PSEB Notes

This PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes Chapter 6 Hardware and Software will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes Chapter 6 Hardware and Software

Introduction:
A Computer is made up of two parts: hardware and software. Both the parts are necessary for working of computer system. Hardware are the physical components of the computer and the instructions given to the computer in the form of program is called software. This software is stored on some hardware. So software makes the hardware workable and hardware stores the software.

Hardware
Hardware are the physical components of a computer system. It includes all the physical components which can be touched and which can be seen. Examples of some hardware are keyboard, mouse, printer, monitor and CPU. Different types of hardware devices are used for different purposes.

Features of Hardware
Following are the features of hardware:

• Hardware can be touched and felt.
• Hardware occupies space.
• Hardware has weight.

There are different types of hardware used for computer systems:
System Unit: The system unit is also known as the Central Processing Unit of computer system. This unit acts as the brain of the computer. It includes the essential components such as motherboard, processor, RAM, hard disk, CD-ROM etc. Normally these devices are packed in a metallic or plastic case known as a system case or cabinet.

Motherboard: Motherboard is a board which holds all the components together. This board is also known as a printed circuit board. All the components of the computer system are connected to this directly or using some wires.

The main components connected to the motherboard are:

• Hard Drive: Hard drive or hard disk is the main storage device of a computer. It is used to store data permanently. The main software like operating systems are also placed on this hard disk.
• Video Card: This card is used to display the output properly on a monitor.
• Processor: Processor processes all the instructions given to the computer. It performs all the Arithmetic and logical unit operations. It controls all the activities of the computer also.
• Fan: The computer gets heated when it is used. So a fan is placed in the CPU to keep it cool.
• RAM: RAM is the primary memory of computer. It is also known as Random Access Memory. All the data and instructions are loaded in this memory before processing. This memory is a volatile type of memory. It means the data gets lost when the computer is switched off. The computer cannot work without Random Access Memory.
• Power Supply: This unit is responsible for giving power to all the components of the computer.
• CD/DVD: This device is used to play, read and record data and instructions on CD or DVD.

Important Points for Taking Care of Hardware
If the hardware components of the computer are not taken care of, they get spoiled. It is very necessary to take care of these components.

The following things should be kept in mind when using the hardware:

• Keep all the parts of the computer clean.
• Cover it after use.
• Do not pull cables or computer Parts.
• Press keyboard keys gently.
• Do not eat in the Computer Room.
• Keep Hardware in the proper manner.
• Keep your shoes outside the computer lab.
• Handle different parts of the computer in a proper way.
• Use soft cloth or a brush to clean the computer.
• Do not clean the equipment while the computer is turned on.

Software:
Software is a set of instructions or programs which are used to make a computer functional. Physically software is a collection of programs. These programs are made for various purposes. This software is normally stored on a secondary storage device. The software can not be touched. Each type of software helps the computer to perform a particular operation.

Features of Software
The following are the main features of software:

• Software have no weight.
• We cannot touch the software.
• A software makes a hardware functional.
• Software is stored on hardware.

Computer software can be divided into the following categories:

• System Software
• Application Software

System Software
System software can be defined as a set of programs which are necessary for functioning of the computer itself. This program directly contacts the computer hardware and gets the work done from that hardware. Without a system software computer cannot work. System software helps to read the data from input devices and transfer the processed information to output devices. This software acts like a computer manager of computer.

The main types of this software are:

• Operating system
• Language translators
• Utility programs

The software is difficult to design and is also costly. These softwares are mainly designed by highly experienced people.

Application Software:
Application software can be defined as a software that provides a solution to a specific problem of the user. This software is not necessary for working on a computer. This software do not directly contact the hardware. This software works with the help of system software. One application software is developed for some specific purpose only. There are many types of application software available. The application software are Word processor, Spreadsheet solutions, presentation software, pick packages.

Difference Between System Software and Application
Both system and application software are types of software. They are related to each other. They also have many differences. Some of the differences are given below:

System Software	Application Software
(i) It is necessary for functioning of computer.	(i) Application software is not necessary for functioning of computer.
(ii) This software is complex in nature.	(ii) Application software is not as complex as system software.
(iii) System software are costly.	(iii) Application software are not costly.
(iv) This software is developed by highly experienced person only.	(iv) This software can be developed by experienced person.
(v) Computer cannot work without system software.	(v) Computer can work without application software.
(vi) System software are bigger in size.	(vi) Application software are normally smaller in size.
(vii) Examples of system software are Operating Systems, Language translator etc.	(vii) Examples of application software are Word processor, Spread­sheet, Graphic Solution etc.

Relationship/Differences between Hardware and Software
A Computer system is made up of hardware and software. Both are necessary for a computer system. Without software hardware cannot work. It is just like a mechanical device without software. A software cannot be developed or stored without the help of hardware. Hardware is also controlled by software so we can say that hardware and software are both related to each other. There are many differences between these two also. Some of the differences are given below:

Hardware	Software
(i) Hardware is a physical quantity.	(i) Software is not a physical quantity.
(ii) Hardware can be touched.	(ii) Software cannot be touched.
(iii) Hardware cannot work without software.	(iii) Software cannot be stored without hardware.
(iv) Hardware is developed by engineers.	(iv) Software is developed by developers.
(v) There are four types of hardware.	(v) There are two types of software.
(vi) It could be costly as well as cheaper	(vi) Software is usually costly.

This PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes Chapter 5 MS Paint Part-2 will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes Chapter 5 MS Paint Part-2

Introduction:
There are two types of Ribbon in Paint:

Home Tab Ribbon
Most of the commands in MS Paint are placed in the home tab ribbon. Home Tab Ribbon of MS Paint contains the most usable tools. This Ribbon appears below the menu bar of MS Paint.

Clipboard Menu
The clipboard menu has three options-Cut, Copy and Paste. Cut and Copy icons are shown only when a selection is active.

Image Menu
When we click the down arrow just below the dotted rectangle or just below the word image, a menu offers us further choices.
Before we can use the buttons on the right of this menu, we must select the part of our drawing that we want to work with.

1. Transparent Selection: At the bottom of the Select menu, we can see Transparent selection. This option is useful enough as it removes the white background of selection. We can use our selection with only drawing objects. This option is most frequently used. We can add this option to Quick Access bar for its fast access. There will be a checkbox in front of the Transparent selection.

While that box has a tick in it, selections will be transparent. To make our selections opaque, just click the checkbox to remove the tick.

2. Rectangular Selection: Usually we can make a rectangular selection. After clicking the rectangular selection tool, position the cursor at the top left of the part we want to select, press your mouse button and drag down to its bottom right. A dashed rectangle will appear around our selection. With the Move Cursor we can move our selection or drag while holding the Ctrl key to make a copy of it.

3. Freeform Selection: We may need to make a freeform selection if the part of our drawing that we want to work with is crowded up closely with parts we don’t want to include.

1. Copying a Selection: There is a Copy button on the ribbon for copying, but we can make multiple copies of a selection in a faster way also. For this purpose draw a selection around the part we want to copy, using either the rectangular or the freeform selection tool.
Whenever Move Cursor appears. Hold the Ctrl key and drag your selection to its new location. A new copy of the selection will be moved to the new location. If we want to continue copying, press the Ctrl key again as we begin to drag the second time. Repeat as many times as we needed.

2. Painting with a Selection: Select a small piece from a picture, for example, with more than one color. Hold down the Shift key while dragging it around to make an abstract pattern. We can even write with a small selection.

3. Selection option: To the right of the selection icon we can see three options, Crop, Resize and Rotate flip.
1. Crop: Crop button is like Diamond shape with a line at the top . It helps us to crop our picture to the selected area only. If we click the Save icon after cropping to a selection, our large drawing page will be replaced with the new selection area.

2. Saving a selected area as a drawing:

• Save the picture we are working on.
• Select the part we want to save as a drawing. Click the Crop button.
• Go to the Paint button and open the menu.
• Click Save as.

Type a name for the new Selected drawing and click Save. We will return to the Paint window with the only selected drawing and the name on the Title bar is the name we used when saving the new Selection.

3. Resize and Skew: The second small button to the right of the large Select button will open the Resize and Skew dialog as shown in figure ahead:

Resize and Skew
(а) Resize: We can quickly resize a selection by dragging any of the little blocks or handles on the selection rectangle. However, if we want the size adjustment to be precise, we must use the Resize and Skew dialog box. When we click the Resize icon, the dialog box appears as shown in the figure.
Only the top half of this dialog is concerned with resizing.
Note: While the option Maintain aspect ratio is checked, whatever we type into the Horizontal slot will be repeated in Vertical and our selection will stay exactly in proportion. We can remove the check if we want the selection to be fatter or thinner.

(b) Skew: The bottom part of the Resize and Skew dialog box allows us to skew our selection. When we use this option, it makes our selection include a lot of border areas to avoid having part of the picture cut off. If this does happen, click Undo and make a wider selection before trying again. This blue box is skewed 20 degrees horizontally. We can skew a selection both horizontally and vertically.

(c) Rotate or Flip: This menu helps us in rotating our drawing item to 90 degrees or 180 degrees. We can also make mirror images of selections using this option. We can mirror the drawing either vertically or horizontally. We can use this option for making some systematic designs in MS Paint.

(d) Invert Color: Another set of options are available if we right click on a selection. It includes Cut, Copy, Paste, Crop, Select all, Invert selection, Delete, Rotate and Resize, the only one option that is available on this menu and nowhere else is Invert color. This option makes the light colours darken and vice-versa to create an invert colour pattern.

Tools Menu
The following tools are available in the tools menu of MS Paint:
1. Pencil: The pencil tool is used for free-hand drawing. We can work with pixel editing when using this tool in zoom-in view. When we work with the pencil tool, we must press the left mouse button to draw with Color 1 and with the right mouse button to draw with Color 2.

2. Fill with Color: The Fill with color tool is used to fill an area with a single color. Color 1 is used if we press the left mouse button on the area to be filled. Color 2 is used if we press with the right mouse button. This tool does not work successfully if we are trying to color different shades of one color. The Fill with Color tool always fills with a solid color.

3. Text Tool: The Text tool is used to insert any text. To begin inserting text, click on the text tool. Our cursor will change to an insertion bar. With this cursor we can draw the required size of area for texts. We must not click anywhere outside that area until our text is final from all aspects.

When we are using the Text Tool then the Text Toolbar starts appearing.

Formatting the Text:

• Select the text we have typed.
• Click the down arrow at the end of the Font Name box, so that a list of fonts drops down.
• Run your cursor-without pressing any mouse buttons—up and down in the font list. As we do this, the appearance of the text we have typed will change accordingly. When we like what we see, click on the name of that font.
• The font list will close.
• We can repeat this process with the Font Size list also.
• We can also click the Background from Transparent to Opaque or vice versa.
• We can change both Color 1 and Color 2.

We can also type text in different colors, fonts and size, in the same text box. When we are making changes, only selected text will be affected. When we have completed editing of text, we can click anywhere outside of your text box. After clicking away from the text box, the Text Toolbar disappears and the text becomes part of our picture. Now, it cannot be edited in any way.

4. Eraser: The Eraser tool erases the part of a picture with the left button of the mouse pressed. It changes whatever is dragged across to the background color-Color 2 With the right button pressed, the eraser tool changes pixels of Color 1 to Color 2, but leaves everything else unaffected.

5. Color Picker: The Color Picker Tool is used to set the current foreground or background color and to match any color in our picture. It’s especially useful when colors in the picture are different from those on the palette. By picking a color from the picture, we can make sure that we are using the same color as already used in the drawing.

For example: we are zoomed in and working with the Pencil tool on an area that has many shades of red and we want to use one of those shades. Click the Color Picker and click directly on the shade of red that we want to use. The tool will immediately change back to the Pencil, loaded with the color we want.

6. Magnifier: The Magnifier Tool is used to zoom in on a section of our picture. Magnifier can be clicked over an area of which we want a closer view. The Left click gives a closer view and Right click zoom out.

Brushes
The brush tool is similar to the ordinary brush we use for painting, It shows a similar brush effect on the Canvas. We can work in various widths and textures with the help of Brushes. Widths are controlled by the brushes and the Size Tool together; textures are controlled by the brushes.

Shapes
In the Shapes Gallery several tools like Rectangles, Rounded Rectangles Ellipses and Freehand Polygons, the Line Tool and the Curved Line Tool can be seen. There are number of other shapes such as arrows, speech balloons, various stars and others are also Shapes included.

We can open the Shapes Gallery by clicking the down arrow under the Shapes picture and click the shape we want to draw.

• Straight Lines: Straight lines can be drawn while the left mouse button is pressed and will usp Color 1, those drawn with the right button will use Color 2. Line will be perfectly straight, If we hold down the Shift key while drawing a line. Ellipses, Rectangles, Circles and Squares: If we want to draw an exact shape such as a square or a circle, hold the Shift key while we draw.
• Curved Lines: Click the Curved Line button to draw a curve. Click the Outline button and choose Solid Color or a texture of your choice. Then click under the Size picture and choose a line thickness.
• Freehand Polygons: To draw a freehand polygon, click the Polygon button in the gallery. Hold a mouse button down and draw the first line of the polygon. Then release your mouse button and click where you want the next line to end. Keep clicking end points until you want the last line to finish the shape, then double click.

The Size Tool
This tool becomes active only after we choose either a Brush or a Shape.
After selecting our Brush or Shape we will find the down arrow under Size Tool and can choose a line thickness. The line thicknesses offered varies according to the brush we have chosen.

Colors

• The Color section of the ribbon has three parts: Boxes; showing the active colors – Color 1 and Color 2.
• Color Palette .
• Edit Colors button.

1. Color Box:
Color 1: Color 1 is the Foreground Color and is always black when we open Paint.
Color 2: Color 2 is the Background Color and is always white when we open Paint.

2. Color Palette: The two top lines of the Color Palette show all the colors available. Whenever we are making a picture. The line of blank squares at the bottom shows those colors we have edited during our work. Once Paint is closed, the edited colors vanish away.

3. Edit Colors: The Edit Colors button takes us into the Edit Colors dialog box. We can click any color on an extended palette and click the Add to Custom Colors button.

Here only one color will be added to the squares under the palette. To add more colors, we must return to the dialog box and add them one at a time.

View Tab Ribbon
The following section explains the View Tab Ribbon. It has three main options: Zoom, Show or hide and Display.

Zoom
Zooming in and out can be used alone or in conjunction with the Zoom Tool on the Ribbon or the slider on the Status Bar. Zoom in and Zoom out tools can be clicked repeatedly to get a closer or more distant view. The 100% option brings us back to a normal view of the picture.

Show or Hide
This portion of the View Tab Ribbon includes:

• The Show or Hide option for the status bar. The status bar is very useful while drawing pictures precisely.
• Gridlines are convenient if we want to align shapes accurately
• Rulers can be turned on or off as per our requirement.

Display

• On the Display section, we can click for Full Screen View. We can also get a Full Screen View by hitting Fll. We can come back to a normal view by pressing the Esc key.
• Thumbnail: Thumbnails are active only when we are zoomed in. It helps us see how changes we have made are affecting our picture in a normal view.

This PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes Chapter 8 Output Devices will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes Chapter 8 Output Devices

Introduction
Computer is an electronic device which gets input, processes it and give the output. Input is given to computer by input devices. The result which is provided to the user is called output. This output is given to the user using some devices. These devices are known as output devices.

Output Devices:
Output devices are those devices which are used to get output from the computer. These devices display the information into human readable form. These devices are connected to computer using some wires or wireless media. These devices can show the output in text, audio, video are graphic form. There are a lot of output devices available these days.

Uses of output devices: Output devices are used for following purposes:

• These provide information from the computer.
• These can be used to get hard copy as well as soft copy.
• These give the information whether the computer has completed its work or not.

Types of Output Devices
There are many types of output devices available these days. Output devices can be categorized into following categories:

• Monitor
• Printer
• Speaker
• Headphone
• Plotter
• Projector

Monitor:

Monitor is also called visual display terminal. It is used to get soft copy of the output. It is most common output device. It looks like a television screen.

There are different kinds of monitors available these days.

• Cathode ray tube.
• Flat panel display

1. Cathode ray tube monitor: These monitors were used in earlier days. These monitors use cathode ray technology to display the information. They look like bulky television sets. The size of these monitors is measured by the diagonal length on the screen. Monitors are available in 15, 17, 19 and 21 inches screens. Initially they were black and white but now colored monitors are also available.

2. Flat panel display monitors: These are the monitors which have a thin display portion. They are reduced in volume, weight and Pi requirement. These monitors can be hung up on the walls. We can see these monitors on calculators, video games, laptop computers etc. These monitors consume less power. Some examples of flat panel display monitors are LCD, LED and plasma.

Differences between CRT monitors and Flat panel monitors:

CRT Monitor	Flat Panel Display Monitors
(i) CRT monitors are big in size.	(i) Flat panel monitors are small in size.
(ii) CRT monitors are heavy.	(ii) Flat panel monitors are light weight.
(iii) They produce large amount of heat.	(iii) Flat panel produce very less heat.
(iv) They use more electricity.	(iv) They use less electricity.
(v) CRT monitors are cheaper.	(v) These monitors are costly.

Speaker
Speaker is an output device. Speakers are used to get audio output from the computer. They are connected to the sound card of the computer. Speakers produce audio output in the form of sound waves. Any type of sound can be produced by computer using the speaker.

• These speakers are required if the user wants to listen songs or watch a movie on a computer. There are many types of speakers available in the market.
• These ranges from small size to very big size. Normally a set of two speakers is attached to the computer. These speakers are connected to computers using two wires, one for data supply and second for power supply.

Headphone
Headphones are also an output device. These are nothing but smaller versions of speakers. Headphones are also known as earphones. These devices are portable devices. These devices can be plugged into the computer directly or to the speaker attached to the computer. These devices are used when the user alone wants to listen music.

Headphones are similar to the headphones which we use on our mobile phones. They are also available in a variety of models.

Printer:
Printer is an output device which gives a hard copy of the output. The output given by the printer is permanent in nature.

This output can be preserved in the form of paper. There are a lot of printers available in the market. Printer can be colored as well as black and white.

Printer can be divided into three main categories:

1. Dot Matrix printer
2. Inkjet printer
3. Laser printer

1. Dot Matrix printer: As the name suggests, these printers print any character by combination of various dots. These printers are not very much costly. The speed of these printers is also slow. The printing quality of this printer is not very good. These produce a lot of sound while working. The resolution of printing is also very low. These printers fall in the category of impact printer. These printers are not used in large quantities these days.

2. Inkjet printer: Inkjet printer can be called a non-impact version of Dot Matrix printer.
Similar to Dot Matrix printer inkjet printer also print the text or graphics in the form of small dots. These printers can be colored printers. The printing cost of these printers is very low. The main advantage of these printers is that they do not produce sound while working. These printers are faster than Dot Matrix printers. These printers have small dots of ink on the paper. That is why they are called inkjet printers.

3. Laser printer: Laser printers are the most commonly used printers these days. They use laser technology to print on paper. This printer is black and white as well as colored. The speed of printing in this printer is very high. Their printing quality is also very high. These printers do not produce any sound while working. This printer is costly but the per paper cost is not very much.

Plotter
Plotters also give hard copies of output. These are similar to the printer but plotters are used to print on big sized paper or canvas. Plotters are used in computer aided designs. These are used for some specific areas of application such as engineering design graphical design etc. Plotters use pens for drawing pictures in the media. The most common use of plotter is the big banners which we see in the market. These banners are printed with the help of plotters. Plotter can print black and white as well as color. Plotters are very costly devices. They cannot be awarded by single person.

These are of following types:

• Drum Plotter
• Flatbed Plotter
• Inkjet Plotter.

1. Drum Plotter: In drum plotter, a drum is used to rotate in vertical motion. It contains one or more Horizontal pen holders. These pens are used to draw lines on the paper. Drum and pen draw the design by working together simultaneously. Each pen is program selectable. Pens use different colours to draw.

2. Flatbed Plotter: It draws on flat paper. This paper is spread on flat bet table. Paper is not rotated. The pen moves as per the drawing. It contains many pen holdings of different colours. The plot area is as per bed area. It can range from A4 to 50 feet or more.

3. Inkjet Plotter: These plotters uses inkjet technology instead of pens. They can draw in colour. These plotters are usually faster than other types of plotters.

Projector
Projector is an output device which is used to get visual output. They can be connected to computers.
The projector gives the output big in size. The projectors are mainly used to display something to a large number of people. They are used in office meetings or in classroom teaching by the teachers.

Other Output Devices

Example:

• Digital camera
• Pen Drive
• CD/DVD
• Modem
• Fax

Difference Between Input and Output Devices
Following are the differences between input and output devices:

Input devices	Output devices
(i) Input devices are used to give input to computers.	(i) These devices are used to get output from the computer.
(ii) Data and instructions are given as input using these devices.	(ii) After processing information is taken using these devices.
(iii) Input devices are available in large categories.	(iii) The categories of availability of in output devices is less.

This PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes Chapter 4 Introduction to MS Paint will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes Chapter 4 Introduction to MS Paint

Introduction:
MS Paint or Microsoft paint is an application software. This software is used to draw objects and shapes. The user can work with colours in this software. The drawings can be saved and printed. The drawing can also be used in other application software such as Microsoft Word, Microsoft PowerPoint.

What is MS Paint?
It is an application software developed by Microsoft. This software is provided by a company with Microsoft Windows operating system. It is the default software which is used to develop non commercial paintings. There are many different tools available in Paint. This software is very helpful for new users and children. The user can draw paintings in colour or black and white. This painting can be saved as bitmap files or other format. These paintings can also be printed on paper using a colour printer. These paintings can be set as wallpaper on the computer. These paintings can also be pasted in other applications like MS Word and MS PowerPoint. Save its painting in various formats such as JPG, GIF, BMP etc.

How to Start MS Paint?

Or

• Click on the start button on taskbar/ super bar. The Start menu will appear.
• Click on All Programs, another menu will appear.
• Click on the Accessories option in this menu. Another menu will appear. This menu has a Paint option.
• Click on the Paint option.
  Or
• Click on the start button and type “Paint” in the search bar. Click the Icon from the list and press enter key. Paint window will appear.

Parts of a Paint Window
Paint window is shown in above figure. It has following main parts:

1. Title Bar: The title bar is present at the top of the paint window. At the left end of the title bar, the first item shown is a little paint palette. If we click this button, a standard window menu opens having options Restore, Move, Size, Minimize, Maximize and Close. Another thing we will see the title of our picture followed by the name of the program-Paint. If we haven’t saved our picture, the name will be shown as “Untitled”.

• Quick Access Toolbar: The next four items make up the Quick Access Bar offering buttons for Save, Undo, Redo and Customize.
• Minimize, Maximize/Restore, Close: Title bar has three buttons on its right corner. They are:
  (a) Minimize Button: Used for minimizing the paint window onto the taskbar.
  (b) Maximize/Restore button: Used for maximizing or restoring the paint window.
  (c) Close Button: Used for closing the paint window.

2. Quick Access Toolbar: It is a toolbar present in the title bar by default. This bar provides us with frequently used commands. Its position can be changed both to below or above the ribbon and icons can be added and removed as per the user’s requirement.

To Move Quick Access Toolbar below the Ribbon:
If we prefer to show Save, Undo and Redo buttons below the ribbon, Click on the “customize quick access bar” button and a menu will appear. Near the bottom of the menu that appears, we will see Show below the Ribbon. Click Show below the Ribbon.

The Quick Access Toolbar will move below the Ribbon. We can add more options such as New, Open, and Print Preview etc. to the Quick Access Toolbar with the help of Customize icon.

Move Quick Access Toolbar below the Ribbon

Here are commands and their functions discussed below:

Name of Command	Function	Shortcut Key
New	Creates a new/blank image file.	Ctrl + N
Open	Opens a dialog box to open an existing image file.	Ctrl + 0
Save	Saves changes to the current file.	Ctrl + S
Print	Print the current picture.	Ctrl + P
Print Preview	Displays the image on screen as it will appear after printing on paper.
Send in e-mail	Send a copy of the picture in an e-mail as an attachment.
Undo	Repeat or Reverse the last action.	Ctrl + Z
Redo	Restores previous undo action.	Ctrl + Y
Show below/ above the ribbon	Shows Quick Access Toolbar below or above the ribbon
Minimize the ribbon	Toggle the ribbon On/Off.

Adding Ribbon items to the Quick Access Toolbar: Many other items from the ribbon can also be added to the Quick Access Toolbar. On the Ribbon, right click on anything we like to add. A menu will appear which includes the option “Add to Quick Access Toolbar”. Click on this option.

Menu Bar
The Menu bar has three tabs named as Paint Button, Home tab ribbon and View tab ribbon. On the right side of the menu bar, the Help button appears as shown in the figure below.

1. Paint Button: This Button appeared at the beginning of Menu bar. When we click on this button and the following Menu Appears.

The various commands given in Paint button are explained below:

Name of Command	Functions
Save As	Save changes to the new file with a different file name. It asks for a new name every time. We can change format of the new file too. Such as PNG, JPEG, BMP, GIF etc.
From scanner and camera	Import picture from scanner or camera.
Set as desktop background	Set the current picture as our desktop background.
Properties	Change the properties of the picture. The Properties dialog will give us information about the picture .
Exit	To close the paint window.

2. Home Tab Ribbon: All tools, shapes, colour palette and most of the commands are grouped together in the ribbon except Save, Undo and Redo commands which are shown at title bar or in the Quick Access Toolbar. Drop-down arrows below each item in the ribbon will give us other options for the tool. Most of the tools used for drawing or other tasks are present in Home Tab Ribbon.

There is also an option to minimize the ribbon. If we choose this, the ribbon d sappears entirely, but pops into view if you click on the Home tab.

3. View Tab Ribbon: We can use the View tab by clicking on it. The options such as zoom in, zoom out, show or hide and display are there in the View tab. Zoom in or out can be used alone or in conjunction with the Zoom Tool. We can also use the status bar for Zoom in or Zoom out purposes.

Scroll Bar
Scroll bars are used to move the screen. These are of two types:

• Horizontal Scroll bar: It is present at the bottom of the Paint window. It moves the screen left and right.
• Vertical Scroll bar: It is present at the right side of the Paint window. It moves the screen up and down.

Status Bar

1. Cursor Position: It gives the Cursor Position, which is helpful when we want to position any picture precisely.

2. Selection Size: It shows the size of a selection we are making or size of an object we are drawing.

3. Image Size: It shows the size of our entire picture, even if the picture is very large and is not visible completely in the window. If we have not changed the units in the Properties dialog box, the measurement will be displayed in pixels. We can change measurement to inches or centimetres.

4. Disk Size: Once we have saved our picture, this option will show the size or drawing on Disk. If the paint window is very small, this figure might not be shown.

5. Zoom Slider: The Zoom Slider is convenient if we are working in a zoomed in view and want to zoom out. However, we cannot zoom in on a particular spot, as we can do with the Magnifier.

Work Area
Free space of the Paint window is called the work area. It is used for making drawings. This area is usually between Ribbon and status bar.

Saving Our Drawing
It is good to save our picture as soon as we begin to work. We must click on the Save button on the Quick Access Toolbar every few minutes. This prevents loss of work if the program closes unexpectedly, as in a power failure.

When we click the Save for the first time, we will find a dialog box where we have to type a name for the picture. Type a desired name in the file name text box and click the Save button.

Save as:

Click Save as in file menu.
With the help of Save as option we can save a Copy of a picture with another file name. Go to the Paint button and open the menu.
In the dialog box, just change the existing name then click the Save button.

This PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes Chapter 3 Basics of Working with Computers will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes Chapter 3 Basics of Working with Computers

Introduction
A computer is a combination of hardware and software. We can say that a computer is a machine in itself. There are always some rules which should be followed to work with a machine. Similarly if the user has to work with a computer he must have basic knowledge of working, with computers.

Operating System
Operating system is a system software without which a computer cannot work. IT acts as an interface between the hardware and the user. Each computer has an operating system installed on it. Operating system is displayed in the form of screens, menus, dialogue box, icons and widgets etc.

Definition of Operating System

• An operating system is an interface between a computer user and computer hardware. It makes computer hardware work by controlling all the internal processes of the computer.
• There are many types of operating systems. Each operating system is developed for different types of machines. Each operating system has a different set of commands and it understands the machine architecture very well.

Windows
Windows is an operating system developed by Microsoft. It is a graphical user interface. It means it is easy to work with pointing devices such as mice in windows. Most of the computers in this world are using windows operating systems. Everything is displayed in a rectangular frame on the screen in this operating system. That is why operating system is named as windows. It is the most popular operating system in the world.

DOS
DOS stands for Disc Operating System. This operating system is also developed by Microsoft. It is a character user interface operating system. This operating system is not very powerful. The user types commands to instruct the computer. This operating system was used on computers with small memory and low speed hardware. The user has to remember a lot of commands to work in it. That is why it was difficult to work in this operating system. Also the user cannot do a variety of work simultaneously in this operating system.

Android
The Android Operating System is one of the latest operating systems in digital word. It is the operating system which is used in mobile phones. This operating system was developed by Google. This operating system is developed for devices which have touchscreen in them. It provides a very beautiful and convenient interface which can be used by finger touch. The user can do the tasks like pinching, swiping and typing. Now the Android operating system is also used in televisions, cars , wrist watches and many other digital devices. Each of these devices have different user interfaces.

Starting Computer System
The first task to work with an operating system is to make it work. This process is called starting the computer system. To start a computer system is not a difficult task. It is as simple as to start any other machine.

Powering on the Computer System
To start a computer it must be switched on first. Each computer system has a power button on its system case. The user has to press that power button to switch on the computer system. Similarly there is a power button on the monitor also. If the monitor is not powered on then the user has to switch on the monitor.

After switching on the computer, the computer starts to place the operating system in its memory. This process is known as booting. This process takes some time depending on the memory and the hardware attached to the computer system. After the booting process screen is displayed on the monitor.

Logging-in
After the booting process the initial windows screen is displayed. This screen provides the opportunity for the user to connect to the main operating system. This process is known as login.

On the screen all the users are displayed which are created on this computer. To login to the screen the user must know who is username and password.

• To Login to the computer , click on the username.
• Windows will ask to enter the password for you.
• Type in the password of that username.
• Windows will let you in.
• It will display the next screen which is called desktop.

Desktop and its Components
When the user logged into the Windows operating system, he is taken to a screen. This screen is known as the desktop of the computer. It is basically a dashboard of a computer system. All the operations are performed from this screen on. It has various parts. The parts of a desktop are discussed below.

Desktop

Desktop has following three parts:

• Icons
• Taskbar
• Shortcut

Icons
Icons are the small pictures on the desktop. These icons represent a file or a program or folder on the computer. The user has to click on this icon to open.dat file or program. The following types of icons are available on Windows desktop.

1. My Computer: This icon is used to assess the hard disc of the computer. This icon opens a window on the computer screen which displays all the hard disks attached to the computer and other removable media such as pen drives or CDs. The user can work in this window.

2. Network: This icon is used to connect to the network location attached to this computer system. This icon is used when the computer is connected to a local area. This icon displays icons of all the computer systems which are connected to users’ computers through Local area networks. The user can go to the other computer and work on files.

3. Recycle Bin: Recycle Bin is a folder which works like a dustbin. In this folder contains all the deleted files, folder, icons on the computer. When anything is not required on the computer system the user can delete that item. That item is shifted to the recycle bin folder. If the user deletes an item accidentally he can restore that item from the recycle bin.

4. Users File: This icon is used to assess the current user data. Thus it can hold all the default locations for the different types of files. It may include my documents, my pictures, my videos desktop etc. The name of this icon changes as per the user logged in.

Shortcuts
A shortcut is to reach the original file. A shortcut represents a link to the program file folder or any other item on the computer. It is an easy way to assess that item. The program can be opened using that shortcut. If the shortcut is deleted then the original program is not deleted or removed from the computer system. The user can create many shortcuts for a single program or file. The shortcut icon is identified by a small Arrow on a normal icon.

Shortcut

Wallpaper
Wallpaper is an image which is displayed behind the desktop screen. It is also called a desktop background. The user can place a screen as per his requirement. This screen can be a picture colour or pattern. There are some preloaded wallpapers available in the Windows operating system. The user can change the wallpaper as per his requirement.

The following steps are used to change a wallpaper.

• Right-click on wallpaper displaying on Desktop.
• Choose the “Personalize” option from the popup menu.
• A new window will appear.
• Select the required theme from the window. We can alternatively click on the “Desktop wallpaper” option from the bottom and choose the wallpaper.

Taskbar
Taskbar is located at the bottom of the screen. This bar is a part of the Operating System. It allows us to start a program using the Start menu. This bar always remains visible during working in any application. We can navigate through Active programs using the taskbar. The area on the right side of the taskbar is called “Notification Area”. This area allows us to check date and time, items running in the background etc. The taskbar was first introduced with Microsoft Windows 95 and is found in all subsequent versions of Windows. We can have a look of taskbar and it’s all parts as under:

Taskbar

All these parts of the taskbar are having their own functions. Let’s discuss the use of each one of them. It has a logo of windows on it. It is the first item on Taskbar.

Its icon is:

• Start Button: We can start any application and program with the help of the Start button.
• Quick Launch Bar: This section of the taskbar enables us to launch
  programs without locating them from the Start menu. It is located next to the Start button.
• System Tray: It is located at the right side of Taskbar. It contains miniature icons for easy access to system functions such as fax, printer, modem, volume etc.
• Notification Area: This area is a part of the taskbar that provides notifications and status of devices. It can also be used to display icons for system and program features that are not on the desktop.
• Clock: At the end of taskbar, Clock is displayed where Current Time and Date can be seen. We can change Time and Date by clicking on it. It requires Administration access to change the Time or Date.
• Active Programs: This area of taskbar is between quick access bar and System Tray area. In this area of taskbar, all the active programs appeared as an icon and we can easily navigate among them.

Working with Windows Applications
Microsoft Windows 7 provides some of the inbuilt applications which are used for different purposes. These applications are the most basic applications and each one is of a different type. Let’s discuss some of these applications.

Notepad
This is a basic text editor of Microsoft Windows. This is mainly used to type character data. It is the most simple application for creating files with text data only. This application is mainly used for writing codes (Source Files) of programming languages like HTML, Java etc.

Running Notepad

• Start → All Programs → Accessories → Notepad
  Or
• Click on the start button and type “Notepad ” in the search bar. Click the Icon from the list and press enter key.

Wordpad
This is a Rich Text Format word processor. We can create a document with formatting using this application. This application can be used to write letters or to create documents with texts data only. Graphics like charts, pictures, clip-art etc. cannot be inserted in it.

Running WordPad

• Start → All Programs → Accessories → WordPad
  Or
• Click on the start button and type “WordPad” in the search bar. Click the Icon from the list and press enter key.

Paint
This is inbuilt graphical applications of Microsoft Windows 7. We can create drawing or other basic graphical objects using this application. It is also known as MS Paint. MS Paint has several tools for drawing and colouring. We can edit an existing picture also using this application.

Running Paint

• Start → All Programs → Accessories → Paint
  Or
• Click on the start button and type “Paint” in the search bar. Click the Icon from the list and press enter key.

Calculator
This application of Microsoft Windows 7 is used to do calculation related work. We can use this application as we use a real calculator. Its layout and buttons are also similar to real calculators. We can perform calculations up to 16 digits using this application.

Running Calculator

• Start → All Programs → Accessories → Calculator
  Or
• Click on the start button and type “Calculator” in the search bar. Click the Icon from the list and press enter key.

Using Run Box
Run box allows the user to open a program by name. This option of windows is very useful for fast opening of programs. Instead of navigating through menus, we can directly type the name of the program to run. Each program exists in the computer’ as an executable file. For example, MS Paint is named as “pbrush”, Notepad as “notepad”, WordPad as “Wordpad” and Calculator as “Calc”. We must write the correct name of that program which is to start. We can also start any file by typing it’s full path. The picture below shows how the Run box looks like in Microsoft Windows 7.

To open the Run Box in microsoft windows 7, we can use the following steps:
Press Window

button + R together.
Or
Click on the start button and search for “Run”. Click the Icon from the list and press enter key.

Search Box of Start Menu
We can use the Search Box of Microsoft Windows 7 to search files or programs of computers. It can find given file from hard drive. It is located at the bottom of Start Menu of Windows 7. If this bar is missing from the start menu then we can re-enable it from Control Panel. The Search Box of start menu looks as given in the picture bellow.
If this part of start menu is missing then we can use following steps to show Search Box.

Steps to show “Search Box”

• Open the Start menu and click “Control Panel.”
• Click “Uninstall A Program” under Programs.
• Click “Turn Windows features on or off.”
• Click on the checkbox named ‘Window Search”.
• Click “OK” to save your changes.
• Search Box will start showing in Start Menu after restarting your computer.

Shutting Down Computer System
When the user completes its work on the computer system it is necessary to shut it down. The process of shutting down a computer system is as simple as starting it. All the tasks are performed by the computer system itself to shut it down. The user has only to start the procedure. Shutting down a computer is necessary to avoid the data loss. When the computer is in workable condition many files have been opened by it. The process of shutting down closes all those files, saving their data and returning them back to their inactive state.

Windows have given commands to shutdown the computer system. These commands are selected from the start menu of the window.

Following steps are used to shutdown a window based computer.

• Click on the start button.
• Click on the arrow available with the shutdown button.
• It will display many options such as sleep shutdown log of restart lock switch user.
• Window will start the process as per the options selected.

The detail of these options are given below:

Sleep:
This option of Power Off menu can be used when we want to leave a computer for some time. During this mode, the power of Monitor/LCD gets OFF and all your data is kept safe. When we put a computer into sleep mode then its power remains ON and its power light starts blinking. This blinking Red-Colour LED on the CPU shows that the computer is in sleep Mode. We can press the power button to resume the computer from this mode.

Shut Down:
This option of Power menu can be used when we have finished all our work. When we shut-down a computer, all parts of computer systems are turned off and no power remains active in the Computer System. We can switch off the main power-supply of the computer when it is shut down. This process can take some time and we must wait till it is over. This process may take time according to the size of data being used and number of programs currently running.

Log Off:
Windows 7 allows us to access a computer differently among users. We can keep our data secure from other users with the help of user accounts in it. If we have finished our work and want to leave a computer but another user is there to access the same computer for own work in a different user account then we can use the Log-off option of Power Menu.

Restart:
This option of power menu can be used when any new program is installed or any updation in the system is done. Sometimes when a new device or hardware is attached to the computer, it is required to restart our computer. In such a case, we can use the restart option of the Power menu to shut down our computer and start it again. When the restart button is pressed then the computer automatically gets started after being shut-down.

This PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes Chapter 2 Computer Components will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes Chapter 2 Computer Components

Introduction to Basic Components of Computer System:
Computer is a device which gets input, processes it and gives output to the user. Input processing and output are called basic tasks of a computer system. For doing these tasks computers need various components. For this computer needs Standard Input Output devices and a Processing Unit.

Standard Input devices include keyboard and mouse. Both of these devices are necessary for a computer. If the keyboard is not attached to the computer, the computer will show an error message at the time of booting. The keyboard is used to enter text messages and the mouse is a pointing device. The most common Output device used in computers is a monitor. It is required to see the result of our work.

The combination of these systems is called the Standard Input Output unit.

How Computer Works?
The process of processing the data is called the processing cycle of a computer. It is the way of processing within a computer system.

Three steps are involved in this cycle.
1. Input: This part is related with input of data and instruction. Computers cannot work without proper in. To enter the necessary data and instructions in the computer input unit is required. Man can enter the data and instruction in its own language and that is converted into computer languages by this input unit.

There are many types of input devices used for input. Keyboard is the most common input device, used to enter textual data. The second common device for input is the mouse. This device is used to point a special part on the screen or to select a command your mouse pointer. The other common devices which are used for input are microphone touch screen scanner etc.

2. Processing: Processing is the process of acting according to given instructions. This is the main task done by computer as it gets instructions from the computer. The main aim of Computer is to work as per the given instructions. This task is done by the processor of the computer. The processor is just like the brain of a human being. This processor is also known as the Central Processing Unit.

3. Output: After processing the data is converted into some information. The user of the computer needs that information from the computer as its result. This result is shown to the user using output devices. The most common output device is a monitor. The other output devices are speaker, printer, plotters.

Block Diagram of Computer:
A block diagram of a computer is a Graphical representation of various steps involved in working of a computer. The main parts shown in this block diagram are input unit, processing unit and output unit. The processing unit is divided into three parts namely memory unit, control unit and arithmetic logic unit.

Parts of Central Processing Unit
The Central Processing Unit of a computer system is divided into three parts.

1. Memory Unit
2. Control Unit
3. Arithmetic and Logical Unit

1. Memory Unit: This unit is also known as storage unit. This unit holds the data and instruction in it. It can store data and instruction temporary and permanently. Many types of memories are used in this unit. Type of memory is used for special purposes. These memories vary in size, storage capacity nature of operation, speed and cost.

2. Control Unit: Control unit is meant for controlling all the activities of the computer. This unit works as the brain of a computer. It performs all the operations given in the form of instructions. It also controls the functioning of other components of the computer. It controls both input and output units also.

3. Arithmetic and Logical Unit: This is the third part of the Central Processing Unit. This unit is related to performing all the arithmetic and logical operations. A lot of calculations are done by computer in each type of work. All these calculations are done by this unit of CPU. Part of Central Processing Unit is integrated within the processor.

Types of Computer Memories
Computers can store data in many ways. This is possible due to the use of different types of memory in computers.

Computer memory can be classified into two types.

1. Primary Memory
2. Secondary Memory

Primary Memory:
Primary memory is also called main memory. It is directly accessible by the Central Processing Unit of the computer. All the instructions and data are placed in this memory before processing. This memory is also known as main memory.

Primary memory is of two types.

1. Random Access Memory
2. Read Only Memory

1. Random Access Memory: This memory is also known as RAM. This memory is very fast. All the data and instructions are stored in this memory when the computer is working. It is a volatile type of memory. It means that when the computer is switched off its contents gets destroyed. This memory cannot store the data permanently. But without this memory the computer cannot work.

2. Read Only Memory: It is also known as ROM. It is a permanent type of memory. This memory is placed on computers and other electronic devices in the form of microchips. The ordinary user cannot write in this memory. He can only read from this memory. That is why this memory is called Read Only Memory. Normally this memory stores the data and information which is required to start a computer. Only users cannot write in this memory. Only the manufacture of this memory can write in it.

Secondary Memory
Secondary memory is also known as auxiliary memory or external memory. This memory is used to store data and instructions for a long time. This memory is a non-volatile memory. The storage capacity of secondary memory is higher than primary memory. This memory is not directly accessible from the CPU. Different types of memory storage devices are used in this type such as hard disk, CD, DVD, pendrive, Magnetic tape etc.

Categories of Computer:
The computers can be categorised according to their speed, memory processing capability, storage capacities and generations.

There are four main types of computer.

1. Micro computer or personal computer
2. Mini computer
3. Mainframe computer.
4. Supercomputer

1. Micro Computer or Personal Computer: Micro or Personal Computers are the most common computers. These are the computers which are used in homes, schools and offices. These computers are small in size and the cost of this computer is very less. These computers can be afforded by small businesses, small schools and individuals also. The computer on which we work falls in this category. Examples of computers of this category are desktop computer, laptops, palmtops, tablets, mobile phones etc.

2. Mini Computer: This type of computer has more processing capabilities than a microcomputer.
These computers are also larger in size.
These computers are used by multiple users at a time. The main features of these computers is highest storage capacity sharing of resources and high processing speed. Micro computers are mainly used as small or mid range servers. These computers are used in large businesses, large team based companies and scientific applications.

3. Mainframe Computer: The processing speed of Mainframe computers is higher than micro and mini computers. These computers are capable of handling large amounts of data within less time. These computers are capable of performing operations on large amounts of data with high processing speed. Mainframe computers are used in patience such as government offices, banks etc.

4. Supercomputer: Supercomputer is the most powerful computer invented till now. The processing speed of supercomputers is very fast. It can store a large amount of data. These computers are specially used for complex application. Supercomputers are the most powerful and expensive computers till now. The application areas of these types of computers are weather forecasting climate research, oil and gas exploration and processing of astronomical data.

This PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Introduction to Computer will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Introduction to Computer

Introduction to Computer:
Computers are used everywhere these days. All the offices, banks, school, colleges use computers for their daily work. Let us try to understand the meaning of computers.

Meaning of Computer:
A computer is an electronic device which gets the data and instructions from the user. It processes the data as per given instructions and gives the result in the desired form. Computer can be defined as:

A computer is an electronic machine that accepts data as input from the user and processes the data under the control of a set of instructions and gives the result as an output.

Literally, the word computer is taken from Latin word compute which means to calculate. So in simple words, we can say that a computer is an electronic device which was made to calculate. Earlier their definition was correct as the main work of the computer was to calculate. Now the computer is doing a lot of work to decide the calculation.

Uses of Computer:
Following are the uses of computer in Modern Times:

• We can do mathematical calculations on the computer.
• We can play games on the computer.
• We can draw pictures on the computer.
• We can listen to songs and watch films on the computer.
• We can use computers to print books and newspapers.
• We can use computers to book our tickets to travel in trains, buses and airplanes.
• We can check the arrival and departure time of trains, buses and airplanes with the help of a computer.
• We can check the weather conditions of any place before travelling.
• We can print reports, results of our school or time table.
• We can store our data into a computer for future use.

Applications of Computer
Computers are used in many areas. Some of the application areas of computers are given below:

1. Education: Students and teachers are using computers in their education. Teachers use computers to teach the students and students use computers to prepare their notes making, drawing and making projects etc. The internet is used to search, study material, results, time table and various reports are prepared using the computer. Computers are also used for record keeping, online data, processing etc. Punjab Education Department is using computer on their web portal like www.epunjabschool.gov.in www.pseb.ac.in

2. Entertainment: Computers are a good source of entertainment also. The user can watch movies, listen song and camp. Beautiful presentations can be made on the computer. All the films made in these days use computers for their special effects.

3. Sports: Computers are also used in the sports field. They are used to improve the performance of players to keep data and to evaluate the performance and to display information about various tournaments which will happen in future. Digital scoreboards are also a part of games today. The players can improve their by analysing their record.

4. Communication: Computers have given new ways of communication. The user can make video calls, audio calls, chat using computer data and send email to their friends and relatives. Any type of data can be shared using smartphone, tablet, laptop and computers.

5. Shops: Shopkeepers are also using computers for their various works. They are using computers to manage their stock to generate purchase orders to generate bills to advertise their shop. The use of computers in shops save a lot of time for the shopkeeper and the customer.

6. Hospitals: Hospitals are using computers to maintain patient records and to monitor the health of patients. The medical history of a patient can be stored and communicated by using a computer. Now the doctor is also using a computer to check their patient from a remote place. Computers are also used in Laboratories to do 2x and data analysis.

7. Banks: The hanking system is working by using computers. All types of records of customers are maintained by using computers. Then use a computer to maintain data of accounts withdrawal of money deposit of money, loans etc. Customers can now use e-banking services to do their work from their home. ATMs are totally computer based.

8. Government Offices: Government offices are using computers in governance, bill payment, Income Tax application processing. Most of the government’s work is online these days. The citizens can apply for any government service with the help of using computer and internet from their homes. They can pay to build Taxes and avail other governmental services using the internet.

9. Travel: Computers are also used for travel purposes. The user can book their tickets, get knowledge of some geographical areas, check availability of means of transport, cost, estimation and regional culture etc. The user can also book hotels from their home by using the internet.

Characteristics of Computer
The main characteristics of computer are as given below:

Characteristics of Computer
Speed Accuracy Reliability Diligence Automotion Storage
1. Speed: Computer is a very fast machine. It can do calculation in milliseconds. It can complete days work in seconds. That is why it has reduced human effort.

2. Accuracy: Computer is an accurate machine. It never makes any mistakes. If a mistake is performed in any calculation that is always due to human error. A computer can do any task repeatedly for thousands of times without any error.

3. Reliability: Reliability means the ability of being trusted. A computer is a reliable machine. We cannot doubt the results given by computers because
they are always correct. There is no need of rechecking the results. It gives the same result every time.

4. Diligence: Computer never gets tired. It can to do work for many days or even for years. During this time its efficiency does not decrease and neither it commits errors after long working. In fact, a computer is a hardworking machine.

5. Automation: Automation means to do the work automatically. Computers can be instructed to do the work without any interaction. He can be given the instructions and the computer can do work without asking anything. We just need to start the computer and ask him to do the particular work. After that it will do the whole work without asking anything.

6. Storage: The storage capacity of computers is very large. It can attach many storage devices such as hard disk, pen drive at 17 to it. It can store any type of data such as text, audio, video, animation in it. We can also store the storage capacity of computers. Computers store data for a very long time.

Portable Computing Devices
Portable devices are those devices which can be easily carried from one place to another. Technology has given us many portable devices. Some of them are explained below:
1. Mobile Phone or Smartphone: It is the most common portable computing device used these days. Each one is using their mobile phones these days. Smartphones can do a lot of calculation work and processing.
Their speed is also very fast. Modern mobile phones are equipped with camera large storage capacity and High processing speed.

They can be used in education, business trading, entertainment, gaming etc. Mobile phones are very small devices. It can be carried in our pockets. There are a lot of mobile phones available in the market with different features.

2. Tablet Computer: It is a small computer.
It is mainly known as a tablet. If the battery is used in this tablet. It has a touch screen which is used to give input and get the output. Tablets can be used for many purposes. Most of the students are using tablets in their education at home as well as at their schools.

3. Palmtop Computer: Palmtop computer is a small size computer which can be placed on our palm. This computer has a small screen and small keyboard. It is just like a mobile phone having a keyboard. These computers are not very popular in these days. These computers were used for limited purposes only

4. Laptop Computer: Laptop computer is the most famous computer these days. It is a computer with a big screen and keyboard attached to it. It can be easily taken from one place to another. If the battery is used to give power to the laptop computer. All it had also a touchpad and many other features built in it.

5. Note Book: It is a portable computer. It is smaller than laptop. It is also lighter in weight. It has a battery to work. The battery can be charged again and again. It can be easily taken from one place to another.

Limitations of Computer:

Computers are capable of doing a lot of work. But, after all this is a machine and unable to do some tasks. These kinds of tasks are considered as limitations of computers.

Some of the main limitations of computer are as under:

• A computer cannot take decisions by itself.
• A computer cannot correct wrong instructions.
• Computer cannot do any work without instruction from the user.
• It does not have feelings or IQ (Intelligence Quotient)
• It does not have knowledge and experience like a human being.
• Computer can not start work until asked.

This PSEB 7th Class Computer Notes Chapter 8 Storage Devices will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 7th Class Computer Notes Chapter 8 Storage Devices

Introduction:
Memory is like the human brain. A computer system needs memory to store the data and instructions for processing. Whenever we talk about the ‘memory’ of a computer system, we usually talk about the primary memory and secondary memory. Now in this chapter we will learn about these two types of memory.

What is Memory?
Computer memory is a physical device capable of storing data and information. It is a storage space where data and instructions are stored either for processing or for further uses. The memory is divided into large number of small parts called cells. Each cell has a unique address. It can store data and instructions either temporarily (RAM) or permanently (ROM) which can be reused at any time.

Memory can be either volatile or non-volatile.

• Volatile Memory: Memory that loses work when a computer is switched off. For example, RAM is volatile. When you are working on a document, it is kept in RAM, and if the computer loses power, your work is lost.
• Non-volatile Memory: This memory, also called NVRAM, is the memory that retains its contents even when power is lost. EPROM is an example of unstable memory.

Types of Computer Memory:
There are many types of memory in a computer; the most basic is primary memory, also called system memory, and the secondary memory, commonly called storage. Details about these memories are given ahead:

Primary Memory:
Primary memory is the main memory of a computer system. It stores the data temporarily. It holds only those data on which computer is currently working. Primary memory is directly accessed by the CPU. It has limited storage capacity and data is lost when power is switched off.

Primary memory is a semiconductor memory because it is manufactured using semiconductor devices. The capacity of primary memory is very limited and is always less than that of secondary memory. It is more expensive than secondary memory.

Characteristics of Main Memory

• These are semiconductor memories.
• It is known as the main memory.
• Usually volatile memory.
• Data is lost in case power is switched off.
• It is the working memory of the computer.
• Faster than secondary memories.
• A computer cannot run without the primary memory.

Types of Primary Memory:
There are two types of primary memory:

• RAM (Random Access Memory)
• ROM (Read Only Memory)

1. RAM: RAM stands for Random Access Memory. This is a volatile memory. This means it stores data or instructions temporarily. It is located on the motherboard. When you start the computer, Data and instructions from the hard disk are stored in RAM. The CPU uses this data to perform the required functions. RAM loses all data as soon as you shut down the computer.

The most important thing to understand about RAM is that RAM memory is very fast, it is a read/write memory. It is much more expensive than secondary memory. Due to the high cost of RAM, most computer systems use both primary and secondary memory, RAM is further divided into two types:
(a) SRAM (Static Random Access Memory): This stores a bit of data using the state of a six transistor memory cell.
(b) DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory): This stores a bit data using a pair of transistor and capacitor which constitute a DRAM memory cell.

SRAM	DRAM
1. Transistors are used to store information in SRAM.	1. Capacitors are used to store data in DRAM.
2. SRAM is faster as compared to DRAM.	2. DRAM provides slow access speeds.
3. These are expensive.	3. These are cheaper.
4. SRAMs are low density devices.	4. DRAMs are high density devices.
5. These are used in cache memories.	5. These are used in main memories.

2. ROM: This means read only memory. It is a non-volatile memory. It stores the data permanently. These are the IC (integrated circuits) inside the PC that makes up the ROM. ROM stores a startup program called ‘Bootstrap Loader’. When the computer’s power is turned on “Bootstrap Loader” checks and starts the device connected to the PC. ROM can only be read by CPU but cannot be changed.

Types of Read Only Memory (ROM):
(a) PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory): PROM is read¬only memory that can be modified only one time by a user. Once programmed, the data and instructions contained in it cannot be changed.
(b) EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory): It can
be reprogrammed. To delete data from it, place it in front of an ultra violet light. To re-program it, delete all previous data
(c) EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory): Data stored in EEPROM can be deleted and modified as many times as user wants. Implementing electric field can erase data, no need for ultra-violet light. We can only delete parts of the chip.

Secondary Memory
Secondary memory is permanent memory. It is not directly accessible by CPU. It communicates with the CPU through the main memory. Secondary memory stores data and holds it even when power is off. It is used to store large amount of data or programs. It is less expensive than the primary memory.
Secondary memory refers to the various storage media on which a computer can store data and programs. Floppy disks, Hard Disks, magnetic disks, magnetic tapes are the examples of secondary memory.

The Secondary storage media are of two types:

1. Fixed: Fixed Storage media is an internal storage medium like hard disk that is fixed inside the computer.
2. Removable: Storage medium that are portable and can be taken outside the computer are termed as removable storage media like CD, DVD, Pen drive etc.

Characteristics of Secondary Memory

• These are magnetic and optical memories.
• It is known as the backup memory.
• It is a non-volatile memory.
• Data is permanently stored even if power is switched off.
• It is used for storage of data in a computer.
• Computer may run without the secondary memory.
• Slower than primary memories.

1. Magnetic Tapes: Magnetic discs are made of hard metal or synthetic plastic material. Magnetic material is coated on both sides of the disc platter and both sides can be used for storage. The magnetic disk provides direct access to both small and large computer systems. Magnetic audio tapes are used to record sound and music. Magnetic video tapes are used to record analog voice and video signals. These are low cost tapes. Hard disks and floppy disks are examples of magnetic tapes.

2. Floppy Disk: Also known as floppy diskette, it is a removable, portable secondary storage device. This was created in 1964 by IBM. It is a small plastic disc about 3.5 inches in size. These disks have very low storage capacity and can store approximately 1.4 MB of data. It can be read or written by a floppy disk drive.

3. Hard Disk: Hard disks are the secondary storage devices used to store data permanently. It is directly connected to the disk controller on the motherboard. Hard disks are flat, circular plates made of aluminum or glass and coated with a magnetic material. Hard disk platters typically spin very fast at 5400 to 7200 cycles/minute.

It has unlimited storage space and its storage capacity ranges from 20 GB to 500 GB. It used to install a new program or application on the device. Software programs, images, videos, etc. all can be saved to the hard drive.

There are two types of hard disks.

• Internal Hard Disk: Internal hard drives are located inside your computer. Most computers come with a single internal hard drive, which includes the operating system and pre-installed applications.
• External Hard Drive: An external hard drive, also called a portable hard drive. It is a device connected to the outside of a computer via a USB connection. It is often used to back up a computer or portable storage.

4. Optical Drives: Optical drives are a storage medium from which data is read and written by a laser. Optical disks can store up to 6GB of data. Optical storage devices are the most widely used and reliable storage devices.

The most commonly used types of optical storage devices are:

• CD-ROM
• DVD-ROM
• CD-RECORDABLE
• CD-REWRITABLE
• PHOTO – CD

1. CD: A compact disc is a flat, round, optical storage medium invented by James Russell. It is a portable storage medium that was used to digitally store and play the audio, video and other data. Compact discs have greater storage capacity than floppy disks. These disks can store 650-700 MB of data. This is a very reliable storage media.

There are two types of CDs:
(а) CD-R: CD-R stands for Compact Disc-Recordabie, also known as ROM is a digital optical disk storage format. A CD-R disc is a compact disc that can be written once and arbitrarily read multiple times.
(B) CD-RW: CD-RW (compact disc-rewritable) is a digital optical disk storage format introduced in 1997. A CD-RW compact disc (CD-RW) can be read, written, erased, and rewritten.

2. DVD: Stands for Digital Video Disc or Digital Versatile Disc. It is a digital optical disc data storage format that was invented and developed in 1995 and released in late 1996. DVD is a type of optical media used to store digital data. It is the same size of a CD, but it has a large storage capacity. Some DVDs are specifically formatted for video playback, while others contain different types of data, such as software programs and computer files.

While using CDs and DVDs, we should keep the following in mind:
(a) CD / DVD should always be covered.
(b) The back shiny part of the CD / DVD should not be touched.
(c) Don’t write on the back of the CD / DVD.
(d) CD / DVD should not be folded.
(e) To clean CDs / DVDs, a soft cloth should be used. You can also use water to remove dust from it.

3. Pen Drive: A pen drive is a portable universal serial bus (USB) flash memory device. It is used to store and transfer audio, video and data files from a computer. The major advantage of USB pen drives over other portable storage devices such as floppy disks or DVDs / CDs is their compact shape and size; they work faster and can store more data. Memory Card: A memory card is a flash memory. It is used in electronic devices such as digital cameras, Mobile phones or video game consoles.

The memory card can stores data, images, music, games or other computer files. Memory cards have no moving parts so they are not easily damaged. They are more compact and portable than CDs or DVDs, and they can store more data than CDs. The data stored in the memory card can be read with the help of card reader.

Differences between Primary Memory and Secondary Memory
In this lesson, we have talked about both primary and secondary memory. Both are quite useful in their own way, now we will look at the difference between the both.

• Primary memory is also called internal memory. Secondary memory is also called backup memory or auxiliary memory.
• Primary memory can be accessed by data bus while secondary memory is accessed through I/O channels.
• Primary memory data is accessed directly by the processing unit. Secondary memory data cannot be accessed directly by the processor.
• Primary memory is more expensive than secondary memory. Secondary memory is cheaper than primary memory.
• Primary memory is both unstable and static. Secondary memory is always unchanging memory.

Note:

• Memory is an electronic holding space for instructions and data.
• Memory is used to store data and instructions.
• Memory can be either volatile or non-volatile.
• Primary memory is the main memory of a computer system. It is used to store the data temporarily.
• Primary memory consists of ROM and RAM.
• Secondary memory is permanent memory that communicates indirectly with the CPU through the main memory.
• Hard disks and floppy disks are examples of magnetic tapes.
• Internal hard drive is a hard drive that resides inside the computer.
• An external hard drive is connected to the outside of a computer via a USB connection.
• A pen drive is used to store and transfer audio, video and data files from a computer.
• Data stored in the memory card can be read with the help of card reader.

This PSEB 7th Class Computer Notes Chapter 7 Introduction to Multimedia will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 7th Class Computer Notes Chapter 7 Introduction to Multimedia

Introduction:
Multimedia is an interactive media and provides many powerful ways to present information to the user. It provides communication between users and digital information. It is a medium of communication. Some of the areas where multimedia is widely used are education, training, reference materials, business presentations, advertising and documentation.

Multimedia:
Multimedia is a form of communication that combines different types of data such as text, audio, images, animations or video into a single presentation. Multimedia is a computer based technology where all kinds of information can be digitally presented, displayed, processed and transmitted.

As the name suggests, multimedia is a combination of multi and media. Multi means many and media means the way by which data can be transmitted or sent. Email, newspaper, messaging, radio, TV context, etc. are all examples of media.

Components of Multimedia

1. Text: Text is the primary part of multimedia and the most common way of conveying information to another person. It is a combination of characters and certain symbols. Text is commonly used to send messages. In multimedia we can present text in a very attractive way using fonts, colors and styles. The most commonly used software for viewing text files are Microsoft Word, Notepad, WordPad etc.

We can use two types of text in multimedia.
(а) Static Text: Static text is a simple text that we use to type messages or other documents or given along with images to describe the image.
(b) Hypertext: Hypertext is text that contains links to other texts. These texts are displayed on the screen with blue underline. By clicking on this text we can easily and quickly go to the linked page.

2. Images: Every multimedia presentation is based on images. In multimedia we make the concept more effective and presentable with the help of images. Sometimes we do not like to read the large amount of text therefore images are used to explain the concept in very easy manner.

There are two types of images:
(a) Raster or Bitmap Images: Bitmap images are real images that are captured from digital cameras or scanners.. A bitmap is a simple matrix of small dots called a pixel that creates a raster or bitmap image. Each pixel contains two or more colors. Generally bitmap images are not editable. Bitmap images require a large amount of memory.
(b) Vector Images: Vector images are drawn using lines, circles and other mathematical equations. These images remain smooth even when zoomed in. Vector imagery requires less memory to store and thus we can use less data to represent the image. These images are editable.

3. Audio: In multimedia audio means recording or playing sound, speeches, music etc. Audio is an important part of multimedia because the concept that we cannot understand in the form of text, we explain in audio format.

Some sound formats are:
(a) MIDI: The full name of MIDI is Musical Instrument Digital Identifier. It is a communication tool developed for computers and electronic devices. It’s a flexible and easy way to create music projects in multimedia.
(b) Digital Audio: Digital audio is a better alternative to MIDI files. Digital sound files are created from predefined music to record live music. We can digitize any type’of sound. These files are larger in size than MIDI. The sound quality of these files is better than MIDI files. A special format is used for digital audio. This is called a WAV. Commonly used software for playing audio files is: Quick Time. Real Player, window media player.

4. Video: Video means moving pictures with sound. This is the best way to communicate with each other. It is used in multimedia to present more information and saves a lot of time. The most commonly used software for watching videos are: Quick Time, Real Player, window media player.

The video is divided into two parts:
(a) Analog Videos: Analog video is created in a video camera. Analog video, represents moving visual images (video) in the form of analog signals. The red, green and blue intensities are used to record these videos.
(b) Digital Videos: Digital video is an electronic representation of moving visual images (video) in the form of encoded digital data. Digital video is audio/visual data in a binary format. Information is represented as a sequence of zeroes and ones.

5. Animation: Animation is the process of displaying multiple images one after the other. In traditional animation, to show on film, images are drawn or painted by hand on transparent celluloid sheets. Today, most animations are made with computer-generated imagery (CGI). Animation is a method in which images are shown as a video at high speed. For example Cartoon movies, games etc.

There are two types of animation:
(а) Path Animation: In this animation, path geometry is used as an input.
(b) Frame Animation: In this animation, pictures are shown moving in a frame.

Features of Multimedia:

• Photo Gallery: Show your photos arranged in a nice-looking grid format.
• Slideshows: Combine your pictures with music and animate them in a slideshow.
• Audio Player: Add music, podcasts or other audio files to your website.
• Video Player: Upload videos and display them in a professional player or embed videos directly from video sharing websites such as http:// www.youtube.com
• Embedded Documents: Embed already existing documents from script.com or other document sharing websites directly into your website for easy viewing.

Requirements of Multimedia
In multimedia, projects are created by combining text, graphics, sounds, videos, etc. These projects require verity of hardware and software. These hardware and software are based on the need of the project, budget and its presentation. The hardware and software commonly used in multimedia are as given ahead:

Hardware Requirements
The following hardware is required to create multimedia apps. This hardware include inputs, outputs and storage devices.
1. Input Devices: Those devices which are used to enter data and instructions into a computer are called input devices. They add text, graphics, sounds, videos, etc. to projects. The following are the input devices used in multimedia.
(a) Keyboard
(b) Mouse
(c) Scanner
(d) Touch Screen
(e) Microphone
(f) Voice Recognition System
(g) Digital Camera
(h) Joystick
(i) Light Pen

2. Output Devices: Those devices which are used to receive data from a computer. For example printing a document, displaying images on a screen and playing audio or video. Below are the names of some of the output devices.
(а) Monitor
(b) Audio Devices
(c) Video Devices
(d) Projectors
(e) Speakers
(f) Printers etc.

3. Storage Devices: The process of permanently saving data and instructions is called storage, and the devices in which multimedia projects are stored are called storage devices. The following are some of the storage devices used to store multimedia projects:
(a) Hard Disk Drive
(b) Magnetic Tape
(c) RAM
(d) CD-R, CD-RW, DVD
(e) Pen Drive
(f) External Disk Drive

Software Requirements
Multimedia software is a tool used to edit and manage the key elements of multimedia such as text, graphics, sound, animation and video.

The following are some of the specific software used for multimedia projects.

• Adobe Director
• Create Together
• Media Blander
• Media Works
• Play mo
• Multimedia Builder
• 4 File Format for Multimedia

File formats are designed to store specific types of information. Such as JPEG for storing raster data, AI for storing vector data, WAV and MPEG for storing audio data and video data. Before reading about the file format in multimedia, we need to know how many types of files are in multimedia.

Multimedia consists of 3 types of files which are mentioned ahead:

• Uncompressed: These are the files which are not compressed and are capable of storing a large file size.
• Lossless: Files that can be compressed and when they are compressed there is no loss in image quality such as (Vector images) which do not lose quality even when zoomed in and the image will remain clear.
• Lossy: Files that lose their quality when compressed. Such as bitmap Images. The easiest way to find any file type is to look at the file extension. The file extension determines which file it is.

Audio File Format
Audio file format is the file format used to store digital audio data on a computer system. Below are some audio file formats:

• MP3: The full form of MP3 is MPEG audio Layer-3. It is a standard technology and format that reduces the size of the file by one-tenth of the actual size and does not allow any loss in sound quality. The extension of these files is MP3.
• WAV: The most popular audio file format in Windows for storing compressed sound files. In order to the reduced the size of the files, these files can be converted to MP3 file format. The extension of these files is WAV.
• WMA (Window Media Audio): These file formats are used to encode digital audio files similar to MP3. It can compress files at a higher rate than MP3. WMA files can be compressed to any size to match many different connection speeds or bandwidths. Their file extension is .wma.
• AAC (Advanced Audio Coding): The default audio format of Apple iTune. They work very well on Apple computing but do not work on web browsers. Their file extension is .aac.
• Real Audio: This format has been developed by Real Media to allow steaming of audio with low bandwidth. Its file extensions are ,rm, .ram.

Video File Format
Video files are a collection of images, audio and other data. The following are many different formats for encoding and saving video data.

• AVI (Audio Video Interleave); One of the oldest video formats developed by Microsoft. Due to its simple architecture, these files are able to run on different systems such as Windows, Macintosh, Linux. The file extension of these files is .avi.
• MPEG (Moving Pictures Expert Group): The first popular video format on the web is MPEG, These are compressed video files that can store both audio and video files. The file extension of these files is .mpeg.
• MP4: MP4 is one of the earliest digital video file formats introduced in 2001. Most digital platforms and devices support MP4. An MP4 format can store audio files, video files, still images and text. In addition, MP4 delivers high quality video with relatively small files. The file extension of these files is .mp4.

Image File Format
There are many different image formats and image file extensions that can be used to create and save images to a computer. The most common image formats are listed below:
1. TIFF: Stands for Tagged Image File Format. TIFF file format is widely used bitmapped file format. TIFF files originally use lossless compression. Today TIFF files also use lossy compression according to the requirement. It allowing for very high-quality images but also larger file sizes.TIFF can store many different types of image such as 1 bit image, grayscale image, 8 bit color image, 24 bit RGB image etc. It is supported by many image editing applications, software used by scanners and photo-retouching programs. The file extension of these files is .tiff.

2. BMP: The bitmap file format (BMP) is a very basic format supported by most Windows applications. BMP files are uncompressed. It allowing for very high-quality images but also larger file sizes. Therefore, these are not suitable for the internet. BMP can store many different type of image: 1 bit image, grayscale image, 8 bit color image, 24 bit RGB image etc. The file extension of these files is .bmp.

3. GIF (Graphics Interchange Formats): The GIF format is one of the most popular on the Internet due to its compact size. They are widely used for web graphics, as they are limited to 256 colors and can be animated. The file extension of these files is .gif.

4. JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Groups): Jpeg is a “loosy” format meaning it compresses the image to make it a smaller file. Compression of the image causes loss of image quality but this loss is usually not noticeable. JPEG files are very common on the Internet and JPEG is a popular format for digital cameras. The file extension of these files is -jpeg.

5. PNG (Portable Network Graphics): PNG files are a lossless image format designed to actually improve and convert GIF format. Unlike the 256 colors supported by GIF, PNG files can handle up to 16 million colors. The file extension of these files is .png.

6. RAW: Raw images are images that are not processed by a camera or scanner. Most digital SLR cameras can shoot in RAW format. The file extension of these files is raw.

Creating text files and using a word processor is the most common task on a computer. The following are the most common file formats used to store text files and documents.

• RTF (Rich Text Format): Rich Text Format is a primary file format. Files of this format can be read in any word processor. The file extension of these files is .rtf
• Plain Text: Plain text files can be opened, read and edited with most text editors. The most commonly used text editors are Notepad (Windows), Gadget or Nano (Unix, Linux), Text Edit (Mac OS) and more. Other computer programs are also capable of reading and importing plain text. Plain text is a real and popular way to deliver an email.

Multimedia Presentation
The multimedia presentations are electronic documents that can include text, diagrams, graphics, photographs, sounds, animations, video clips etc.

Multimedia presentations are used to convey a message to others using a variety of communication methods. These presentations usually include text, animation, video, audio or interactive features such as forms, popup and more. First presentations were offering by Microsoft PowerPoint. You could say that most PowerPoint presentations are multimedia presentations. Today there are many multimedia presentation creators available who use various tools to make the presentation attractive which attracts the attention of the audience.

The following should be kept in mind when creating a multimedia presentation.

• Text should be kept to a minimum in multimedia presentations.
• The level of audio and music quality should be good.
• The keyboard and mouse should be accessible for the convenience of the user.
• Multimedia presentation should be effective and small in size.

Types of Multimedia Presentation
There can be many types of multimedia presentations, some of which are as follows:
1. Virtual Presentation: Where hosts and viewers attend the presentation remotely, are becoming common place. It is a technology that allows us to gather information on any topic and create a virtual presentation using high technology hardware software tools.

2. Slide Presentation: A slide is a presentation page. A group of slides is known as a slide deck. A slide show is a display of a series of slides or images in an electronic device or on a projection screen. A slide can be a 35 mm slide seen with a slide projector. Presentation slides can be created in many pieces of software such as Microsoft PowerPoint, Apple Keynote, LibreOffice Effects, Preeze,

3. Web Presentations: When we add audio, video, animation etc. to web pages instead of static photos and text, web Pages turn into web presentations.

Applications of Multimedia
Multimedia is the most fast growing area in the field of information technology. A Multimedia is an application which uses media sources like text, images, sound/ audio, animation and video on a single platform. Following are the common areas of applications of multimedia.
1. Education: Multimedia is used to teach students in school and colleges. Nowadays multimedia CDs are used instead of text books.

2. Business: Multimedia applications are used in business for marketing, advertising, network communications, online shopping and more. It is also used in commercial marketing to motivate customers to buy products. ‘

3. Advertisement: Advertising industry uses multimedia to promote businesses, products and services. Multimedia advertising is done using animations and graphic design. Television, radio and print advertising are the most common mediums used in advertising.

4. Entertainment: Multimedia is widely used in the entertainment *> industry. It is used especially in movies and video games to create special effects. Music and video apps are a great example of multimedia in entertainment.

5. Public Places: Multimedia is available in many public places like trade ’ shows, libraries, railway stations, museums, malls, airports, banks, hotels and exhibitions in the form of kiosks. It provides information to the customers and helps them.

6. Software: Software engineers can use multimedia in computer entertainment to design everything from entertainment to digital games; it can be used as a learning process.

7. Medical Services: Multimedia also use in Hospitals. For surgery methods, Tiny digital cameras are inserted in human body and it displays the inner scene of the body. In this way the medical practitioners were , able to see the inner part without examine it.

Note:

• Multimedia is a combination of the two words multimedia and media.
• Multi means many, media means mean of communication such as newspaper, email, radio, television.
• The five main elements of multimedia are text, voice, pictures, animation and video.
• Hardware and software are essential elements for multimedia.
• There are two types of images in multimedia: raster images and vector images.
• Multimedia has two types of videos: analog video and digital video.
• Animation is a method in which pictures are sorted and played as a video. For example: Cartoon movies.
• Multimedia applications are use in education, banking, entertainment, advertising, hospital field.

This PSEB 7th Class Computer Notes Chapter 6 Microsoft Word Part-IV will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 7th Class Computer Notes Chapter 6 Microsoft Word Part-IV

Introduction:
A table is a grid of cells arranged in rows and columns. Tables are useful for various tasks such as presenting text information and numerical data. In Word, you can create a blank table, convert text to a table, and apply a variety of styles and formats to existing tables.

Table:
A table is a collection of rows and columns where data is grouped together. Rows are placed horizontally and columns are placed vertically in the table and the intersection of a row and column is known as CelL Cells are small boxes in the worksheet where we enter data. For example sample table is shown below :

Name	Class	Roll No.	Subject
Shine	4th	6	Math
Grace	5th	7	Hindi
Mishit	6th	8	English

In this lesson, we will learn how to create a table, how to join rows and columns, how to format a table, etc.

Creating a Table
In MS Word, we can create tables in three ways :

• With the help of table buttons.
• With the help of Insert Table option.
• With the help of draw table options.

Creating a Table using the Insert Table Option
Below are the steps to create a table using the Insert Table option :
(а) In the Insert tab, click on the “Table” command from the Table group.
(b) A dropdown menu will open as shown in the picture above, click on the “Insert Table” option from this menu.
(c) The Insert Table dialog box will appear.
(d) In this box, specify the number of rows and columns and click on the ok button.

Creating a Table with the Help of a Draw Table Option
The steps to create a table with the help of a draw table option are as follows:
(а) In the Insert tab, click on the “Table command from the Table group.
(b) A dropdown menu will open as shown in the picture above, click on the Draw Table option from this menu.
(c) The mouse pointer will turn into a pencil.
(d) Draw a rectangle on the page with the help of a pencil.
(e) Draw vertical and horizontal lines to form columns and rows as needed.

Enter Text into Table
Below are the steps for inserting text into a table :

• Click on the cell in which you want to insert the text.
• Now type
  Or
• You can also add text using copy paste

To Convert Text to a Table
Steps to convert text into table are as follows :

• Select the text which you want to convert into table.
• Click on the “Table” command in the “Table” group of the Insert tab.
• Select the command “Convert Text To Table”.
• The “Convert Text to Table” dialog box opens.
• Select the desired option in the Separate text at section.
• Click OK button.

Convert Table into Text
Steps to convert table into text are as follows :

• Select the rows of tables you want to convert to text.
• On the Layout tab, in the Data section, click “Convert To Text”.

In the Convert Table box, under Separate Text With, click on the different character you want to use instead of the column boundaries. Rows will be separated by paragraph symbols.

Click Ok.

Modifying a Table
Once you have included the table in your document, if you need to add or remove more data, you can easily add and delete rows and columns into the table. You can also change the look of your table.
When you select a table in Word, the Design and Layout tabs appear below the Table Tools on the Ribbon. Using the commands on the Layout tab, you can make various modifications into the table.

Adding ROMS to Tables
In any table, you can add a row above or below the selected cell. In MS Word we have 2 ways to add row into the table. Which are as follows :

Method 1.
Below are the steps to add rows to the table.

• Place the cursor in the table where you want to add the new row.
• Now right click on the mouse, a drop-down menu will appear on the screen.
• Click on the Insert option from this menu.
• If you want to add a new row above the insertion point, click on the “Insert Row Above” option.
• If you want to add a new row below the insertion point, click on the “Insert Row Below” option.
• A new row will appear above the insertion point.

Method 2.
The step of adding rows to the table is given below :

• Place the cursor in the table where you want to add the new row.
• From the “Rows & Columns” group of the “Layout tab”, click on the “Insert Above/Insert Below” option.
• A new row will appear below/above the insertion point.

Adding Columns to Tables
In MS Word, you can add a new column to the right or left of the insertion point in a table. There are two ways to add columns in Word which are as follows :

Method 1.

• Place the insertion point where you want to add new column.
• Right-click on the mouse. A menu will appear.
• Click on the Insert option from this menu.
• If you want to add a new column to the left of the insertion point, click on the “Insert Cloumn to the left” option.
• If you want to add a new column to the ‘right of the insertion point, click on the “Insert Column to the right” option.
• A new column will now appear to the right or left of the cursor.

Method 2.
Below is the step to add a column to the table:

• Place the cursor in the table where you want to add the new column
• From the “Rows & Columns” group of the Layout tab, click on the “Insert Left/Insert right” option.
• A new column will now appear to the right or left of the cursor.

Adding Cells to Tables
In MS Word, you can add a new cell around the selected cell, such as right, left, up or down.

The steps to add a new cell are as follows :

• Click in the cell.
• Press the right mouse button inside the cell.
• From this menu click “Insert” and then click “insert cell” option.
• Choose which side of the selected cell you want new cell.
• Click the OK button.

Deleting a Row or Column
Here are the steps to delete a row or column from the table :

• Select a row or column.
• Right click your mouse. A menu will appear.

• Click on the Delete Cells option,
• A Delete Cell dialog box will now open.

• Click “Delete entire row” option to delete the row or click “Delete entire column” option to delete the column.
• The appropriate row/column will be deleted.

Delete Rows or Columns using the Layout Tab

• Select the row or column you want to delete.
• Click the “Delete” button from the Rows & Columns group of the Layout tab.
• A dropdown menu will open.

From this menu, click the “Delete Row’” option to delete the row or click the “Delete Column” option to delete the column and if you want to delete the entire table, click the” Delete Table” option.

Deleting Cells using the Layout Tab

• Select the row or column you want to delete.
• Click the “Delete” button from the Row’s & Columns group of the Layout tab.
• Now a dropdown menu will open, click on “Delete Cells” option,
• A Delete Cell dialog box will now open.

• From this box click on “Shift Cells Left” / “Shift Cells Right” option.
• The selected cell wall be deleted.
  Or
• Press the right mouse button inside the cell you want to delete.
• A menu will appear, click on the “Delete Cell” option from this menu.
• A “Delete Cell” dialog box will open.
• In this box, click on Shift Cells Left / Shift Cells Right option.
• The selected cell will be deleted.

Properties of Tables
With the Table Properties dialog box we can adjust the alignment of the table and the size of the row, column or cell.

In MS Word we can also split or merged the Cells into a table.

Changing Alignment of Table
The method of aligning the table is as follows :

• Click the cursor anywhere in the table.
• Click on Layout tab.
• Click on “Properties” button in the “Table” group. A dialog box will appear.

In the dialog box, select the “Table” tab.

Choose the alignment you like and Click on the OK button.

Changing Size of Row, Column or Cell
Steps to resize the rows, columns and cells are as follows :

• Click in the cell, row, column that needs to be resized.
• Click on Layout tab.
• Click on “Properties” in the Table group. A dialog box appears as shown in figure 6.16.
• Select Row, Columns or Cells tab as required.
• Enter the required value in height for row, Width for column.
• Click on OK button.

Splitting the Cell:
Microsoft Word allows cells to be divided into multiple cells. Steps to divide a cell into several smaller sub-cells are as follows :

• Place mouse pointer inside the cell that you want to split into several cells.
• Now click on the “Layout” tab and then click on the “Split cells” button from the “Merge” group.

A “Split Cells” dialog box will open and ask about the Number of columns/ Number of Rows.

• Select the required number of rows and columns
• Click the OK button.

Splitting the Table
Microsoft Word allows a table to be split into multiple tables but a single operation always splits the table into two tables.

The following are simple steps to split a table into two tables in a World Document.

• Place the cursor in the row that you want to be the first row of the second table.
• Click the Split Table button ‘ from the Merge group on the Layout tab.

Merging Cells
Microsoft Word allows two or more cells to merge to form one large cell. You will often need to combine the columns in the top row to create a table title. You can combine cells row-by-column or column-by-column, you can’t mix cells diagonally :

The steps for merging cells are as follows :

• Select the cells we want to merge.
• Click the Merge Cells button from the Merge group on the Layout tab.

When clicked, this option will convert all selected cells into one cell.

Note:

• A table is a grid of cells arranged in rows and columns.
• Tables are often used to present data in a systematic way.
• The horizontal lines of a table are called rows and the vertical lines are called columns.
• The intersection of rows and columns is called cell.
• Using the Draw Table option we can draw a complex table, for example:
• If we want to keep the number of cells in each row of the table and their height different, we can use the Draw Table option.
• Press “Tab” or “Right Arrow” key to move forward in different cells.
• Press “Shift + Tab” key or “Left Arrow” key to move back and forth between different cells.
• After creating a table in Word, we can insert a new column to the right or left of any column and a new row above or below any row.
• Dividing a cell into more than one cell is called splitting.
• Combining two or more cells into one cell is called merging.
• “Table Properties button allows you to resize table rows, columns and cells.