PSEB Notes

This PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 4 Sorting Materials into Groups will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 4 Sorting Materials into Groups

→ The matter is defined as anything that has mass and takes up space.

→ All material around us is matters because all materials occupy space and have mass.

→ Feelings of love or sadness, signals received by radio and television, different forms of energy do not matter.

→ Some of these substances are made up of one material whereas others are made up of more than one material.

→ Atom is the smallest part that is found in all types of matter.

→ We are surrounded by different substances having different shapes, sizes, colours, and uses.

→ Some articles can be made from different materials. There are certain different articles that are made up of the same materials.

→ Due to the large variety of objects, it is better if we classify these. We can classify these different bases i.e. shape, the material used, use, etc.

→ Objects made from one material have simple composition. Objects made from many materials have complex compositions.

→ Materials are used to make objects depending upon their properties and the purpose for which the objects are to be used.

→ Some materials have similar and some have dissimilar properties.

→ Some substances completely disappear when dissolved in water. These are called soluble substances.

→ Substances that do not mix with water or do not disappear in water even after stirring for a long time are called insoluble substances.

→ Some materials have a shining appearance. These are called lustrous.

→ The substances which have a dull appearance are called non-lustrous substances.

→ Some materials are hard. These are called rigid substances.

→ We can see across certain substances these are called transparent substances.

→ We cannot see across certain substances. These are called opaque substances.

→ We can see only up to a certain extent across some substances. These are called translucent substances.

→ Liquids that completely mix with each other are called miscible liquids.

→ Liquids that do not mix with each other are called immiscible liquids.

→ Liquids that partially mix with each other are called partially miscible liquids.

→ The mass per unit volume of a substance is known as density.

→ If an insoluble substance has a density higher than water then it will sink.

→ If an insoluble substance has a density lower than water then it will float.

→ Out of a pair of immiscible liquids, the one with the higher density will form the lower layer and the one with the lower density will form the upper layer.

→ Miscible: The liquids which mix completely are called miscible liquids.

→ Immiscible: The liquids which do not mix with each other are called miscible liquids.

→ Soluble: The solid substance that on dissolving in water or any other liquid completely disappear is called a soluble substance.

→ Insoluble: The solid substance that on dissolving in water or any other liquid that does not disappear is called an insoluble substance.

→ Transparent: The substances through which one can see, are called transparent.

→ Opaque: The substances through which one cannot see are called opaque.

→ Translucent: The substances through which one can see partially but not clearly, are called translucent.

→ Lustre: The shining that we see on a substance is called lustre.

→ Atom: The smallest part of the matter is known as an atom.

→ Texture: It means how we feel upon touching the surface of a substance.

→ Rigid: It means whether a substance can be compressed or not.

→ Density: The mass per unit volume of a substance is known as density.

This PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 3 Fibre to Fabric will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 3 Fibre to Fabric

→ Clothes are important as they

• protect us from sunlight, wind, cold, heat, rain, etc.
• help us to feel comfortable in different weather conditions and to look smart.

→ People commonly wear different types of clothes like sari, coat-pent, suits, jeans,I shirts, T-shirts. Turban, kurta-pajama, salwar-kameez, lungi, dhoti, etc.

→ Cotton, silk, wool, and polyester are different variety of clothing materials, called fabrics.

→ Bedsheets, blankets, towels, curtains, duster, floor mats, our school bags, belts, socks, ties are made up of different kinds of fabric. Thus, different kinds of fabrics are used! to make different types of clothes.

→ Yarn is a thin thread used for making different fabrics. It is made from fibre.

→ Fibres are of two types:

• natural
• man-made (Synthetic).

→ Fibres that are obtained from nature are called natural fibre.

→ Natural fibres can be obtained from plants and animals.

→ Fibres obtained from plants are called plant fibres.

→ Similarly, fibres obtained from animals are called animal fibres.

→ Cotton, Jute, and coir are examples of plant fibres whereas wool, silk, etc. are examples of animal fibres.

→ Ginning, spinning, weaving, knitting, etc. are some processes that are used to make fabric or clothing material from cotton fibre.

→ The fibres made by man from, chemicals are called synthetic fibers.

→ Nylon, acrylic, and Polyester are examples of synthetic fibres.

→ Synthetic fibre is used to make socks, toothbrush bristles, car seat belts, carpets, ropes, school bags, etc.

→ Jute fibre is obtained from the stem of the jute plant by the process of retting.

→ Synthetic fibres dry easily, have lesser air spaces between them, are stronger and wrinkle-free.

→ Synthetic fibres do not absorb water, so these fibres are not suitable for hot and humid weather.

→ Cotton clothes are good for humid and hot weather. It absorbs water easily.

→ The process of separating cotton fibres from the seeds by combing is called ginning Removing of wool from sheep using clippers is called shearing.

→ The rearing of silkworms to produce silk.

→ The process of arranging two sets of yarn together to make a fabric is called weaving.

→ In contrast, a single yam is used to make a piece of fabric in knitting.

→ Knitting is done by hands or by machines.

→ Yarn: Yarn is a thin thread used for making different fabrics.

→ Fibres: Yarn is made up of very small strands called fibres.

→ Jute: Jute is strong and rough, the necktie is smooth and shiny as it is made up of silk.

→ Plant Fibres: The Fibres obtained from plants are called plant fibres.
For example cotton, jute, coir.

→ Animal fibres: The fibres obtained from animals are called animal fibres.
For example wool, silk.

→ Synthetic Fibres: Fibres prepared by a man using chemicals and other materials are called synthetic fibres.

→ Ginning: The separation of cotton from its seeds by steel combs is called ginning.

→ Sericulture: The rearing of silkworms to produce silk.

→ Retting: Formation of jute fibre from the stem of the jute plant by the process of retting.

→ Shearing: Removing wool from sheep using clippers.

→ Spinning: The process of making yarn from fibres is called spinning.

→ Weaving and Knitting: The process of arranging two sets of yarn together to make a fabric is called weaving.

→ In contrast, a single yarn is used to make a piece of fabric in knitting.

This PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 2 Components of Food will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 2 Components of Food

→ Nutrients are the substances that are needed for the proper growth and development of the body.

→ Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, and vitamins are the main nutrients in our food.

→ In addition to these, our body needs water and roughage.

→ Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. These are instant sources of energy and are called energy-giving food.

→ Bajra, jowar, rice, wheat, jaggery, mango, banana, and potato are the main sources of carbohydrates.

→ We have two types of carbohydrates. These are simple carbohydrates and complex hydrates.

→ Examples of simple carbohydrates are glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, etc.

→ Examples of complex carbohydrates are starch, cellulose, glycogen, etc.

→ Carbohydrates sweet in taste are called sugars.

→ Sucrose is known as table sugar.

→ Fructose is called fruit sugar.

→ Lactose is called milk sugar.

→ Starch is tasteless and insoluble in water. It is made up of many glucose units.

→ The main sources of starch are potatoes, wheat, rice, maize, etc.

→ During digestion, starch is first converted into glucose and finally into carbon dioxide and water. So, starch is not an instant source of energy.

→ Starch detection can be done by an iodine test. It gives a blue-black colour with iodine.

→ Proteins are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. They are called body-building foods.

→ The growth and repair of body cells is the main function of proteins. These also protect us from many diseases.

→ Plants and animals both are sources of proteins.

→ Proteins from plants are called plant proteins and proteins from animals are called animal proteins.

→ Beans like soybeans, peas, and pulses like gram and moon are sources of plant proteins.

→ We also get proteins from spinach, mushroom, broccoli, etc.

→ Mean, fish, poultry, milk, and milk products are the main sources of proteins.

→ Some proteins speed up various reactions occurring in our bodies. These are known as enzymes.

→ Enzymes are proteins that speed up various activities inside the body of a living organism.

→ Proteins when added to a solution of copper sulphate and caustic soda gives blue colour. This reaction is used for detecting the proteins.

→ Fats also give us energy. They give larger amounts of energy in comparison to carbohydrates. They do not release energy instantly.

→ Fats are known as the richest source of energy. Carbohydrates are known as instant sources of energy.

→ Important plant sources of fats are vegetable oils like mustard oil, coconut oil, and sunflower oil.

→ Other sources of fats are cashew, almonds, groundnut, and sesame seeds.

→ Important animal sources of fat are meat, eggs, fish, milk, and milk products like butter, ghee, etc.

→ Fats give energy, prevent heat loss from the body.

→ The presence of an oily patch on paper confirms the presence of fat in any food item.

→ Our bodies also need minerals. Calcium, iron, iodine, and phosphorus are important minerals. These do not give us energy.

→ Iron is needed for the formation of haemoglobin and calcium is needed for forming bones.

→ Phosphorus provides strength to bones and teeth.

→ Iodine is needed for the normal functioning of the thyroid gland.

→ Vitamins are essential for the proper functioning of our body.

→ We have different vitamins like A, B, C, D, E, and K.

→ Sources of vitamin A are eggs, meat, milk, cheese, green leafy vegetables, carrot, papaya, etc. It is needed for healthy eyes and skin.

→ Sources of vitamin B are milk, green vegetables, peas, eggs, cereals, mushrooms, etc. It is needed for normal growth and proper functioning of the central nervous system and digestive system.

→ Sources of vitamin C are citrus fruits (lemon, orange, etc.), amla, tomato, broccoli, etc. It is needed for fighting against diseases.

→ Sources of vitamin D are dairy products, fish liver oil, exposure to sunlight, etc. It is needed for healthy bones and teeth.

→ Sources of vitamin E are almonds, peanuts, sunflower oil, soyabean oil, leafy vegetables. It is needed for protecting cells from damage and helping our body to lower different problems.

→ Sources of vitamin K are green leafy vegetables, fish meat, eggs, cereals, etc. It is needed for the clotting of blood.

→ Nutrients: are the substances that are needed for the proper growth and development of the body.

→ Balance diet: The diet that contains an adequate amount of all the essential nutrients, roughage, and water for proper growth and development of the body is called a Balanced diet

→ Deficiency Diseases: The disease which is caused due to shortage of nutrients in our diet for a long time is called deficiency disease.

→ Goiter: A deficiency disease caused due to deficiency of iodine and its main symptom is an enlargement of the gland in the neck.

→ Scurvy: It is a disease caused by deficiency of vitamin C and its main symptoms include bleeding gums.

→ Beri-Beri: It is a disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin-B.

→ Rickets: It is a disease caused by deficiency of vitamin D and its main symptoms include softening and bending of bones.

→ Anaemia: It is a disease caused by deficiency of iron and its main symptoms include weakness, fatigue, and pale skin.

→ Roughage: The fibrous indigestible material present in food is termed roughage.

This PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 1 Food Where Does it Come From will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 1 Food Where Does it Come From

→ All living beings need the energy to carry out their daily activities.

→ Food is needed by living beings for their growth, getting energy for doing work, replacement and repair of their damaged body parts, and protection against diseases.

→ Different varieties of food like fruits, vegetables, milk products, sweets, eggs, meat, chapati, and bakery products are present in nature.

→ The materials needed to prepare food items are called ingredients. Food materials can be made of one or two or many ingredients.

→ Plants are the chief source of food for us and other animals. However, few food materials are also obtained from animals.

→ Green plants can prepare their own food by using sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to prepare their food. This process is called photosynthesis.

→ Every part of a plant where the food is stored is edible i.e. seed, flower, stem, root, leaf.

→ The plant parts which are used by us as food are called edible parts.

→ We eat roots of carrot, radish, turnip, sweet potato, etc. We also use stems of certain plants.

→ Some stems like those of ginger, potato, onion, turmeric grow underground and store food.

→ Stems of ginger and turmeric are used as spices.

→ The stem of sugarcane is used to make juice, sugar, and jaggery.

→ We eat different types of fruits like apple, mango, guava, papaya, orange, etc.

→ All these fruits are eaten raw i.e. without cooking. We make jams and pickles from some fruits.

→ Fruits are essential for good health as these are important sources of vitamins and minerals.

→ We use leaves of various plants like mustard, spinach, cabbage, coriander, mint, etc.

→ We use seeds of many plants as food like wheat, rice, maize, gram, peas, kidney beans and green gram (moong), etc.

→ Seeds of some crops like gram, peas, kidney beans, and green gram (moong) are known as pulses whereas seeds of wheat, rice, and maize are known as cereals.

→ We get milk, honey, meat, eggs, oil, etc. from animals.

→ Honey contains sugar, water, minerals, enzymes, and vitamins. Nectar of flowers is a source of honey.

→ On the basis of the food taken by animals, there are three categories of the animals:

• Herbivores
• Carnivores
• Omnivores

→ Herbivores are the animals that eat only plants and plant products are called herbivores, e.g. cows, goats, rabbits, sheep, deer, elephants, etc.

→ Carnivores are the animals which eat other animals are called carnivores, e.g. lions, tigers, lizards, snakes, etc.

→ Omnivores are the animals which eat both plants and animals are called omnivores. e.g. Crow, bear, dog, and rat, man, etc.

→ Milk contains proteins, sugar, fats, and vitamins.

→ It is used worldwide as food that can be converted into dairy products like cheese, butter, curd, cream, etc.

→ People eat the meat of goats, sheep, chicken, fish, and sea animals like prawns, crab.

→ Meat is also used as food and it contains a great number of proteins and fats.

→ People eat eggs of hen and duck and other birds.

→ The white part of the egg is called albumen and the yellow part of the egg is called yolk.

→ Albumen is rich in proteins and you are rich in fats.

→ Food: Substances providing energy to do work, maintain body heat, protect us from diseases, etc. is called food.

→ Balance diet: A diet that contains all the nutrients needed by the body is called a balanced diet.

→ Edible: The substances/materials which are safe for eating are called edible substances.

→ Ingredients: Materials needed to prepare food Items.

→ Pulses: Seeds of some crops like gram, peas, moong.

→ Cereals: Seeds of grass crops e.g. wheat, rice, maize

→ Albumin: White part of the egg.

→ Yolk: Yellow part of the egg

→ Nectar: Sugary fluid present in flowers

→ Herbivores: Plant-eating animals are called herbivores.

→ Nectar: Sugary fluid present in flowers

→ Autotrophs: Organisms that can prepare their own food by photosynthesis.

→ Heterotrophs: Organisms that depend on other organisms for food

→ Herbivores: Organisms that eat only plants and plant products

→ Carnivores: Animals eating other animals are called carnivores.

→ Omnivores: Animals that eat both plants and animals are called omnivores.

This PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 21 Media and Democracy will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 21 Media and Democracy

→ Media: When we contact people through different means, this is called media.

→ For example newspaper, radio, television, cinema, advertisement, etc.

→ Media and Democracy: Media is the basis of democracy.

→ It shows the inappropriate acts of the Govt and helps to create healthy public opinion.

→ Press: Press (newspapers, magazines, books, etc.) is the most important media. It is known as the lighthouse of democracy.

→ Accountability of Media: It is hoped from the media that it should communicate right and true information to the public.

→ The whole activities should be directed towards public welfare.

→ Right to information ordinance: It means people have the right to get information about such matters which directly or indirectly affect their lives.

→ Advertisement: It means to give information to the people about the whereabouts of the commodity, its qualities, and workability.

→ The objective is to induce the demand and sales of the commodity.

This PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 20 State-Government will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 20 State-Government

State Legislature:

• The law-making institution in the state is called Legislature.
• It has two houses, but in some states, it has only one house.
• The lower house is known as the Legislative assembly and the upper house is known as the Legislative council.

Legislative Assembly:

• The membership can be a maximum of 500 and a minimum of 60, depending upon the population.
• To fight its elections, a person should be 25 or more in age and should not occupy an office of profit.
• Its period is 5 years.

Legislative Council:

• It is the upper and permanent house of Legislature.
• One-third of its members retire after every two years.

State Executive: It includes the governor, the chief minister, and the council of ministers.

Governor:

• He is appointed by the President for 5 years.
• All the executive powers flow from the Governor but actually used by the chief minister.

This PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 19 Democracy – Representative Institutions will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 19 Democracy – Representative Institutions

→ Modern Democracy: It is a representative democracy. The reason is that modem states are large in size and their population is more.

→ In such a situation, the whole of the population cannot participate in the administration directly. So it chooses representatives which run the government.

→ Right to Vote: It is the right of the people to cast their votes or to choose their representatives.

→ In India ‘One Person One Vote’ principle gives way to ‘Universal Adult Franchise’.

→ Secret Ballot: The modem elections are fought through secret ballot.

→ It means that every citizen casts his vote by his own sweet will. He cannot be compelled to disclose his vote cast.

→ Candidate: The person who fights for election is called a candidate.

→ They are of two types: one belonging to a political party and the other having no relation with any political party.

→ Election Process: The elections are conducted under the supervision of the Election Commission.

→ A special process is adopted for this which includes a declaration of the election date, filing nominations, examination of nominations, campaigning, voting, counting, and declaration of results.

→ Election Symbol: Every political party has a special symbol.

→ Even independent candidates are given symbols.

→ These symbols are given by the election commission and this helps to identify the candidate in a better way.

→ Election Campaign: It is the most decisive part of the election process.

→ The public meetings are conducted, manifestoes are declared, promises on posters are pasted everywhere and the public is given information about the policies of the political parties if voted to power.

→ Election Manifesto: Every political party tries to tell the public what will it do if voted to power. This is called an election manifesto.

→ Importance of free and fair election: The Election Commission ensures that the elections should be free and fair, only then the right candidates can be elected.

→ The public gets a capable and popular govt, and the democracy becomes strong.

→ Political Parties: People coming together for the attainment of identical political objectives make political parties.

→ Functions of Political Parties: Making public opinion, educating the people politically, contesting the elections, framing the government, criticizing the government, creating coordination among the public and government are the main functions of the political parties.

→ Single Party, Two-Party and Multiparty System: In India, there is a multiparty system because there are more than two parties contesting the elections.

→ Role of opposition: The opposition controls the activities of the government by criticizing it and stops the government from becoming a dictator.

This PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 18 Democracy and Equality will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 18 Democracy and Equality

→ Democracy: It means the rule of the general public. The power to administer lies with the public.

→ Freedom and Equality: These are two pillars of democracy.

→ Lawful Administration: It means where the administration runs according to the predetermined Constitution.

→ The chief of the state cannot apply his will over the public and the public reserves the right to question his activities.

→ Direct Democracy: Here the public itself manages the administration which is not possible in this age.

→ Indirect Democracy: Here the administration is run by people’s representatives.

→ So the election process is more important in an indirect democracy.

→ Democracy and Political Parties: Political parties control the Govt.

→ The opposition criticizes the government and controls its activities.

→ Referendum: Its role is major for the success of democracy.

→ Elections: Special place of elections in a democracy.

→ People change the incapable government through elections.

→ Adult Franchise: All adults have the right to vote and it is based on the law of equality.

→ Dictatorship: The power of administration is concentrated in a single hand or in a few hands.

→ Elections are not held in such countries and discretionary powers are exercised by the dictator.

This PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 17 India in the Eighteenth Century will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 17 India in the Eighteenth Century

→ Rise of new states: In the 18th century, whatever remained of the Mughal empire, many new states emerged.

→ The main were Bengal, Hyderabad, Avadh, Punjab, Mysore, and Maratha state.

→ Marathas: The most powerful group of India after the decline of Mughals.

→ Ashtha Pradhan: The council of eight ministers in the period of Shivaji.

→ Peshwa: Chief of Ashtha Pradhan.

→ Punjab: In Punjab, the Gurujis established Sikh Panth. After the 10th Guru Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji, Banda Bahadur established a Sikh state in Punjab.

→ Bengal: In Bengal, the Mughal Subedar Murshid Quli Khan established an independent state. At last, the English captured it.

→ Avadh: The founder of the free state of Avadh was Saadat Khan. The nawabs of Avadh gave birth to “Lucknow Culture”.

→ Mysore: In Mysore, Hyder Ali founded an independent state. He snatched the authority from Mysore’s Hindu King Nanjaraj.

This PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 16 The Development of Regional Cultures will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 16 The Development of Regional Cultures

Language and Literature (Sultanate period):

• During this period, language and literature were greatly developed.
• A new language Urdu developed by a mixture of Hindi and Persian.
• Many Muslim scholars studied ancient Hindu scriptures.
• In this period, many important books were written in the Hindi language.
• Chand Bardai wrote ‘Prithvi Raj Raso’, Malik Mohammed Jaisi wrote ‘Padmawat’, Jaidev wrote ‘Geet Govind’ and Kalhan wrote ‘Raj Tarangini’.

Mughal Period Literature: Tuzuk-i-Babri’, ‘Humayun Nama’, ‘Akbar Nama’, ‘Ain-i-Akbari’, ‘Badshah Nama’, etc.

Punjabi Literature:

• During the medieval period, the holy writings of Guru Sahebs and other Punjabi poets enriched the Punjabi culture.
• Sri Guru Granth Sahib, Dasham Granth, the writings of Bhai Gurdas Ji came in this period.

Art of Painting:

• There was the development of the art of painting as well.
• Abdus Samad, Mir Sayyad Ali, Sanwaldas, Jagannath, Tarachand, etc. showed their skill with paintbrushes.
• All these painters were during the times of Akbar. Akbar respected them.
• Similarly, Jahangir also respected painters in his court.
• Mohammad Murad, Ustad Mansur, Agha Raza, Mohammad Nadir were his famous painters.

Art of Music:

• The Mughal period did not lack in the art of music.
• Babar was a good poet.
• He created poetry and songs.
• During the times of Akbar,’ ‘Sangeet Samrat Tansen’ and ‘Baiju Bawara’ gave a new standard to the art of music.
• Aurangzeb was very much against music.
• During his period this art declined.