PSEB Notes

This PSEB 11th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 2 Relationship of Sociology with Other Social Sciences will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 2 Relationship of Sociology with Other Social Sciences

→ Every individual is having many aspects in his life; such as economic, religious, political, social, etc.

→ That’s why to study different aspects of society, Sociology needs to take help from other social sciences.

→ It is true that Sociology borrows subject matter from different social sciences but it also gives them its own subject matter to use.

→ In this way, other social sciences also depend upon Sociology to study their own subject matter.

→ Sociology and Political Science are closely related to each other. Sociology is the science of society and Political Science is a science of an aspect of society, which includes state and government.

→ Both the sciences depend upon each other and consequently have close relationships with each other. But there exist many differences among them.

→ History studies past events and Sociology studies present phenomena. Both the sciences study human society but from different aspects.

→ Sociology uses the information collected by History and Sociological material is used by Historians. That’s why they depend upon each other but they have many differences among them.

→ Sociology and Economics are also closely related to each other because economic relations are an important part of social relations.

→ Our social relations are definitely affected by economic relations. In this way they are interrelated. Both the sciences borrow their subject matter from each other.

→ Sociology is closely related to Psychology as well. Psychology studies human behaviour and humans are a part of society.

→ It is necessary to study humans before studying society. So, both these help each other and depend upon each other.

→ Sociology is also closely related to Anthropology. Anthropology studies ancient society and Sociology studies present society.

→ L. Kroeber calls both of these twin sisters. Sociology borrows a lot from Anthropological research.

→ In the same way, Anthropology also takes help from Sociology to understand human society.

→ Cultural Anthropology: Branch of Anthropology which studies cultural differences among humans.

→ Archaeology: It studies human activities with the help of excavated things from the earth.

→ Political Sociology: The branch of Sociology studies that how many social forces collectively influence political policies.

→ Physical Anthropology: It mainly deals with human evolution, their variability, and adaptations to environmental stresses. It is also known as Biological Anthropology.

→ Social Psychology: The scientific study which studies that how human behaviour and views are influenced by the presence of others.

This PSEB 11th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 1 Emergence of Sociology will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 1 Emergence of Sociology

→ The emergence of Sociology is a new phenomenon and we can tell the definite time about when it originated.

→ Many scholars such as Herodotus, Plato, Aristotle, etc. wrote a lot that is quite similar to present-day Sociology.

→ As a subject, Sociology originated after the French Revolution of 1789 when many changes came in society.

→ Many scholars such as Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber stressed the study of social order, conflict, stability, and change. Consequently, the origin of Sociology took place.

→ Three major processes contributed to the establishment of sociology as a separate discipline and these were

• French Revolution and Enlightenment Movement
• Development of Natural Sciences and
• Industrial Revolution and Urbanisation.

→ Many scholars contributed to the advent of the French Revolution. They challenged the authority of the Church and did not follow the Church’s orders blindly. This encouraged the people to solve their problems in a logical manner.

→ During 16th and 17th Centuries, Natural Sciences made great progress. This progress motivated social thinkers to invent something in the social sector.

→ A new belief came forward that as natural sciences understand the biological world, the same method can be used on social phenomena.

→ Sociologists such as Comte, Spencer, Durkheim tried to understand the social phenomena in the same way and they were quite successful in their effort.

→ In the 18th Century, Industrial Revolution came in Europe, and consequently, industries and urban centres emerged a great deal.

→ Many problems originated in cities and a need was felt about the existence of science that could understand them. Response to this need came in the form of Sociology.

→ In 1839, the word ‘Sociology’ was used for the first time by Auguste Comte. That’s why he is known as the father of Sociology. The literal meaning of Sociology is the Science of society.

→ Many scholars call Sociology a science because it uses scientific methods which help in drawing up conclusions. Its rules are universal and they can predict.

→ Many scholars do not consider Sociology, a science because they believe that it lacks experimentation and objectivity. It lacks terminology and it is quite difficult to collect data in it.

→ There exist two schools about the subject matter of Sociology and these are Formalistic School and Synthetic School.

→ According to the Formalistic school of Sociology, it is an independent science that studies the forms of social relations. Simmel, Tonnies, Vierkandt and Von Wiese are the exponents of this school.

→ According to the synthetic school of Sociology, it is not an independent science because it is a synthesis of other social sciences and takes help from them to create its subject matter. Durkheim, Hobhouse, Sorokin, etc. are the major exponents of this school.

→ Sociology holds a very important place in our daily lives as it studies different institutions, helps in social progress, solves different problems, and forms programmes of social welfare.

→ Individualism: The feeling in which an individual thinks only about himself instead of thinking about society.

→ Capitalism: It is a system of economic enterprise which is based on market exchange. The meaning of Capital is any asset including property, money, and machines, which is used to produce commodities for sale or invested in the market to earn profits. This system is based on means of production and private ownership of assets.

→ Values: Ideas of individuals or groups about which is good or bad, proper and desirable.

→ Macro Sociology: Study of major groups, organisations .and social systems.

→ Micro Sociology: Study of human behaviour in the context of face-to-face interaction.

→ Industrialisation: The age of social and economic, a change which converted human society from rural to industrial.

→ Urbanisation: The process in which a large number of people start to live in urban areas. It results in the growth of urban areas.

This PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Notes Chapter 6 Sociological and Psychological Aspects of Physical Education will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Notes Chapter 6 Sociological and Psychological Aspects of Physical Education

→ It is a well-known fact that man is a social animal by nature and possesses innate social tendencies to create a conducive social environment around him.

→ The term ‘Sociology’ comprises of two words ‘Socius’ meaning associate or social and ‘logos’ meaning science or study.

→ Hence, sociology means the science of society.

→ According to Ogburn, “Socialization is the process by which the individual learns to conform to the norms of the group.”

→ Physical education and sports works as building blocks for inculcating the social qualities in an individual.

→ This field provides varied experience to learn social qualities such as character and moral qualities, group feeling and responsibility, punctuality and dedication and social communication, etc.

→ There are several social institutions that affect human behaviour in many ways such as family, educational institution i.e. school or college, etc, peer group, religious institution or national culture, etc.

→ Physical education and sports programme play a vital role in inculcating a deep understanding of cultural diversity, equal opportunities, respect for nation and patriotism, sense of responsibility, etc.

→ This ultimately serves as an important means to develop national integration among the countrymen.

→ The other aspect which has been discussed in this chapter is the psychological behaviour of a sportsperson and its impact on learning skills.

→ The word ‘Psychology’ has been derived from the Greek word ‘Psyche’ and ‘logos’ which means ‘soul or mind’ and ‘to talk about’ respectively.

→ Hence, psychology deals with the study of the human soul or mind in relation to their behavioural aspects.

→ In physical education and sports, the term sports psychology deals with the study of the behaviour of sportsperson in or outside the playfield.

→ It is very important to understand the behaviour of sportsperson when it comes to performance-oriented sports.

→ In addition to this, the behaviour of adolescents also needs to be recognized and understood for their proper growth and development.

This PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Notes Chapter 5 Disability will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Notes Chapter 5 Disability

→ The term disability is the state of being unable to use any part of the body properly, which may be due to injury or disease.

→ This restricts an individual to perform daily activities with comfort and ease.

→ The special ability or disability can be either structural disability or functional disability.

→ There are various causes of disability i.e. it can be inherited or caused by environmental factors.

→ The environmental factors are very vast. it can be due to disease, occupation, physical factors, social factors, chemical factors or psychological factors and accidents, etc.

→ There are many occupational diseases that may cause disability to a person.

→ These occupational diseases can be due to physical agents like dust, noise, radiation, and dust or chemical hazards, etc.

→ These diseases can be prevented to some extent by various means such as medical examination of the workers, maintenance of workplace, control of air or noise pollution, use of protective devices, etc.

→ Another term that has been discussed in this chapter is rehabilitation which means, “the act of restoring something to its original or normal state.

→ The literal meaning came from the Latin words ‘re’-mean again and ‘habitable meaning ‘make fit’. It is the process of keeping a person who suffered an injur}’ or illness to come to a self-sufficient state.

→ There are many societies that are actively engaged for the rehabilitation services such as the Indian Red Cross Society, All India Blind Relief Society, Tuberculosis Association of India, Indian Council for Child Welfare, etc.

→ Hence, these societies help people to return to their normal or near-normal way of living.

This PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Notes Chapter 4 Sport Injuries will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Notes Chapter 4 Sport Injuries

→ The term sports injuries mean the injuries that occur during participation in sports activities or exercising.

→ It is also quite common especially for the people who tend to be active or exercise a lot in their routine.

→ The injuries in the field of sports can be due to direct or indirect impact on tissues i.e. soft tissues or hard tissues.

→ In the field, an athlete has to take part in terms of the process or training, or competition and seek medical treatment or first aid for the same.

→ The injuries in the field of sports can be due to poor physical fitness level, inadequate warming up or conditioning, lack of proper knowledge, poor quality sports equipment, bad conditions of the playfield, lack of nutritional diet, etc.

→ The chances of injuries can be avoided by adopting various preventive measures such as participation after proper warming up and conditioning, use of protective equipment, proper knowledge of rules and regulations and techniques, under the supervision of a coach, etc.

→ It is also important to know the basic first aid procedure in order to reduce the chances of further complications at the time of injuries on the field.

→ The sports injuries such as sprain, strain, abrasion, contusion, dislocation, and fracture can be managed with the help of first aid procedure and basic principles of RICE (Rest, Ice application, Compression, and Elevation).

→ But, it is well said that “Prevention is better than cure”.

→ Hence, the principle of ‘PRICE’ is more suitable to avoid the chances of injuries in the field of sports, where ‘P’ stands for ‘Protection’.

→ Hence, for the continuous improvement in the performance level, it is important to take care of each and every aspect related to injuries and their management.

This PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Notes Chapter 3 Careers in Physical Education and Sports Awards will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Notes Chapter 3 Careers in Physical Education and Sports Awards

→ Throughout history, sports have played a variety of important roles in society as recreation, preparation for war, and hunting.

→ The ancient Greeks were lovers of sports and taught their children to take part in these activities for health benefits.

→ The main activities at that time were wrestling, running, jumping, discus throw, javelin, and gymnastics, etc.

→ Later, during the modern era, the brief history of physical education revealed a focus on gymnastics, hygiene training, and the development of the human body.

→ In 1882, the Education Commission of India recommended introducing physical education in the school curriculum but did not succeed in their efforts.

→ In the year 1927, with the efforts of A.G. Noehren, H.C. Buck, and Dorabji Tata, IOA was established in order to promote physical education teachers in India.

→ LNCPE was established in Gwalior in the year 1957.

→ In the year 1984, the First National sports policy was introduced which laid the stress to include physical education as a compulsory subject in the school curriculum.

→ This laid foundation for the career options in the field of physical education to teach students at the school level.

→ With the implementation of the compulsory subjects in the school curriculum and with the development of competitive sports in India, career options were groomed in the field.

→ In order to teach at the school level various degree courses such as B.PE., B.P.Ed., D.P.Ed. were introduced for the school teacher.

→ In addition to this, to teach at the college level a teacher must possess, Masters’ Degree in Physical Education, UGC (NET), M.Phil, Ph.d.

→ With the advancement of physical education and sports in India, leading institutes provided various courses for the career options such as YMCA College Madras, LNIPE Gwalior, Shri Hanumans Parasarak Mandal (Amravati), Chennai University, Panjab University (Chandigarh), GNDU, Amritsar, etc.

→ The career options in the field of physical education and Sports also developed such as options to work as a school and college teacher, coaching, fitness trainer, sports journalism, sports physiotherapist, commentator, and official, etc.

→ In order to promote sportspersons, various sports awards were also introduced by the government of India such as the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award, the highest sports award for the sports person i.e. Arjuna Award, in order to recognize the contribution of coaches, Dronacharya Award was also introduced, To encourage and improve sports at college or university level MAKA trophy was also introduced by the government of India in the year 1956.

→ Hence, It can be viewed that since the inception of physical education and sports, there has been continuous development in the field to engage youth and children in these activities.

This PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Notes Chapter 2 Sports Training will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Notes Chapter 2 Sports Training

→ In today’s competitive world of sports, everyone aims at winning at all costs.

→ Hence, the concept of sports training has a vital role to play in the field of sports.

→ The concept of sports training deals with the systematic preparation of athletes to obtain peak performance at the time of competition.

→ The aim of sports training is to produce optimum performance during competition.

→ Hence, the training schedule is classified in such a way that a player gets complete recovery from the training load and feels fresh and energetic to take a fresh load to continue performance.

→ According to Martin, “Sports training is a planned and controlled process of achieving goals in which the changes of motor performance and behaviour are made through measures of content, method, and organisation”.

→ Hence, sports training implies a systematic and controlled way of imparting training to an athlete to produce an optimum performance at the time of competition.

→ In order to have fruitful results from the sports training programme various principles such as individual differences, the principle of use of disuse, load (overload), progression, safety, continuity, and rest or recovery must be followed, otherwise, the purpose of training will not be effective and useful for the trainees.

→ It is also important to perform the warm-up exercises to prepare an athlete physically, physiologically, or psychologically for the sports training programme or prior to competition.

→ It helps an athlete to perform with the least chances of injuries.

→ Similarly, limbering or cooling down plays a significant role to attain normal conditions after performing strenuous exercises.

→ Hence, sports training is the way and means of systematic training to develop various components of physical fitness to attain optimal performance during competition.

This PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Notes Chapter 1 Physical Fitness will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Notes Chapter 1 Physical Fitness

→ The term Physical fitness has different notions for different segments of people.

→ It not only refers to being physically fit but also refers to a balanced state of mind.

→ A person can only be considered fit if he is able to function well without any undue fatigue or tiredness.

→ A person who is fit both on physical and mental aspects stays strong in every sphere of life.

→ Now, let’s discuss the definition of physical fitness.

→ It is the ability of an individual to work effectively and efficiently with joy and pleasure.

→ According to David R. Lamb, “Physical fitness is the capacity to meet the present and potential physical challenges of fife with success.”

→ In order to achieve the optimum level of physical fitness one must possess basic components such as strength, speed, endurance, agility, flexibility, and coordinative abilities.

→ If a person is having these components, then he will be considered to be physically fit.

→ But, there are various factors that may influence the physical fitness of an individual such as anatomical structure, physiological and psychological makeup, posture, diet, lifestyle, inactivity, injury, age and gender, etc.

→ So, these factors are responsible to have a major influence on the physical fitness of an individual.

→ Hence, physical fitness plays a vital role to live healthy, prosperous, and conducive life in the present scenario of technological advancement.

→ It helps in the proper growth and development with the efficient functioning of the physiological systems in the body.

→ These developments ultimately induce the feeling of a balanced state of mental health and physical health of a person.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 23 Second Anglo-Sikh War, Causes, Results and Annexation of the Punjab will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 23 Second Anglo-Sikh War, Causes, Results and Annexation of the Punjab

Causes of the Second Anglo-Sikh War:

• The Sikhs were defeated in the first war against the Britishers.
• Thus they wanted to avenge their defeat.
• The Punjabis were dissatisfied with the Treaties of Lahore and Bhairowal because they ended the sovereignty of the Sikh Empire.
• Thousands of Sikh soldiers were disbanded leading to resentment amongst them.
• The humiliating treatment meted out to Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s widow and Maharaja Dalip Singh’s mother Maharani Jindan further aggravated the resentment of the Sikhs.
• The British deliberately avoided the rebellion by Moolraj.
• The revolt of Chattar Singh and his son Sher Singh was also the cause of the war.
• Lord Dalhousie’s policy further aggravated the problem and because of the immediate cause for the Second Anglo-Sikh War.

Events of the War:
The main events of the second Anglo-Sikh War were as follows:

Battle of Ramnagar:

• The first battle of the second Anglo-Sikh war between the Sikhs and the British took place at Ramnagar on 22nd November 1848 A.D.
• Lord Hugh Gough was the commander of the British army and the Sikh army was led by Sher Singh.
• The Sikhs inflicted a crushing defeat on the British.

The Battle of Chillianwala:

• The battle of Chillianwala was one of the significant battles of the second Anglo-Sikh War.
• It was fought on 13th January 1849 A.D.
• The British army was again led by Lord Gough and the Sikh army was again led by Sher Singh.
• This battle proved to be the worst defeat of the British, in India.

Battle of Multan:

• General Whish besieged the fort of Multan in December 1848 A.D.
• A shell hurled by the British fell on gun-powder due to which the Sikh ammunition was destroyed and soldiers were killed in large numbers.
• Owing to this Diwan Moolraj was forced to surrender to the British on 22nd January 1849 A.D.

Battle of Gujarat:

• The battle of Gujarat proved to be the most important and decisive battle of the Second Anglo-Sikh War.
• In this battle, Chattar Singh, Sher Singh, and Bhai Maharaj Singh made a united front against the British.
• The English army was still led by Lord Hugh Gough.
• This battle is also famous as the ‘Battle of Guns’ in history.
• This battle started on 21st February 1849 A.D.
• On 10th March 1849 A.D., the Sikhs were defeated and they collectively surrendered before the General.

Consequences of the War:

• The most significant result of the Second Anglo- Sikh war was that it completely brought to an end the Sikh Empire which was completely annexed by the British on 29th March 1849 A.D.
• The Sikh army was disbanded.
• Moolraj and Bhai Maharaj Singh were banished from the state.
• The British established a Board of Administration to run the administration of Punjab in 1849 A.D.

Arguments in favour of Annexation of Punjab:

• The Sikhs were accused of violating the terms of the Treaty of Bhairowal.
• Sardar Chattar Singh and his son Sher Singh revolted and supported Moolraj which the British felt was an effort to revive the Sikh rule in Punjab.
• Lord Dalhousie thus had an undoubting conviction of the expediency, the justice, and necessity of his act.
• Lord Dalhousie levelled a charge against the Lahore Darbar that according to the terms of the Treaty of Bhairowal, she was to pay Rs. 22 lakhs annually to the British but it did not pay a single penny.

Arguments against Annexation of Punjab:

• Historians believe that the Sikhs were provoked to revolt.
• The revolt by Moolraj was not suppressed deliberately in time so that the British got a pretext to1 to wage a war against Punjab.
• Lahore Darbar gave full co-operation in fulfilling the terms of the treaty.
• The revolt against the British had taken place only in some regions of Punjab.
• To punish the whole of Punjab was totally unjustified.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 22 First Anglo-Sikh War: Causes and Results will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 22 First Anglo-Sikh War: Causes and Results

Causes of the First Anglo-Sikh War:

• With a view to occupying Punjab, the British started encircling it.
• The unstable political condition of Punjab also invited the British.
• The British occupation of Sind in 1843 A.D. further enhanced the bitterness in the relationship between them – The British began great military preparations.
• The newly elected political agent of Ludhiana Major Broadfoot conducted several activities that infuriated the Sikhs.
• The new Wazir of Lahore, Lai Singh also started instigating the Sikh army against the British.

Events of the War:
The first battle fought between the Sikhs and the British went through the following course of events:

Battle of Mudki:

• This battle was fought on 18th December 1845 A.D.
• In this, the Sikh army was led by Lai Singh and the British army was led by Lord Hugh Gough.
• In this battle, the Sikh army was defeated because of Lai Singh’s treachery.

Battle of Ferozeshah:

• This battle was fought on 21st December 1845 A.D.
• In this battle, there was a situation when the British decided to give up unconditionally.
• But because of Lai Singh’s treachery, the Sikh army was defeated again.

Battle of Baddhowal:

• The battle of Baddhowal took place on 21st January 1846 A.D. led by Ranjodh Singh.
• The British had to face defeat in this battle.

Battle of Aliwal:

• The Battle of Aliwal was fought on 28th January 1846 A.D.
• In this, the British army was led by Harry Smith.
• The Sikhs lost this battle because of Ranjodh Singh’s treachery.

Battle of Sobraon:

• The battle of Sobraon was the last battle of the First Anglo-Sikh War.
• In this battle, the Sikh army was led by Lai Singh and Teja Singh, and the British army was led by Lord Hugh Gough and Lord Harding.
• This battle was fought on 10th February 1846 A.D.
• Lai Singh and Teja Singh’s treachery again led to Sikh defeat.
• Sham Singh Attariwala displayed great feats of bravery in this battle.
• The British were victorious in this battle in the end.

Results of the War:

• As a consequence of this war, the ‘Lahore Treaty was signed between the Lahore court and the British government on 9th March 1846 A.D.
• According to this, the Maharaja of Lahore had to give away his control over all the regions to the South of the Sutlej river.
• The British demanded Rs. 1.50 crores as war indemnity.
• The British acknowledge Dalip Singh as the Maharaja of Lahore, Rani Jindan as his regent, and Lai Singh as their Prime Minister.
• The British handed over the control of the state to the council of Regency on 16th December 1846 under the Bhairowal Treaty.
• Maharani Jindan was removed from this post.