 states and 7 union territories with their capitals in two outline maps of India.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Objective Type Questions:
Answer the following questions in a single word to one sentence length.

Question 1.
Which country stands third in the world on the basis of area?
Answer:
China.

Question 2.
Which country is fifth in the world on the basis of area and population?
Answer:
Brazil.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1a India: Size and Location

Question 3.
Saurashtra is region of which state among the following?
(i) Manipur
(ii) Gujarat
(iii) Maharashtra
(iv) Nagaland
Answer:
(ii) Gujarat.

Question 4.
Which city among the following is not a capital?
(i) Raipur
(ii) Ahmedabad
(iii) Ranchi
(iv) Panaji
Answer:
(ii) Ahmedabad.

Question 5.
Which latitudinal extent among following is right for India?
(i) 8°4′ N to 37°6′ N
(ii) 8°4′ S to 37°6′ S
(iii) 6°2′ N to 35°2′ N
(iv) 6°2′ S to 35°2′ S
Answer:
(i) 8°4’N to 37°6’N.

Question 6.
What is the constitutional name given to India?
Answer:
Indian Republic.

Short Answer Questions:
Give short answers for the following questions :

Question 1.
Name the northern, southern, eastern and western extents of India.
Answer:

  • Northern comer – Daftar
  • Southern comer – Kanya Kumari (Indira Point)
  • Eastern comer – Kibithu
  • Western comer – Guhar Moti (Kutch)

Question 2.
Write a note on Indian Standard Meridian.
Answer:
India is a vast country. In order to maintain a uniformity of time within the country, 82!40E longitude is taken as the standard meridian of India. The local time along this meridian, serves as the Indian Standard Time (I.S.T.). This central meridian passes through the towns of Allahabad and Mirzapur (U.P.) Indian standard Time is 514 hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (G.M.T.).

Question 3.
Explain the difference of two hours in time of Arunachal Pradesh and Gujarat.
Answer:
India has a longitudinal extent of 30°. Due to this there is a time lag of two hours between the sunrise on the easternmost and the westernmost horizons of India. Due to rotation, the earth takes 4 minutes to rotate through 1° of longitude. The difference in time is one hour for 15° of longitude. Therefore, for a longitudinal extent of 30° of India, there is a time lag of 2 hours. When it is 6 a.m. in Arunachal Pradesh, it is still 4 a.m. in Gujarat. But the watches in all parts of India run according to standard time measured from 82/4° E longitude. So the watches in Arunachal Pradesh and Gujarat show the same time despite the different sunrise.

Question 4.
Which languages are used in Jammu & Kashmir and Telangana?
Answer:

  • Jammu & Kashmir – Urdu, Kashmiri, Ladakhi, Dogri, Gujri, Dadri and Punjabi.
  • Telangana – Telugu and Urdu.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1a India: Size and Location

Question 5.
Write a short note on SAARC.
Answer:
SAARC is a union of South Asian Countries formed for the mutual co-operation. Its complete form is South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation. It has 8 members and, these are – India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal and SriLanka. India keeps the most important place among the SAARC members.

Long Answer Questions :
Answer the following questions in detail :

Question 1.
Give details of India’s international trade.
Answer:
India’s position is quite conducive from the point of view of international trade.

Following facts will clarify the picture :
PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1a India Size and Location 2
India on International Highway of Trade and Commerce

  • Central Location. India is centrally located in the Eastern Hemisphere.
  • Trade Routes. India is favourably located for international trade. Many trade routes pass through the Indian Ocean.
  • Nearness to tropic of cancer. The tropic of cancer passes through the centre of India. So India is a tropical country. The long growing season makes India an agricultural country.
  • Long Coastline. India has long coastline which provides many deep, protected and natural harbours.
  • Defence. The natural boundaries are favourably located from defence point of view.
  • Effect of Indian Ocean. The Indian Ocean leads to the origin of rain giving monsoons.
  • Effect of Himalayas. The unbroken chain of Himalayas acts as a climatic barrier. It forces monsoons to give rainfall and protects northern India from cold polar winds.

Question 2.
Write names of any 10 states and 5 union territories of India with their capitals.
Answer:
The list of 10 Indian States and 5 Union Territories alongwith their capitals is given below :

States and Capitals

1. Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar
2. Assam Dispur
3. Bihar Patna
4. Gujarat Gandhi Nagar
5. Haryana Chandigarh
6. Himachal Pradesh Shimla
7. Tamil Nadu Chennai
8. Karnataka Benguluru
9. Punjab Chandigarh
10. Rajasthan Jaipur

Union Territories and Capitals

1. Andaman and Nicobar Port Blair
2. Chandigarh Chandigarh
3. Dadra and Nagar Haveli and
Daman and Diu Daman
4. Delhi (N.C.R.) Delhi
5. Jammu and Kashmir Srinagar

Question 3.
Distribute India politically and explain biggest and smallest state on the basis of area.
Answer:
India is a Union of states. Politically, it can be divided into two parts :

  1. States
  2. Union Territories

There are 28 States and 8 Union Territories. Their names along with their capitals and area are given ahead :

S. No.States       Area(sq. kms.) Capitals
1. Uttar Pradesh 2,38,566 Lucknow
2. Maharashtra 3,07,713 Mumbai
3. Bihar 94,163 Patna
4. West Bengal 88,752 Kolkata
5. Andhra Pradesh 1,60,205 Amravati
6. Tamil Nadu 1,30,058 Chennai
7. Madhya Pradesh 3,08,000 Bhopal
8. Rajasthan 3,42,239 Jaipur
9. Karnataka 1,91,791 Bengaluru
10. Gujarat 1,96,024 Ganc.ainagar
11. Orissa 1,55,707 Bhubaneshwar
12. Kerala 38,863 Thiruvananthapuram
13. Jharkhand 79,714 Ranchi
14. Assam 78,438 Dispur
15. Punjab 50,362 Chandigarh
16. Haryana 44,212 Chandigarh
17. Chhattisgarh 1,35,191 Raipur
18. Uttarakhand 53,483 Dehradun
19. Himachal Pradesh 55,673 Shimla
20. Tripura 10,491 Agartala
21. Manipur 22,327 Imphal
22. Meghalaya 22,429 Shillong
23. Nagaland 16,579 Kohima
24. Goa 3,702 Panaji
25. Arunachal Pradesh 83,743 Itanagar
26. Mizoram 20,987 Aizawal
27. Sikkim 7,096 Gangtok
28. Telangana 1,14,840 Hyderabad

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1a India Size and Location 3
Based upon Survey of India map with the permission of the Surveyor General of India. The responsibility for the correctness of internal details rests with the publisher. The territorial waters of india extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate base line. The external boundaries and coastlines of India agree with the Record Master Copy certified by Surveyor General of India.
PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1a India Size and Location 6
Note: Delhi is now known as the National Capital Region, Delhi, Its area is 1483 square kilometre.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Guide India: Size and Location Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
India has a total geographical area of lakh km2.
(a) 32.80
(b) 22.80
(e) 42.08
(d) 30.80.
Answer:
(a) 32.80.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1a India: Size and Location

Question 2.
Which line of latitude bisects India into two halves?
(a) Equator
(b) Tropic of Cancer
(c) Tropic of Capricorn
(d) Arctic Circle.
Answer:
(b) Tropic of Cancer.

Question 3.
Which is the largest state of India? (as regards area)
(a) Maharashtra
(b) Uttar Pradesh
(c) Rajasthan
(d) Madhya Pradesh.
Answer:
(c) Rajasthan.

Question 4.
India has total number of states:
(a) 18
(b) 24
(c) 28
(d) 30.
Answer:
(c) 28.

Question 5.
Where does India rank in the world ? (as regards area)
(a) Fifth
(b) Sixth
(c) Seventh
(d) Eighth.
Answer:
(c) Seventh.

Question 6.
(a) Bay of Bengal
(b) Arabian Sea
(c) Indian Ocean
(d) Gulf of Cambay
Answer:
(b) Arabian Sea.

Question 7.
Which is the southernmost point of India?
(a) Kanyakumari
(b) Indira point
(c) Rameshwaram
(d) Barren island.
Answer:
(b) Indira point.

Question 8.
Where does standard meridian of India pass through
(a) Srinagar
(b) Delhi
(c) Mirzapur
(d) Kolkata.
Answer:
(c) Mirzapur.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1a India: Size and Location

Question 9.
India has a coastline of:
(a) 6500 kms
(b) 7500 kms
(c) 8500 kms
(d) 9500 kms.
Answer:
(b) 7500 kms.

Question 10
Suez canal was opened in year :
(a) 1849
(b) 1859
(c) 1869
(d) 1879.
Answer:
(c) 1869.

Question 11.
The capital of Sikkim is :
(a) Dispur
(b) Shillong
(c) Gangtok
(d) Kohima.
Answer:
(c) Gangtok.

Question 12.
What is total length of land frontier of India?
(a) 12200 km
(b) 13200 km
(c) 14200 km
(d) 15200 km.
Answer:

Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
________ keeps the first place in the world from the point of view of population.
Answer:
China

Question 2.
________ divides India in two equal parts.
Answer:
Tropic of Cancer

Question 3.
Geographically is the largest country of the world.
Answer:
Russia

Question 4.
India is situated in continent.
Answer:
Asia

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1a India: Size and Location

Question 5.
________ is the capital of Uttrakhand.
Answer:
Dehradun

Question 6.
The boundaries of Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan and are alongwith Pakistan.
Answer:
Gujarat

Question 7.
__________ is the capital of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.
Answer:
Hyderabad

Question 8.
__________ is the capital of Punjab and Haryana.
Answer:
Chandigarh.

True/False:

Question 1.
Goa is the smallest Indian State.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Suez canal was opened in 1869 A.D.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Sri Lanka is situated in eastern side of India.
Answer:
False.

Question 4.
Shimla is the capital of two Indian states.
Answer:
False.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1a India: Size and Location

Question 5.
Northern plains have lots of minerals.
Answer:
False.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How much percentage of world’s population lived in India in 2011?
Answer:
17.5%.

Question 2.
Which fertile Indian plains provide food security to India?
Answer:
The Ganga-Brahmaputra Plains.

Question 3.
Geographically, name the largest country of the world.
Answer:
Russia.

Question 4.
What is the total geographical area of India?
Answer:
32.80 lakh square kilometre.

Question 5.
Which Indian region is rich in mineral resources?
Answer:
Peninsular Plateau.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1a India: Size and Location

Question 6.
Name the island groups situated in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal.
Answer:

  • Arabian Sea: Lakshadweep Islands.
  • Bay of Bengal: Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Question 7.
Name the countries which are larger than India, geographically.
Answer:
Australia, Brazil, China, U.S.A., Canada and Russia.

Question 8.
Name the seas situated on three sides of India.
Answer:
Arabian Sea on the western side, Bay of Bengal on the eastern side and Indian Ocean on the southern side.

Question 9.
In which hemisphere is India situated?
Answer:
India is situated in the northern hemisphere.
PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1a India Size and Location 4

Question 10.
Which Latitudinal line divides India in two parts and what is its latitude?
Answer:
Tropic of Cancer divides India in two parts and its latitude is 23°30′ North.

Question 11.
Name the two neighbouring Island countries of India.
Answer:
SriLanka and Maldives.

Question 12.
Name the two neighbouring countries of India on the eastern side.
Answer:
Bangladesh and Myanmar.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1a India: Size and Location

Question 13.
The boundaries of which countries touch the Indian boundary on the northern side.
Answer:
China, Nepal and Bhutan.

Question 14.
What do you mean by the term sub-continent?
Answer:
A sub-continent is a vast independent geographical unit which is distinctly separated from the main continent.

Question 15.
In how many States and Union Territories, India is divided?
Answer:
There are 28 states and 8 union territories in India.

Question 16.
Name any four Indian states which border the other countries.
Answer:
Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, West Bengal.

Question 17.
Name four Indian states situated on the eastern coast.
Answer:
Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and West Bengal.

Question 18.
What is the total length of land border of India?
Answer:
India’s total land border is 15,200 km.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1a India: Size and Location

Question 19.
What is the total length of Indian coastline?
Answer:
7516 km.

Question 20.
Geographically, what is India’s position in the world? Name the countries larger than India.
Answer:
Geographically, India is seventh largest country of the world. Russia, China, Canada, U.S.A., Brazil and Australia are larger than India.
PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1a India Size and Location 5

Question 21.
Name the seas situated on eastern and western side of India.
Answer:
Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea respectively.

Question 22.
Give similarity in the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India.
Answer:
Their extension is almost 30°.

Question 23.
What is the difference between 1ST and GMT?
Answer:
Five and half hours.

Question 24.
Name four Indian states along with the Arabian Sea.
Answer:
Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Kerala.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1a India: Size and Location

Question 25.
Name four Indian states whose border touches with the border of Bangladesh.
Answer:
West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya and Mizoram.

Question 26.
Name the capitals of Uttrakhand, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand.
Answer:
Uttarakhand-Dehradun, Chhattisgarh – Raipur, Jharkhand – Ranchi.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Reason out why the north-south extent of India is larger than its east-west extent even though the country’s latitudinal and longitudinal extent (in degrees) is of the same value.
Answer:
The East-West extent of India is 2933 kilometres, but the North-South extent is 3214 kilometres. Thus North-South extent is longer than the East-West extent by 281 kms. The fact is that latitudinal extent (31°02′) and the longitudinal extent (29°18′) of the country are almost of the same value. This is due to the spherical shape of the earth. The equator is the longest circle on the earth (one degree of longitude measures 111 km.). But the length of other parallels goes on decreasing from the equator towards the poles due t.o the curvature of the earth. At 25° latitude, the length of one degree of longitude is 100 kms. Therefore, the East-West extent is shorter than North-South extent in kilometres. The East-West extent for 30° will be reduced by 30 x 10 kms = 300 kms. approximately.

Question 2.
Why is India given the status of sub-continent? Which countries form the Indian sub-continent?
Answer:
The great mountain wall of Himalayas isolates these countries from the mainland of Asia. India forms the core of the sub-continent.

The following countries are included in the Indian sub-continent:

  • Pakistan is in the North-West.
  • Nepal is in the North,
  • Bhutan is in the North-East.
  • Bangladesh is in the East.
  • Sri Lanka in the South.
  • Myanmar in the external East.

Question 3.
What is the location of the Tropic of Cancer? What are its implications?
Or
‘Tropic of Cancer divides the country into almost two equal parts.’ Discuss.
Answer:
The Tropic of Cancer (23 1/2° N) runs almost through the centre of the country being 15° away from either end. It divides the country into almost two equal halves :

  1. Sub-tropical zone: Northern India.
  2. Tropical zone—Southern India.

Thus, India is considered a tropical country of the Northern Hemisphere. The climate of India is dominated by tropical monsoons. The sun’s rays never fall vertically in the areas north of the tropic, but the southern areas experience overhead sun twice a year.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1a India: Size and Location

Question 4.
State the reason for selecting a Standard Meridian of India with so odd value of 82°30′ E.
Or
Why do we need a Standard Meridian for India? Why 8214° E has been selected as the Standard Meridian of India?
Answer:
8254° East Meridian is taken as the Standard Meridian of India. It passes through the town of Allahabad. Local time of Mirzapur near Allahabad is taken as the standard time all over India. It is a central meridian for India as it divides the country into two equal halves. So it suits most parts of the country. Moreover, Nepal and Sri Lanka also adopt 82/4° E as the Standard Meridian to have a uniformity of time with India.

Question 5.
Reason out why Ahmedabad in the west and Kolkata in the east are able to see the noon sun exactly overhead twice a year, but not Delhi.
Answer:
The latitude of a place affects the altitude of the overhead sun at different places. On 21st June, the sun is overhead at tropic of cancer. The latitude of Ahmedabad is 23° N and that of Kolkata is also 23°N. These two places experience overhead sun twice a year. But Delhi (29°N) is situated beyond the tropic of cancer (23/4° N). Therefore, Delhi does not have overhead sun at any time of the year, because the sun is never overhead beyond the tropics.

Question 6.
Reason out why the difference between the duration of day and night is hardly felt at Kanyakumari, but it is not so in Kashmir.
Or
“The latitudinal extent influences the duration of day and night.” Explain.
Answer:
The North-South extent affects the length of day and night in different parts of India. Kanyakumari (8°N) is close to the equator. Here the sun is almost overhead all the year-round. With a result, the days and nights are equal. The maximum difference between the length of day and night is hardly 45 minutes. But in Kashmir (37°N), the rays of the sun are always oblique. The difference between the length of day and night is as large as five hours. Days are longer than nights, due to the inclination of this part towards the sun.

Question 7.
What is the longitudinal extent of India? What are its implications?
Answer:
India extends between 68°7’E to 97°25′ E longitudes. The East-West extent is 2933 kms. which is roughly 1/12th of the circumference of the earth. Thus, India has a longitudinal extent of about 30° longitudes. There is a time lag of 2 hours between the sunrise in the easternmost and the westernmost horizons of India. It means that the sun takes two hours to rise in Saurashtra after it has risen in Arunachal Pradesh.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give major features of the size and extent of India.
Answer:
India is a vast country. Geographically, India is seventh largest country of the world. The major features of the size and extent of India are given below:

  1. India’s mainland is extended between 8°4′ N to 37°6′ N latitude. Its longitudinal extent is 68°7′ E to 97°25′ E. In this way, the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India (30°) is same. Even then its North-South extent in kilometres is more than East-West extent.
  2. In the context of Equator, India is situated in the northern hemisphere and in the context of Prime Meridian, India is in the eastern hemisphere.
  3. Tropic of cancer (23°3’N) divides India in almost two equal parts. India’s northern part is mountainous and plain and the southern part is a plateau.
  4. India’s geographical area is around 32.8 lakh square kilometre. It is around 2.4% of world’s geographical area.
  5. Due to its central position in the Indian ocean, India’s location is quite favourable for international trade. That’s why India has trading contacts with almost all the countries.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1a India: Size and Location

Question 2.
Explain that the exchange of ideas and goods from India dates back to ancient times.
Or
‘India had strong geographical and historical links with her neighbours.’ Explain giving examples.
Or
India’s strategic location on the head of the Indian Ocean has helped her in establishing land and maritime contacts with the outside world in the ancient and medieval times. Explain.
Answer:
India has been linked with S.E. Asia, West Asia, Africa, Central Asia. Indian culture spread to many distant countries such as Indonesia, Bali island, Combodia and Egypt. These cultures also had an impact on Indian culture.

  1. The Indian culture spread to distant lands through ocean routes of the Indian Ocean. The muslin, spices, were sent to other countries.
  2. The mountain passes in the north provided many openings and transport facilities for the outsiders.
    (а) The pastoral nomads entered India through the mountain passes of Khyber and Bolan.
    (b) The Buddhist Bhikshus crossed into Tibet, China and Japan to carry their message of peace.
    (c) Alexander invaded India through these mountain passes and brought Greek sculptures, domes, minarets to India.
    (d) Indian merchants had trade links with Central Asia, Afghanistan and Iran through these routes.
    (e) The Mongols, Turks, Arabs and Iranians came as conquerors and settled down in India. They took back the Indian numerals, the decimal system and the ideas of the Upanishads to their countries.

This gives and takes, this exchange of ideas, goods, and art have enriched the Indian culture.