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PSEB 12th Class History Solutions Chapter 23 Second Anglo-Sikh War, Causes, Results and Annexation of the Punjab

December 16, 2024December 15, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class History Book Solutions Chapter 23 Second Anglo-Sikh War, Causes, Results and Annexation of the Punjab Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 23 Second Anglo-Sikh War, Causes, Results and Annexation of the Punjab

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Explain in brief the causes of Second Anglo-Sikh War.
Or
What were the causes of the Second Anglo-Sikh War.
Or
What were the five main causes for Second Anglo-Sikh War?
Or
Describe five main reasons of Second Anglo-Sikh War.
Answer:
1. Sikhs’ desire to avenge their defeat in the First Anglo-Sikh War: It is true that the Sikhs were defeated in the First Anglo-Sikh War against the Britishers, but this did not demoralise them. They knew very well the main cause of their defeat was the treachery of Sikh leaders. The Sikh soldiers were confident of their ability. Therefore, they wanted to avenge their defeat. This strong desire of theirs became one of the main causes of the Second Anglo-Sikh War.

3. Resentment among the Sikh Soldiers: According to the treaty of Lahore, the British had fixed the strength of the Khalsa army at 20,000 infantry and 12,000 cavalries. Thousands of Sikh soldiers were disbanded. These jobless soldiers would wander about in the villages. They felt that it was the high-handedness of British Government.

5. Revolt of Diwan Moolraj: The revolt of Diwai Moolraj of Multan was one of the most potent causes, which led to the Second Anglo-Sikh War. On 20th April, the two British officers – Vans Agnew and Anderson were murdered in Multan. The British Government falsely implicated Diwan Moolraj for these murders. It enraged Moolraj and he raised the banner of revolt against the British.

Question 2.
Write a note on the revolt of Diwan Moolraj of Multan.
Answer:
Diwan Moolraj was appointed the Nazim (Governor) of Multan in 1844 A.D. He paid about 13 ^ lakh rupees annually to Lahore Darbar as revenue. Later on this amount was raised to 20 lakh but at the same time 3rd of the territory of his state was taken away. As a result he resigned from the post of Nazim. In march 1848 A.D., the new Resident Fredrick Currie accepted his resignation. He decided to appoint Kahan Singh the new Governor of Multan.

Two British officers Agnew and Anderson were sent to assist him. Moolraj handed over the charge of the fort to Kahan Singh on April 19,1848 A.D. without any opposition. But on April 20, some soldiers of Moolraj slew both the British officers and compelled Moolraj to lead their revolt against the British. Instead of crushing it, the British allowed it to spread so that they could have an excuse to invade the kingdom of Lahore.

Question 3.
What do you know about the revolt of Chattar Singh of Hazara?
Answer:
Sardar Chattar Singh Attariwala was the Nazim of Hazara. He had grown suspicious of the designs of the British when they intentionally delayed action to crush the revolt of Multan and showed harsh and unjust attitude towards Maharani Jindan. His daughter was engaged to Maharaja Dalip Singh. The Britishers were opposed to this matrimonial alliance because they did not want the two powerful royal families to unite. It could impede the Britishers’ policy of taking Punjab’s possession. Consequently, Chattar Singh’s suspicion of the Britishers, design was further deepened. Captain Abbott who had been appointed advisor to Chattar Singh was determined to wipe out the Sikh Empire.

Instigated by him the Muslims of Hazara attacked the residence of Chattar Singh on 6th August, 1848 A.D. On seeing this Sardar Chattar Singh ordered Col. Canora to take action against the rebels. Col. Canora who was in league with Captain Abbott refused to comply with the orders of Chattar Singh. On the other hand he fired two shots which killed two Sikh soldiers. At that time a Sikh soldier advanced with his sword and beheaded Canora. When this news reached Abbott he flew into a rage. He removed Sardar Chattar Singh from his office and seized his Jagir. As a result the blood of Chattar Singh began to boil and he raised the banner of revolt against the British. Now the fire of revolt spread everywhere.

Question 4.
Write a brief note on the battle of Chilliamwala.
Answer:
The battle of ChillianWala was an important battle of the Second Anglo- Sikh War. Lord Hugh Gough who was commanding’the British forces was waiting for more military assistance to face the forces of Sher Singh. At this time he got information that Chattar Singh had taken the Attock fort and he was coming to the help of Sher Singh. It could pose a great danger for the British. Well before Chattar Singh could reach Hugh Gough attacked the forces of Sher Singh at Chillianwala on January 13, 1849 A.D. In this pitched battle the Sikhs fought like devils and their artillery took a heavy toll.

It created disorder in the British ranks. It was the worst defeat, the British had suffered since their occupation of India. It created furore in England. Hugh Gough was superseded and Charles Napier was asked to come from England to take over command.

Question 5.
What was the importance of the Battle of Gujarat in Second Anglo- SikhWar?
Answer:
The battle of Gujarat was the last and the most decisive battle of the Second Anglo-Sikh War. It was fought on February 21,1849 A.D. In this battle the number of Sikh troops was 40,000. They were jointly led by Chattar Singh, Sher Singh and Bhai Maharaj Singh. On the other hand the number of British troops was 68,000. They were commanded by Lord Hugh Gough. As both the sides used excessive guns in this battle, so the battle of Gujarat is also called the battle of guns. The Sikhs fought bravely but were defeated as they ran short of ammunition.

The Sikhs suffered heavy loss in this battle and pandemonium prevailed. Chattar Singh, Sher Singh and Bhai Maharaj Singh fled to Rawalpindi. The British soldiers chased them. They surrendered on March 10, and the remaining soldiers surrendered on March 14. After the British victory in this battle on March 29, 1849, they annexed Punjab to their empire. In this way the empire established by Maharaja Ranjit Singh came to an end.

Question 6.
What were the results of Second Anglo-Sikh War?
Or
Study in brief the results of Second Anglo-Sikh War.
Or
Explain the five effects of Second Anglo-Sikh War.
Answer:
The Second Anglo-Sikh war had far-reaching consequences. It may be summarised as follows :
1. End of the Empire of Maharaja Ranjit Singh : The most significant result of the Second Anglo-Sikh War was this that it completely brought an end to the empire. The last Sikh Maharaja Dalip Singh was dethroned.

2. Sikh Army was Disbanded : After the Second Anglo-Sikh War, the Sikh army was disbanded. Majority of these soldiers were engaged in farming. Those soldiers, whose loyalty was not in doubt, were recruited in the British Indian army.

3. Banishment of Moolraj and Bhai Maharaj Singh : Diwan Moolraj had been awarded the death sentence .on the charge of the murder of two British officers. Later on it was converted into ‘Kalapani’. He was to be sent to Andaman but before that his health broke down. Consequently, he died on 11th August, 1851 A.D. at Calcutta. Bhai Maharaj Singh was sent to the Singapore jail, where he died on 5th July, 1856 A.D.

4. Punishment to S. Chattar Singh and Sher Singh : The British Government had imprisoned Sardar Chattar Singh and his son Sher Singh. They were first kept in the Allahabad jail and then transferred to the Calcutta jail. In 1854 A.D. the government released both of them.

Question 7.
Was the annexation of Punjab by Lord Dalhousie justified? Give arguements in your favour.
Or
“Annexation of Punjab was a violent breach of trust.” Explain.
Or
Was the annexation of Punjab justified? Give five reasons for it.
Answer:
The annexation of Punjab was a violent breach of trust.

1. Sikhs provoked to Revolt: Between the end of the First Anglo-Sikh War and the beginning of the Second Anglo-Sikh War, many such events took place as provoked the Sikhs to revolt. According to the treaty of Lahore, the Britishers had taken away important areas of Punjab. The Britishers had meted out a shabby treatment to Maharani Jindan. They forced Diwan Moolraj and Sardar Chattar Singh to revolt. In this way, the Sikhs were compelled to rise against the British.

2. Revolt was not suppressed in time : When the fire of revolt broke out in Multan, it could have been controlled there and then. To let the revolt linger on for eight months, was a politically motivated move. As a consequence, the British got the much needed pretext to wage a war against Punjab and its annexation.

4. Lahore Darbar gave full co-operation in fulfilling the terms of the Treaty: The Lahore Darbar continued to fulfil faithfully the terms of the treaty till the British finally took over the Punjab. The Lahore Government was bearing the whole expense of the British army posted in Punjab. It condemned the revolts of Diwan Moolraj, Chattar Singh and Sher Singh, and also co-operated fully with the British army to crush these revolts.

5. The whole Sikh Army and the people did not Revolt: Lord Dalbousie had charged that the entire Sikh army of the Punjab in collusion with the people had revolted against the British. It necessitated the possession of the Punjab by the British. But there is not an iota of truth in this statement of Lord Dalhousie. The revolt against the British had taken place only in Multan and Hazara provinces of the Punjab. Most of the Sikh army and the people remained loyal to the British. To punish the whole of Punjab under such circumstances, was totally wrong.

Question 8.
Give any five arguments in favour of Dalhousie’s annexation of the Punjab to the British empire.
Or
Give arguments in favour of Dalhousie’s policy of the annexation of Punjab.
Answer:
The following arguments are given in favour of Dalhousie’s policy of annexation :

1. Sikhs had broken their Promises: Lord Dalhousie had accused that the Sikhs had violated the terms of the treaty of Bhairowal. Through this treaty, the Sikhs had promised to co-operate with the British Resident, but the Sikhs did not keep the word. On the contrary, they tried to spread disturbance by raising the banner of revolt against the British. Lord Dalhousie termed Diwan Moolraj’s revolt as the revolt of the whole Sikh community. In this way, to tide over the deteriorating conditions, the annexation of Punjab to the British Empire was essential.

2. Punjab remained no more a good Buffer State: After the First Anglo- Sikh War, Lord Hardinge had not annexed Punjab to the British Empire because he had held the opinion that the Punjab would prove a useful buffer state between Afghanistan and the Britishers. But his opinion proved to be wrong. A friendship came to be established between the Sikhs and the AfghAnswer: So, Lord Dalhousie considered the annexation of the Punjab to the British empire essential.

3. Non-payment of the Loans: Lord Dalhousie levelled a charge against the Lahore Darbar that according to the terms of the treaty of Bhairowal, she was to pay Rs. 22 lakhs annually to the British. But the Lahore Darbar broke this term also. It did not pay even a single penny to the British. Besides, it did not make payment of that loan which it owed to the Britishers. Therefore, the annexation of the Punjab was justified.

4. It was advantageous to annex Punjab: After the victory in the First Anglo-Sikh War, the British had not annexed Punjab to the British Empire. But after having lived in the Punjab for two years, they realised that it could prove useful to them not only from the economic point of view but also from many other angles. Owing to these reasons, Lord Dalhousie decided to take possession of the Punjab.

5. Annexation of the Punjab was inevitable: It is said that if the Punjab had not been annexed to the British Empire, the Sikhs would have continued to hatch conspiracies against the British Empire for their freedom. It would have affected the other parts of India also. Lord Dalhousie considered it necessary to annex the Punjab to the British Empire.

Question 9.
Write a brief note on Maharaja Dalip Singh.
Answer:
Maharaja Dalip Singh was the youngest son of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. He became the ruler of Punjab on September 15,1843 A.D. At that time he was only five years old. As a result Maharani Jindan was made his regent. Maharaja Dalip Singh appointed Hira Singh as the Prime Minister of Punjab. Although Hira Singh was very wise he had annoyed most of the courtiers by appointing Pandit Jalla to the post of Mashir-i-Khas. After the murder of Hira Singh in 1844 A.D. Jawahar Singh became the new Prime Minister of the State.

But he was very incompetent and haughty. He was murdered by some soldiers in September 1845 for assassinating Prince Peshaura Singh. Thereafter, Lai Singh was appointed to the post of Prime Minister. He was already in league with the British. Consequently, the Sikhs had to face defeat in the First and Second Anglo-Sikh Wars. The British dethroned Maharaja Dalip Singh and annexed Punjab to the British empire on 29 March, 1849 A.D. Maharaja Dalip Singh was sent to England. He died heart-broken in Paris on October 22,1893 A.D.

Question 10.
Write a brief note on Maharani Jind Kaur (Jindan).
Or
What do ycu know about Maharani Jindan?
Answer:
Maharani Jindan was the mother of Maharaja Dalip Singh and queen of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. When Dalip Singh became the new king of the Punjab on September 15,1843 A.D., Maharani Jindan was appointed as his regent. Soon she became the symbol of Punjabi resurgence. She wanted to maintain the independence of Punjab at all costs. Her activities irked the British government. Consequently, she was dispossessed of all her powers through the Treaty of Bhairowal. She was to be given an annual pension of Rs.1\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) lakh. In August 1847 A.D. she was put under house imprisonment in the fort of Sheikhupura. She was ill-treated in jail.

In May 1848 A.D. she was exiled and sent to Banaras. Maharani Jindan succeeded in reaching Nepal in disguise in April 1849 A.D. When Maharaja Dalip Singh came to India from England in 1861 A.D., Maharani came to see him from Nepal. Maharaja Dalip Singh took his mother to England along with him. Here also the English did not allow them to live together. On August 1, 1863, she died broken-hearted.

Essay Type Questions:

Question 1.
Discuss the circumstances leading to the Second Anglo-Sikh War. How far were the British responsible for it?
Or
What were the main causes of the Second Anglo-Sikh War?
Or
Write the reasons of the Second Anglo-Sikh War.
Answer:
In the First Anglo-Sikh War the British emerged victorious and Sikhs were defeated in it. The Sikhs were enraged due to their humiliation by the treaties imposed upon them. It led to the Second Anglo-Sikh War. The main causes of the Second Anglo-Sikh War are given ahead :

1. Sikhs’ desire to avenge their defeat in the First Anglo-Sikh War : It is true that the Sikhs were defeated.in the first war against the Britishers, but this did not demoralise them. They knew very well that in the battle of Ferozeshah they had inflicted a crushing defeat on the Britishers. The main cause of this defeat was the treachery of Sikh leaders like Lai Singh and Teja Singh. The Sikh soldiers were confident of their ability. Therefore, they wanted to avenge their defeat. This strong desire of theirs became one of the main causes of the Second Anglo-Sikh War.

2. Punjabis were dissatisfied with the Treaties of Lahore and Bhairowal: After the First Anglo-Sikh War, the British forced the Lahore Darbar to sign the treaties of Lahore and Bhairowal. These treaties had, almost, ended the sovereignty of the Sikh Empire. Besides, through these treaties the British had taken possession of the famous areas like the Jalandhar Doab. They had handed over the area of Kashmir to their friend, Gulab Singh. Thus, the British had divided Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Raj into three parts. The people of the Punjab could not tolerate the ruining of the empire which Maharaja Ranjit Singh had built, bit by bit by the sweat of his brow. They wanted to retrieve their old glory. Therefore, the Sikhs had to fight one more war with the British.

3. Resentment among the Sikh Soldiers: According to the treaty of Lahore, the British had fixecf the strength of the Khalsa army at 20,000 infantry and 12,000 cavalry. Thousands of Sikh soldiers were disbanded. These jobless soldiers would wander about in the villages. They felt that it was the high-handedness of British Government.

4. Harsh treatment of Maharani Jindan: The humiliating treatment meted out to Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s widow, and Maharaja Dalip Singh’s mother, Maharani Jindan, further aggravated the resentment of the Sikhs. Through the treaty of Lahore, the Britishers had accepted Maharani Jindan as the regent of minor Maharaja Dalip Singh. She was a woman of high ambitions. It soon became clear to the British that as long as the administration of the Lahore Darbar was under the influence of the Maharani, they would not be able to have their own ways in Punjab.

That is why, under the treaty of Bhairowal, the Britishers divested the Maharani of her powers and gave her a pension of Rs.1.5 lakh per year. In 1847 A.D. the Britishers detained the Maharani in the fort of Sheikhupura. In 1848 A. D., the Maharani was exiled to Banaras. Her annual pension was reduced to Rs. 12000/- per year. The maltreatment of Maharani Jindan by the British sent a wave of anger throughout Punjab.

5. Revolt of Diwan Moolraj : The revolt of Diwan Moolraj of Multan was one of the most potent causes, which led to the Second Anglo-Sikh War. In 1844 A.D. Diwan Moolraj was appointed the new Nazim of Multan. He was compelled to resign by the British in 1847 A.D. In March 1848 A.D. Sardar Kahan Singh was made the new Nazim of Multan. In order to take over the charge of Multan, two British officers, Vans Agnew and Anderson were sent alongwith Kahan Singh. Moolraj warmly welcomed them. On 20th April, some soldiers of Moolraj murdered both the officers and imprisoned Kahan Singh. Fredrick Currie held Moolraj responsible for the revolt of Multan.

It enraged Moolraj and he raised the banner of revolt against the British, The Governor-General of India Lord Dalhousie was on the look out for such a golden opportunity. He deliberately avoided the suppression of rebellion. He wanted that the revolt should flare up on a large-scale, so that he might find a pretext to swallow Punjab. Dr. Kirpal Singh aptly writes, “The spark which kindled a conflagration and reduced the sovereign state of the Punjab to ashes, rose from Multan.”

6. Revolt of Chattar Singh : Sardar Chattar Singh Attariwala was the Nazim of Hazara. He had grown suspicious of the designs of the British, when they intentionally delayed action to crush the revolt of Multan and showed harsh and unjust attitude towards Maharani Jindan. One of his soldiers had killed Col. Canora for misbehaving with S. Chattar Singh. For this the British dismissed Sardar Chattar Singh from his office and seized his Jagir. As a result the blood of Chattar Singh began to boil and he raised the banner of revolt against the British. Now the fire of revolt spread everywhere.

7. Revolt of Sher Singh : As has already been described that Sher Singh was the son of Chattar Singh and was the member of the Council of Regency. He was a staunch supporter of the British. But when Sher Singh came to know about the maltreatment meted out to his father by the Britishers, he too raised the banner of revolt against them on 14th September 1848 A.D. Through a declaration, he appealed to the people of Punjab, who had tasted Ranjit Singh’s salt, to rise in revolt against the treacherous Britishers. The Sikh soldiers responded to this appeal warmly and gathered under the banner of “Sher Singh.

8. Policy of Lord Dalhousie : In January 1848 A.D.; Lord Dalhousie became the new Governor-General of India. He was a great imperialist. By the Doctrine of Lapse and other methods he annexed many Indian States to the British Emjpire. After having taken possession of whole of India, Punjab was the only such state as could not yet be included to the British Empire. Dalhousie had been looking greedily towards Punjab for quite some time, and was on the look out for a golden opportunity. He got this opportunity, when Diwan Moolraj, Chattar Singh and Sher Singh raised their banner of revolt against the British.

Question 2.
Discuss in brief the events of the Second Anglo-Sikh War.
Answer:
The imprudent policies being followed by the British further widened the gulf between them and the Sikhs. It brought them at the door step of Second Anglo-Sikh War. Lord Dalhousie had sent Lord Hugh Gough to suppress the revolts of Diwan Moolraj, Chattar Singh and Sher Singh. As a consequence the second Anglo-Sikh War was started. The main events of this war were as given ahead :

1. Battle of Ramnagar: The first battle of the Second Anglo-Sikh War between the Sikhs and the British took place at Ramnagar on 22nd November, 1848 A.D. Lord Hugh Gough was the commander of the British army, which comprised 20,000 soldiers and 100 guns. The Sikh army was commanded by Sher Singh, which comprised 15,000 soldiers. The Sikhs had already dug their ‘Morchas’ (trenches) at Ramnagar. When the soldiers of Lord Hugh Gough reached there, the Sikhs challenged them. The Sikhs inflicted a crushing defeat on the British. General Havelock and General Cureton were killed in the battlefield. From this battle Hugh Gough realized that it was not a child’s play to face the Sikhs.

2. Battle of Chillianwala : The battle of Chillianwala was one of the significant battles of the second Anglo-Sikh War. This battle was fought on 13th January, 1849 A.D. Lord Gough was of the view that he did not have a strong force to face Sher Singh. So, he was waiting for more reinforcement, but when Gough came to know that Chattar Singh with his soldiers was coming to the help of Sher Singh, he attacked the soldiers of Sher Singh on 13th January. It Was one of the hardest and fiercest battles. The Sikhs fought with great determination and daring. They wrought havoc in the British army. The British lost 695 soldiers, including 132 officers in the bat’tle and 1651 soldiers were wounded.

Four British Guns were also captured by the Sikhs. Sita Ram Kohli aptly says, “Chillianwala was the worst defeat the British had suffered since their occupation of India.” The heavy disaster of the British in the battle of Chillianwala created a stir in England. So, it was decided by the British Government to appoint Sir Charles Napier as Commander-in-Chief in place of Lord Hugh Gough.

3. Battle of Multan: Diwan Moolraj had raised the banner of revolt against the British at Multan in April 1848 A.D. The British had, at first, allowed the revolt to spread and later when Sher Singh joined Diwan Moolraj of Multan, they decided to act. War did take place between the British soldiers and the soldiers of Moolraj, but the British could not win any decisive victory. At last, the British played a trick. They wrote a forged letter and created a misunderstanding between Diwan Moolraj and Sher Singh. As a result, Sher Singh parted company with. Moolraj in October, 1848 A.D.

General Whish besieged the fort of Multan. Diwan Moolraj bravely resisted the British army. On 30th December, a shell hurled by the British fell on the gun-powder. As a result a big quantity of ammunition was destroyed and 500 soldiers of Moolraj were killed. Owing to this heavy loss, it became difficult for Moolraj to resist the British for long. At last, on 22nd January, 1849 A.D. Diwan Moolraj was forced to surrender to the British and he handed over the fort of Multan to them. The victory of Multan redeemed to a large extent the lost prestige of the Britishers suffered at Chillianwala.

4. Battle of Gujarat: The battle of Gujarat proved to be the most important and decisive battle of the Second Anglo-Sikh War. In this battle, Chattar Singh,

PSEB 12th Class History Solutions Chapter 23 Second Anglo-Sikh War, Causes, Results and Annexation of the Punjab Img 1

Sher Singh and Bhai Maharaj Singh made a united front against the British. In addition, the king of Afghanistan, Dost Mohammad also sent 3,000 cavaliers under the command of his son, Akbar Khan to help the Sikhs. In this battle, the Sikhs had a total army of 40,000 soldiers. On the other hand, the English army was still led by Lord Hugh Gough because Charles Napier had not yet reached India. The British army comprised 68,000 soldiers. In this battle, guns were extensively used by both the sides, because of which this battle is also famous in history as the Battle of Guns.

This battle started at 7.30 a.m. on 21st February, 1849 AD. The ammunition of the Sikhs was soon exhausted. When the Britishers came to know about it, they made a fierce attack on the Sikhs. The Sikh soldiers unsheathed their swords, but they could not resist the guns for long. The Sikhs suffered heavy losses in this battle. 3000 to 5000 of their soldiers were killed in the battle and 53 guns fell into the hands of the British. On the other hand, only 96 soldiers of the British army were killed. After this battle, the Sikh soldiers fled from the battlefield. The British army chased them. On 10th March, 1848 Chattar Singh, Sher Singh and other leaders surrendered near Rawalpindi before Gen. Gilbert. On 14th March the rest of the Sikh soldiers collectively surrendered before the General. While laying down their arms, the soldiers could not restrain their tears and were saying, “Today Ranjit Singh has died.” In this way, we see that the battle of Gujarat proved disastrous for the Sikh Empire. Patwant Singh aptly says, “Thus ended the Second Sikh War and with it the curtain came down on Ranjit Singh’s proud Empire.”

Question 3.
Discuss the main results of the Second Anglo-Sikh War.
Answer:
The Second Anglo-Sikh war had far-reaching consequences. It may be summarised as follows :

1. End of the Empire of Maharaja Ranjit Singh : The most significant result of the Second Anglo-Sikh War was this that it completely brought an end to the empire, which Maharaja Ranjit Singh had built with great toils. In this connection a letter of declaration was read in the Lahore Darbar, on 29th March, 1849 A.D. The last Sikh Maharaja Dalip Singh was dethroned. He was allowed to live in any part of India except Punjab. The whole property of the Lahore Darbar was confiscated. The famous Kohinoor diamond was taken from Maharaja Dalip Singh and presented to Queen Victoria. After some time Maharaja Dalip Singh was sent to England. He died in Paris, in the year 1893 A.D.

3. Banishment of Moolraj and Bhai Maharaj Singh : Diwan Moolraj had been awarded the death sentence on the charge of the murder of two British officers. Later on it was converted into ‘Kalapani’. He was to be sent to Andaman but before that his health broke down. Consequently, he died on 11th August, 1851 A.D. at Calcutta. Bhai Maharaj Singh was at first kept in the Allahabad jail and then in the Calcutta jail. Later on, he was sent to the Singapore jail, where he died on 5th July, 1856 A.D.

5. New Administration for the Punjab : After the annexation of the Punjab to the British Empire, the British established a Board of Administration to run the administration of the Punjab. It functioned from 1849 to 1853 A.D. During this period, the Britishers introduced many changes in the administrative structure of the Punjab. The North-West frontier was made safe. The Sikhs were disarmed. The police system was made more efficient. The judiciary was made more cheap and prompt. A network of roads and canals was laid in the Punjab. Agriculture was encouraged. Jagirdari system was abolished. Efforts were made to encourage trade. Western education was introduced in Punjab. As a result of these efforts, the British were able to restore peace and prosperity in Punjab. That is why, Punjab remained loyal to the British during the revolt of 1857.

6. Friendly Attitude towards Princely States of the Punjab : During the Second Anglo-Sikh War the states of Patiala, Nabha, Jind, Malerkotla, Faridkot and Kapurthala had given co-operation to the Britishers. So, the Britishers continued their friendly relations with-them and did not annex them to the British Empire. ”

Question 4.
What were the causes and results of the Second Anglo-Sikh War? Explain.
Or
Discuss the causes and results of the Second Anglo-Sikh War.
Answer:

In the First Anglo-Sikh War the British emerged victorious and Sikhs were defeated in it. The Sikhs were enraged due to their humiliation by the treaties imposed upon them. It led to the Second Anglo-Sikh War. The main causes of the Second Anglo-Sikh War are given ahead :

The imprudent policies being followed by the British further widened the gulf between them and the Sikhs. It brought them at the door step of Second Anglo-Sikh War. Lord Dalhousie had sent Lord Hugh Gough to suppress the revolts of Diwan Moolraj, Chattar Singh and Sher Singh. As a consequence the second Anglo-Sikh War was started. The main events of this war were as given a head:

4. Battle of Gujarat: The battle of Gujarat proved to be the most important and decisive battle of the Second Anglo-Sikh War. In this battle, Chattar Singh, Sher Singh and Bhai Maharaj Singh made a united front against the British. In addition, the king of Afghanistan, Dost Mohammad also sent 3,000 cavaliers under the command of his son, Akbar Khan to help the Sikhs. In this battle, the Sikhs had a total army of 40,000 soldiers. On the other hand, the English army was still led by Lord Hugh Gough because Charles Napier had not yet reached India. The British army comprised 68,000 soldiers. In this battle, guns were extensively used by both the sides, because of which this battle is also famous in history as the Battle of Guns.

The British army chased them. On 10th March, 1848 Chattar Singh, Sher Singh and other leaders surrendered near Rawalpindi before Gen. Gilbert. On 14th March the rest of the Sikh soldiers collectively surrendered before the General. While laying down their arms, the soldiers could not restrain their tears and were saying, “Today Ranjit Singh has died.” In this way, we see that the battle of Gujarat proved disastrous for the Sikh Empire. Patwant Singh aptly says, “Thus ended the Second Sikh War and with it the curtain came down on Ranjit Singh’s proud Empire.”

Question 5.
“Annexation of the Punjab was a violent breach of trust.” Discuss briefly.
Or
Explain critically Lord Dalhousie’s Annexation of Punjab. “The Annexation of Punjab by Lord Dalhousie to the British Empire was unprincipled and unjustified.” Do you agree to this view? Give arguments in your favour.
Answer:
Lord Dalhousie became the Governor-General of India in 1848 A.D. He was the greatest imperialist of all the Governor-Generals, who had come to India, so far. He adopted many methods to expand the British empire in India. The Punjab also fell a victim to his imperialist policies. He had been looking greedily towards the Punjab right from the beginning. Soon, his dream came out to be true. The Sikhs were defeated in the Second Anglo-Sikh War. On 29th March 1849 A.D., a Darbar was called at Lahore. At this Darbar Henry Elliot, the Foreign Secretary of the British read a proclamation of the Governor-General, in which it was said that from that day the Lahore Raj was being put to an end, and Maharaja Dalip Singh’s kingdom was being annexed to the British Empire.

Arguments in favour of Dalhousie’s Policy of Annexation:

The historians like W.W. Hunter, Marshman and S.M. Latif etc. have supported Lord Dalhousie’s policy of annexation of. Punjab to the British empire on the following grounds :

1. Sikhs had broken their Promises : Lord Dalhousie had accused that the Sikhs had violated the terms of the treaty of Bhairowal. Through this treaty, the Sikhs had promised to,co-operate with the British Resident, but the Sikhs did not keep the word. On the contrary, they tried to spread disturbance by raising the banner of revolt against the British. Lord Dalhousie termed Diwan Moolraj’s revolt as the revolt of the whole Sikh community. According to him the objective of this revolt was only to drive out the British and to revive the Sikh rule in Punjab. Sardar Chattar Singh and his son Sher Singh revolted and supported Moolraj. In this way, to tide over the deteriorating conditions, the annexation of Punjab to the British Empire was essential. That is why Lord Dalhousie said, “I have an undoubting conviction of the’expediency, the justice and necessity of my act.”

Many historians like Evans Bell, Jagmohan Mahajan, Ganda Singh and Khushwant Singh etc. have described the annexation of-the Punjab to the British Empire as unprincipled, unjustified and treachery with the Sikhs. They put forward the following arguments

1. Sikhs provoked to Revolt: Between the end of the First Anglo-Sikh War and the beginning of the Second Anglo-Sikh War, many such events took place as provoked the Sikhs to revolt. According to the treaty of Lahore, the Britishers had snatched away important areas of Punjab which badly affected its treasury. The majority of the army of the Lahore Darbar was disbanded, as a result of this, resentment among these soldiers against the British was natural. The Britishers had meted out a shabby treatment to Maharani Jindan. They forced Diwan Moolraj and Sardar Chattar Singh to revolt. In this way, the Sikhs were compelled to rise against the British.

2. Revolt was-not suppressed in time : When the fire of revolt broke out in Multan, it could have been controlled there and then. But the Governor-General, Lord Dalhousie, deliberatedly avoided the suppression of the revolt, so, that he might get the required pretext to swallow Punjab. To let the revolt linger on for eight months, was a politically motivated move. During this time Chattar Singh, Sher Singh and Bhai Maharaj Singh had also raised the banner of revo

2. Punjab remained no more a good Buffer State : After the First Anglo- Sikh War, Lord Hardinge had not annexed Punjab to the British Empire because he had held the opinion that the Punjab would prove a useful buffer state between Afghanistan and the Britishers. As a result, the British empire would not have to face any danger from Afghanistan. But his opinion proved to be wrong. A friendship came to be established between the Sikhs and the AfghAnswer: The ruler of Afghanistan helped the Sikhs against the British in the Second Anglo-Sikh War. So, Lord Dalhousie considered the annexation of the Punjab to the British empire essential.

3. Non-payment of the Loans : Lord Dalhousie levelled a charge against the Lahore Darbar that according to the terms of the treaty of Bhairowal, she was to pay Rs. 22 lakhs annually to the British. But the Lahore Darbar broke this term also. It did not pay even a single penny to the British. Besides, it did not make payment of that loan which it owed to the Britishers. Therefore, the annexation of the Punjab was justified. Singh and Bhai Maharaj Singh had also raised the banner of revolt. In this way, the British got the much needed pretext to wage a war against Punjab and its annexation.

4. It was advantageous to annex Punjab : After the victory in the First Anglo-Sikh War, the British had not annexed Punjab to the British Empire. One of its main reasons was that the British held the view that the Punjab was not a useful state from the economic point of view. But after having lived in the Punjab for two years, they realised that it could prove useful to them not only from the economic point of view but also from many other angles. Owing to these reasons, Lord Dalhousie decided to take possession of the Punjab.

5. Advantageous for the people of Punjab : Another argument advanced in favour of the annexation of the Punjab by Lord Dalhousie is that it was advantageous to the people of Punjab. After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, anarchy had prevailed in Punjab. Under such circumstances, Punjab had become a propitious ground for thieves, dacoits and imposters. Their activities had made the nights of the people sleepless. The British restored peace here after annexing Punjab to the British Empire. Police system and judicial system were toned up. Agriculture and trade were encouraged. Arrangements were made to impart western education to the people. In short, the annexation of Punjab to the British Empire on the whole proved useful for the people.

6. Annexation of the Punjab was inevitable : It is said that if the Punjab had not been annexed to’the British Empire, the Sikhs would have continued to hatch conspiracies against the British Empire for their freedom. It would have affected the other parts of India also. This thing could prove dangerous to the British Empire. In order to avert this danger, Lord Dalhousie considered it necessary to annex the Punjab to the British Empire.

Arguments against Dalhousie’s Policy of Annexation:

3. British had not fulfilled the terms of the Treaty : It was said by the British that they had stood by all the promises. An assessment made, brings to light the fact that the British had fulfilled only those terms of the treaty, which looked advantageous to them. For instance, according to the treaty of Lahore, the British had accepted the term that they would withdraw their forces from Lahore after December 1846 A.D. Before that time, they imposed the treaty of Bhairowal on the Sikhs and extended this period of withdrawal. Thus, the Britishers’ assertion that they fulfilled all the terms of the treaty is a white lie.

4. Lahore Darbar gave full co-operation in fulfilling the terms of the Treaty: The assertion of the British that the Lahore Darbar had violated the terms of the treaty was a white lie. The Lahore Darbar continued to fulfil faithfully the terms of the treaty till the British finally took over the Punjab. The Lahore Government was bearing the whole expense of the British army posted in Punjab. It condemned the revolts of Diwan Moolraj, Chattar Singh and Sher Singh, and also co-operated fully with the British army to crush these revolts.

5. Facts about Loan : The charge levelled by Lord Dalhousie that the Lahore Darbar did not repay-even a single penny of the loan was also baseless. On 23rd February, 1848 A.D. the British Resident at Lahore, Fredrick Currie, wrote a letter to Lord Dalhousie in which it was said that the Lahore Darbar had deposited gold worthRs. 13, 56, 837. By this payment they had reduced the sum of their loan from Rs. 40 lakhs to less than Rs. 27 lakhs. If the Lahore Darbar did not repay the entire amount of its loan, the responsibility for it lay on the British Resident who was answerable for the administration of Lahore.

6. The whole Sikh Army and the people did not Revolt: Lord Dalhousie had charged that the entire Sikh army of the Punjab-in collusion with the people had revolted against the British. It necessitated the possession of the Punjab by the British. But there is not an iota of truth in this statement of Lord Dalhousie. The revolt against the British had taken place only in Multan and Hazara provinces of the Punjab. Most of the Sikh army and the people remained loyal to the British. To punish the whole of Punjab under such circumstances, was totally wrong.

7. Annexation of Punjab was a Breach of Trust : The annexation of Punjab by the British was a breach of trust. According to the Bhairowal treaty of Dec. 1846 A.D., the British had taken over the administration of Punjab entirely in their own hands. After banishing Rani Jindan, the Britishers had taken over the patronage and upbringing of Dalip Singh till 4th September, 1854 A.D. The British had kept their army in Lahore for the purpose of maintaining peace in the Punjab, and had also begun to charge 22 lakh rupees annually from the Lahore Darbar. Under such situation, the whole responsibility of suppressing the revolts of Multan and Hazara lay with the British Resident.

This was not the responsibility of Dalip Singh by any stretch of imagination. If anybody failed in suppressing the revolts, then it was none else, but the British Resident. To penalise Dalip Singh for their own fault was wholly unjustified. If it was not a breach of trust then what was it? It becomes clear from the details given above that the annexation of the Punjab to the British Empire was wholly unjustified from the political and moral point of view. In the end we agree with these words of Major Evans Bell, “It was, in fact, no conquest, but a violent breach of trust.”

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Explain in brief the causes of Second Anglo-Sikh War.
Or
Give a brief description of the main causes of the Second Anglo-Sikh War.
Or
What were the three main causes for the Second Anglo-Sikh War?
Or
Describe any three main reasons of the Second Anglo-Sikh War.
Answer:

The Sikhs were defeated in the First Anglo-Sikh war, so they wanted to take revenge for their defeat,
The British ill-treated Maharani Jindan, the widow of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Her insult infuriated the Sikhs,
Diwan Moolraj, raised the banner of revolt against the British,
Lord Dalhousie became the new Governor-General of India in 1848 A.D. He wanted to annex the Punjab to the British Empire.
The revolts of Chattar Singh and Sher Singh precipitated the crisis.

Question 2.
Write a note on the revolt of Diwan Moolraj of Multan.
Answer:
Diwan Moolraj was appointed the Nazim (Governor) of Multan in 1844 A.D. The amount of revenue paid by him was raised. As a result he resigned from the post of Nazim. Kahan Singh was appointed as the new Governor of Multan. Two British officers Agnew and Anderson were sent to assist him. But on April 20, some soldiers murdered both the British officers. The British blamed Moolraj for this which compelled Moolraj to revolt against the British.

Question 3.
What do you know about the revolt of Chattar Singh?
Answer:
Sardar Chattar Singh Attariwala was the Nazim of Hazara. Instigated by Captain Abbott, the Muslims of Hazara attacked the residence of Chattar Singh on 6th August, 1848 A.D. On seeing this Sardar Chattar Singh ordered Col. Canora to take action against the rebels. Col. Canora who was in league with Captain Abbott, refused to comply with the orders of Chattar Singh. Capitain Abbott dismissed Sardar Chattar Singh from his office. As a result, Chattar Singh raised the banner of revolt against the British.

Question 4.
Write a brief note on the battle of Chillianwala.
Answer:
The battle of Chillianwala was an important battle of the Second Anglo- Sikh War. Lord Hugh Gough who was commanding the British forces was waiting for more military assistance to face the forces of Sher Singh. Well before Chattar Singh could reach Hugh Gough attacked the forces of Sher Singh at Chillianwala on January 13,1849 A.D. In this pitched battle the Sikhs fought like devils and their artillery took a heavy toll.

Question 5.
What was the importance of the battle of Gujarat in the Second Anglo-Sikh War?
Answer:
The battle of Gujarat was the last and the most decisive battle of the Second Anglo-Sikh War. It was fought on February 21, 1849 A.D. In this battle the number of Sikh troops was 40,000. They were jointly led by Chattar Singh, Sher Singh and Bhai Maharaj Singh. On the other hand, the number of British troops was 68,000. They were commanded by Lord Hugh Gough. After the British victory in this battle on March 29, 1849 A.D., they annexed Punjab to their Empire.

Question 6.
What were the results of the Second Anglo-Sikh War?
Or
Study in brief the results of the Second Anglo-Sikh War.
Or
Explain the three effects of the Second Ahglo-Sikh War.
Or
What were the consequences of the Second Anglo-Sikh War?
Or
Discuss about the three main results of the Second Anglo-Sikh War?
Answer:

The most important outcome of the Second Anglo-Sikh War was that the Punjab was annexed to the British Empire on March 29, 1849 A.D.
The last ruler, Maharaja Dalip Singh was dethroned. It was decided to give him annual pension of £ 50,000.
The world famous Kohinoor diamond was taken away from him and was presented to Queen Victoria.
Diwan Moolraj and Maharaj Dalip Singh were exiled,
A Board of Administration was constituted to run the administration of Punjab.

Question 7.
Was it proper for Lord Dalhousie to annex Punjab to the British Empire? Give arguments in support of your answer.
Or
“Annexation of Punjab was a violent breach of trust”. Explain.
Or
Was the annexation of Punjab justified? Give reasons.
Answer:
The annexation of Punjab to the British Empire cannot be justified on any ground. The British had taken many important regions of the Punjab according to the Treaty of Lahore. Most of the army of Lahore kingdom was disbanded which created resentment among the Sikhs against the British. The British divested Maharani Jindan of all her power. Diwan Moolraj, the Governor of Multan and Chattar Singh, the Governor of Hazara were forced to revolt.

Question 8.
Give arguments in favour of Dalhousie’s annexation of the Punjab to the British Empire.
Or
Give any three arguments in favour of Dalhousie’s policy of the annexation of Punjab.
Answer:

After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, anarchy and lawlessness had prevailed in Punjab,
The British had established peace in Punjab after annexing it to their Empire.,
Punjab had violated the terms of the treaty,
Diwan Moolraj, Sardar Chattar Singh and his son Sher Singh had raised the banner of revolt against the British.
Punjab could pose a big danger to the British Empire at any time.

Question 9.
Write a brief note on Maharaja Dalip Singh.
Answer:
Maharaja Dalip Singh was the youngest son of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. He became the ruler of Punjab.on September 15, 1843 A.D. Maharaja Dalip Singh appointed Lai Singh as the Prime Minister of Punjab. He was already in league with the British. Consequently, the Sikhs had to face defeat in the Anglo- Sikh Wars. The British dethroned Maharaja Dalip Singh. Maharaja Dalip-Singh died in Paris bn October 22, 1893 A.D.

Question 10.
Write a brief note on Maharani Jind Kaur’(Jindan).
Or
What do you know about Maharani Jindan?
Answer:
Maharani Jindan was queen of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. When Dalip Singh became the new king of the Punjab on September 15, 1843 A.D., Maharani Jindan was appointed his regent. She was dispossessed of all her powers through the Treaty of Bhairowal. Maharani Jindan succeeded in reaching Nepal in disguise in April 1849 A.D. The English did not allow Maharani Jindan and Dalip Singh to live together. On August 1, 1863, she died broken-hearted.

Question 11.
Write a note on Bhai Maharaj Singh.
Answer:
Bhai Maharaj Singh was the disciple of famous Naurangabad saint Bhai. Bir Singh. He was in favour of indepenence of Punjab. He inspired Diwan Moolraj of Multan, Sardar Chatar Singh Attariwala of Hazara and his son Sher Singh to raise the banner of revolt against the British. He himself took the leading part in all the battles of Second Anglo-Sikh War. He died in Singapore jail of 5th July, 1856 A.D.

Objective Type Questions:

Question 1. When was the Second Anglo-Sikh War fought?
Answer:
1848-49 A.D.

Question 2.
Who was the Governor-General of Punjab at the time of Second Anglo- Sikh War?
Answer:
Lord Dalhousie.

Question 3.
Mention any one cause of the Second Anglo-Sikh War.
Answer:
The Sikhs wanted to take revenge of their defeat in the First Anglo-Sikh War.

Question 4.
Who was Maharani Jindan?
Answer:
Widow of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and mother of Maharaja Dalip Singh.

Question 5.
Who was Diwan Moolraj?
Answer:
Nazim (Governor) of Multan.

Question 6.
Give any one cause of Diwan Moolraj’s revolt against the British.
Answer:
The British had greatly enhanced the amount of land revenue to be realised from Diwan Moolraj.

Question 7.
Who was Chattar Singh Attariwala.
Answer:
Nazim of Hazara.

Question 8.
Who was Sardar Sher Singh?
Answer:
Son of Sardar Chattar Singh Attariwala.

Question 9.
Why did Sher Singh start revolt against the English?
Answer:
Because of the ill-treatment done to his father by the English.

Question 10.
Who was Bhai Maharaj Singh?
Answer:
The famous saint of Naurangabad.

Question 11.
As a result of whose revolt, the Second Anglo-Sikh War start?
Answer:
Diwan Moolraj.

Question 12.
When was the battle of Ram Nagar fought?
Answer:
Nov. 22, 1848 A.D.

Question 13.
When was the battle of Chillianwala fought?
Answer:
January 13, 1849 A.D.

Question 14.
Which was the last battle of the Second Anglo-Sikh War?
Answer:
Battle of Gujarat.

Question 15.
When was the battle of Gujarat fought?
Answer:
February. 21, 1849 A.D.

Question 16.
Name the battle of Second Anglo-Sikh War which is known as the battle of Cannons in History.
Answer:
The battle of Gujarat.

Question 17.
Mention any one important result of the Second Anglo-Sikh War.
Answer:
Punjab was annexed to the British Empire.

Question 18.
When did the English annex Punjab?
Or
When was annexation of Punjab to British Empire done?
Or
When was Punjab annexed to the British Empire?
Answer:
29th March, 1849 A.D.

Question 19.
Name one argument extended by Lord Dalhousie for annexing Punjab to the British Empire.
Answer:
The annexation of Punjab to the British Empire was beneficial for the people of Punjab.

Question 20.
Give any one arguement against Lord Dalhousie’s annexation of Punjab to the British Empire.
Answer:
A false allegation of violating the treaty of Bhairowal was levelled against the Sikhs.

Question 21.
Who was the last King of Punjab?
Or
Who was the last Sikh Maharaja of Punjab?
Or
Who was the last Sikh Maharaja of the Sikhs?
Answer:
Maharaja Dalip Singh.

Question 22.
Where did Maharaja Dalip Singh did?
Answer:
In Paris.

Question 23.
When did Maharani Jindan die?
Answer:
In 1863 A.D.

Question 24.
Write any one cause of the downfall of Sikh Kingdom.
Answer:
The successors of Maharaja Ranjit Singh were incompetent and weak.

Fill in the blanks :

1. The Second Anglo-Sikh war took place in …………….. A.D.
Answer:
1848-49

2 was the Governor-General of India at the time of Second Anglo-Sikh War.
Answer:
Lord Dalhousie

3. At the time of Second Anglo-Sikh War the Maharaja of Punjab was ……………
Answer:
Maharaja Dalip Singh

4. Maharani ………….. was the mother of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Jindan

5. ……………. became the Nazim of Multan in 1844 A.D.
Answer:
Diwan Mool Raj

6. Sardar Chattar Singh Attariwala was the Nazim of ……………..
Answer:
Hazara

7. The battle of ………………… was the first battle of the Second Anglo-Sikh War.
Answer:
Ram Nagar

8. The battle of Ram Nagar was fought on ……………
Answer:
November 22, 1848 A.D.

9. The battle of Chillianwala was fought on ……………
Answer:
January 13, 1849 A.D.

10. The battle of Gujarat is known as the Battle of ……………… in history.
Answer:
Cannons

11. The English annexed Punjab to British Empire on ……………..
Answer:
March 29, 1849 A.D.

True or False:

1. The Second Anglo-Sikh War was fought during 1848-1849 A.D.
Answer:
True

2. Lord Dalhousie was the Governor-General of India at the time of Second Anglo-Sikh War.
Answer:
True

3. Maharaja Dalip Singh was the Maharaja of Punjab during the Second Anglo-Sikh War.
Answer:
True

4. Maharani Jindan was the mother of Dalip Singh.
Answer:
True

5. Diwan Moolraj became the Nazim of Multan in 1846 A.D.
Answer:
False

6. Second Anglo-Sikh War started with the battle of Ram Nagar.
Answer:
True

7. The battle of Ram Nagar took place on 12th November, 1848 A.D.
Answer:
False

8. The battle of Chillianwala was fought on January 13, 1849 A.D.
Answer:
True

9. In the battle of Chillianwala, the British army got a worst defeat.
Answer:
True

10. The Second Anglo-Sikh War ended with the battle of Gujarat.
Answer:
True

11. The battle of Gujarat was fought on February 21, 1849 A.D.
Answer:
True

12. Punjab was annexed to the British Empire on March 29, 1849 A.D.
Answer:
True

13. Maharaja Dalip Singh was the last Sikh ruler.
Answer:
True

14. Last Maharaja of Sikhs was Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
False

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. When was the Second Anglo-Sikh War fought?
(a) 1844-45 A.D.
(b) 1845-46 A.D.
(c) 1847-48 A.D.
(d) 1848-49 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1848-49 A.D.

2. Who was the Governor General of Punjab ar the time of Second Anglo-Sikh War?
(a) Lord Lytton
(b) Lord Ripon
(c) Lord Dalhousie
(d) Lord Hardinge.
Answer:
(c) Lord Dalhousie

3. Who was the ruler of Punjab at the time of Second Anglo-Sikh War?
(a) Maharaja Sher Singh
(b) Maharaja Ranjit Singh
(c) Maharaja Dalip Singh
(d) Maharaja Kharaj Singh
Answer:
(c) Maharaja Dalip Singh

4. Who was Maharani Jindan?
(a) Mother of Maharaja Dalip Singh
(b) Sister of Maharaja Kharak Singh
(c) Wife of Maharaja Sher Singh
(d) Daughter of Raja Gulab Singh.
Answer:
(a) Mother of Maharaja Dalip Singh

5. Who was Diwan Moolraj?
(a) Nazim of Gujarat
(b) Nazim of Multan
(c) Nazim of Kashmir
(d) Nazim of peshawar
Answer:
(b) Nazim of Multan

6. When did Diwan Moolraj revolt against the English?
(a) 1844 A.D.
(b) 1845 A.D.
(c) 1846 A.D.
(d) 1848 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1848 A.D.

7. Chattar Singh Attariwala was the Nazim of which place?
(a) Hazara
(b) Multan
(c) Kashmir
(d) Peshawar
Answer:
(a) Hazara

8. With which battle started the Second Anglo-Sikh War?
(a) Battle of Multan
(b) Battle of Chillianwala
(c) Battle of Gujarat
(d) Battle of Ram Nagar.
Answer:
(d) Battle of Ram Nagar.

9. When was the battle of Ram Nagar fought?
(a) November 12, 1846 A.D.
(b) November 15, 1847 A.D.
(c) November 17, 1848 A.D.
(d) November 22, 1848 A.D.
Answer:
(d) November 22, 1848 A.D.

10. When was the battle of Chillianwala fought?
(a) November 22, 1848 A.D.
(b) January 3, 1848 A.D.
(c) January 10, 1849 A.D.
(d) January 13, 1849 A.D.
Answer:
(d) January 13, 1849 A.D.

11. When was the Battle of Multan ended?
(a) January 22, 1849 A.D.
(b) January 23, 1849 A.D.
(c) January 24, 1849 A.D.
(d) January 25, 1849 A.D.
Answer:
(a) January 22, 1849 A.D.

12. With which battle ended the Second Anglo-Sikh War?
Or
Name the battle of Second Anglo-Sikh War which is known as battle of Cannons in History.
(a) Battle of Multan
(b) Battle of Ram Nagar
(c) Battle of Gujarat
(d) Battle of Chillianwala.
Answer:
(c) Battle of Gujarat

13. When was the battle of Gujarat fought?
(a) November 22, 1848 A.D.
(b) January 13, 1849 A.D.
(c) January 22, 1849 A.D.
(d) February 21, 1849 A.D.
Answer:
(d) February 21, 1849 A.D.

14. When was Punjab annexed to the British Empire?
(a) March 10, 1849 A.D.
(b) March 14, 1849 A.D.
(c) March 29, 1849 A.D.
(d) March 29, 1850 A.D.
Answer:
(c) March 29, 1849 A.D.

15. Who was the last Sikh Maharaja of Punjab?
(a) Maharaja Dalip Singh
(b) Maharaja Ranjit Singh
(c) Maharaja Kharak Singh
(d) Maharaja Sher Singh.
Answer:
(a) Maharaja Dalip Singh

16. When did Maharaja Dalip Singh die?
(a) 1857 A.D.
(b) 1893 A.D.
(c) 1849 A.D.
(d) 1892 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1893 A.D.

17. Where did Maharaja Dalip Singh die?
(a) Punjab
(b) Nepal
(c) Paris
(d) London.
Answer:
(c) Paris

PSEB 12th Class History Solutions Chapter 22 First Anglo-Sikh War: Causes and Results

December 16, 2024December 15, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class History Book Solutions Chapter 22 First Anglo-Sikh War: Causes and Results Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 22 First Anglo-Sikh War: Causes and Results

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Give a brief description of the main causes of the First Anglo-Sikh War.
Or
Give the causes of the First Anglo-Sikh War.
Or
What were the five main causes of the First Anglo-Sikh War?
Or
Briefly describe the five main causes of the First Anglo-Sikh War.
Answer:
1. British Policy of Encircling Punjab: The British had been greedily looking towards Punjab for quite some time with a view to bringing it under their control. By signing the treaty of Amritsar with Ranjit Singh in 1809 A.D., the British had forever checked Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s advancement towards the Cis-Sutlej areas. In 1835-36 A.D., the Britishers forced Maharaja Ranjit Singh to withdraw his forces from Shikarpur and occupy it. In 1835 A.D. the Britishers took possession of Ferozepur. In 1838 A.D., the Britishers set up a military cantonment at Ferozepur. As a result, a war between the British and the Sikhs’had become inevitable.

2. Anarchy in Punjab: After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in June 1839 A.D., anarchy had spread in Punjab. A period of conspiracies and killings for the occupation of the throne had started. During 6 years from 1839 A.D. to 1845 A.D., as many as, 5 governments changed. The Dogras through their conspiracies finished many members of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s family. This situation was an invitation to the Britishers.

3. Defeat of the British in the First Anglo-Afghan War: The First Anglo-Afghan War which was fought from 1839 to 1842 A.D., left a deep impact on the Anglo-Sikh relationship. This area was geographically very significant. Although the Amirs of Sind were very loyal to the British yet by leveling false allegations Lord Ellenborough declared war against Sind. In 1843 A.D. the British brought Sind under their control. Since the Sikhs wanted to annex Sind to their empire, it further embittered Anglo-Sikh relations.

4. Occupation of Sind by the British: This area was geographically very significant. Although the Amirs of Sind were very loyal to the British yet by leveling false allegations Lord Ellenborough declared war against Sind. In 1843 A.D. the British brought Sind under their control. Since the Sikhs wanted to annex Sind to their empire, it further embittered Anglo-Sikh relations.

5. Appointment of Major Broadfoot: In November 1844 A.D., Major Broadfoot was appointed in place of Mr. Clark, as the political agent of Ludhiana. He was a bitter opponent of Sikhs. He came with this view in his mind to the frontiers of Punjab that the British had decided to fight a war with the Sikhs.

Question 2.
Write a brief note on the battle of Mudki.
Answer:
The first important battle between the Sikhs and the British was fought at Mudki on December 18, 1845 A.D. In this battle, the number of Sikh soldiers was 5500 and Lai Singh commanded them. On the other hand, the British had 12,000 soldiers and they were commanded by Hugh Gough. The British thought that they would defeat the Sikhs very easily, but the Sikhs launched such a forceful attack on the British army that it created consternation among them. Lai Singh got scared to see it. He had come to get the Sikh army defeated, but the tables were turned on the British.

At this, he fled away from the battlefield along with some of his soldiers: Even then the Sikhs continued fighting the British bravely. But in the absence of their commander, and being fewer in number, the Sikhs were ultimately defeated. The British had won the war at an enormous cost because in this battle many of their famous warriors were killed. Moreover, the British realized that it was not a child’s play to gain victory over the Sikhs.

Question 3.
What do you know about the battle of Ferozshah or Pherushahr?
Answer:
A fierce battle took place between the Sikhs and the British at Ferozshah on December 21, 1845 A.D. The number of British soldiers was 17 thousand in this battle and they had 69 cannons. Their command was in the hands of experienced generals like Hugh Gough, John Littler, and Lord Hardinge. On the other hand, the Sikh soldiers were about 25 to 30 thousand and they had 100 cannons. The Sikh army was led by traitors like Lai Singh and Teja Singh.

In this battle, the Sikhs attacked the British army so forcefully that they suffered heavy casualties. They even began to think of surrendering before the Sikh army without any condition. But luck favored the British. On December 22, due to the treachery of Lai Singh and Teja Singh, the Sikh forces were defeated. In this battle, the Sikhs suffered a heavy loss of life.

Question 4.
Write a brief note on the battle of Sobraon.
Answer:
The battle of Sobraon was the last decisive battle of the First Anglo-Sikh War. It was fought on February 10, 1846 A.D. The Sikhs and the British had made full preparations for this battle. Famous generals like Hugh Gough, Lord Hardinge, and others were commanding the British forces. On the other hand, Lai Singh and Teja Singh were commanding the Sikh army. Both these traitors had given the British, all the necessary information well before the battle started.

They were the first to flee soon after the first assault. Moreover, they dismantled the boat bridge over the river Sutlej. Consequently, thousands of Sikh soldiers were drowned. At this critical juncture, Sham Singh Attariwala took over the command and pushed the British hard. Ultimately the Sikhs were defeated and suffered heavy casualties. In fact, the battle of Sobraon proved as “Waterloo” for the Sikhs.

Question 5.
Write a brief note on the Treaty of Lahore (March 9, 1846 A.D.).
Answer:
As a result of the First Anglo-Sikh War, a treaty was signed between the British Government and Lahore Darbar on March 9, 1846 A.D. This treaty is famous in history aS the Treaty of Lahore. Following were the main terms of the treaty:

Maharaja Dalip Singh and his successors would always maintain peace and friendship with the British government.
The Maharaja of Lahore accepted that he and his successors would have no claim on the region to the south of the Sutlej river forever.
The Maharaja handed over all the forts of plains and hills between the Sutlej and the Beas to the British.
The British demanded a heavy amount of 1.50 crore rupees as a ransom for the war. Such a big amount could not be had from the treasury of Lahore Darbar. So the region of Kashmir and Hazara was given to the British for Rs. one crore with a promise to pay the remaining amount of 50 lakh rupees from the treasury.
Lahore’s army was reduced to 20,000 infantry and 12,000 cavalry.
The British forces could pass through the Lahore empire whenever the need be.
The Maharaja promised that he would not employ any European, American, or English without the permission of the British.
The British accepted Maharaja Dalip Singh as the ruler of Lahore, Queen Jindan as the regent of Maharaja Dalip Singh, and Lai Singh as the Prime Minister.
The British would not interfere in the internal affairs of Lahore Darbar but they would advise as and when required.

Question 6.
What do you know about the Treaty of Bhairowal?
Answer:
The treaty of Bhairowal was signed between Lahore Darbar and the British Government on December 16, 1846 A.D. According to it, a British Resident was appointed to run the administration of Lahore Darbar. Maharani Jindan was removed from the post of regent and her annual pension of Rs. 1\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) lakh was fixed. An eight-member council was formed for the help of residents, it was decided to keep a British army for the protection of the Maharaja and to maintain peace and order. Lahore Darbar accepted to pay Rs. 22 lakh annually to the British to meet the expenses of this army.

The conditions of this treaty were to remain in force till December 4, 1854 A.D. when Maharaja Dalip Singh became an adult. Although through the treaty of Bhairowal, the British did not annex Punjab to the British empire yet they reduced its sovereignty to a great extent. In fact, the British had become the rulers of Punjab and the Sikh rule was merely in name.

Question 7.
Study in brief the results of First Anglo-Sikh War.
Or
Give in brief the results of First Anglo-Sikh War.
Or
What were the results of the First Anglo-Sikh War?
Answer:
As a result of First Anglo-Sikh War, a treaty was signed by the British Government and the Lahore Darbar on 9th March 1846 A.D. This treaty is known as the treaty of Lahore. The following were the main terms of the treaty :

The Maharaja of Lahore renounced all claim to the areas lying to the south of river Sutlej,
The Maharaja handed over to the British the area between the river Sutlej and Beas.
The army of Lahore Darbar was reduced to 20,000 infantry and 12,000 cavalry.
The British Government demanded a heavy sum of 1.50 crore rupees as war indemnity. Lahore Darbar ceded the provinces of Kashmir and Hazara as equivalent to one crore of rupees. It paid the rest amount from its treasury.
The Maharaja committed that he would not employ any foreigner without the consent of the British Government. (vi) The British Government recognized Dalip Singh the Maharaja of Lahore and Rani Jindan as his regent.

Question 8.
Write a brief note on Sham Singh Attariwala.
Answer:
Sham Singh Attariwala Was a great warrior of the Sikh Class. He belonged to Attari village near Amritsar. His father Sardar Nihal Singh used to serve in the army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, At the very young age of 18, Attariwala Joined Maharaja’s army and carried various military expeditions. The political condition of Punjab after the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh greatly depressed Attariwala. He opposed the attempts of the British Government to annex Punjab. The First Anglo-Sikh War broke out in 1845 A.D. Attariwala actively participated in the battle of Sabraon. It was fought on February 10, 1846 A.D. Unfortunately, the commanding officers of the Sikh army proved traitors. At this critical juncture, Sham Singh Attariwala took over the command and pushed the British hard. His bravery was also praised by the British. At last, Sham Singh Attariwala achieved martyrdom while fighting in the battle.

Question 9.
Describe any four reasons as to why the British did not annex Punjab to their empire after the First Anglo-Sikh War.
Answer:
Although the British had defeated the Sikhs in the battle of Sobraon, many thousand soldiers of the Khalsa army were still roaming at many places with arms. If they had declared the annexation of Punjab to the British empire, it could have become a headache for the British. The second reason was that the British wanted the Punjab should act as a buffer state between the British empire and Afghanistan.

If the British had annexed Punjab to their empire, their frontiers would have touched Afghanistan. New problems on the Afghanistan frontiers would have been created for which the British were not prepared. Thirdly, the British had to keep a vast British army to keep Punjab under their control. It would have tremendously increased their expenses. Fourthly, the Governor-General thought that Punjab could not prove useful for the British from an economic point of view. He considered Punjab a source of trouble in place of a source of power.

Question 10.
Mention five causes of the Sikhs’ defeat in the First Anglo-Sikh War.
Answer:

The first major cause of the defeat of the Sikhs in the First Anglo-Sikh War was the treachery of Lai Singh and Teja Singh. Lai Singh was appointed to the post of Prime Minister while Teja Singh was working as a Chief Commander. Both of them for their selfish interest had gone over to the British. As a consequence, though the Sikhs fought with great bravery the treachery of their leaders proved fatal for them,
In the battle of Aliwal, the Sikhs were defeated due to the treachery of Ranjodh Singh.
The European officers in the Sikh army aligned themselves secretly with the British. They constantly informed all the secrets of the Sikhs of the British.
Besides these, the British belonged to the greatest imperialist power of the world. Naturally, they had good resources than the Sikhs.
The British generals had a good experience of War. They fought with full vigor for the safety of the British Empire. Consequently, the Sikhs had to face defeat.

Essay Type Questions:

Question 1.
What were the main causes of the First Anglo-Sikh War?
Or
Describe the causes of the First Anglo-Sikh War.
Or
Describe the causes of the First Anglo-Sikh War between the British and the Sikhs.
Answer:
The British had been dreaming to usurp Punjab for quite some time. They had started encircling Punjab even during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. They had intentionally adopted such policies that led to the First. Anglo-Sikh War. A brief account of the causes of the First Anglo-Sikh war is as follows :

1. British Policy of Encircling Punjab: The British had been greedily looking towards Punjab for quite some time with a view to bringing it under their control. By signing the treaty of Amritsar with Ranjit Singh in 1809 A.D., the British had forever checked Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s advancement towards the Cis-Sutlej areas. In 1835-36 A.D., the Britishers forced Maharaja Ranjit Singh to withdraw his forces from Shikarpur and occupy it.

In 1835 A.D. the Britishers took possession of Ferozepur. Because of its being close to Lahore, they could collect good information about Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s activities. In 1838 A.D., the Britishers set up a military cantonment at Ferozepur. The same year they blocked Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s advancement towards Sind and forced the Amirs of Sind to keep a British Resident at Hyderabad. In fact, the Britishers were encircling the whole of Punjab and the swallowing of Punjab was only a matter of time. As a result, a war between the British and the Sikhs had become inevitable.

3. Defeat of the British in the First Anglo-Afghan War: The First Anglo-Afghan War which was fought from 1839 to 1842 A.D., left a deep impact on the Anglo-Sikh relationship. Before this war, wherever the Britishers turned their face, success smiled on them. They were considered invincible. But, in this war, the British tasted defeat for the first time. The heavy loss caused in this war dealt a severe blow to the prestige of the British. The Britishers wanted to wipe out the stigma of their defeat suffered in Afghanistan by another grand victory. They could score this victory in Punjab because Punjab was in a state of turmoil at that time.

4. Occupation of Sind by the British: In 1842 A.D., Lord Ellenborough was appointed the new Governor-General of India in place of Lord Auckland. Lord Ellenborough wanted to remove the disgrace of the defeat which the British had to taste in the First Anglo-Afghan War. Therefore, he decided to occupy Sind. This area was geographically very significant. Although the Amirs of Sind were very loyal to the British yet by leveling false allegations Lord Ellenborough declared war against Sind. In 1843 A.D. the British brought Sind under their control. Since the Sikhs wanted to annex Sind to their empire, it further embittered Anglo-Sikh relations.

5. Military Preparations by the British: Governor-General, Lord Hardinge began to make war preparations. The British army gradually began to advance towards the Sutlej. Col. Richmond, who was very popular with the people, was replaced by Major Broadfoot who was arrogant by nature as the political agent of the North-West frontier. Lord Hugh Gough, who was the British Commander-in¬Chief, set up his headquarters at Ambala. In March 1845 A.D., more forces from other parts of the country were sent to Ferozepur, Ludhiana, and Ambala. These military preparations further widened the gulf between the Sikhs and the Britishers.

6. Appointment of Major Broadfoot: In November 1844 A.D., Major Broadfoot was appointed in place of Mr. Clark, as the political agent of Ludhiana. He was a bitter opponent of Sikhs. He came with this view in his mind to the frontiers of Punjab that the British had decided to fight a war with the Sikhs. Dr. Fauja Singh aptly says, “The appointment of Broadfoot as Political Agent at Ludhiana was also a calculated move made with an eye on the fast-approaching war with Punjab.” Broadfoot undertook many such exercises which provoked the Sikhs against the British.

7. Incitement for war by Lai Singh and Teja Singh: After the death of Jawahar Singh, Lai Singh was appointed the new Wazir (Prime Minister) of the Lahore government. He appointed his brother Teja Singh, Chief Commander of the Khalsa army. Both of them were already in league with the British. Since the Sikh army had already become powerful at that time, Lai Singh and Teja Singh, were greatly afraid of it. They wanted to weaken it directing its energies against the British army. By doing so, they would be able to retain their positions and also heave a sigh of relief. So, they started inciting the Sikh army against the British. On 11th Dec. 1845 A.D., the Sikh soldiers crossed the river Sutlej. The British were looking out for this golden opportunity. So Lord Hardinge declared war against the Sikhs on 13th December 1845 A.D.

Question 2.
What were the main events of the First Anglo-Sikh War? Briefly explain the consequences of this war.
Or
Study the main events and results of the First Anglo-Sikh War.
Answer:
The Sikh soldiers were compelled to cross over the river Sutlej on 11th December 1845 A.D. because of the imprudent policies followed by the British. The British were waiting for this golden opportunity. So the Governor-General Lord Hardinge declared war against the Sikhs on 13th December 1845 A.D. It had far-reaching consequences. A brief account of the events and results of the First Anglo-Sikh war is as follows:

1. Events of the war:

1. Battle of Mudki: The first important battle between the Sikhs and the Britishers was fought at Mudki on 18th December, 1845 A.D. In this battle the number of the Sikh soldiers was 5500, and they were commanded by Lai Singh. On the other hand, the strength of the British soldiers was 12,000 and they were led by Lord Hugh Gough. The British thought that they would easily overpower the Sikh army, but the Sikh army caused such a havoc that the British soldiers ran helter-skelter. On seeing this Lai Singh got nervous. He fled from the battlefield with some soldiers. As a consequence the Sikh army was defeated. According to the famous historian Sita Ram Kohli, “The battle of Mudki served to dispel a notion that had gained credence with the British that the Sikhs were no great force to be reckoned with.”

2. Battle of Ferozeshah : The second great battle between the Sikhs and the British was fought at Ferozeshah or Pheru Shahar on 21st December, 1845 AD. The British were fully prepared for this battle. The British army was commanded by famous and experienced generals like Lord Hugh Gough, John Littler and Lord Hardinge. On the other hand, the Sikh soldiers were led by Lai Singh and Teja Singh. The Britishers were fully confident of the treachery of the Sikh generals and that they would score an easy win in the battle. But the Sikhs gave such a baffling rebuff to the British that once it looked that their empire in India had shaken.

Exactly at that time, when the British army was being trounced on all fronts, Lai Singh and Teja Singh with their soldiers fled from the battlefield, without any rhyme or reason. When the retreating Britishers heard, that the Sikhs were fleeing, they came back and converted their defeat into’victory. In this way the Khalsa army was defeated owing to the treachery of their Generals. General Havelock said, “Another such action will shake the Empire.”

3. Battle of Baddowal : On the directions of the Lahore Darbar, Ranjodh Singh Majithia with 10,000 soldiers reached Baddowal, a place located 18 miles away from Ludhiana. On 21st January, 1846 A.D., the battle between the British and the Sikhs started at Baddowal. The Sikhs fought very gallantly. They plundered the weapons and rations of the Britishers. The Britishers being defeated, fled towards Ludhiana.

4. Battle of Aliwal: Ranjodh Singh Majithia with his soldiers left Baddowal and headed for Aliwal.’Harry Smith wanted to retrieve his honour by defeating the Sikhs. On 28th January, 1846 A.D., the British army under Harry Smith attacked the Sikhs. Thus, the Sikhs were caught unawares. It was a fierce battle. Ranjodh Singh after, giving orders to his army to flee away, himself fled the battlefield. Because of Ranjodh Singh’s treachery, the British carried the day.

5. Battle of Sobraon: The battle of Sobraon was the last and the most decisive battle of the First Anglo-Sikh War. This battle was fought on 10th February, 1846 A.D. Before this battle 30,000 Sikh soldiers had reached Sobraon. Lai Singh and Teja Singh were commanding the Sikh army. In order to face the Sikh army, the British had also made a good preparation. The strength of the British army in this battle was 15,000. Lord Hugh Gough and Lord Hardinge were commanding the British army. On 10th February, 1846 A.D., the Britishers attacked the Sikh army. As a result of the counter attack by the Sikh army, the British army had to retreat.

At this time, as pre-planned, at first Lai Singh and then Teja Singh fled from the battlefield. While going away, Teja Singh sank the boats loaded with powder and ammunition, and also destroyed the Pontoon bridge. Without the commanders, the Sikh army was unnerved. At this critical juncture, Sardar Sham Singh Attariwala took over the command. He rallied the Khalsa army saying, “Khalsa ji, do not bring discredit to Sikhism. It is better to die while fighting bravely than live a life of slavery. Unsheath your swords and pounce upon your enemy. Either win or fall martyrs.”

The Khalsa army unsheathed its swords and with the slogans of ‘Sat Siri Akal’ fell upon the enemy. They slaughtered several British soldiers. At last, Sham Singh Attariwala died a hero’s death. The British were amazed at his bravery and efficiency. The martyrdom of Sham Singh Attariwala demoralised the Sikh army. How long could the swords resist the guns? At last the Sikh army deserted the battlefield. In this way finally the Britishers emerged victorious in this decisive battle.

2. Results of the War:

As a result of First Anglo-Sikh War, a treaty was signed by the British Government and the Lahore Darbar on 9th March, 1846 A.D. This treaty is known as the treaty of Lahore in history.

Treaty of Lahore:

The following were the main terms of the treaty of Lahore :

There shall be perpetual peace and friendship between the British Government and Maharaja Dalip Singh and his successors.
The Maharaja of Lahore renounces for himself and his successors all claim to the areas lying to the south of river Sutlej.
The Maharaja handed over the British the plain and the hilly areas and forts situated between the rivers Sutlej and Beas.
The British Government demanded a heavy sum of 1.50 crore rupees as war indemnity. As the Lahore Darbar was unable to pay this heavy amount, it ceded the provinces of Kashmir and Hazara as equivalent to one crore of rupees.
The army of Lahore Darbar was reduced to 20,000 infantry and 12,000 cavalry.
The Maharaja agreed to disband the mutinous troops of the Lahore army.
Whenever the need arose, the British army could pass through the Lahore Raj without any check.
The Maharaja committed that he would not employ any Britisher, European or American without the consent of the British Government.
The British Government recognized Dalip Singh the Maharaja of Lahore, Rani Jindan as the regent of the Maharaja, and Lai Singh, as the Prime Minister.
The British Government would not interfere in the internal matters of the Lahore Darbar, but when approached it would simply advise.
The Lahore Government would not change its boundaries without the concurrence of the British Government.

Supplementary Treaty:

Two days after the treaty of Lahore i.e. on 11th March 1846 A.D., some supplementary treaty was added to this treaty. The main terms of the supplementary treaty were as given ahead :

For the protection of the Maharaja and citizens of Lahore, an adequate British army would stay at Lahore till the end of 1846 A.D.
The fort and the city of Lahore would be completely under the control of the British army. The Lahore Government would arrange for and bear the expenses of the accommodation of the soldiers.
Both the Governments would soon appoint their Commissioners to fix the boundaries between the two States.
Treaty of Bhairowal

The British Government signed a new treaty with the Lahore Darbar on 16th December 1846 A.D. This treaty is known as the treaty of Bhairowal in history. The main terms of this treaty were as follows :

The British Government would appoint a British resident to look after all the departments of the Lahore Government.
As long as, Maharaja Dalip Singh was minor (i.e. upto 1854 A.D.), the administration of the state would be run by the ‘Council of Regency’ constituted of eight members.
The Council of Regency would have to do the administrative work according to the advice of the British Resident.
Maharani Jindan was removed from the post of regent and it was decided that she would get annual pension of 1\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) lakh rupees.
For the defence of the Maharaja and the maintenance of peace in the country, a British contingent would stay at Lahore.
If the Governor-General felt the need of the army for the defence of the capital or the maintenance of peace in the country, as per his orders, the British army could establish, its control over any fort or military cantonment of the Lahore Raj.
For the expenses of the British army, the Lahore Darbar would pay ₹ 22 lakh per year to the British Government.
The conditions of the treaty would continue to be in force till Maharaja Dalip Singh attained the age of 16 years i.e. upto 4th September, 1854 A.D.

It is true that although through the treaties of Lahore and Bhairowal the British did not seize Punjab, yet its autonomy was lost to a large extent. In fact, Sikh kingdom became a virtual British protectorate. Dr. G.S. Chhabra aptly says, “The treaty of Bhairowal thus rang the deathknell of the Sikh power and it made the British the real masters of the Punjab.”

Question 3.
Discuss the causes and results of the First Anglo-Sikh War.
Or
Briefly describe the causes and results of the First Anglo-Sikh War.
Or
What were the causes of the First Anglo-Sikh War? What were the out- comes of this war?
Answer:

The British had been dreaming to usurp Punjab for quite some time. They had started encircling Punjab even during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. They had intentionally adopted such policies that led to the First. Anglo-Sikh War. A brief account of the causes of the First Anglo-Sikh war is as follows :

The Sikh soldiers were compelled to cross over the river Sutlej on 11th December 1845 A.D. because of the imprudent policies followed by the British. The British were waiting for this golden opportunity. So the Governor-General Lord Hardinge declared war against the Sikhs on 13th December 1845 A.D. It had far-reaching consequences. A brief account of the events and results of the First Anglo-Sikh war is as follows:

1. Events of the war:

2. Results of the War:

As a result of First Anglo-Sikh War, a treaty was signed by the British Government and the Lahore Darbar on 9th March, 1846 A.D. This treaty is known as the treaty of Lahore in history.

Treaty of Lahore

The following were the main terms of the treaty of Lahore :

There shall be perpetual peace and friendship between the British Government and Maharaja Dalip Singh and his successors.
The Maharaja of Lahore renounces for himself and his successors all claim to the areas lying to the south of river Sutlej.
The Maharaja handed over the British the plain and the hilly areas and forts situated between the rivers Sutlej and Beas.
The British Government demanded a heavy sum of 1.50 crore rupees as war indemnity. As the Lahore Darbar was unable to pay this heavy amount, it ceded the provinces of Kashmir and Hazara as equivalent to one crore of rupees.
The army of Lahore Darbar was reduced to 20,000 infantry and 12,000 cavalry.
The Maharaja agreed to disband the mutinous troops of the Lahore army.
Whenever the need arose, the British army could pass through the Lahore Raj without any check.
The Maharaja committed that he would not employ any Britisher, European or American without the consent of the British Government.
The British Government recognized Dalip Singh the Maharaja of Lahore, Rani Jindan as the regent of the Maharaja, and Lai Singh, as the Prime Minister.
The British Government would not interfere in the internal matters of the Lahore Darbar, but when approached it would simply advise.
The Lahore Government would not change its boundaries without the concurrence of the British Government.

Supplementary Treaty:

Two days after the treaty of Lahore i.e. on 11th March 1846 A.D., some supplementary treaty was added to this treaty. The main terms of the supplementary treaty were as given ahead :

For the protection of the Maharaja and citizens of Lahore, an adequate British army would stay at Lahore till the end of 1846 A.D.
The fort and the city of Lahore would be completely under the control of the British army. The Lahore Government would arrange for and bear the expenses of the accommodation of the soldiers.
Both the Governments would soon appoint their Commissioners to fix the boundaries between the two States.
Treaty of Bhairowal

The British Government would appoint a British resident to look after all the departments of the Lahore Government.
As long as, Maharaja Dalip Singh was minor (i.e. upto 1854 A.D.), the administration of the state would be run by the ‘Council of Regency’ constituted of eight members.
The Council of Regency would have to do the administrative work according to the advice of the British Resident.
Maharani Jindan was removed from the post of regent and it was decided that she would get annual pension of 1\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) lakh rupees.
For the defence of the Maharaja and the maintenance of peace in the country, a British contingent would stay at Lahore.
If the Governor-General felt the need of the army for the defence of the capital or the maintenance of peace in the country, as per his orders, the British army could establish, its control over any fort or military cantonment of the Lahore Raj.
For the expenses of the British army, the Lahore Darbar would pay ₹ 22 lakh per year to the British Government.
The conditions of the treaty would continue to be in force till Maharaja Dalip Singh attained the age of 16 years i.e. upto 4th September, 1854 A.D.

Short Answer Type Questions:
Or
Give the causes of the First Anglo-Sikh War.
Or
Mention any three main causes of First Anglo-Sikh War.
Answer:

The British had been following the policy of encirclement of Punjab.
After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh anarchy prevailed in the Punjab,
The British had suffered a humiliating defeat in their first war against Afghanistan. So they wanted to retrieve their honour by conquering Punjab,
The Sikh leaders like Lai Singh and Teja Singh wanted to engage the Khalsa army in a conflict against the British so as to make their own position strong,
The appointment of Major Broadfoot in 1844 A.D. inflammed the atmosphere to a great extent.

Question 2.
Write a brief note on the battle of Mudki.
Answer:
The first important battle between the Sikhs and the British was fought at Mudki on December 18, 1845 A.D. In this battle, Sikh soldiers were commanded by Lai Singh. On the other hand? the British soldiers were commanded by Hugh Gough. The British thought that they would defeat the Sikhs very easily, but the Sikhs launched such a forceful attack on the British army that it created consternation among them. Lai Singh fled away from the battlefield. The Sikhs were ultimately defeated.

Question 3.
What do you know about the battle of Ferozshah or Pherushahr?
Answer:
A fierce battle took place between the Sikhs and the British at Ferozshah on December 21, 1845 A.D. Their command was in the hands of experienced generals like Hugh Gough, John Littler and Lord Hardinge. The Sikh army was led by traitors like Lai Singh and Teja Singh. Due to the treachery of Lai Singh and Teja Singh the Sikh forces were defeated.

Question 4.
Write a brief note on the battle of Sobraon.
Answer:
The battle of Sobraon was the last decisive battle of the First Anglo-Sikh War. It was fought on February 10, 1846 A.D. The famous generals like Hugh Gough, Lord Hardinge and other were commanding the British forces. On the other hand Lai Singh and Teja Singh were commanding the Sikh army. Sham Singh Attariwala fought bravely and pushed the British hard. Ultimately the Sikhs were defeated and suffered heavy casualties.

Question 5.
Write a brief note on the Treaty of Lahore
Or
What do you know about the Treaty of Lahore?
Answer:

Maharaja Dalip Singh and his successors would always maintain peace and friendship with the British government,
The Maharaja of Lahore accepted that he and his successors would have no claim on the region to the south of Sutlej river forever.
The Maharaja handed over all the forts of plains and hills between the Sutlej and the Beas to the British
The British demanded a heavy amount of 1.50 crore rupees as ransom for the war.
The British accepted Maharaja Dalip Singh as the ruler of Lahore, Maharani Jindan as the regent of Maharaja Dalip Singh and Lai Singh as the Prime Minister.

Question 6.
What do you know about the Treaty of Bhairowal?
Or
Write a short note on the Treaty of Bhairowal.
Answer:
The Treaty of Bhairowal was signed between Lahore Darbar and the British Government on December 16, 1846 A.D. According to it, a British Resident was appointed to run the administration of Lahore Darbar. Maharani Jindan was removed from the post of regent and her annual pension of Rs.1\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) lakh was fixed. An eight member council was formed for the help of British Resident. It was decided to keep a British army for the protection of the Maharaja and to maintain peace and order.

Question 7.
Study in brief the results of First Anglo-Sikh War.
Or
Give in brief the results of First Anglo-Sikh War.
Or
What were the results of the First Anglo-Sikh War?
Answer:

The Maharaja of Lahore renounced all claim to the areas lying to the south of river Sutlej,
The Maharaja handed over to the British the area between the river Sutlej and Beas.
The British Government demanded a heavy sum of 1.50 crore rupees as war indemnity,
The Maharaja committed that he would not employ any foreigner without the consent of the British Government,
The British Government recognised Dalip Singh as the Maharaja of Lahore and Maharani Jindan as his regent.

Question 8.
Write a brief note on Sham Singh Attariwala.
Answer:
Sham Singh Attariwala was a great warrior of the Sikhs. At a very young age of 18, Attariwala joined Maharaja’s army. The First Anglo-Sikh war broke out in 1845 A.D. Sham Singh Attariwala actively participated in battle of Sobraon. Unfortunately, the commanding officers of the Sikh army proved traitors. At this critical juncture Sham Singh Attariwala took over the command and pushed the British hard. At last, Sham Singh Attariwala achieved martyrdom while fighting in the battle.

Question 9.
Describe any five reasons as to why the British did not annex Punjab to their empire after the First Anglo-Sikh War.
Answer:

If they had declared the annexation of the Punjab to the British Empire, it could have become a headache for the British,
The British wanted that Punjab should act as a buffer state between the British Empire and Afghanistan,
The British had to keep a vast British army to keep Punjab under their control. It would have tremendously increased their expenses.
The Governor- General thought that Punjab could not prove useful for the British from the economic point of view.
He considered the Punjab a source of trouble in place of a source of power.

Question 10.
Mention five causes of the Sikhs’ defeat in the First Anglo-Sikh War.
Answer:

The first major cause of the defeat of the Sikhs in the First Anglo- Sikh War was the treachery of Lai Singh and Teja Singh,
The European officers in the Sikh army aligned themselves secretly with the British.
The British had good resources than the Sikhs,
The British generals had good experience of War.
The British belonged to the greatest imperialist power of the world.

Objective Type Questions:

Question 1.
Whose son was Maharaja Dalip Singh?
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Question 2.
For how long did Maharaja Dalip Singh rule over the Punjab?
Answer:
From Sept. 15, 1843 to Mar. 29, 1849 A.D.

Question 3.
Who was the Maharaja of Punjab during the First and Second Anglo-Sikh Wars?
Answer:
Maharaja Dalip Singh.

Question 4.
Who was Lai Singh?
Answer:
Prime Minister of Lahore.

Question 5.
Who was Teja Singh?
Answer:
Teja Singh was Commander of the Sikh Army.

Question 6.
When was First Anglo-Sikh War fought?
Or
When did the First Anglo-Sikh War happened?
Answer:
1845-46 A.D.

Question 7.
Who was the Governor-General of India during the First Anglo- Sikh War?
Answer:
Lord Hardinge.

Question 8.
Name any one cause responsible for the First-Anglo Sikh War.
Answer:
The English had started encircling the Punjab on all sides.

Question 9.
When was the battle of Mudki fought?
Answer:
Dec. 18, 1845 A.D.

Question 10.
When was the battle of Ferozeshah or Ferushahr fought?
Answer:
December 21, 1845 A.D.

Question 11.
When was the battle of Baddowal fought?
Answer:
21 1st January, 1846 A.D.

Question 12.
When was the battle of Aliwal fought?
Answer:
28th January, 1846 A.D.

Question 13.
When was the battle of Sobraon fought?
Answer:
February 10, 1846 A.D.

Question 14.
Which Sikh General got martyred fighting bravely in the battle of Sobraon?
Answer:
Sham Singh Atariwala.

Question 15.
With which battle did the First Anglo-Sikh War end?
Answer:
Battle of Sobraon.

Question 16.
Who was defeated in First Anglo-Sikh War?
Answer:
The Sikhs.

Question 17.
With which treaty did the First-Anglo Sikh War come to an end?
Answer:
Treaty of Lahore.

Question 18.
When was the Treaty of Lahore signed between the English and the Sikhs?
Answer:
On March 9, 1846 A.D.

Question 19.
When did the Treaty of Bhairowal take place?
Answer:
On December 16, 1846 A.D.

Question 20.
Mention any one important clause of the Treaty of Bhairowal.
Answer:
A British Resident was to look after all the departments of the Lahore Darbar.

Question 21.
To whom did the English hand over Kashmir after the First Anglo-Sikh War?
Answer:
Gulab Singh.

Question 22.
Mention any one cause of the Sikh defeat in the First Anglo- Sikh War.
Or
Give the main reason for the defeat of the Sikhs in the First Anglo- Sikh War.
Answer:
The leaders of the Sikhs were traitors.

Fill in the blanks:

1. In 1839 A.D. after the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh ……………… became the ruler of Punjab.
Answer:
Maharaja Kharak Singh

2. In …………… the British bought Sind under their control.
Answer:
1843 A.D.

3. The First Anglo-Sikh War was fought in ……………..
Answer:
1845-46 A.D.

4. …………… was the Maharaja of the Punjab during the First Anglo-Sikh War.
Answer:
Maharaja Dalip Singh

5. During the First Anglo-Sikh War. the commander of the Sikh Army was ……………..
Answer:
Teja Singh

6. …………….. was the Prime Minister of Lahore Darbar during the First Anglo-Sikh war.
Answer:
Lai Singh

7. ……………. was the Supreme commander of the English forces during First Anglo-Sikh War.
Answer:
Lord Hugh Gough

8. The battle of Mudki was fought on …………….
Answer:
Dec. 18, 1845 A.D.

9. The battle of Ferozeshah was fought on ……………..
Answer:
December 21, 1845 A.D.

10. The battle of Sobraon was fought on ……………
Answer:
February 10, 1846 A.D.

11. The First Anglo-Sikh War ended with the battle of ……………..
Answer:
Sobraon

12. The First Anglo-Sikh War ended with the Treaty of ……………
Answer:
Lahore

13. The Treaty of Bhairowal took place on ………………
Answer:
December 16, 1846 A.D.

True or False:

1. The First Anglo-Sikh War was fought in 1947 A.D.
Answer:
False

2. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was the Maharaja of Punjab during the First Anglo- Sikh War.
Answer:
False

3. Lord Hardings became the Governor General after Ellenbrough.
Answer:
True

4. Lord Hugh Gough was the Commander-in-Chief of the English forces during the First Anglo-Sikh war.
Answer:
True

5. Teja Singh was Commander-in-Chief of the Sikh Army during the First Anglo-Sikh war.
Answer:
True

6. Lai Singh was the Prime Minister of Lahore Darbar during the First Anglo- Sikh war.
Answer:
True

7. The battle of Mudki was fought on Dec. 21, 1845 A.D.
Answer:
False

8. The battle of Ferozeshah was fought on Dec. 21, 1845 A.D.
Answer:
True

9. The battle of Aliwal was fought on January 28, 1846 A.D.
Answer:
False

10. Harry Smith was the Commander of the British army in the battle of Aliwal.
Answer:
True

11. The battle of Sobraon was fought on February 10, 1846 A.D.
Answer:
True

12. The Sikhs won the battle of Sobraon.
Answer:
False

13. The First Anglo-Sikh War ended with the Treaty of Bhairowal.
Answer:
False

14. The Treaty of Lahore took place between the British Government and the Lahore Darbar on March 9, 1846 A.D.
Answer:
True

15. The Treaty of Bhairowal between the Sikhs and the English took place on December 16, 1846 A.D.
Answer:
True

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Who was the king of Punjab at the time of First Anglo-Sikh War?
(a) Maharaja Sher Singh.
(b) Maharaja Dalip Singh
(c) Maharaja Ranjit Singh
(d) Maharaja Kharak Singh.
Answer:
(b) Maharaja Dalip Singh

2. When was the. First Anglo-Sikh War fought?
(a) 1839-40 A.D.
(b) 1841-42 A.D.
(c) 1843-44 A.D.
(d) 1845-46 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1845-46 A.D.

3. Who was the Governor General of India during the First Anglo-Sikh War?
(a) Lord Dalhousie
(b) Lord Hardinge
(c) Lord Ripon
(d) Lord Dufferin.
Answer:
(b) Lord Hardinge

4. The designation of Lai Singh in Lahore Darbar was :
(a) Foreign Minister
(b) Prime Minister
(c) Chief Commander
(d) Diwan.
Answer:
(b) Prime Minister

5. When did the English occupy Sind?
(a) 1842 A.D.
(b) 1843 A.D.
(c) 1844 A.D.
(d) 1845 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1843 A.D.

6. When did Governor General Lord Harding declared the war against the Sikhs?
(a) 1848 A.D.
(b) 1849 A.D.
(c) 1865 A.D.
(d) 1845 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1845 A.D.

7. Who was the supreme Commander-in-Chief of the English forces during the First and Second Anglo-Sikh Wars?
(a) Lord Hugh Gough
(b) Lord Dufferin
(c) Major Broadfoot
(d) Robert Cust.
Answer:
(a) Lord Hugh Gough

8. When was the battle of Mudki fought?
(a) December 12, 1844 A.D.
(b) December 12, 1845 A.D.
(c) December 18, 1845 A.D.
(d) December 18, 1846 A.D.
Answer:
(c) December 18, 1845 A.D.

9. When was the battle of Ferozeshah fought?
(a) December 18, 1845 A.D.
(b) December 19, 1845 A.D.
(c) December 20, 1845 A.D.
(d) December 21, 1845 A.D.
Answer:
(d) December 21, 1845 A.D.

10. When was the battle of Sobraon fought?
(a) December 21, 1845 A.D.
(b) February 10, 1846 A.D.
(c) February 15, 1846 A.D.
(d) February 10, 1847 A.D.
Answer:
(b) February 10, 1846 A.D.

11. With which treaty did the First Anglo-Sikh War come to an end?
(a) Treaty of Lahore
(b) Treaty of Amritsar
(c) Treaty of Bhairowal
(d) Tripartite Treaty.
Answer:
(a) Treaty of Lahore

12. When did Treaty of Lahore take place?,
(a) February 10, 1845 A.D.
(b) February 10, 1846 A.D.
(c) March 7, 1846 A.D.
(d) March 9, 1846 A.D.
Answer:
(d) March 9, 1846 A.D.

13. After the First Anglo-Sikh War, to whom was Kashmir given by the English?
(a) Gulab Singh
(b) Dhian Singh
(c) Hira Singh
(d) Hari Singh.
Answer:
(a) Gulab Singh

14. When did the Treaty of Bhairowal take place?
(a) March 9, 1846 A.D.
(b) March 11, 1846 A.D.
(c) December 16, 1846 A.D.
(d) December 26, 1846 A.D.
Answer:
(c) December 16, 1846 A.D.

PSEB 12th Class History Solutions Chapter 20 Civil and Military Administration of Ranjit Singh

December 13, 2024December 12, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class History Book Solutions Chapter 20 Civil and Military Administration of Ranjit Singh Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 20 Civil and Military Administration of Ranjit Singh

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Give an outline of Central Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Maharaja was the pivot of central administration. Every word uttered by him was deemed law. Maharaja Ranjit Singh used his powers for the public welfare. In order to get cooperation in running the administration, the Maharaja had appointed many ministers, of which prominent were the Prime Minister, Foreign Minister, Diwan, Chief Commander and Deorhiwala. It rested on Maharaja’s will to accept their advice or not.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh usually accepted the advice of his ministers for the efficiency of the administration. He had also established 12 departments or daftars for the smooth functioning of administration. Of these departments, main were Daftar-i-Abwab-ul-Mal, Daftar-i-Tauzihat, Daftar-i-Mawajib, Daftar-i-Roznamcha-i-Ikhrajat. Decidedly, Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s central administration was good.

Question 2.
What was the position of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in the Central Administration?
Answer:
Maharaja was head of the State and he was the pivot around which the entire administration of the state revolved. He himself prepared all the internal and external policies. He himself appointed all the ministers, high ranking civil and military officers of the state. He could also remove them from their posts whenever he wanted. He was also the highest court of justice of the state and every word uttered by him became law for the people.

None could dare violate his orders. He was the Commander-in-Chief of the army. He could declare war or peace with any ruler. He could impose or reduce or abolish taxes on his subjects. In short, powers of the Maharaja were in no way less than those of an autocrat. But the Maharaja never misused these powers. He used them for the public welfare.

Question 3.
Describe the Provincial Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
In order to run the administration smoothly, Maharaja Ranjit Singh had divided his empire into four provinces. The names of these provinces were

Suba- i-Lahore
Suba-i-Multan
Suba-i-Kashmir and
Suba-i-Peshawar.

The administration of the Suba or Province was under Nazim (Governor). His main duties were to maintain peace, law and order in the state, to enforce the orders of the Maharaja, to decide the lawsuits and to supervise the work of other officials of the province. In this way powers of the Nazim were boundless. However, he could never misuse his powers as he got all the instructions from the Maharaja.

Unworthy Nazims were removed from their posts. Famous Nazims of Maharaja Ranjit Singh were:

Sardar Lehna Singh Majithia,
Misar Roop Lai
Diwan Sawan Mai
Cols. Mihan Singh
General Hari Singh Nalwa and
Avitabile.

Question 4.
What was the position of Kardar during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
Each Suba was further divided into many Paraganas. The chief official of the Pargana was called Kardar. The office of a Kardar was considered more important than that of the Nazims. He was a pivotal functionary who had direct contact with the people. His position was like a present-day Deputy Commissioner. He had many duties to do.

The chief duties of the Kardar were to establish peace in the Pargana, to get the Maharaja’s order implemented, to collect the land revenue, to look after public welfare and administer justice. In brief, the Kardar exercised enormous powers in his Pargana. He was assisted by Qanungos and Muqaddams. Dr. Bhagat Singh aptly says, The Kardar was in fact most important official of Local Government.

Question 5.
Write a note on Local Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
What do you know about the Local Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:

1. Administration of the Parganas: Each Suba was further divided into many Parganas. The chief official of the Pargana was called Kardar. The chief duties of the Kardar were to establish peace in the Pargana, to get the Maharaja’s orders implemented, to collect the land revenue, to look after public welfare and administer justice. In brief, the Kardar exercised enormous powers in his Pargana. He was assisted by Qanungos and Muqaddams.

2. Village Administration: The smallest unit of administration was the village. It was then called ‘Mauza’. The administration of the village was in the hands of the Panchayat. The Panchayat looked after the people of the village and settled their petty disputes. The people showed great regard for the Panchayat and they mostly accepted its decisions. The Patwari maintained the record of the village land.

The Chaudhary would help the government in collecting land revenue. Muqaddam (Lambardar) was head of the village. He worked as a link between the government and the people. The Chowkidar was the watchman of the village. The Maharaja did not interfere in the working of the village.

3. AdministratioiM>f the city of Lahore: During the period of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the administration of Lahore city was run differently from other cities. The chief official of Lahore city was ‘Kotwal’. At the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Imam Bakhsh was appointed to this important post. The chief functions of a Kotwal were to give practical shape to the Maharaja’s orders, to maintain peace in the city, to supervise the work of Mohalladars, to make arrangements for cleanliness in the city, to keep details of the foreign visitors, to supervise trade and industry and to examine weights and measures etc.

The whole city was divided into Mohallas. Each Mohalla was under a Mohalladar. He used to look after the Mohalla under him.

Question 6.
Write a short note on the administration of the city of Lahore during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
During the period of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the administration of Lahore city was run differently from other cities. The whole city was divided into Mohallas. A Mohalla was under a Mohalladar. The Mohalladar maintained peace and order in hia mohalla and looked after the arrangement of cleanliness.

The chief official of Lahore city was ‘Kotwal’. The chief functions of a Kotwal were to give practical shape to the Maharaja s orders, to maintain peace in the city, to supervise the work of Mohalladars. to make arrangements for cleanliness in the city, to keep details of the foreign visitors, to supervise trade and industry and to examine weights and measures etc. He used to take necessary action against the guilty persons.

Question 7.
Write a short note on the Financial Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Describe main features of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s land revenue administration.
Answer:
Economic Condition. Land revenue constituted the most important source of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s income. Out of a total revenue amounting to a little over three crores of rupees about two crores were contributed by land revenue. During Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times the following methods of assessment of land revenue were prevalent:

1. Batai System : During Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times, the Batai system was widely prevalent. According to this system, the land revenue was assessed after harvesting. The system however had certain serious flaws. First, the state couldn’t have any idea of its income in advance. Secondly, the government had to appoint a large number of staff in order to ensure that there was no misappropriation of the produce by the farmers. Consequently, this system proved very expensive for the’government. Maharaja Ranjit Singh dispensed with this system in 1823 A.D.

2. Kankut System: In 1824 A.D. the Maharaja introduced the Kankut system in many parts of his Kingdom. Under this system revenue was determined on the basis of standing crops. The assessed revenue was realized in the form of cash.

3. Bigha System: In some parts of the State, Bigha system of assessment was prevalent. According to the Bigha system, the produce of per Bigha was assessed for determining the land revenue. On its basis, the government would find out how many Bighas of land a farmer owned and how much revenue, he owed to the government.

4. Plough System : In certain places of Ranjit Singh’s kingdom, land revenue was determined according to the plough system. According to this system the land which could be ploughed by a pair of oxen was considered a unit. On the basis of produce per unit, the government would fix its share. As a result a peasant had to pay land revenue in proportion to the number of pairs of bulls, he possessed.

5. Well System : In some parts of Ranjit Singh’s state, the government determined its share on the basis of well-system. According to this system, in order to determine the land revenue that much land was made a unit which could be easily irrigated by one well.

Question 8.
Write a brief note on Jagirdari system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
What were the chief features of Jagirdari system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
Many types of Jagirs were prevalent during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time. Of these, service Jagirs was considered the most important. These Jagirs were given to high military and civil officials of the state in lieu of their salaries. Besides, Inam Jagirs, Subsistence Jagirs, Watan Jagirs and Dharamarth Jagirs were also prevalent. Dharamarth Jagirs were given to religious institutions and holy persons. These Jagirs were given on permanent basis.

These Jagirs were managed by Jagirdar himself directly or by his agents. The Jagirdar not only collected revenue in his Jagir but he had also the right to decide the law-suits. Sometimes he was also given command of military expeditions. Military Jagirdars had the right of recruiting soldiers also. Although the Jagirdari system had some defects yet it suited the conditions of those times.

Question 9.
What do you know about the Judicial system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Or
Discuss the main features of the Judicial system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
The judicial system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was simple. Laws were not written. Justice was done on the basis of existing conventions, customs and sacred scriptures. The final verdict rested with the Maharaja. In order to give justice to his subjects, Ranjit.Singh had set up many courts in his empire. The Panchayats settled disputes in the villages. In towns and cities, there were courts of Qazis. Non-Muslims also went> to the court of Qazi besides the Muslims.

The Qazi did justice according to Shariat (religious laws). Ranjit Singh had appointed special officers , called Adalti, for dispensing justice. During Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time, punishments were not rigid. The capital punishment was not awarded to anybody. Normally, fines were imposed on culprits. In short,'”the judicial system of Ranjit Singh was congenial to the social and political conditions of those times.

Question 10.
What were the main features of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s military ‘ administration?
Or
What reforms were introduced by Ranjit Singh to improve his military system?
Or
Write a short note on the military administration of Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
1. Composition : Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s army consisted of persons belonging to different classes. These included the Sikhs, the Rajputs, the Brahmans, the Khatris, the Gorkhas, the Muslims, the Purbia Hindustanis and the Europeans.

2. Recruitment: The enlistment in the army during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time was entirely voluntary. Only strong and sturdy persons were recruited in the army. The task of recruiting officers was in the hands of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

3. Pay: Before the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh the soldiers were paid either in the form of Jagirs or out of the plunder. The soldiers were paid in kind, twice a year at the time of harvest. Maharaja Ranjit Singh introduced the system of making payment in cash.

4. Promotions : Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave promotions to the soldiers, only on the basis of their ability. While giving promotions to his soldiers, the Maharaja did not discriminate against anyone on the basis of caste or religion.

5. Rewards and Honours : Every year Maharaja Ranjit Singh spent lakhs of rupees on presents and honours, which he gave to the soldiers for their acts of bravery in the battlefield and also for their glorious services to the Lahore Darbar.

Question 11.
Write a brief note on the Fauj-i-Khas of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s army.
Answer:
The Fauj-i-Khas of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s army was its most important and most powerful part. It was commanded and trained by General Ventura. It consisted of 4 battalions of infantry, 2 regiments of cavalry and 1 troop of artillery. This army was trained in European Style. Selected soldiers were enlisted in it. Their arms and horses were also of best quality. That is why it was called Fauj-i- Khas. This army had separate insignia and separate flag. It used French words of command. This army was so disciplined that European officers were also amazed to watch its performance. It was really a show-piece of the Maharaja’s army.

Question 12.
What do you mean by Fauj-e-Be-Qawaid of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
Fauj-i-Be-Qawaid means that army which did not observe any prescribed rules. This army was divided into four parts

Ghorcharas
Fauj-i-Kilajat
Akalis and
Jsagirdari Fauj.

A brief description of these is as follows :

1. Ghorcharas : Ghorcharas were the most important part of the Be-Qawaid army. It was divided into two categories,

Ghorcharas Khas and
Misldar Swars. Ghorcharas Khas consisted of the relatives of-the dignitaries of the court of landed gentry. The Misldar Swars consisted of those horsemen, who were previously employed with the Misl Sardars. They were regarded inferior m status to Ghorcharas Khas. The Ghorcharas retained their old methods of warfare and regarded the European’s practices, as the tricks of the dancing girl: In 1838-39 A.D. the strength of the Ghorcharas was 10,795.

2. Fauj-i-Kilajat : For the defence of the forts, Ranjit Singh had a separate army which was called Fauj-i-Kilajat. The number of these troops varied according to the importance of the forts. In important forts, a large number of soldiers were kept. In small forts the strength of the soldiers ranged between 25 and 50. The commanding officer of the fort was called either Quiladar or Thanedar.

3. The Akalis: The Akalis were known for their bravery. They called themselves the immortal army of Guru Gobind Singh Ji. Each Akali proclaimed himself equivalent to 1,25,000 soldiers. The Akalis always moved fully armed to the teeth. They were opposed to all types of training. It was very difficult for Ranjit Singh to keep them under his control. They fought like devils and performed feats of amazing bravery in the battlefield. Therefore, they were always employed in the most dangerous expeditions. Their number was about 3,000. Akali Phula Singh and Akali Sadhu Singh were their famous leaders.

4. Jagirdari Fauj : During the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, those Jagirdars, who were given military Jagirs had to keep soldiers for the service of the state. The small Jagirdars kept only the cavaliers, whereas the big Jagirdars kept infantry and artillery, in addition to the cavaliers. The Jagirdars themselves recruited their soldiers. These soldiers were inspected from time to time by the state.

Question 13.
What was Ranjit Singh’s attitude towards his subjects?
Answer:
Ranjit Singh’s behaviour towards his subjects was good. He never ignored public interests. State officials were given instructions that they should take extra care for the welfare of public. He travelled in disguise very often to know the real condition of people. Those who violated his orders, were given punishment. The peasants and the poor were given special state facilities. When once there was famine in Kashmir, the Maharaja had sent there a thousand loaded mules with corn.

He gave patronage not only to the Sikhs and Hindus but also to the Muslims. He gave them land exempted from revenue in charity. As a result, his subjects were well-off during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time.

Essay Type Questions:

Civil Administration Of Maharaja Ranjit Singh:

Question 1.
Describe the Civil Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Give a brief account of the Civil Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Describe about the Civil Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Explain in detail the Central and Provincial Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Describe the Central and Provincial Administrative sy stem of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Give a detailed description of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Provincial and Local Administration.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was not only a great conqueror but also an efficient administrator. The salient features of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s civil administration were as follows :

1. Central Administration

(1) The Maharaja : The Maharaja was the head of the State. All the state affairs were looked after by him. He framed all the internal and external policies. All the major civil and military appointments were made by hj^He could dismiss anyone from his office at will. He was the Chief Justice of the State. His word was law. Nobody could dare defy his orders. He had the right to impose, to withdraw or to reduce any tax.

He was the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. The armed forces always abided by his command. He was empowered to declare or end war. He was totally free ttf sign any treaty with any other ruler. In short, the Maharaja’s powers were in no way less than those of a dictator. But the Maharaja never misused these powers. He considered that his own welfare lies in the welfare of the subjects.

(2) Ministers: For the efficient performance of administration, the Maharaja had organised a Council of Ministers. The ministers were appointed by the Maharaja himself. Only those persons who were able, honest and loyal, to the state were appointed ministers. These ministers would give suggestions to the Maharaja about their respective departments. Their suggestions were not binding on the Maharaja. But the Maharaja normally formulated the state policies keeping in view the suggestions of these ministers. The important ministers of the Maharaja were as follows:

1. Prime Minister : Next to the Maharaja in importance was the place of Prime Minister (Wazir). He advised the Maharaja in all political affairs of the state. He looked after all the departments, except finance and foreign affairs. He represented the Maharaja in his absence. He decided cases by holding his court. He sent only very important cases to the Maharaja. All types of petitions were sent to the Maharaja only through him. He got all the orders of the Maharaja implemented. During Ranjit Singh’s time, Raja Dhian Singh held this office for a long time.

2. Foreign Minister: During Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times, the office of the Foreign Minister was also very important. He gave suggestions to the Maharaja regarding war and peace with other powers. He tried to improve rel ations of foreign countries with the Lahore Darbar. He read to the Maharaja the letters received from the foreign countries and sent their replies as the Maharaja advised him. During the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh Faqir Aziz-ud-Din held this office. The Maharaja greatly valued his opinion.

3. Finance Minister : The Finance Minister was one of the important ministers of the Maharaja and was called Diwan. His chief function was to maintain an account of income and expenditure of the state. The papers concerning expenditure of all the departments were first placed before the Diwan for scrutiny. The Diwan would read out the daily report of his department to the Maharaja and received orders to this effect from him. Diwan Bhiwani Das, Diwan Ganga Ram and Diwan Dina Nath were the famous Finance Ministers of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

4. Cohunander-in-Chief : Maharaja Ranjit Singh himself was the Chief Commander of his army. All the major campaigns were commanded by the Maharaja himself. In addition, the Maharaja would appoint different generals for different campaigns. Their chief task was to lead the army in battles and maintain discipline among soldiers. Diyan Mohkam Chand, Misar Diwan Chand and Hari Singh Nalwa were the famous Generals of Ranjit Singh.

5. Deorhiwala : The Deorhiwala looked after the royal family and the palace. No one could enter the palace without his permission. To arrange somebody’s meeting with the Maharaja in the palace depended on him. He also acted as a watch man of the royal pplace. In addition, all the ceremonies in the palace were performed under his supervision. Jamadar Khushal Singh held this office for quite a long time. After him this office was given to Dhidn Singh.

(3) Central Departments or Daftars: For administrative efficiency Maharaja Ranjit Singh had established various departments or daftars. A brief description of the prominent daftars is as follows :

Daftar-i-Abwab-ul-Mal: It maintained the account of different sources Of income the state.
Daftar-i-Mal : It kept account of land revenue received from various Parganas and Taluqas.
Daftar-i-Wajuhat: It kept the account of the income accrued from court fee and custom duty on opium, bhang and other intoxicants.
Daftar-i-Taujihat: It maintained the account of the royal family.
Daftar-i-Mawaj ib : It maintained the account, of salaries paid to the military and civil officials.
Daftar-i-Roznamacha-i-Ikhrajat : It kept the account of daily expenditure of the state.
Daftar-i-Toshakhana : In this department, expensive things were taken care of. This office was divided into two parts

Toshakhana Khaas and Toshakhana Bahela. Gold, silver, diamonds, pearls, etc. were kept at Toshakhana Khaas. The things of general use were kept at Toshakhana Bahela.

II. Provincial Administration

With a view to run the administration efficiently, Maharaja Ranjit Singh had divided his kingdom into four provinces. The names of these provinces were

Suba-i-Lahore
Suba-i-Multan
Suba-i-Kashmir and
Suba-i- Peshawar.

Nazim was the highest authority of the Suba. His main duty was to maintain peace and order in the Suba. For this purpose, he was allowed to maintain a small force. In addition, he supervised the. work of other officials of the Suba. He got the orders of the Maharaja implemented in the Suba. He decided the civil and criminal cases.

He heard the appeals against the decisions of the Kardas. He helped the various Suba officials in the collection of land revenue. He also supervised the work of district Kardars. Thus, the Nazim exercised vast powers in his own Suba. But, he had to seek the prior approval of the Maharaja, before taking any crucial decision about his Suba. The Maharaja could change the Nazim, whenever he wanted. The famous Nazims of Maharaja Ranjit Singh were

Sardar Lehna Singh Majithia
Misar Roop Lai
Diwan Sawan Mai
Karnail Mihan Singh
Avitabile

III. Local Administration

(a) Administration of the Parganas : Each Suba was further divided into many Parganas. The’ chief official of the Pargana was called Kardar. The office of a Kardar was considered more important than that of the Nazims. He was a pivotal functionary, who. had a direct contact with the people. His position was like a present day Deputy Commissioner.

He had many duties to do. The chief duties of the Kardar were to establish peace in the Pargana, to get the Maharaja’s orders implemented, to collect the land revenue, to look after public welfare and administer justice. In brief, the Kardar exercised enormous powers in his Pargana. He was assisted by Qanungos and Muqaddams.

(b) Village Administration : The smallest unit of administration was the village. It was then called ‘Mauza’. The administration of the village was in the hands of the Panchayat. The Panchayat looked after the people of the village and settled their petty disputes. The people showed great regard for the Panchayat and they mostly accepted its decisions.

The Patwari maintained the record of the village land. The Chaudhary would help the government in collecting land revenue. Muqaddam (Lambardar) was head of the village. He worked as a link between the government and the people. The Chowkidar was the watchman of the village. The Maharaja did not interfere in the working of the village.

(c) Administration of the city of Lahore : During the period of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the administration of Lahore city was run differently from other cities. The chief official of Lahore city was ‘Kotwal’. At the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Imam Bakhsh was appointed to this important post. The chief functions of a Kotwal were to give practical shape to the Maharaja’s orders, to maintain peace in the city, to supervise the work of Mohalladars, to make arrangements for cleanliness-in the city, to keep details of the foreign visitors, to supervise trade and industry and to examine weights and measures etc. The whole city was divided into Mohallas. Each Mohalla was under a Mohalladar. He used to look after the Mohalla under him.

Financial Administration Of J Maharaja Ranjit Singh:

Question 2.
Give a detailed description of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Financial Administration.
Or
Discuss the salient features of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Financial Administration.
Or
Describe the Financial System of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in detail.
Or
Examine critically the land revenue system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Discuss the land revenue system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Every state needs funds for carrying on its administration and implementing many other projects. Such funds are raised by a well devised financial system. The financial system prevailing in the Punjab during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s reign was the simplest of its kind. At first, the finance system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was not regularised. In 1808 A.D. he decided to improve the existing financial system. So, he appointed Diwan Bhiwani Das as his Finance Minister.

Diwan Bhiwani Das soon after his appointment established Daftar-i-Abwab-ul- Mal, Daftar-i-Abwab-ul-Tahwil, Daftar-i-Taujihat and Daftar-i-Roznamcha-i- Ikhrazat with a view to regularise the financial system.

IV. Land Revenue Administration:

Land revenue constituted the most important source of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s income. Out of a total revenue amounting to a little over three crores of rupees about two crores were contributed by land revenue. During Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times the following methods of assessment of land revenue were prevalent:

(1) Batai System: During Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times, the Batai system was widely prevalent. According to this system, the land revenue was assessed after harvesting. The system however had certain serious flaws. First, the state couldn’t have any idea of its income in advance. Secondly, the government had to appoint a large number of staff in order to ensure that there was no misappropriation of the produce by the farmers. Consequently, this system: proved very expensive for the government. Maharaja Ranjit Singh dispensed with this system in 1823 A.D.

(2) Kankut System: In 1824 A.D. the Maharaja introduced the Kankut system in many parts of his kingdom. Under this system revenue was determined on the basis of standing crops. The assessed revenue was realized in the form of cash.

(3) Bigha System: In some parts of the State, Bigha system of assessment was prevalent. According to the Bigha system, the produce of per Bigha was assessed for determining the land revenue. On its basis, the government would find out how many Bighas of land a farmer owned and how much revenue, he owed to the government.

(4) Plough System: In certain places of Ranjit Singh’s kingdom, land revenue was determined according to the plough system. According to this system the land which could be ploughed by a pair of oxen was considered a unit. On the basis of produce per unit, the government would fix its share. As a result a peasant had to pay land revenue in proportion to the number of pairs of bulls, he possessed.

(5) Well System : In some parts of Ranjit Singh’s state, the government determined its share on the basis of well-system. According to this system, in order to determine the land revenue that much land was made a unit which could be easily irrigated by one well.

(6) Ijaradari System: According to the Ijaradari system, the government would hand over the land of a village or a group of villages to a contractor and realize the fixed land revenue from him. This contractor had the right to collect revenue from the land under him. These contractors were called Ijaradars. The government gave them the right to collect land revenue for 2 to 6 years.

Collection of Land Revenue

During the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the land revenue was collected twice a year. This revenue was collected at the time of Rabi and Kharif harvests. There is a considerable difference of opinion among historians over the government share of the produce. It varied from place to place and according to the fertility of the soil. Most of the historians agree that they government charged 50% revenue on the very fertile land. Very little land revenue was charged from those who cultivated the barren land, till it became completely fertile. Usually it ranged from 2/5th to l/3rd of the total produce. Dr. B.J. Hasrat aptly says,

“Neither unduly benevolent nor exceedingly oppressive, the land revenue system of Ranjit Singh was highly practical and suited to the requirements of the time. During the times of Ranjit Singh, in addition to the land revenue, the government had the following other main sources of income :

(1) Custom Duties: Next to land revenue, the other main source of state income was custom duties. There was a network of octroi posts all over the state. Custom duties were imposed upon all articles irrespective of their being domestic or foreign. During Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times the total income from custom duties amounted to 17 lakhs.

(2) Nazrana : Nazrana was also the chief source of state income. It was that cash or precious gifts, which the courtiers of the state and the other people presented to the Maharaja on different occasions.

(3) Zabti: It was also an important source of state income. Maharaja Ranjit Singh would confiscate the property of guilty officials. Besides this, in the event of Jagirdar’s death, the Jagirs given to them were confiscated. These Jagirs were either retained by the state or retained by the successors of the Jagirdars, in lieu of money.

(4) Income from Judiciary : Income from judiciary was also a good source of state income. The government would get Jurmana from the guilty persons and ‘Shukrana’ from those, who were declared innocent.

(5) Excise yTteetaxes charged on the sale of opium, bhang, wine and other
intoxicants were called excise. The government earned sufficient annual income through this tax.

(6) Income from Salt: The government had the exclusive right to extract salt from the salt mines. It had the right to manufacture salt or sell it.

(7) Abwabs : Abwabs were those small taxes which were charged along with the land revenue. They were normally 5% to 15% of the land revenue.

(8) Professional Tax : Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s government had imposed professional tax on the people of different professions. This tax was charged at the rate of Re. 1 to Rs. 2 per person.

Total Income of the Kingdom

We do not have any specific knowledge of the total income of the kingdom during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times. We can estimate from the different details given by the historians that during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times the total annual income of the state was between 2 crore and 3 crore.

Expenditure:

During Ranjit Singh’s reign no formal budget was prepared. The government would spend its income on running the administration, paying salaries to the army, courtiers and other civil officials, manufacturing war-materials, developing agriculture, executing government plans, running charitable institutions and awarding prizes. ,

Question 3.
Make an assessment of the Judicial Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
What do you know about the Judicial Administration of Ranjit Singh? Explain in detail.
Or
Explain the Judicial System and Financial Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
The judicial system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was very simple. There were no written laws. Judicial decisions were made in accordance with the customary conventions and religious beliefs. No distinction was made between civil and criminal cases. The chief characteristics of Ranjit Singh’s judicial system were as follows :

Courts:

Maharaja Ranjit Singh had established the following courts to deliver justice to his people:

1. Panchayat: In the judicial system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Panchayat Was the smallest, but the most important court. The Panchayat generally consisted of five members. Almost all the civil and criminal cases of the village were heard by the Panchayat. The Panchayat decided cases according to the conventions of the people. The people greatly respected the Panchayat.

2. Qazi’s Court: During Ranjit Singh’s time, the Qazi’s courts were set up in the cities. During Ranjit Singh’s times people of all religions were appointed to this office. Appeals against the judgements of the Panchayats were made in the Qazi’s court and new cases were also heard.

3. Jagirdar’s Court: During the period of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Jagirs were administered by the Jagirdars. These Jagirdars were empowered to decide both civil and criminal cases within the jurisdiction of these Jagirs.

4. Kardar’s Court: Kardar was the chief officer of the Pargana. In his court, all the civil and criminal cases of the Pargana were heard and judgements given.

5. Nazim’s Court: In every province, the chief judicial officer was the Nazim. He normally decided criminal cases but some civil cases were also decided.

6. Adalti’s Court: In order to give justice, to his subjects Ranjit Singh had appointed Adaltis in all the big cities. Both the civil and criminal cases were heard in these courts.
7. Adalat-i-Ala : Adalat-i-Ala was the highest court below the Maharaja. This court was set up at Lahore. This court was like the High Court of today. In this court appeals against the judgements of the courts of Kardar and Nazim were heard.

8. Maharaja’s Court: The Maharaja’s court was the highest court. His decisions were final. Maharaja Ranjit Singh considered it his first duty to give impartial justice to the people. The aggrieved party could appeal to the Maharaja directly. At that time, it was not necessary that the case should come to the Maharaja through the channel of lower courts. The Maharaja also heard appeals against the decisions of Kardars, Nazims and Adalat-i-Ala. The power to award death sentence rested only with the Maharaja. He could pardon any criminal.

Working of the Courts:

During Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times, the working system of the courts was simple and practical. In order to get justice, the people were at liberty to knock at the door of any court in the state. At that time the laws were not written, so the judges would deliver their judgements on the basis of prevalent conventions. The disposal of the cases was speedy. The people could appeal to the Maharaja against the decisions of the lower courts.

Punishments:

Maharaja Ranjit Singh was opposed to give severe punishments to the criminals. He had done away with many inhuman punishments. The death sentence was not awarded to any criminal. Normally, the criminals were fined. The punishment of amputating a part of the body was scarcely given to the criminals. This punishment was given to those criminals who committed crimes time and again.

Estimate of Ranjit Singh’s Judicial System:

The historians have either admired or severely criticised the judicial system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh on the basis of following merits and demerits :

(1) Demerits : Some historians have strongly criticised the judicial system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. They advance the following arguments :

1. Justice was Sold: One major demerit of Ranjit Singh’s, judicial system was that the government had made justice a source of income. One could escape punishment by paying fine to the government after committing even the most serious crime. Where justice is sold, to call it justice is an insult to justice:

2. Court’s Rights were not Clear : During the times of Ranjit Singh, the rights of various courts were not clear. Civil and criminal cases were not differentiated from each other.

3. No Written Laws : During Ranjit Singh’s times laws were not written. Therefore while delivering justice, the judges would have their own ways. In the absence of written laws, the possibility of the dispensation of right justice was reduced.

4. Wrong Decisions: Ranjit Singh was the Chief Justice of the state. No appeal could be made against his decisions.The decisions of these cases were adversely affected by the mental state of the Maharaja. Whenever the Maharaja was in a happy state of niind, he would even acquit the most serious criminal. On the contrary, if the Maharaja happened to be in angry mood, he would give a severe punishment even to an ordinary criminal.

(2) Merits : Many historians have admired the judicial system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. They advance the following arguments :

1. Justice was not Sold : Some historians are of the opinion that justice was sold during the regime of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Any criminal could have his punishment waived off by paying fine to the government. Most of the historians have contradicted this view that justice was not sold during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times.

2. Fast and Cheap Justice : Another prominent merit of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s judicial system was that the people of those days used to get fast and cheap justice. The cases were not allowed to get lost in the judicial complications.

3. Laws were based on Conventions : It is true that there were no written laws during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s period but the society never felt their absence. The reason being that the judges delivered their judgements on the basis of prevalent conventions and religious traditions. The people greatly respected these conventions.

4. Strict watch over the Judges : The Maharaja kept a strict watch over the judges so that they might dispense justice justly. He would take action against those judges who did not discharge their duties sincerely.

Jagirdari System Of Maharaja Ranjit Singh:

Question 4.
Discuss about the Jagirdari System of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Jagirdari system was prevalent among the Sikh Misls, even before . Maharaja Ranjit Singh, but Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave it a new shape. The following were the chief characteristics of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Jagirdari system :

Kinds of Jagirs:

During Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times the following Jagirs were in vogue :

1. Service Jagirs : Service Jagirs were the most significant of all the Jagirs which were given during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. They constituted the bulk of the landed grants. Service Jagirs were given both to the military and civil persons. All service Jagirs whether civil or military were held depending on the pleasure of the Maharaja. They could be enlarged, reduced or confiscated depending upon how their guarantors discharged their assigned responsibilities. A brief description of these Jagirs is as follows:

(1) Military Jagirs : Military Jagirs were those Jagirs in which the Jagirdars had to keep certain number of horsemen for the state service. These Jagirdars were given Jagirs by the. state in return for expenditure incurred for the maintenance of these horsemen. Maharaja Ranjit Singh took special care that every military Jagirdar must keep under him the horsemen fixed by the government. So, the Jagirdar’s horsemen were inspected from time to time. Those Jagirdars, whose horsemen were found less in number, were given punishments. In 1830 A.D. Maharaja Ranjit Singh had introduced the branding of horses.

(2) Civil Jagirs : Civil Jagirs were given to the civil officers of the state in lieu of the salary they received. They had the right to collect land revenue from their Jagirs. The Civil Jagirdars did not need to keep fixed horsemen under them. The number of Civil Jagirs was very large.

2. Inam Jagirs : Inam Jagirs were those Jagirs which the Maharaja would give to the people in recognition of their special services or as reward for their acts of valour. Inam Jagirs were normally hereditary.

3. Subsistence Jagirs : Subsistence Jagirs were those Jagirs which the Maharaja gave to the people for sustenance purpose. For such Jagirs the Maharaja did not expect any service. Normally these Jagirs were given to the Maharaja’s relatives, the defeated rulers and their dependents and the Jagirdar’s dependents for their subsistence. The Subsistence Jagirs like the Inam Jagirs were also hereditary, jfm^at was expected in return was a payment of a small nazrana (tribute) in token of their loyalty to the state.

4. Watan Jagirs : Watan Jagirs were also called Patidar Jagirs. These were those Jagirs which were given to the Jagirdars in his native village. These Jagirs were, in vogue, during the times of the Sikh Misls. These Jagirs were hereditary. Maharaja Ranjit Singh continued the Watan Jagirs, but he ordered some Watan Jagirdars to render military service.

5. Dharamarth Jagirs : Dharamarth Jagirs were those Jagirs which were given to religious institutions, like gurdwaras, temples and mosques, or holy persons. The income accrued from the Dharamafth Jagirs given to the religious institutions was spent for providing accommodation to the pilgrims, on the langar and on the upkeep of sacred places. The Dharamarth Jagirs were given on permanent basis.

Other Features of the Jagirdari System:

1. Size of the Jagirs : There was a great difference in the size of all the Jagirs, whatever the category of a Jagir might be, but the greatest difference was in the Service Jagirs. The Service. Jagir could be equivalent to a village or part thereof or from an acre to as big as the whole district.

2. Administration of the Jagirs : The administration of the Jagirs was managed either directly by the Jagirdars themselves or indirectly by their agents. The administration of small Jagirs was managed by the Jagirdars, themselves or by the members of their family, in their absence. Those Jagirdars who had large Jagirs scattered over a number of places could not manage it alone. So, they appointed *Mukhtars’ to look after the administrative work of the Jagirs.

The amount of land revenue to be collected by the Jagirdar or their agents was fixed by the government. The Jagirdar had to keep it in view that the farmers working under him or his labourers should not be displeased with him.

Civil And Military Administration Of Ranjit Singh:

3. Duties of the Jagirdars : During the regime of Maharaja Ranjit Singh the Jagirdars not only collected the revenue from the Jagirs under them but also decided the judicial cases of the people living in their Jagirs. Many a time, the Maharaja would give command of small military campaigns to the brave Jagirdars also. Often the Maharaja would authorise the Jagirdars to collect arrears of land revenue from the areas under them. Sometimes Jagirdars were sent on diplomatic missions and were given the responsibility to welcome the important foreign dignitaries. In short, the Jagirdars enjoyed enormous powers during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Merits of the Jagirdari System

1. Free from the burden of Collecting Revenue : During the period of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, many civil and military officers had been given the Jagirs. These Jagirdars were given the right to collect revenue from the Jagir under them. So, the government became free from the burden of collecting revenue.

2. A large force was prepared : During Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times those Jagirdars who were given military Jagirs had to keep soldiers for the service of the state. The Maharaja inspected these soldiers from time to time. The Jagirdars would send these soldiers to the help of the Maharaja at the time of need. A large reserve force for Maharaja Ranjit Singh was thus prepared by the Jagirdars.

3. Help in the Administration : During Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times the Jagirdars not only collected the revenue, but also settled all the judicial matters in the Jagirs under them. These Jagirdars were also empowered to collect Nazrana. In order to maintain peace, they would also sometimes lead small military campaigns. In this way, the Jagirdar proved help&d to Maharaja Ranjit Singh in matters of state administration.

4. Restriction on the despotism of Ranjit Singh : The Jagirdari system imposed restriction on the despotism of Ranjit Singh. Since the Maharaja sought the help of the Jagirdars in running his administration, he could not rule by free will. He had to keep in mind the wishes of the Jagirdars.

Demerits of the Jagirdari System:

1. Lack of unity in the Army: During the period of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Jagirdars had their own army- Its recruitment was made according to the Jagirdar’s own whims. The soldiers under every Jagirdar did not undergo the same sort of training. Consequently, there was a lack of co-ordination in them. Besides, these soldiers were more loyal to the Jagirdars than to the Maharaja.

2. Exploitation of Farmers : The Jagirdars were empowered to collect land revenue from the Jagirs held by them.’ These Jagirdars would try to collect maximum Revenue from the farmers. The big Jagirdars would often take fixed amount of money from the contractors and allow them to collect revenue. These contractors would greatly exploit the farmers to earn maximum profit.

3. Jagirdars led a luxurious Life : Since the big Jagirdars were very rich, they led a life of luxury. They would indulge in debauchery and merry-making in
their palaces. One reason being that these Jagirdars knew that after their death their Jagir could be confiscated. Thus, the valuable wealth of the state was wasted.

4. Jagirdari System proved harmful to the Successors of Ranjit Singh: Maharaja Ranjit Singh had given enormous powers to the Jagirdars. As long as he was alive, he kept them under his control, but after his death, his weak successors could not keep them under their control. They began to take part in anti-state conspiracies. It proved very harmful to the Sikh empire.

Although the Jagirdari system suffered from certain defects, yet it eminently suited during the regime of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Military Administration Of Maharaja Ranjit Singh:

Question 5.
Give an account of the Military Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Describe in detail the military system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Write briefly the military organisation of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Why was his army called the ‘Engine of Power?
Or
Describe the various reforms introduced by Maharaja Ranjit Singh in order to westernise his army.
Or
Discuss critically the Military Administration of Ranjit Singh.
Or
Describe the salient features of the Military Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Describe the merits and demerits of the Military Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was not only a great conqueror, but also a military administrator of a very high order. Before Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the military system of the Sikhs was very defective. There was a total lack of discipline among the soldiers. They were neither paraded nor given training of any kind. The infantry was considered very inferior. The Sikhs considered it below their dignity to join the infantry. The army was also not well-organised. There was no practice of branding the horses. The soldiers were not given salaries in cash.

They were given a share of the booty. As a result, the soldiers paid more attention to plundering than fighting. No record of the details of soldiers was maintained. Above all, the Sikh army did not have the modern sophisticated weapons. Artillery was not considered an essential part of the army. Such an army can not be called an army in the true sense of the word. Ranjit Singh was dreaming of establishing a powerful Sikh empire. In order to realise his dream, he felt the urgency of creating a strong and disciplined army. Therefore, he planned to modernise his army.

Division of Army:

Maharaja Ranjit Singh had divided his army into two wings,

Fauj-i-Ain (regular army) and
Fauj-i-Be-Qawaid (irregular army).

A brief description of these wings is as follows :

Fauj-i-Ain:

The regular army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was called Fauj-i-Ain. It comprised all the three arms,

Infantry
Cavalry and
Artillery.

1. Infantry : Maharaja Ranjit Singh was fully aware of the importance of infantry. The task of recruitment in this army had started after 1805 A.D., which continued throughout the Maharaja’s reign. In the beginning, the number of the Sikhs in this army was nominal. The reason being that the Sikhs looked down upon infantry. Therefore, in the beginning, Maharaja Ranjit Singh recruited the Pathans and the Gorkhas in this section of the army.

Afterwards, owing to Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s efforts, the Sikhs too began to join it. In 1822 A.D. Maharaja Ranjit Singh employed General Ventura to train the infantry on western pattern. Under his able guidance, the infantry became the efficienfand the most disciplined army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh within a few years. In 1838-39 A.D. the strength of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s infantry rose to 26617.

2. Cavalry : The second important part of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s army was cavalry. In order to organise it on western lines, Maharaja Ranjit Singh appointed General Allard in 1822 A.D. Under his command the cavalry became very strong. In 1838-39, the overall strength of the cavalry was 4090.

3. Artillery : Maharaja Ranjit Singh was fully aware of the importance of artillery in the modern warfare. Therefore, he paid a special attention to the development of artillery in 1810 A.D. In 1812 A.D. he organised Topkhana-i-Khas.. In order to make the artillery more powerful he employed General Court in 1827 A.D., and Col. Alexander Gardener in 1832 A.D. Under their able guidance the artillery made matchless progress in a few years. Maharaja Ranjit Singh had divided his artillery into four categories:

Topkhana-i-Fili,
Topkhana-i- Shutri

4. Topkhana-i-Aspi,
5. Topkhana-i-Gavi. Topkhana-i-Fili consisted of very heavy guns, which were pulled by the elephants. Topkhana-i-Shutri consisted of those guns, which were pulled by the camels. Topkhana-i-Aspi consisted of those guns, which were pulled by the horses. Topkhana-i-Gavi consisted of those guns, which were pulled by the oxen.

Fauj-i-Khas:

Fauj-i-Khas was the most important and the strongest portion of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s army. It was trained under the command of General Ventura. It consisted of four battalions of infantry, two regiments of cavalry, and a troop of artillery. It was trained and disciplined strictly on European patterns. In it, very selected soldiers were recruited. Their weapons and horses were, also, of the superior type. That is why this army was called Fauj-i-Khas. It had a separate flag and emblem.

Fauj-l-Be-Qawaid:

Fauj-i-Be-Qawaid means that army that did not observe any prescribed rules. This army was divided into four parts

Ghorcharas
Fauj-i-Kilajat
Akalis and
Jagirdari Fauj.

A brief description of these is as follows :

1. Ghorcharas: Ghorcharas were the most important part of the Be-Qawaid army. It was divided into two categories,

Ghorcharas Khas and
Misldar Swars. Ghorcharas Khas consisted of the relatives of the dignitaries of the court of landed gentry. The Misldar Swars consisted of those horsemen, who were previously employed with the Misl Sardars. They were regarded inferior in status to Ghorcharas Khas. The Ghorcharas retained their old methods of warfare and regarded the Europeans practices, as the tricks of the dancing girl. In 1838-39 A.D. the strength of the Ghorcharas was 10,795.

2. Fauj-i-Kilajat: For the defence of the forts, Ranjit Singh had a separate army which was called Fauj-i-Kilajat. 1116 number of these troops varied according to the importance of the forts. In important forts, a large number of soldiers were kept. In small forts the strength of the soldiers ranged between 25 and 50. The commanding officer of the fort was called either Quiladar or Thanedar.

3. The Akalis: The Akalis were known for their bravery. They called themSelves the immortal army of Guru Gobind Singh Ji. Each Akali proclaimed himself equivalent to 1,25,000 soldiers. The Akalis always moved fully armed to the teeth. They were opposed to q}l types of training. It was very difficult for Ranjit Singh to keep them under his control. They fought like devils and performed feats of amazing bravery in the battlefield. Therefore, they were always employed in the most dangerous expeditions. Their number was about 3,000. Akali Phula Singh and Akali Sadhu Singh were their famous leaders.

4. Jagirdari Fauj: During the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, those Jagirdars, who were given military Jagirs had to keep soldiers for the service of the state. The small Jagirdars kept only the cavaliers, whereas the big Jagirdars kept infantry and artillery, in addition to the cavaliers. The Jagirdars themselves recruited their soldiers. These soldiers were inspected from time to time by the state.

Other Features:

1. Total Strength of the Army: Most of the historians agree to the view that Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s army ranged between 75,000 and 1,00,000.

2. Composition: Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s army consisted of persons belonging to different classes. These included the Sikhs, the Rajputs, the Brahmans, the Khatris, the Gorkhas, the Muslims. The Purbia Hindustanis and the Europeans.

3. Recruitment: The enlistment in the army during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time was entirely voluntary. Only strong and sturdy persons were recruited in the army. The task of recruiting officers was in the hands of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

4. Pay: Before the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh the soldiers were paid either in the form of Jagirs or out of the plunder. The soldiers were paid in kind, twice a year at the time of harvest. Maharaja Ranjit Singh introduced the system of making payment in cash.

5. Promotions : Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave promotions to the soldiers, only on the basis of their ability. While giving promotions to his soldiers, the Maharaja did not discriminate against anyone on the basis of caste or religion.

6. Rewards and Honours : Every year Maharaja Ranjit Singh spent lakhs of rupees on presents and honours, which he gave to the soldiers for their acts of bravery in the battlefield and also for their glorious services to th^Li&hore Darbar.

7. Discipline: Maharaja Ranjit Singh had maintained a high depeb of discipline in his army. Those who violated the military rules were awarded severe punishments. Gen. Sir Charles Gough and Arthur D. Innes aptly say, “The Sikh army was the most efficient, the hardest to overcome, that we have ever faced ip India.”

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Give an outline of Central Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Every word uttered by Maharaja Ranjit Singh was deemed law. In order – to get cooperation in running the administration, the Maharaja had appointed many ministers, of which prominent were the Prime Minister, Foreign Miniate. Finance Minister, Diwan, Chief Commander and Deorhiwala. It rested on Maharaja’s will to accept their advice or not. He had also established 12 departments or daftars for the smooth functioning of administration.

Question 2.
What was the position of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in the Central Administration?
Answer:
Maharaja was head of the State and he was the pivot around which the entire administration of the state revolved. He himself appointed all the ministers, high ranking civil and military officers of the state. He was also the highest court of justice of the state and every word uttered by him became law for the people. He was the Commander-in-Chief of the army. He could declare war or peace with any ruler.

Question 3.
Write a short note on the Provincial Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh had divided his empire into four Provinces,

Suba-i-Lahore
Suba-i-Multan
Suba-i-Kashmir and
Suba-i-Peshawar.

The administration of the Suba or Province was under Nazim (Governor). His main duties were to maintain peace, and to enforce the orders of the Maharaja in the province. He also helped the officials in collecting land revenue to maintain the law and order in the state, to enforce the orders of the Maharaja.

Question 4.
What was the position of Kardar during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Or
Write the works of Kardar during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Each Suba was further divided into many Paraganas. The chief official of the Pargana was called Kardar. The chief duties of the Kardar were to establish peace in the Pargana, to get the Maharaja’s order implemented, to collect the land revenue, to look after public welfare and administer justice. In brief the Kardar exercised enormous powers in his Pargana. He was assisted by Qanungos and Muqaddams.

Question 5.
Analyse the Local Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
What do yoh khow about the Local Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
At the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh the Subas were further divided into many Parganas. The administration of Pargana was under Kardar. The main duties of the Kardar were to keep peace in his Pargana, to promulgate orders of the Maharaja, to collect revenue, to look after the public welfare, and to decide the civil and criminal cases. Village or Mauz& was the lowest unit of administration. Its administration was in the hands of Panchayat.

Question 6.
Write the important functions of |£otwal during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. .
Answer:

To implement the orders of the Maharaja.
To establish law and order in the city.
To look after the cleanliness in the city.
To keep the record of foreigners.
To keep a watch on trade and industries in the city.

Question 7.
Write a short note on the administration of city of Lahore during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
How was the administration of the city of Lahore during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
During the period of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the administration of Lahore city was run differently from other cities. The whole city was divided into Mohallas. A Mohalla was under a Mohalladar. The Mohalladar maintained peace and order in his mohalla and looked after the arrangement of cleanliness. The chief official of Lahore city was ‘KotwaP who usually was to be a Muslim. At the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Imam Baksh was appointed at this post.

Question 8.
Write a slbort note on the Financial Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Describe main features of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Land Revenue Administration.
Answer:
Land revenue being the main source of state income, Maharaja Ranjit Singh paid special attention to its administration. Batai, Kankut, Bidding, Bigha, Plough and Well systems of determining land revenue were prevalent during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time. Land revenue was collected twice in a year. The officials who collected revenue were—Kardar, Muqaddam, Patwari, Qanungo and Chaudhary. Land revenue could be paid in cash or in kind and it was fixed on the basis of fertility of land.

Question 9.
Write a brief note on Jagirdari system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
What were the chief features of Jagirdari system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
Many types of Jagirs were prevalent during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time. Of these, service Jagirs was considered the most important. These Jagirs were given to high military and civil officials of the state in lieu of their salaries. Besides, Inam Jagirs, Subsistence Jagirs, Watan Jagirs and Dharamarth Jagirs Were also prevalent. Dharamarth Jagirs were given to religious institutions and holy persons. These Jagirs were managed by Jagirdar himself directly or by his agents.

Question 10.
Write a shcfrt note on the Judicial system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Discuss the main features of the Judicial system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
What were the main features of the Judicial system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
The Judicial system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was simple. Laws were not written. Justice was done on the basis of existing conventions, customs and sacred scriptures. The final verdict rested with the Maharaja. In order to give justice to his subjects, Maharaja Ranjit Singh had set up many courts in his empire. The Panchayats settled disputes in the villages. In towns and cities, there were courts of Qazis. During Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time, punishments were not rigid.

Question 11.
What were the main features of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Military Administration?
Or
What reforms were introduced by Ranjit Singh to improve his Military system?
Or
Write a short note on the Military Administration of Ranjit Singh.
Or
What were the main features of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Military Administration?
Or
Describe any three features of the military administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
What do you know about the military system of Mahraja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh organised a vast and powerful army. He recruited the English officers in his army to make his army stronger. Keeping record of soldier’s identification and putting mark on horses were started. Factories for manufacturing cannons, guns and other arms were established in the state. He personally inspected the army. Special awards were given to those who displayed bravery in battles. The soldiers were given salary in cash or in the form of Jagirs.

Question 12.
Write a brief note on the Fauj-i-Khas of Maharaja Ranjit Singles army.
Answer:
The Fauj-i-Khas of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s army was its most important and most powerful part. It was commanded and trained by General Ventura. It consisted of 4 battalions of infantry, 2 regiments of cavalry and 1 troop of artillery. This army was trained in European style. Selected soldiers were enlisted in it. Their arms and horses were also of best quality. That is why it was called Fauj- i-Khas. This army was highly disciplined.

Question 13.
What was Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s attitude towards his subjects?
Answer:
Ranjit Singh’s behaviour towards his subjects was good. State officials were given instructions that they should take extra care for the welfare of public. He travelled in disguise very often to know the real condition of people. Those who violated his orders, were given punishment. The peasants and the poor were given special state facilities. He gave patronage not only-to the Sikhs and Hindus but also to the Muslims.

Question 14.
Write a short note on the effects of Ranjit Singh’s rule on the life of the people.
Answer:
The rule of Maharaja Ranjit Singh had a far reaching effects on the life of the people. He had eastablished a vast empire in Punjab. Thus the people of Punjab were able to have a relief in their lives after centuries. Before this the people of Punjab had to face untold cruelities at the hands of Mughals and AfghAnswer: Maharaja Ranjit Singh had established an efficient administration of Punjab. Its main aim was the public welfare. Maharaja Ranjit Singh had abolished inhuman punishments.

Objective Type Questions:

Question 1.
Who was the pivot of central administration during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s rule?
Answer:
Maharaja himself.

Question 2.
Mention any one objective of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s administration.
Answer:
Public Welfare.

Question 3.
Mention any one power of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh himself drafted the internal and external policies.

Question 4.
Who was the Prime Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
Raja Dhian Singh.

Question 5.
What was the main duty of the Prime Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
To advise the Maharaja about all political and other important affairs of the state.

Question 6.
Name the Foreign Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Faqir Aziz-ud-Din.

Question 7.
What was the main duty of the Foreign Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
To advise the Maharaja regarding war and peace.

Question 8.
Name any one famous Finance Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Who was the Finance Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
Diwan Bhawani Das.

Question 9.
Name any one famous army general of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa.

Question 10.
Who was appointed as ‘Deorhiwala’ during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time?
Answer:
Jamadar Khushal Singh.

Question 11. What was the main duty of Deorhiwala during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time?
Answer:
To look after the royal family and the court.

Question 12.
Name any two offices that were established to look after the central administration during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time.
Answer:
Daftar-i-Abwab-ul-Mal.

Question 13.
Into how many Provinces was the empire of Maharaja Ranjit Singh divided?
Answer:
Four.

Question 14.
Name one Province of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Subaf-Lahore

Question 15.
Who was thfe highest official of the Province du Maharaja Ranjit Smgh?
Answer:
Nazim.

Question 16.
Mention any one function of Nazims during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time.
Answer:
To keep peace and order in the province under them.

Question 17.
Name the highest official of a Pargana.
Answer:
Kardar.

Question 18.
Write any one main function of Muqaddam?
Answer:
To help in collection of revenus from the village.

Question 19.
Who looked after the administration of the city of Lahore in Ranjit Singh’s time?
Answer:
Kotwal.

Question 20.
Who was the Kotwal of Lahore during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time?
Answer:
Imam Baksh.

Question 21.
What was the main function of Kotwal during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time?
Answer:
To maintain law and order in the city.

Question 22.
Name any one prevalent system of collecting land revenue in Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time.
Answer:
Batai system.

Question 23.
What do you mean by Batai system?
Answer:
The land revenue was determined after harvesting.

Question 24.
What do you understand by Kankut system?
Answer:
The land revenue was fixed on the basis of standing crops.

Question 25.
Name any one source of state income besides land revenue in Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time.
Answer:
Octroi.

Question 26.
What is meant by Jagirdari system?
Answer:
In Jagirdari system, the state officials were given Jagirs instead of cash salary.

Question 27.
What is meant by Watan Jagirs?
Answer:
These Jagirs were given to the Jagirdars in their own village.

Question 28.
What is meant by Dharmarth Jagirs?
Answer:
These Jagirs were given to the religious institutions- and holy persons.

Question 29.
Name any one judicial court prevalent in Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time.
Answer:
The judicial court prevalent in Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time was the Court of Qazi.

Question 30.
Which was the highest court of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time?
Answer:
Adalat-i-Ala.

Question 31.
Name any one drawback of the Sikh army before Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
There was lack of discipline in the Sikh army.

Question 32.
Name any one reform made by Maharaja Ranjit Singh in the Sikh army.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh imparted training to the Sikh army on western lines.

Question 33.
Into which two categories was Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s army divided?
Answer:
Fauj-i-Ain and Fauj-i-Be-Qawaid.

Question 34.
When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh organise the infantry?
Answer:
1805 A.D.

Question 35.
Into how many parts was cavalry divided in Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time?
Answer: Four.

Question 36.
Whom did Maharaja Ranjit Singh appoint to train Fauj-i-Khas?
Answer:
General Ventura.

Question 37.
Under whose command was the artillery of Fauj-i-Khas in Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time?
Answer:
General Ilahi Baksh.

Question 38.
What is meant by Fauj-i-Be-Qawaid?
Answer:
It meant the army which did not comply with the laid down rules.

Question 39.
Write the names of any two European officers of Lahore Darbar.
Or
Write the name of two European officers of Ranjit Singh’s army?
Or
Write the names of two main Generals of Ranjit Singh’s army.
Answer:

General/entura and
General Court.

Fill in the blanks:

1. The ……………… was the head of the State during-Ranjit Singh’s rule.
Answer:
Maharaja

2. Raja Dhian Singh was the …………….. of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Prime Minister

3. …………… was the Foreign Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Faqir-Aziz-ud-Din

4. ………………. and ………………. were the Finance Ministers of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Diwan Bhiwani Dass, Diwan Ganga Ram

5. The most famous army General of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was ……………..
Answer:
Hari Singh Nalwa

6. ……………… was appointed as Deorhiwala during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time.
Answer:
Jamadar Khushal Singh

7. Deorhiwala looked after the …………….
Answer:
royal family

8. ……………… kept the account of daily expenditure of the state.
Answer:
Daftar-i-Roznamacha-i-Ikhrajat

9. …………… looked after the valuable things of the state.
Answer:
Daftar-i-Toshakhana

10. The Empire of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was divided into …………… Provinces.
Answer:
four

11. ……………. was the highest official of the Proviñce during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Nazim

12. In Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time, head of the ……………… was called Kardar.
Answer:
Pargana

13. During Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time ………………. kept the record of land of the village.
Answer:
Patwari

14. ………………. was the chief official of Lahore during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s rule.
Answer:
Kotwal

15. ………………….. was the Kotwal of Lahore during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time.
Answer:
Imam Baksh

16. ……………. was the main source of income during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time.
Answer:
Land Revenue

17. During Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times, the ……………… system was widely prevalent.
Answer:
Batai

18. During the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh the land revenue was collected ……………. a year.
Answer:
twice

19. ……………….. Jagirs were the most significant of all the Jagirs which were given during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Service

20. ……………… Jagirs weíe those Jagirs which were given t& religious institutions during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Dharamarth

21. …………… was the highest court during the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Adalat-i-Ala

22. During Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times, Adalat-i-Ala was set up in …………..
Answer:
Lahore

23. During Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times, the criminals were generally ……………. only.
Answer:
fined

24. The regular army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was called …………….
Answer:
Fauj-i-Ain

25. Maharaja Ranjit Singh appointed in …………. General Allard to train his regular cavalry.
Answer:
1822 A.D.

26. During Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times the artillery consisted of very heavy guns, pulled by the elephants was called …………….
Answer:
Topkhana-i-Fili

27. Maharaja Ranjit Singh appointed ………………. to train Fauj-i-Khas.
Answer:
General Ventura

28. In Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time, the artillery of Fauj-i-Khas was under the command of General ……………..
Answer:
Ilahi Baksh

29. The army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, which did not comply with the laid down rules, was called …………..
Answer:
Fauj-i-Be-Qawaid

True or False:

1. Maharaja Ranjit Singh framed all the internal and external policies of the state.
Answer:
True

2. Raja Dhian Singh was the Prime Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
True

3. Diwan Dina Nath was the Foreign Minister of Maharqja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
False

4. During the period of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Finance Minister was called Diwan.
Answer:
True

5. Diwan Bhiwani Das was the Finance Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
True

6. Diwan Mohakam Chand and Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa were famous Commander-in-Chiefs of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
True

7. During the period of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Jamadar Khushal Singh was posted as Deorhiwala.
Answer:
True

8. During the period of Maharaja Ranjit Singh the office of Daftar-i-Abwab-ul Mai kept a record of state income.
Answer:
True

9. Daftar-i-Roznamacha-i-Ikhrajat- kept the account of daily expenditure of the state of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
True

10. Maharaja Ranjit Singh had divided his kingdom in four provinces.
Answer:
True

11. Kardar was the main official of the Suba at the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
False

12. Kotwal was the main official of Lahore at the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
True

13. At the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Imam Baksh was appointed as Kotwal.
Answer:
True

14. Diwan Ganga.Ram established daftars at the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
False

15. Land Revenue was the main source of state income in Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time.
Answer:
True

16. Batai system was widely prevalent during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time.
Answer:
True

17. During the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Land Revenue was collected thrice a year.
Answer:
False

18. Service Jagirs were the most significant of all the Jagirs during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
True)

19. Dharmarth Jagirs were given to religious institutions and holy persons in Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time.
Answer:
True

20. Subsistence Jagirs were given to people in recognition of their special services in the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
False

21. Qazi’s courts were set up in cities, dining Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time.
Answer:
True

22. During the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Adalat-i-Ala court was set up in Lahore.
Answer:
True

23. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was in favour of giving severe punishments to the criminals.
Answer:
False

24. Maharaja Ranjit Singh made a compromise between traditional and western ideas for his army.
Answer:
True

25. The regular army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was called Fauj-i-Ain.
Answer:
True

26. Maharaja Ranjit Singh appointed Gereral Ventura to train Fauj-i-Khas.
Answer:
True

27. Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave the command of artillery of Fauj-i-Khas to General Ilahi Baksh.
Answer:
True

28. Fauj-i-Be-Qawaid was the army which did not comply with the laid down rules in the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
True

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Who was the pivot of central administration during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s rule?
(a) Maharaja
(b) Foreign Minister
(c) Finance Minister
(d) Prime Minister
Answer:
(a) Maharaja

2. Who was the Prime Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
(a) Diwan Mohkam Chand
(b) Raja Dhian Singh
(c) Diwan Ganga Nath
(d) Faqir Azizuddin.
Answer:
(b) Raja Dhian Singh

3. Who was the Foreign Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
(a) Diwan Mohkam Chand
(b) Raja Dhian Singh
(c) Faqir Aziz-ud-Din
(d) Khushal singh.
Answer:
(c) Faqir Aziz-ud-Din

4. Who was not the Finance Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
(a) Diwan Mohkam Chand
(b) Diwan Ganga Ram
(c) Diwan Dina Nath
(d) Diwan Bhiwani Das
Answer:
(a) Diwan Mohkam Chand

5. Who was the famous Army General of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
(a) Hari Singh Nalwa
(b) Misar Diwan Chand
(c) Diwan Mohkam Chand
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above

6. Who looked after the royal family and the court during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time?
(a) Deorhiwala
(b) Kardar
(c) Subedar
(d) Kotwal.
Answer:
(a) Deorhiwala

7. Who was appointed as ‘Deorhiwala’ during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time?
(a) Jamadar Khushal Singh
(b) Sangat Singh
(c) Hari Singh Nalwa
(d) Jassa Singh Ramgarhia.
Answer:
(a) Jamadar Khushal Singh

8. Into how many provinces was the Empire of Maharaja Ranjit Singh divided?
(a) Two
(b) Three
(c) Four
(d) Five
Answer:
(c) Four

9. What was head of province known as during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time? .
(a) Subedar
(b) Kardar
(c) Nazim
(d) Kotwal.
Answer:
(c) Nazim

10. What was the head of Pargana called during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time?
Or
What was the main officer of Pargana called at the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
(a) Governor
(b) Kardar
(c) Mukadam
(d) Patwari
Answer:
(b) Kardar

11. Who was the incharge of Lahore at the time of Maharaja RanjitSingh?
(a) Subedar
(b) Kardar
(c) Kotwal
(d) Patwari
Answer:
(c) Kotwal

12. Who was the Kotwal of Lahore at the time Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s rule?
Or
The main officer’s (Kotwal) name of Lahore was :
(a) Dhyan Singh
(b) Bhawani Das
(c) Dina Nath
(d) Imam Baksh.
Answer:
(d) Imam Baksh.

13. In the era of Maharaja Ranjit Singh what was village called’?
(a) Garhi
(b) Haveli
(c) Block
(d) Mauja
Answer:
(d) Mauja

14. What was the main source of income during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time?
(a) Land Revenue
(b) Toll tax
(c) Nazrana
(d) Zabti
Answer:
(a) Land Revenue

15. What was the name of Jagir being given to the religious institutions and holy persons in Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time?
(a) ’Watan Jagir
(b) Inam Jagir
(c) Dharmarth Jagir
(d) Subsistence Jagir.
Answer:
(c) Dharmarth Jagir

16. Which was considered the most important Jagir in Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time?
(a) Inam Jagir
(b) Watan Jagir
(c) Service Jagir
(d) Subsistence Jagir.
Answer:
(c) Service Jagir

17. Which was the lowest court of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
(a) Panchayat
(b) Qazi’s Court
(c) Jagirdar’s Court
(d) Kardar’s Court.
Answer:
(a) Panchayat

18. Which court was lower to the court of Maharaja Rapjit Singh?
(a) Court of Nazim
(b) Adalat-i-Ala
(c) Adaliti
(d) Court of Kardar
Answer:
(b) Adalat-i-Ala

19. Which type of punishment was given to the culprits during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time?
(a) Death sentence
(b) Jurmana (fine)
(c) Amputation of body parts
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(b) Jurmana (fine)

20. What was the drawback of Sikh army before Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
(a) Lack of discipline among soldiers
(b) Infantry considered as an inferior force
(c) No cash salary was given to the soldiers
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

21. What was the regular army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh called?
(a) Fauj-i-Ain
(b) Fauj-i-Khas
(c) Fauj-i-Be-Qawaid
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(a) Fauj-i-Ain

22. Who was appointed to train Fauj-i-Khas*by Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
(a) General Ilahi Baksh
(b) General Allard
(c) General Ventura
(d) General Court.
Answer:
(c) General Ventura

23. Under whose command was the artillery of Fauj-i-Khas in Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time?
(a) General Ilahi Baksh
(b) General Court
(c) Colonel Gardener
(d) General Ventura.
Answer:
(a) General Ilahi Baksh

24. What was the name given to the army which did not comply with the laic^down rules in Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time?
(a) Fauj-i-Khas
(b) Fauj-i-Be-Qawaid
(c) Farvy-i-Ain
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Fauj-i-Be-Qawaid

25. Who was appointed as a trainer for cavalry by Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
(a) General Ventura
(b) General Allard
(c) General Court
(d) General Ilahi Baksh.
Answer:
(b) General Allard

PSEB 12th Class History Solutions Chapter 19 Ranjit Singh’s relations with Afghanistan and his N.W.F. Policy

December 13, 2024December 12, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class History Book Solutions Chapter 19 Ranjit Singh’s relations with Afghanistan and his N.W.F. Policy Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 19 Ranjit Singh’s relations with Afghanistan and his N.W.F. Policy

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
How did Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquer Attock? What was its significance?
Or
Give a brief account of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s conquest of Attock and the battle of Hazro.
Answer:
The fort of Attock was geographically very significant. During Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time Jahandad Khan, the Afghan Governor, was ruling over Attock. He was under the Kabul government only in name, otherwise, he was ruling independently. In 1813 A.D. when the Wazir of Kabul, Fateh Khan attacked Kashmir and defeated his brother Ata Mohammad Khan, he was alarmed. He was confident that Fateh Khan’s next target would be Attock.

Therefore, he started negotiations with Ranjit Singh. In exchange of a big Jagir yielding an annual revenue of Rs. 1 lakh he agreed to surrender the fort of Attock to Ranjit Singh. When Fateh Khan came to know about it, he flew into a rage.

In order to bring the fort of Attock under his control, he with his army proceeded towards Attock. On 13th July, 1813 A.D., at a place called Hazro or HaiXdru a fierce battle was fought between the armies of Ranjit Singh and Fateh Khan. In this battle Ranjit Singh gave a crushing defeat to Fateh Khan. It was the first battle fought between the Afghans and the Sikhs. This victory not only strengthened Ranjit Singh’s hold on Attock but also spread his fame far and wide.

Question 2.
Write about the battle of Hazro or Haidro or Chuch.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh had got the fort of Attock from Governor Jahandad Khan in exchange for Jagir of one lakh rupees, in March 1813 A.D. This fort was very important from the geographical point of view. When Fateh Khan came to know about it, he flew into rage. He started from Kashmir to Attock with heavy military force. He declared Jihad (religious war) against the Sikhs. A force for help from Kabul was also sent for Fateh Khan. On the other hand Maharaja Ranjit Singh also sent a vast army for the defence of the fort of Attock under General Hari Singh Nalwa, S. Jodh Singh Ramgarhia and Diwan Mohkam Chand.

A bloody battle between the two forces took place at Hazro, Haidro or Chuch. On July 13, 1813 A.D. the forces of Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave Fateh Khan’s army a crushing defeat. It not only confirmed the control of Maharaja Ranjit Singh over the fort of Attock but also his fame spread far and wide.

Question 3.
Write a brief note on Shah Shuja.
Or
Give a brief account of Shah Shuja’s relations with Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Shah Shuja was the emperor of Afghanistan. He ruled from 1803 to 1809 A.D. He proved a very incompetent ruler. In 1809 A.D. he left the throne and fled away. He was arrested by Ata Mohammad Khan, the Afghan Governor of Kashmir. In the first expedition of Kashmir in 1813 A.D. the forces of Maharaja Ranjit Singh got him released and brought him to Lahore. In exchange for it, Maharaja Ranjit Singh got the world famous diamond Koh-i-noor from his wife Wafa Begum.

In 1833 A.D. Shah Shuja made an agreement with Maharaja Ranjit Singh in order to regain his lost throne, but he did not succeed in his efforts. On June 26, 1838″ A.D. a Tripartite Treaty was signed among the English, Shah Shuja and Maharaja Ranjit Singh. According to this treaty, efforts were made to make Shah Shuja the emperor of Afghanistan. As a result of the efforts of the English, Shah Shuja became the emperor of Afghanistan in 1839 A.D. but soon he was. killed in a rebellion against him.

Question 4.
Write a short note on the relations between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Dost Mohammad Khan.
Answer:
Dost Mohammad Khan became the ruler of Afghanistan in 1826 A.D. Dost Mohammad Khan could never accept the fast growing influence of Maharaja Ranjit S Singh. A gulf had been created between them on the issue of Peshawar. A tussle started between Shah Shuja the ex-ruler of Afghanistan and Dost Mohammad Khan over the throne. Taking advantage of the situation, Maharaja Ranjit Singh took control of Peshawar very easily on May 6, 1834 A.D. After defeating Shah Shuja, Dost Mohammad Khan tried again to bring Peshawar under his control but he did not succeed.

In 1837 A.D. Dost Mohammad Khan sent a vast army to Peshawar under his son Akbar Khan. In the bloody battle of Jamraud, although General Hari Singh Nalwa was killed, but he ensured victory for the Sikhs. After this, Dost Mohammad Khan never turned his face towards Peshawar.

Question 5.
Write a brief note on Syed Ahmad.
Or
Write a note on the Zihad (Religious War) of Syed Ahmad.
Answer:
During 1827 to 1831 A.D. a fanatic named Syed Ahmad continued a rebellion against the Sikhs in the Attock and Peshawar regions. He hailed from Bareilly. He used to say, “Allah has sent me to conquer the Punjab and India and to expel the Sikhs from Afghan states and to finish them.” Taken in by his utterances, many Afghan sardars became his followers. In a very short period, he collected a vast army. It was a challenge to the authority of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

He was defeated by the Sikh forces first at Saidu and then at Peshawar but luckily on both occasions he succeeded in saving himself. In spite of his defeats, he continued his struggle against the Sikhs. At last, Syed Ahmad was killed at Balakot, fighting against Prince Sher Singh in 1831 A.D. Thus, a great headache of the Sikhs came to an end.

Question 6.
Write a short note on the Battle of Jamraud.
Answer:
Dost Mohammad Khan did not sit quietly on reaching Kabul. He wanted to avenge the insult suffered by him at the hands of the Sikhs. On the other side, the Sikhs were also busy in consolidating their position in Peshawar. In order to, prevent the Afghans from invading Peshawar, General Hari Singh Nalwa got a strong fort constructed at Jamraud. Dost Mohammad Khan could not tolerate the growing power of the Sikhs in Peshawar. So, he sent twenty thousand soldiers under the command of Mohammad Akbar and Shamsudin to invade Jamraud.

This army attacked Jamraud on 28th April, 1837 A&D. Sardar Mahan Singh with his 600 soldiers bravely resisted the Afghans for two days. At that time, General Hari Singh Nalwa was lying seriously ill at Peshawar. When he heard the news of Afghan attack, roaring like a lion, he reached Jamraud with his 10,000 soldiers. He trounced the Afghan forces. Being hit by a shell, General Hari Singh Nalwa died a martyr’s death on 30th April, 1837 A.D.

In order to, avenge his martyrdom, the Sikh army made so powerful attack on the Afghans that they fled to Kabul like jackals. Thus, the Sikhs emerged victorious in this decisive battle of Jamraud. When Maharaja Ranjit Singh heard the news of the death of his great general, Hari Si»gh Nalwa, tears kept flowing down his eyes for days together. After the battle of Jamraud, Dost Mohammad Khan never dared to attack Peshawar again. He felt assured that it was not possible to recover Peshawar from the Sikhs.

Question 7.
Write a short note on Akali Phula Singh.
Or
Who was Akali Phula Singh? Write a note on his military achievements.
Answer:
Akali Phula Singh was a pillar of the Sikh empire. He greatly contributed towards strengthening the foundations and expansion of Sikh empire. Maharaja Ranjit Singh respected him very much due to his exemplary bravery, fearlessness, love for Sikhism and high moral character. Maharaja Ranjit Singh succeeded in taking control of Kasur due to the bravery of Akali Phula Singh in 1807 A.D. In the same year, Akali Phula Singh brought Jhang also under his control. It was due to him that in 1816 A.D., the revolts by Muslim rulers against the Sikh rule in Multan, Bhakhar and Bahawalpur could be crushed. His contribution in the conquest of Multan in 1818 A.D., was also significant.

In the same year, Maharaja Ranjit Singh got his services during the Peshawar expedition. During the conquest of Kashmir in 1819 A.D. also, he was with Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Akali Phula Singh was killed in a battle against the Afghans at Naushehra on March 14, 1823 A.D. Undoubtedly Akali Phula Singh was a great saviour of the Sikh empire.

Question 8.
Write a brief note on Hari Singh Nalwa.
Or
Who was Hari Singh Nalwa? What do you know about him? Give a brief account.
Answer:
Hari Singh Nalwa was the greatest and most fearless general of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. He was matchless in the art of horse riding, swordsmanship and shooting. Besides being a great warrior, he was also a great administrator. Impressed by his bravery Maharaja Ranjit Singh had enlisted him in the army. Very soon he attained the high post of general. Once he had killed a lion with his hands, at which he was awarded the title of Nalwa by the Maharaja. He was so brave that the enemy trembled before him. He took part in most of the hazardous expeditions of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and achieved success in them. He remained the Nazim (governor) of Kashmir in 1820-21 A.D. and became Nazim of Peshawar in 1834 A.D. and remained on this post till 1837 A.D.

While working on-these posts, he not only created law and order in these regions but also initiated many reforms. He was killed on April 30, 1837 A.D. fighting against the Afghans at Jamraud. His death was a great blow to Maharaja Ranjit Singh and he kept weeping for many days. Undoubtedly, Hari Singh Nalwa had contributed greatly in consolidating and expanding the empire of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Question 9.
Explain the features of North-West Frontier Policy of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Write down the main five features of the North-West Frontier Policy of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Describe the five features of North-West Frontier Policy of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh had conquered and annexed Attock, Multan, Dera Ghazi Khan, Dera Ismail Khan and Peshawar etc. of north-west frontier region to his empire. Acting wisely, he did not try to occupy Afghanistan at all. He was already facing many problems in north-west frontier states, so he did not want to invite a new headache for himself. Maharaja Ranjit Singh took many steps to make north-west frontiers safe. He got many new forts constructed at strategic points and repaired old ones. A well-trained army was kept in these forts.

Mobile military squads were formed to crush the rebels. Maharaja Ranjit Singh showed an excellent grasp of the realities of the situation in running the administration of this region. He allowed the conventions and customs of this region to continue and did not interfere with the matters of tribal people unnecessarily. Army generals were appointed as the governors to run the administration. This step was taken keeping in view the temperament of the local tribes.

Question 10.
What is the significance of North-West Frontier Policy of Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
The North-West Frontier Policy of Maharaja Ranjit Singh occupies a special place in the history of Punjab. It speaks volumes about his far-sightedness, diplomacy and administrative ability. By bringing Multan, Kashmir, Peshawar etc. under his control, Ranjit Singh was able to put an end to the Afghan influence in this region. As a result Maharaja Ranjit Singh succeeded in making his empire safe from Afghan invasions.

It was a great political achievement of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Because of his successful policy Ranjit Singh brought the various tribal people under his control. Moreover, he was able to establish law and order in this region. The revolts were crushed with iron hands. Means of transport were developed. Special steps were taken to encourage agriculture. Land revenue was reduced to a considerable extent. Trade was also given a new boost. Consequently, the people of North-West Frontier region became prosperous and happy.

Essay Type Questions:

Question 1.
Briefly describe Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s relations with the Afghans.
Or
Give a brief account of the main stages of relations of Maharaja Ranjit Singh with Afghanistan.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s relations with Afghanistan can be divided into the following four stages:

First stage of Sikh-Afghan relations 1797-1812 A.D.
Second stage of Sikh-Afghan relations 1813-1834 A.D.
Third stage of Sikh-Afghan relations 1834-1837 A.D.
Fourth stage of Sikh-Afghan relations 1838-1839 A.D.
First Stage of Sikh-Afghan Relations 1797-1812 A.D.

1. Ranjit Singh and Shah Zaman : The relations between Ranjit Singh and the Afghans started at the time, when in 1797 A.D. Ranjit Singh took over the reins of the Sukarchakia Misl. At that time, Shah Zaman was the king of Afghani¬stan. He considered Punjab as his personal heritage, because his grandfather Ahmad Shah Abdali had occupied it in 1752 A.D. Shah Zaman had invaded Punjab thrice by 1797 A.D., before Ranjit Singh ascended the throne. During his fourth invasion, Shah Zaman besieged Lahore on 27th November, 1798. At that time, Lahore was ruled over by the three Bhangi Misl Sardars (Chet Singh, Sahib Singh and Mohar Singh). They fled from the city without giving any resistance to Shah Zaman.

Shah Zaman had to go back to Kabul to crush the revolt. The Bhangi Sardars once again took possession of Lahore in January, 1799 A.D. Ranjit Singh defeated the Bhangi Sardars and occupied Lahore on 7th July, 1799 A.D.. After¬wards, with a view to improrve his relations with Shah Zaman, Ranjit Singh sent to Kabul his 12 to 15 guns, which had fallen in the river Jhelum. Shah Zaman felt pleased with Ranjit Singh and acknowledged his control over Lahore.

2. Political Instability in Afghanistan: In 1800 A.D., a war of succession for the royal throne started in Kabul. Shah Zaman was dethroned and Shah Mehmud became the new king of Afghanistan. He ruled only for three years (1800-03 A.D.). In 1803 A.D. Shah Shuja forcibly took possession of the throne from Shah Mehmud. He ruled till 1809 A.D. He proved to be an unworthy king. It led to chaos in Af¬ghanistan.

On finding this golden opportunity, the Afghan Governors of Attock, Kashmir, Multan and Derajat declared their independence. Maharaja Ranjit Singh also took advantage of the weakness of the Kabul government and took possession of the Afghap areas like Kasur, Jhang, Khushal and Sahiwai. In 1809 A.D. Shah Shuja was dethroned and Shah Mehmud again became the new king of Afghani-stan.

Since Fateh Khan had rendered every possible help to Shah Mehmud in getting the royal throne, so he appointed him his Prime Minister. By 1812 A.D. Fateh Khan had greatly consolidated his position in Afghanistan- In 1812 A.D. the ruler of Attock, Jahandad Khan had imprisoned Shah Shuja and sent him to Kashmir. The ruler of Kashmir Ata Mohammad Khan had thrown him into the prison.

(B) Second Stage of Sikh-Afghan Relations 1813-1834 A.D.

came to know of it, he lost his temper. He himself proceeded with a huge army to drive out the Sikhs from Attock. On July 13,1813 A.D. a fierce battle was fought at a place called Hazro or Haidru, in which Maharaja Ranjit Singh inflicted a crushing defeat on Fateh Khan. This victory gave a severe blow to the power of the Afghans and enhanced the prestige of the Sikhs.

5. Conquest of Kashmir 1819 A.D.: Encouraged by the victory of Multan in 1818 A.D. Maharaja Ranjit Singh made a plan in 1819 A.D. to conquer Kashmir. A large army under the command of Misar Diwan Chand, was sent to Kashmir. The army succeeded in defeating the Kashmir ruler, JaJbbar Khan and capturing Kash¬mir. This significant victory greatly enhanced the prestige of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. It dealt a severe blow to the Afghan power.

6. Battle of Naushera 1823 A.D.: Azim Khan made Ayub Khan the new king of Afghanistan and himself became the Wazir. Taking advantage of the disturbed situation in Afghanistan, Maharaja Ranjit Singh attacked Peshawar in 1818 A.D. Yar Mohammad Khan and Dost Mohammad Khan, who ran the Government of Peshawar jointly accepted the suzerainty of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Azim Khan could not tolerate it.

As a result on 14th March 1823 A.D., a decisive battle was fought between the two forces at Naushera or Tibba Tehri. In this battle, the Sikhs inflicted such a crushing defeat on the Afghans, that they fled from the battlefield. According to Dr. B.J. Hasrat, “The Sikh victory at Naushera sounded the deathknell of Afghan supremacy beyond the?iver Indus.”

7. Revolt of Sayyed Ahmad 1827-31 A.D. : During the period 1827 A.D. to 1831 A.D., a man named Sayyed Ahmad had created disturbance against the Sikhs in Attock and Peshawar. He declared that God has sent him to conquer Punjab and India, and to drive out the Sikhs from the Afghan territories. Taken in by his utterances, many Afghan Sardars became his disciples. In no time, he was able to organise a big army.

It was a challenge to Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s power. The Sikh forces defeated him first at Saidu and then at Peshawar, but fortunately he escaped both the times. Despite these defeats, he continued his struggle against the Sikhs. At last in 1831 A.D., he died at Balakot while fighting against. Prince Sher Singh. In this way a big nuisance for the Sikhs was over.

8. Treaty with Shah Shuja 1833 A.D.: On 12th March, 1833 AJD., a treaty was signed between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Shah Shuja. According to the treaty, Shah Shuja accepted Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s suzerainty on all the areas conquered in the North-West of river Indus. In return Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave help him help to fight against Dost Mohammad Khan.

9. Annexation of Peshawar to the Lahore Kingdom 1834 A.D. : In 1834 A.D. Maharaja Ranjit Singh decided to annex Peshawar to the Lahore Raj. With this objective, he sent to Peshawar a large army under the command of prince Naunihal Singh, Hari Singh Nalwa and General Ventura. When, Sultan Mohammad heard the news of attack by the Sikhs, he fled to Kabul without putting up any resistance. Thus, on 6th May, 1834 A.D., Peshawar was annexed to the Lahore Kingdom. In order to run the administration of Peshawar, Hari Singh Nalwa was appointed the first Governor.

The annexation of Peshawar to the Lahore Kingdom in 1834 A.D., ushered in a new era in the Sikh-Afghan relations. During this period, the Afghans tried to recapture Peshawar, but the Sikh forces frustrated all their efforts.

10. Efforts to recapture Peshawar by Dost Mohammad Khan 1835 A.D.: In 1834 A.D., when Maharaja Ranjit Singh annexed Peshawar to his empire, Dost Mohammad Khan lost this temper. He could not tolerate the rule of the Sikhs over an important territory like Peshawar. But, at that time, he was involved in a civil war with Shah Shuja. After defeating Shah Shuja, he asked Ranjit Singh either to hand over Peshawar to him or be ready to fight with him.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh chose the second option. In order to consolidate his position, Dost Mohammad Khan raised the slogan of Jihad (religious war). As a result, Afghan tribes in large numbers gathered under his banner. He won over to his side, his brother, Sultan Mohammad, who was the governor of Peshawar.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh was not fully prepared for the battle, so he sent Faqir Aziz-ud-Din and Harlan to hold talks. Another objective of this mission was to create a wedge between Dost Mohammad Khan and Sultan Mohammad Khan. This mission succeeded in achiev¬ing both the objectives. Near Peshawar, when both the forces came face to face, Sultan Mohammad with his soldiers went over to the side of the Sikhs.

On seeing this, Dost Mohammad Khan retreated to Kabul with his soldiers without putting up any resistance on 11th May, 1835 A.D. In this’tvay, Maharaja Ranjit Singh won a significant victory without shedding a drop of blood.

11. Battle of Jamraud 1837 A.D.: Dost Mohammad Khan wanted to avenge his humiliation suffered at the hands of the Sikhs. On the other hand, the Sikhs also wanted to consolidate their position in Peshawar. In <?rder to counter the Af¬ghan invasions, Hari Singh Nalwa got a strong fort constructed at Jamraud. In order to check this operation of Hari Singh Nalwa, Dost Mohammad Khan sent a huge army of 20,000 soldiers under the command of his son Mohammad Akbar and Shamsudin.

This army attacked the fort of Jamraud on 28th April, 1837 A.D. Hari Singh Nalwa was then lying seriously ill at Peshawar. When he heard the news of Afghan attack, he with his 10,000 soldiers attacked the Afghans at Jamraud with a view to teach them a lesson. Although Hari Singh Nalwa was killed in this battle, the Sikhs caused such a havoc among the Afghans that they never turned their face towards Peshawar thereafter.

(D) Fourth Stage of Sikh-Afghan Relations 1838-39 A.D.

Britishers wanted to establish Mendly relations with the Afghanistan ruler. Dost Mohammad Khan. With this end in view, they sent Captain Alexander Burns to Afghanistan. But the talks could not mature. Then the British made a plan to make the ex-ruler of Afghanistan, Shah Shuja, the new ruler of Afghanistan. The British forced Ranjit Singh, also to become a party to the treaty. In this way, a tripartite treaty between the British, Shah Shuja and Maharaja Ranjit Singh was signed on 26th June 1838 A.D.

The prominent terms of the tripartite treaty were :

Shah Shuja would be made the king of Afghanistan with the co-operation of the British and Maharaja Ranjit Singh,
Shah Shuja would accept Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s suzerainty over the Afghan territories conquered by him.
Shah Shuja promised to abide by all those decisions concerning Sind taken by the British and Maharaja Ranjit Singh,
Shah Shuja would have no contact with any world power without the permission of the British and the Sikhs,
The enemy of one power would be

Question 2.
Describe the chief characteristics of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s North-West Frontier Policy. Was the Maharaja successful in this policy?
Or
Discuss the North-West Frontier Policy of Ranjit Singh.
Or
Explain the North-West Frantier Policy of Maharaja Single.
Or
Which problems had Maharaja Ranjit Singh to face in the North-West Frontier territories? What steps did the Maharaja take to solve these problems?
Or
Examine the main features of the North-West Frontier Policy of Ranjit Singh. What was its significance?
Answer:
The North-West Frontier has always formed a vital problem for the rulers ‘ of Punjab, as well as, of India. The reason was that the foreign invaders coming through this route caused much havoc in Punjab and India. Besides, this territory was inhabited by very savage tribes. Their chief occupation was to carry on loot and arson. They were indisciplined by nature. They were staunch fanatics and remained ever ready to die in the name of religion. It was not an easy task to . encounter them. Maharaja Ranjit*Singh was the first ruler, who paid his attention to solve this tangle.

Main Features of North-West frontier Policy

The main features of North-West Frontier Policy of Maharaja Ranjit Singh were as given below:

1. Conquests of North-Western Territories : There were two stages of the conquests of North-Western territories by Ranjit Singh. After conquering Attock, Multan and Kashmir, he had annexed them to his kingdom. After these conquests, Maharaja Ranjit Singh paid attention to the territories beyond Indus river. He conquered Peshawar in 1818 A.D., Bhawalpur in 1820 A.D. and Dera Ismail Khan and Mankera in 1821 A.D. Acting wisely, Maharaja Ranjit Singh did not annex these areas to his kingdom.

He left them under the-care of the Muslims in return for the annual revenue (khiraj) from these areas. By 1827 A.D. to 1831 A.D. Maha raja Ranjit Singh’s power had greatly increased, he decided to annex these areas to his kingdom. Consequently, Maharaja Ranjit Singh annexed to his kingdom, Dera Gazi Khan in 1831 A.D., Tonk in 1832 A.D., Bannu in 1833 A.D., Peshawar in 1834 A.D. and Dera Ismail Khan in 1836 A.D.

2. Decision of not conquering Afghanistan: Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a wise statesman. So he never tried to conquer Afghanistan. He was already facing many hardships in the North-West frontier areas. Under such a situation, he did not want to invite any more trouble by conquering Afghanistan. Perhaps on one occasion only did he think seriously of attacking Afghanistan. This idea occurred to him in 1837 A.D. to avenge the death of his great General Hari Singh Nalwa who was killed in the battle of Jamraud. Soon his anger cooled down and he gave up the idea of attacking Afghanistan. It is true that Maharaja Ranjit Singh joined the Tripartite Treaty in June 1838 A.D., but he did not want to attack Afghani¬stan. He joined this treaty so that the British might not harm his interests.

3. Efforts to crush the Tribes: Many Afghan tribes lived in the North-West¬ern Frontier areas which were under the control of Ranjit Singh. Of these tribes Yussufazai, Mohammadzai, Daudzai, Afridi and Khattak were the most savage. During the period 1827 and 1831 A.D. Sayyed Ahmad instigated the tribes of these territories against the Sikhs. Ranjit Singh sent many military campaigns to crush these tribes.

In 1831 A.D. Sayyed Ahmad was killed along with his 500 companions, while fighting against Prince Sher Singh at Balakot. In spite of this, these tribes continued to create disturbances against the Sikhs. In 1834 A.D. when Peshawar was annexed to the Sikh empire, Hari Singh Nalwa was appointed as Governor there. Hari Singh Nalwa followed a very strong policy to crush these tribes.

4. Measures for the defence of the North-West Frontier: Maharaja Ranjit Singh took many steps for the defence of the North-West Frontiers. He got con¬structed new forts like the fort of Attock, Khairabad, Jahangira, Jamraud and Fatehgarh at places of strategical importance. In addition, old forts were repaired. Trained soldiers were deployed in these forts. These soldiers were always ready to crush the rebels. Besides, mobile squads were also raised. These squads had cre¬ated such a panic in the hearts of these tribes that they would seldom raise their heads.

5. Administration of North-West Frontier Territories : In order to keep the tribes of North-West Frontier territories under control, Maharaja Ranjit Singh appointed military Governors. He did not bring about any revolutionary change in the administration of these territories. Old laws, customs and traditions were not interfered with. Every Khan enjoyed a good status in this area, as enjoyed by him previously. He would collect taxes from the people belonging to his tribe.

He settled their disputes and punished them according to the prevalent customs. With a view to encourage agriculture, canals and wells were dug up in the area. The rate of revenue was greatly reduced. By virtue of these efforts, Maharaja Ranjit Singh tried to win the confidence of the people living there. On the other hand, the trouble¬shooters were severely dealt with.

Importance of N.W.E Policy

The N.W.F. Policy of Maharaja Ranjit Singh succeeded to a-considerable ex¬tent. Undoubtedly it was one of his greatest achievements. By conquering Multan, Kashmir and Peshawar etc. Maharaja Ranjit Singh had ended the Afghan influ¬ence. He succeeded in establishing peace by crushing the turbulent tribes living in North-Western Frontiers. He took special steps to encourage agriculture. It led to the economic prosperity of the people living there. Dr. G.S. Nayyar aptly says, “It was the first time after Anangpal that the series of invasions from the North-West were checked and the tribesmen ruled.”

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
How did Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquer Attock? What was its significance?
Or
Give a brief account of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s conquest of Attock and the battle of Hazro.
Answer:
In exchange of a big Jagir yielding an annual revenue of Rs. 1 lakh Jahandad Khan agreed to surrender the fort of Attock to Maharaja Ranjit Singh. When Fateh Khan came to know about it, he flew into a rage. In order to bring the fort of Attock under his control, he proceeded towards Attock with his army. On I3th July, 1813 A.D., at a place called Hazro or Haidru, a fierce battle was fought between the armies of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Fateh Khan. In this battle Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave a crushing defeat to Fateh Khan. It boosted the morale of the Sikh army.

Question 2.
Write a brief note on Shah Shuja.
Or
Give a brief account of Shah Shuja’s relations with Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
He ruled Afghanistan from 1803 to 1809 A.D. In 1809 A.D. he left the throne and fled away. He was arrested by Ata Mohammad Khan, the Afghan Governor of Kashmir. In the first expedition of Kashmir in 1813 A.D. the forces of Maharaja Ranjit Singh got him released and brought him to Lahore. On June 26, 1838 A.D. a Tripartite Treaty was signed between the English, Shah Shuja and Maharaja Ranjit Singh. According to this treaty, efforts were made to make Shah Shuja the emperor of Afghanistan but it remained unsuccessful.

Question 3.
Write a short note on the relations between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Dost Mohammad Khan.
Answer:
Dost Mohammad Khan became the ruler of Afghanistan in 1826 A.D. Dost Mohammad Khan could never accept the fast growing influence of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Maharaja Ranjit Singh took control of Peshawar very easily on May 6, 1834 A.D; In 1837 A.-D. Dost Mohammad Khan sent a vast army to Peshawar under his son Akbar Khan. In the bloody battle of Jamraud, although S. Hari Singh Nalwa was killed, yet the Sikhs, ultimately came out victorious. After this, Dost Mohammad Khan never turned his face towards Peshawar.

Question 4.
Write a brief note on Sayyed Ahmad.
Or
Write a note on the Jihad (Religious War) of Sayyed Ahmad.
Answer:
During 1827 to 1831 A.D. a fanatic named Sayyed Ahmad continued a rebellion against the Sikhs in the Attock and Peshawar regions. He hailed from Bareilly. He used to say, “Allah has sent me to conquer the Punjab and India and to expel the Sikhs from Afghan states and to finish them.” Taken in by his utterances, many Afghan sardars became his followers. He was killed at Balakot, fighting against Prince Sher Singh in 1831 A.D. .

Question 5.
Write a short note on Akali Phula Singh.
Or
Who was Akali Phula Singh? Write a note on his military achievements.
Answer:
Akali Phula Singh was a pillar of the Sikh empire. He greatly contributed . towards strengthening the foundations and expansion of Sikh empire. Maharaja Ranjit Singh succeeded in taking control of Kasur due to the bravery of Akali Phula Singh in 1807 A.D. His contribution in the conquest of Multan in 1818 A.D., was also significant. During the conquest of Kashmir in 1819 AD. also, he was with Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Akali Phula Singh was killed in a battle against the Afghans at Naushehra on March 14, 1823 A.D.

Question 6.
Write a short note on the battle of Jamraud.
Answer:
General Hari Singh Nalwa had got a strong fort built at Jamraud with the objective of consolidating his position in Peshawar. Dost Mohammad Khan could never tolerate it. So he sent a vast army to Jamraud under the command of his son Akbar Khan. His forces surrounded the fort of Jamraud on April 28, 1837 A.D. Hari Singh Nalwa attacked the Afghans but he was killed. Inspite of that the Sikhs gave a crushing defeat to the Afghans on April 30,1837 A.D. After this the Afghans never dared to conquer Peshawar.

Question 7.
Write a brief note on Hari Singh Nalwa.
Or
What do you know about Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa?
Or
Write a note on S&rdar Hari Singh Nalwa.
Answer:
Hari Singh Nalwa was the greatest and most fearless General of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. He took part in most of the hazardous expeditions of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and achieved success in them. He remained the Nazim (Governor) of Kashmir in 1820-21 A.D. and Nazim of Peshawar from 1834 A.D. to 1837 A.D. While working on these posts, he not only created law and order in these regions but also initiated many reforms. He was killed on April 30, 1837 AD. fighting against the Afghans at Jamraud.

Question 8.
Describe the main features of North-West Frontier policy of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Write down the main features of the North-West Frontier Policy of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer: (a) Maharaja Ranjit Singh took many steps. To make north-west frontiers safe. He got many new forts constructed at strategic points and repaired old ones.
(b) Mobile military squads were formed to crush the rebels. (Hi) He allowed the conventions and customs of this region to continue (d) He did not interfere with the matters of tribal people unnecessarily, (v) Army Generals were appointed as the Governors to run the administration.

Question 9.
What is the significance of North-West Frontier Policy of naraja Ranjit Singh?
Or
Write down the three main features of the North-West Frontier Policy of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
The North-West Frontier policy of Maharaja Ranjit Singh speaks volumes for his far-sightedness, diplomacy and administrative ability. By bringing Multan, Kashmir, Peshawar etc. under his control, Maharaja Ranjit Singh was able to put an end to the Afghan influence in this region. As a result Maharaja Ranjit Singh succeeded in making his empire safe from Afghan invasions. He was able to establish law and order in this region. Means of transport were developed. Special steps were taken to encourage agriculture. Trade was also given a new boost.

Objective Type Questions:

Question 1.
Name any one ruler of Afghanistan during the rule of Maharaja RanjitSingh.
Answer:
Shah Shuja.

Question 2.
Name any two Barkzai Brothers.
Answer:
Dost Mohammad Khan and Yar Mohammad Khan.

Question 3.
Who was Shah Zaman?
Or
What was Shah Shuja?
Answer:
He was the ruler of Afghanistan.

Question 4.
When did Shah Zaman occupy Lahore?
Answer:
On Nov. 27,1798 AD.

Question 5.
Who was ruling at Lahore when Shah Zaman occupied it in 1798 AD.?
Answer:
Three Bhangi Sardars or Bhangi Misl.

Question 6.
Who was Fateh Khan?
Answer:
Wazir of Shah Mahmud, the ruler of Afghanistan.

Question 7.
Where did the alliance take place between Mdharqja Ranjit Singh and Fateh Khan regarding the control over Kashmir?
Answer:
At Rohtas.

Question 8.
When was the battle of Hazro or Haidru fought?
Answer:
July 13, 1813 A.D.

Question 9.
Give one result of the battle of Hazro?
Answer:
It gave a crushing blow to the Afghan pow

Question 10.
When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh occupy Kashmir?
Answer:
1819 A.D.

Question 11.
When was the battle of Naushera fought?
Answer:
March 14, 1823 AD.

Question 12.
Who was defeated in the battle of Naushera?
Answer:
Azim Khan.

Question 13.
Who was Akali Phula Singh?
Answer:
A famous army general of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Question 14.
Name the battle in which Akali Phula Singh died.
Or
In which battle Akali Phula Singh died?
Answer:
The battle of Naushera.

Question 15.
Who was Syed Ahmad?
Answer:
He called himself the Caliph of the Muslims.

Question 16.
By whom was the religious war (Jihad) led against Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
Syed Ahmad.

Question 17.
When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh annex Peshawar to his empire?
Answer:
1834 A.D.

Question 18.
Whom did Maharaja Ranjit Singh appoint the first Governor of Peshawar?
Answer:
Hari Singh Nalwa.

Question 19.
When did the battle of Jamraud take place?
Answer:
30 April, 1837

Question 20.
Who was Hari Singh Nalwa?
Answer:
Famous General of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Question 21.
When was the Tripartite Treaty signed?
Answer:
June 26, 1838 A.D.

Question 22.
Mention any one clause of Tripartite Treaty.
Answer:
Shah Shuja was to be made the ruler of Afghanistan.

Question 23.
Name any one problem of Maharaja Ranjit Singh regarding the North-West Frontier States.
Answer:
He had to deal with the tribes of North-West Frontier States.

Question 24.
Give a characteristic of Maharaja Raqjit Singh’s North-West Frontier Policy.
Answer:
He never tried to capture control over Afghanistan,

Question 25.
Name a barbaric tribe of North-West at the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Yusufjais.

Question 26.
Mention any one effect of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s North-West Frontier Policy.
Answer:
Peace was established.

Fill in the blanks :

1. The ruler of Afghanistan during the rule of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was ……………..
Answer:
Shah Zaman

2. ……………. became the new king of Afghanistan in 1800 A.D.
Answer:
Shah Mehmud

3. In 1813 A.D., a pact was signed between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Fateh Khan at …………….
Answer:
Rohtas

4. Maharaja Ranjit Singh took hold of ………….. from Jahandad Khan.
Answer:
Attock

5. The battle of Naushera was fought between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the Afghans in …………..
Answer:
1823 A.D.

6. Maharaja Ranjit Singh annexed Peshawar to his empire in ……………
Answer:
1834 A.D.

7. In 1838 A.D., the Tripartite Treaty was signed among the English ………………. and Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Shah Suja

8. Hari Singh Nalwa died in ……………….
Answer:
1837 A.D.

True or False:

1. Shah Zaman was the ruler of Afghanistan during the rule of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
True

2. Shah Mehmood became the new ruler of Afghanistan in 1805 A.D.
Answer:
False

3. A settlement took place between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Fateh Khan in 1813 A.D. at Rohtas.
Answer:
True

4. The battle of Hazro was fought on July 13, 1818 A.D.
Answer:
True

5. Maharaja Ranjit Singh occupied Multan in 1818 A.D.
Answer:
True

6. Mahafaja Ranjit Singh conquered Kashmir in 1819 A.D.
Answer:
True

7. Hari Singh Nalwg was appointed new Governor of Kashmir in 1820.
Answer:
True

8. Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa was honoured by Zaffarjung.
Answer:
False

9. The battle of Naushera was fought on March 14, 1828 A.D.
Answer:
False

10. Maharaja Ranjit Singh annexed Peshawar to his empire in 1834 A.D.
Answer:
True

11. The battle of Jamraud was fought in 1837 A.D.
Answer:
True

12. The North-West Frontier Policy of Maharaja Ranjit-Singh succeeded to a considerable extent in solving the N.W.F. problems.
Answer:
True

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. When did Shah Zaman occupy Lahore?
(a) 1796 A.D.
(b) 1797 A.D.
(c) 1798 A.D.
(d) 1799 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1798 A.D.

Who was Fateh Khan?
(a) Wazir of Afghanistan
(b) Wazir of Ranjit Singh
(c) Wazir of Iran
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Wazir of Afghanistan

3. When did the alliance take place between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Fateh Khan regarding the control over Kashmir?
(a) 1803 A.D.
(b) 1805 A.D.
(c) 1809 A.D.
(d) 1813 AD.
Answer:
(d) 1813 AD.

4. Where did the alliance take place between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Fateh Khan?
(a) Rohtas
(b) Rohtang
(c) Supeen
(d) Hazro,
Answer:
(a) Rohtas

5. When did Akali Phuila Singh get martyrdom while fighting with the Afghans?
(a) 1813 A.D.
(b) 1815 A.D.
(c) 1819 A.D.
(d) 1823 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1823 A.D.

6. In which places Syed Ahmad created disturbance against the Sikhs?
(a) Attock and Peshawar
(b) Peshawar and Kashmir
(c) Kashmir and Multan
(d) Multan and Attock.
Answer:
(a) Attock and Peshawar

7. When did Syed Ahmad revolt against the Sikhs?
(a) 1823 A.D.
(b) 1825 A D.
(c) 1827 A.D.
(d) 1831 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1827 A.D.

8. When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh annexJPeshawar to his Empire?
(a) 1823 A.D.
(b) 1831 A.D.
(c) 1834 A.D.
(d) 1837 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1834 A.D.

9. In which battle famous Sikh General Hari Singh Nalwa was killed?
(a) Battle of Jamraud
(b) Battle of Naushera
(c) Battle of Hazro
(d) Battle of Supeen
Answer:
(a) Battle of Jamraud

10. Which person was to be appointed as ruler of Afghanistan according to the Tripartite Treaty?
(a) Shah Zaman
(b) Shah Shuja
(c) Shah Mehmud
(d) Dost Mohammad Khan.
Answer:
(b) Shah Shuja

PSEB 12th Class History Solutions Chapter 18 Anglo-Sikh Relations 1800-1839 A.D.

December 13, 2024December 12, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class History Book Solutions Chapter 18 Anglo-Sikh Relations 1800-1839 A.D. Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 18 Anglo-Sikh Relations 1800-1839 A.D.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Who was Jaswant Eao Holkar? Why Ranjit Singh did not help him?
Answer:
Jaswant Rao Holkar was a Maratha Chief. In 1805 A.D. he was defeated by the Britishers. So he came to Punjab to seek Ranjit Singh’s help against the British. Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave a warm welcome to Holkar. But Maharaja Ranjit Singh did not agree to extend him active help against the British, which was the real purpose of Holkar’s visit to Amritsar. Maharaja Ranjit Singh did not help Holkar owing to the following reasons :

Firstly, Maharaja Ranjit Singh overawed by the discipline of the British army. Secondly, a small army of the Britishers had forced a huge army of the Marathas to flee from the battlefield. So it was natural for Maharaja Ranjit Singh to conclude that a small contingent of the Sikh army joining hands with Holkar would not bring about any marked change in the situation. Thirdly, in order to take a decision about Holkar, Maharaja Ranjit Singh called a Gurmata of the Sikh Sardars at Amritsar.

After deep deliberations it was decided that any help extended to Holkar might prove disastrous for the Lahore Raj. Fourthly, Maharaja Ranjit Singh did not want to convert Punjab into an arena of battlefield. His kingdom was still very small and this battle could prove ruinous for the newly growing Sikh State.

Question 2.
Analyse the relationship of Ranjit Singh and Britishers in the first phase.
Or
Study the circumstances leading to Treaty of Amritsar.
Or
Describe the Anglo-Sikh relations between 1800 to 1809.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh wanted to bring all the Sikh states under him. With this aim in view he invaded the Malwa region twice in 1806 A.D. and 1807 A.D. He conquered many regions and accepted tributes from many chiefs. Scared by these invasions, the Sardars of Malwa region sought help from the English. But as the danger of Napoleon’s invasion on India had increased, so the English wanted to make a friendly treaty with Maharaja Ranjit Singh, instead of giving help to the Sikh Chiefs of Malwa.

In addition the dialogue between Ranjit Singh and Charles Metcalfe in 1808 A.D. failed. Ranjit Singh attacked Malwa for the third time in 1809 A.D. and brought some area under his control. At this time, the danger of Napoleon’s invasion on India had receded. Now the English started military preparations to make Ranjit Singh accept their conditions. As a result, a treaty was signed between Ranjit Si knowri as Treaty of Amritsar.

Question 3.
Describe the singinficance of the Treaty of Amritsar signed between Ranjit Singh and the English.
Or
Describe the historical significance of the Treaty of Amritsar (1809).
Or
Write the main clauses and importance of Amritsar treaty.
Or
Describe the main clauses and importance of Treaty of Amritsar between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the English.
Answer:
The Treaty of Amritsar was signed on April 25, 1809 A.D. between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the English. This treaty was very significant from the historical point of view. According to this treaty Maharaja Ranjit Singh accepted Sutlej as the eastern boundary of his empire. As such his dream to become the emperor of all the Sikh states was shattered for ever. It caused not only political but also economic loss to Ranjit Singh. But this treaty proved useful to the Maharaja in some aspects. He succeeded in protecting his newly established kingdom from the powerful English.

Now Ranjit Singh had no danger on the east from the English. So he succeeded in expanding his empire in the North-West direction. On the other hand, the influence of the English spread upto the Sutlej river. Having no danger from Punjab side, the English could consolidate their position in other parts of India. This treaty enhanced the prestige of the English to a great extent.

Question 4.
Why was tension created between the English and Maharaja Ranjit Singh over the Sind tangle?
Answer:
Sind was very important from geographical and commercial point of view. So both, the English and Maharaja Ranjit Singh wanted to bring it under their control. In 1831 A.D., the English deputed Alexander Burns to get its geographical knowledge. In order to deceive Maharaja Ranjit Singh, he was invited by Governor- General Lord Bentinck for a meeting at Ropar. This meeting took place on October 26,1831 A.D. By holding this meeting the English, very cleverly, kept Ranjit Singh’s attention diverted.

On the other hand, they sent Colonel Pottinger to Sind to sign a treaty with Sind. He succeeded in signing a commercial treaty with the Amirs of Sind in 1832 A.D. This treaty strained the relations between Ranjit Singh and the English. In 1838 A.D., the English signed another treaty with the Amirs of Sind. Consequently, Sind came under the influence of the English. Maharaja could not swallow this bitter pill. It further strained the Anglo-Sikh relations.

Question 5.
Why was tension created between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and English over Ferozepur tangle?
Answer:
The Britishers wanted to bring Ferozepur under their control. This city was hardly at a distance of 40 miles from Lahore. The English could have a better view of Ranjit Singh’s activities from this place. Besides, the possession of Ferozepur was essential to surround the Punjab. Although the Britishers had been looking towards Ferozepur greedily for a long time, they had been postponing its acquisition lest Ranjit Singh should feel annoyed with them.

That is why, the Britishers had been conceding his control over Ferozepur till 1835 A.D. But, by now the situation had changed. The Britishers did not need Ranjit Singh’s friendship any more. Therefore, they forcibly took possession of Ferozepur in 1835 A.D. In 1838 A.D., the Britishers set up a big military cantonment here. Although Ranjit Singh expressed his resentment over the seizure of Ferozepur and setting up of a military cantonment there by the British, yet they did not bother about it. The Maharaja had to just swallow his pride.

Question 6.
Write a brief note on Tri-partite Treaty and its significance.
Or
Discuss about Tri-partite Treaty.
Answer:
In 1837 A.D., Russia was fast advancing towards Asia. In order to check . any possibility of Russian attack on India, the Britishers wanted to establish friendly relations with the Afghanistan ruler, Dost Mohammad Khan. With this end in view, they sent Captain Alexander Burns to Afghanistan. But the talks could not mature. Then the British made a plan to make the ex-ruler of Afghanistan, Shah Shuja, the new ruler of Afghanistan. The British forced Ranjit Singh, also to become a party to the treaty. In this way, a tripartite treaty between the British, Shah Shuja and Maharaja Ranjit Singh was signed on 26th June, 1838 A.D.

The prominent terms of the tripartite treaty were :

Shah Shuja would be made the king of Afghanistan with the co-operation of the British and Maharaja Ranjit Singh,
Shah Shuja would accept Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s suzerainty ‘ over the Afghan territories conquered by him.
Shah Shuja promised to abide by all those decisions concerning Sind taken by the British and Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Shah Shuja would have no contact with any world power without the permission of the British and the Sikhs.
The enemy of one power would be regarded as the enemy of the other two powers also.
In order to enthrone Shah Shuja, Maharaja Ranjit Singh would help him with 5,000 soldiers and Shah Shuja would give Rs. 2 lakh to the Maharaja in return thereof.

According to the tripartite treaty, the Sikh and the British forces jointly attacked Afghanistan in January 1839 A.D. In April 1839 A.D., they captured Qandhar. The action against Dost Mohammad Khan was still going on when Maharaja Ranjit Singh passed away on 27th June, 1839 A.D.

Question 7.
Write about the relations between the English and the Sikhs from 1809 to 1839.
Answer:
On 25th April, 1809 A.D. Maharaja Ranjit Singh signed the treaty of Amritsar with the Britishers. It provided for perpetual friendship between both as the British agreed to have no concern to the north of the river Sutlej. There was the state of distrust and suspicion between 1809 A.D. and 1812 A.D. as each side entertained imaginary apprehensions.

Gradually the doubts began to disappear, David Oterlony was given warm welcome at the marriage of Prince Kharak Singh. During 1812 A.D. and 1821 A.D. both sides adopted a neutral policy. In 1822 A.D. the Anglo-Sikh relations got little bit strained over the ownership of village Wadni.

The signing of a Commercial treaty with Sind and the capture of Shikarpur and Ferozepur by British widened the gulf between Maharaja and the British. Moreover, Ranjit Singh was forced to sign a tripartite treaty in 1838 A.D. Maharja Ranjit Singh died in 1839 A.D.

Essay Type Questions:

Question 1.
Study the Anglo-Sikh relations from 1800 to 1809 A.D. from a critical point of view.
Or
Critically examine Ranjit Singh’s relations with the British from 1800 to 1809 A.D.
Or
Examine the circumstances leading to the Treaty of Amritsar of 1809 A.D. What were its terms and respective advantages derived by the Maharaja and the British from it?
Or
Discuss the circumstances leading to the Treaty of Amritsar (1809 AD.). Examine the significance of this treaty.
Or
What do you kngw about the Treaty of Amritsar? What was gained by Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the English by this Treaty?
Answer:
The British were looking towards Punjab with greedy eyes since long times. On the other hand Maharaja Ranjit Singh wanted to establish his sovereignty over the whole of Punjab. Thus the imperialist attitjide of both the powers influenced their relations to a great extent. The relationship between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the British during the period between 1800 to 1809 A.D. can be discussed as follows:

1. Mission of Yusuf Ali 1800 A.D.: Maharaja Ranjit Singh had established cordial relations with the ruler of Afghanistan Shah Zaman. So, the British government was alarmed at it. It feared that Shah Zaman and Maharaja Ranjit Singh might jointly attack the British. Such a situation could prove dangerous for them. In order to avert this possibility, the Britishers sent their emissary, Yusuf Ali, to the court of Mdharaja Ranjit Singh. But this mission was yet on the way, when a civil war broke out in Afghanistan. As the possibility of the Shah Zaman’s invasion of India was over Yusuf Ali was recalled. So, this mission remained confined to the level of a goodwill mission only.

2. Holkar’s visit to Punjab 1805 A.D.: After having suffered a defeat at the hands of the Britishers in 1805 A.D. the Maratha Sardar Jaswant Rao Holkar came to Punjab to seek Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s help against the British. He declined the help to Holkar. At that time, Maharaja Ranjit Singh did not want to convert Punjab into an arena of battlefield. His kingdom was still very small and this battle could prove ruinous for the newly growing Sikh State.

3. Treaty of Lahore 1806 A.D.: Since Maharaja Ranjit Singh had not helped Holkar, the Britishers were very happy with him. They signed a treaty with Maharaja Ranjit Singh at Lahore on 1st January, 1806 A.D. This treaty which is famous in history as the treaty of Lahore had the following main clauses :

Ranjit Singh would not help Jaswant Rao Holkar and his companion Amir Khan. He would permit them to go away peacefully to a distance of 30 miles from Amritsar.
In future too, Ranjit Singh would have no relations of any kind with Holkar.
As long as Ranjit Singh abstained from any intercourse with the enemies of the British Government the latter would not enter the Sikh territory. Thus, by signing a treaty with the British, Maharaja Ranjit Singh saved his empire from the likelihood of facing a great danger.

4. Napoleonic Danger : Soon after the arrival of the new Governor-General Lord Minto in India, the international situation in Europe underwent a radical change. In the year 1807 A.D., Napoleon signed the treaty of Tilsit with Russia. According to this treaty, Russia assured him of its full co-operation in the event of his invasion on India. The growing influence of Napoleon upset the British Government in India. In order to face this situation, it decided to make friendship with Maharaja Ranjit Sii)gh.

5. Metcalfe’s First Mission : The Britishers sent Charles Metcalfe to sign a treaty with Maharaja Ranjit Singh. He met the Maharaja at Khem Karan on 11th Sept. 1808 A.D. Here he placed the following proposals before Maharaja Ranjit Singh:

In case Napoleon invaded India, both Ranjit Singh and the British would jointly face him. Ranjit Singh would not allow the army of Napoleon to pass through the Punjab.
In case of war with France, Maharaja Ranjit Singh would permit the British forces to pass through the Punjab.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh was very wise. He had realised that the Britishers were in dire need of his friendship at that time. So before agreeing to the proposals of the Britishers, he placed the following conditions before Charles Metcalfe

Firstly the British government should acknowledge his sovereignty over the whole of Sikh country.
Secondly, the British shouldn’t interfere in case Ranjit Singh was involved in a war against the ruler of Kabul. As Metcalfe had no authority to concede what Ranjit Singh had asked for, so the negotiations broke off.

6. Metcalfe’s Second Mission: Napoleon was involved in a battle with Spain. Therefore, the danger of his invasion on India was averted. Now, the British .decided to check the growing influence of Ranjit Singh. In this connection Charles Metcalfe met Maharaja Ranjit Singh at Amritsar on 10th December, 1808 A.D. This talk also remained inconclusive.

7. Warfare Preparations : The British began to make warfare preparations in order to have their conditions conceded. In February, 1809 A.D., they sent an army to Ludhiana under the command of Sir David Ochterlony. On seeing this attitude of the Britishers, Maharaja Ranjit Singh also started making preparations for warfare. Diwan Mohkam Chand who was the commander of the Maharaja’s : army was deputed to Phillaur. Maharaja Ranjit Singh even performed the ceremony of auspicious moment for starting the battle. Despite all these preparations, Maharaja Ranjit Singh at the last moment yielded to the British demands.

8. The Treaty of Amritsar 1809 A.D.: On 25th April, 1809 A.D. Maharaja Ranjit Singh signed the treaty of Amritsar with the Britishers. The treaty had the following clauses :

It provided for perpetual friendship between the British Government and the State of Lahore. The British agreed to have no concern with the territories and subjects of the Maharaja to the north of the river Sutlej.
The State of Lahore bound itself not to commit any encroachments on the possessions of the Cis-Sutlej Chiefs or to maintain in its territories more troops than were necessary for internal duties.
Any violation of these stipulations would render the treaty null and void.
The treaty having been concluded at Amritsar on 25th April, 1809 A.D. was signed by Charles Metcalfe on behalf of the British and Maharaja Ranjit Singh Qn behalf of the Lahore Darbar.

9. Disadvantages of the Treaty of Amritsar to Ranjit Singh : The Treaty of Amritsar of 1809 A.D. resulted in many disadvantages to Ranjit Singh :

One of the greatest cherished ideals of Ranjit Singh’s life was, that he wanted to be the sole ruler of all the Sikhs. The treaty of Amritsar shattered this dream of Ranjit Singh forever.
This treaty dealt a serious blow to Ranjit Singh’s power, prestige and dig¬nity. This treaty proved that the power and position of the Britishers were much more than that of Ranjit Singh.
With the treaty of Amritsar, the Britishers came closer to Punjab. From this point of view, the ultimate effect of the treaty of Amritsar proved disastrous for Ranjit Singh’s empire.
The treaty of Amritsar had put a check on Maharaja Ranjit Singh from taking possession of the Cis-Sutlej areas. So, a big chunk of Punjab could not be¬come the part of his kingdom. In this way, Maharaja Ranjit Singh had to suffer not only a great territorial but economic loss also.

10. Advantages of the Treaty of Amritsar to Ranjit Singh: The signing of the Treaty of Amritsar in 1809 A.D. had some advantages to Ranjit Singh :

By signing the treaty with the British, Maharaja Ranjit Singh saved the Punjab state from ruin. If Ranjit Singh had challenged the Britishers at that time, he would certainly have lost his kingdom.
The Treaty of Amritsar proved useful for Ranjit Singh. Owing to the treaty, the eastern boundary of Ranjit Singh’s empire became secure. As a result, Ranjit Singh could include Attock, Multan, Kashmir, Derajat and Peshawar to Punjab.

11. Advantages of the Treaty of Amritsar to the British: By signing the Treaty of Amritsar in 1809 A.D. the British got the ahead advantages :

The Treaty of Amritsar was a big diplomatic victory for the British. They stopped Ranjit Singh from advancing towards the east, even without firing a shot.
By the Treaty of Amritsar, the Britishers made many territorial gains. Without fighting any battle with Ranjit Singh, they could extend the boundaries of their empire from Jamuna to river Sutlej. It added to the stature of the British East India Company a great deal.
Because of the Treaty of Amritsar, friendly relations were established between the British and Ranjit Singh. The British felt no danger from the Sikhs. They devoted their whole attention to crushing other powers in India. Soon, they were able to bring the Marathas, the Pindaries and the Gorkhas under their submission.
Another advantage which the Britishers had by signing the Treaty of Amritsar, was that Punjab became a buffer state between Afghanistan and British India. Consequently, the British were able to rid themselves of the prob¬lems of North-West Frontiers.

Question 2.
Describe the Anglo-Sikh relations between 1809-1839 A.D.
Or
Give the main features of the relations between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the British during 1809-1839 AD.
Or
Critically discuss the Anglo-Sikh relations from 1809 to 1839 A.D.
Answer:
The Treaty of Amritsar was signed between the British and Maharaja Ranjit Singh on 25th April 1809 A.D. It proved a new turning point in their relations. A brief account of these relations is as follows:

1. Period of some Distrust and Suspicion: Despite the Treaty of Amritsar, the state of distrust and suspicion continued between the British and Maharaja Ranjit Singh between 1809 A.D. and 1812 A.D. Each side entertained imaginary apprehensions. They left spying agents in order to know the military and diplo¬matic moves of each other. The spies made exaggerated reports to their governments. In order to deal with the situation, the British set up a powerful military cantonment at Ludhiana. On the other hand, Maharaja Ranjit Singh got a fort constructed at Phillaur and kept a heavy force in it.

2. Improvement in the Relations: Gradually the doubts between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the British began to disappear. In 1812 A.D. Maharaja Ranjit Singh invited David Ochterlony to attend the marriage of Prince Kharak Singh. He was given a warm welcome when he reached the Lahore Darbar. During 1812 A.D. and 1821 A.D. the Britishers and Maharaja Ranjit Singh adopted a neutral policy and did not interfere in each other’s affairs. So, the tension, if any in their relations disappeared.

3. Problem of Wadni: In 1822 A.D. the relations between the British and Maharaja Ranjit Singh became strained over the ownership of village Wadi. At the insistence of Sada Kaur, the Britishers drove out Ranjit Singh’s forces from Wadi. Ranjit Singh felt enraged at it, but he prudently avoided the collision with the British.

4. Cordiality Restored 1824-30 A.D.: In 1823 A.D. Captain Wade, the new political agent at Ludhiana had accepted Ranjit Singh’s claim over Wadni. In this way, once again cordial relations began to develop between the British and the Sikhs. When in 1824. A.D. the Nepal government sought Ranjit Singh’s help against the British, he declined it. Likewise, in 1825 A.D. Maharaja Ranjit Singh refused to help the ruler of Bharatpur against the British. In 1826 A.D., when Maharaja Ranjit Singh fell ill, the Britishers sent Dr. Murray for his treatment. In this way, a marked improvement took place in the relations between the two.

5. Question of Sind : The area of Sind was geographically and commercially very significant. So both Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the British were keen in con¬trolling it. In 1831 A.D. the British sent Alexander Burns to gather information about Sind. In order that Maharaja Ranjit Singh might not develop any doubt, he was invited to Ropar to hold a meeting with the Governor-General William Bentinck. This meeting was held on 26th October, 1831 A.D. The Britishers very cleverly kept him absorbed in talks. On the other hand, the English suc¬ceeded in signing a commercial treaty with Sind in 1832 A.D. It led to bitterness between their relations.

6. Question of Shikarpur : The question of Shikarpur further widened the gulf between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the British. The Shikarpur area was also significant from the commercial and geographical point of view. In 1836 A.D., when Majari tribe attacked the frontier state of Ranjit Singh, he defeated them and captured Shikarpur. At that time an English troop under Wade, also reached there. They forced Ranjit Singh to vacate Shikarpur. Ranjit Singh was compelled to re¬treat because he did not want to fight with the Britishers.

7. Question of Ferozepur : The Britishers wanted to bring Ferozepur under their control. Therefore, they forcibly took possession of Ferbzepur in 1835 A.D. In 1838 A.D., the Britishers set up a big military cantonmen.t here. Although Ranjit Singh expressed his resentment over the seizure of Ferozepur but the British did not bother about it. The Maharaja had to just swallow his pride.

8. Tripartite Treaty : In 1837 A.D., Russia was fast advancing towards Asia. The Britishers feared that Russia might invade India through Afghanistan. In order to prevent this attack and to depose the ruler of Afghanistan, Dost Mohammad Khan, the British signed the tripartite treaty on 26th June, 1838 A.D. with the ex-ruler of Afghanistan Shah Shuja and Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was not interested in signing this treaty but he was forced to do so by the British. The tripartite treaty was a great diplomatic defeat of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. He was yet thinking of taking revenge of this humiliation when he died on 27th June, 1839 A.D.

An Estimate of Ranjit Singh’s Policy Towards The British The historians differ over the policy adopted by Maharaja Ranjit Singh towards the British. Some historians hold the view that Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave proof of his sagacity and far-sightedness by not fighting with the Britishers. Ranjit Singh knew very well the power of the Britishers and did not want to see an abrupt end of the Khalsa Raj. Secondly, owing to his friendship with the British, he was able to expand the Sikh state a great deal towards North-West.

On the other hand some other historians have strongly criticised the policy of Ranjit Singh towards the British. They hold the view that Ranjit Singh had adpoted the policy of yielding to the British from 1809 A.D. till the end of his life. In 1809 A.D., through the treaty of Amritsar, Maharaja Ranjit Singh was forced to withdraw his forces from the areas beyond Sutlej. In the matter of Sind, Shikarpur and Ferozepur, he had been grievously insulted. The tripartite treaty had been forcibly imposed on him. Ranjit Singh’s words “All will turn red” bear witness to his cowardliness.

To submit to the cruel and the brutal all the time can’t be termed either just or worthy. It was, indeed, his greatest political blunder. Dr. N.K. Sinha aptly says, “Perhaps with the solicitude inherent in all’ builders he feared to ex¬pose the kingdom, he had created, to the risks of war and chose instead the policy of yielding, yielding and yielding.”

Question 3.
Discuss the relations of Ranjit Singh with the British from 1800 to 1839 A.D.
Or
Give a brief account of Anglo-Sikh relations between 1800 to 1839 A.D.
Or
Briefly describe the relations between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the British during 1800 to 1839 A.D. Did Maharaja adopt the policy of yielding to the British?
Or
What type of relations existed between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and East India Company?
Answer:
For answer to this question students are requested to see the answers of Question Nos.l and 2.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Who was Jaswant Rao Holkar? Why did Maharaja Ranjit Singh not help him?
Answer:
Jaswant Rao Holkar was a Maratha Chief. In 1805 A.D. he was defeated by the British. So he came to Punjab to seek Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s help against the British. Maharaja Ranjit Singh did not agree to extend his active help against the British, due to these reasons :

Maharaja Ranjit Singh was dreaded to see the discipline of the British army,
Gurmata of the Sikh Sardars at Amritsar, decided that any help extended to Holkar might prove disastrous for the Lahore Raj.
Maharaja Ranjit Singh did not want to convert Punjab into an arena of the battlefield.

Question 2. Describe the circumstances of the Treaty of Amritsar.
Or
Study the circumstances leading to the Treaty of Amritsar.
Or
Describe the Anglo-Sikh relations between 1800 to 1809.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh wanted to bring all the Sikh states under him. So, he invaded the Malwa region twice in 1806 A.D. and 1807 A.D. He conquered many regions. The conversation between Ranjit Singh and Charles Metcalfe in 1808 A.D. failed. Ranjit Singh attacked Malwa for the third time in 1808 A.D. Now the English started military preparations to make Ranjit Singh accept their conditions. As a result, a treaty was signed between Ranjit Singh and the English on April 25, 1809 A.D. It was known as the Treaty of Amritsar.

Question 3.
What were the three conditions of the Treaty of Amritsar?
Answer:

It provided for perpetual friendship between the British govt, and the state of Lahore,
The state of Lahore bound itself not to maintain in its territories more troops than were necessary for internal duties.
The British agreed to have no concern with the territories and subjects of the Maharaja to the north of River Sutlej.

Question 4.
Describe the significance of the Treaty of Amritsar signed between Ranjit Singh and the English.
Or
Give the historical significance of the Treaty of Amritsar (1809).
Or
Write the main clauses and importance of the Amritsar Treaty.
Or
Mention the terms and significance of the Treaty of Amritsar.
Or
What was the significance of the Treaty of Amritsar?
Answer:
The Treaty of Amritsar was signed on April 25,1809 A.D. between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the English. According to this treaty Maharaja Ranjit Singh accepted Sutlej as the eastern boundary of his empire. As such his dream to become the emperor of all the Sikh states was shattered for ever. It caused not only political but also economic loss to Ranjit Singh. But this treaty proved useful to the Maharaja in protecting his newly established kingdom from the powerful English. This treaty enhanced the prestige of the English to a great extent.

Question 5.
Why was tension created between the English and Maharaja Ranjit Singh over the Sind tangle?
Answer:
Sind was very important from geographical and commercial point of view. So both, the English and Maharaja Ranjit Singh wanted to bring it under their control. Colonel Pottinger succeeded in signing a commercial treaty with the Amirs of Sind in 1832 A.D. In 1838 A.D., the English signed another treaty with the Amirs of Sind. Consequently, Sind came under the influence of the English. Maharaja could not swallow this bitter pill but he did not dare to take any step against the English.

Question 6.
Why was tension created between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the English over Ferozepur.
Answer:
The British wanted to bring Ferozepur under their control. They could keep an eye on Ranjit Singh’s activities from here. Moreover, Ferozepur could help them in surrounding Punjab. The British forcibly brought Ferozepur under their control in 1835 A.D. and set up their military contonment there in 1838 A.D. Ranjit Singh was annoyed over it but the English never bothered about it.

Question 7.
Write a brief note on Tri-partite Treaty and its significance.
Or
Write a short note on Tri-partite Treaty.
Answer:
Russia was fast advancing to Asia in 1837 A.D. At such a time, a Tri¬partite Treaty was signed among the English, Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Shah Shuja on June 26, 1838 A.D. According to this treaty it was decided to make Shah Shuja the ruler of Afghanistan. Maharaja Ranjit Singh did not want to be a part of the treaty but he was compelled to do so by the British.

Question 8.
Write about the relations between the English and the Sikhs from 1809-1839.
Answer:
On 25th April, 1809 A.D. Maharaja Ranjit Singh signed the Treaty of Amritsar with the Britishers. It provided for perpetual friendship between them as the British agreed to have no concern to the north of the river Sutlej. There was the state of distrust and suspicion between 1809 A.D. and 1830 A.D. as each side entertained imaginary apprehensions. During 1830-39 A.D. the relations between the two remained tense over the questions of Sind, Shikarpur and Ferozepur.

Objective Type Questions:

Question 1.
When was the first contact established between the English and the Sikhs?
Or
When did the English and Maharaja Ranjit Singh come into contact with each other? ‘
Answer:
In 1800 A.D.

Question 2.
Who was Yusuf Ali?
Answer:
The English sent Yusuf Ali to Lahore Darbar as their emissary in 1800 A.D.

Question 3.
When did the Maratha leader, Jaswant Rao Holkar come to Punjab?
Answer:
1805 A.D.

Question 4.
When was the treaty of friendship was first signed between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the British?
Answer:
In 1806 A.D.

Question 5.
State any one term of the Treaty of Lahore of 1806 A.D.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh would not help Holkar.

Question 6.
Who was Charles Metcalfe?
Answer:
He was a British official.

Question 7.
How many times Charles Metcalfe and Maharaja Ranjit Singh met?
Answer:
Two.

Question 8.
How many times and when did Maharaja Ranjit Singh attack Malwa?
Answer:
Three times between 1806 to 1808 A.D.

Question 9.
When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh attack Malwa for the first time?
Answer:
1806 A.D.

Question 10.
Mention any one factor which led to the signing of the Treaty of Amritsar.
Answer:
The courtiers of Maharaja Ranjit Singh advised him not to engage in a conflict with the British.

Question 11.
When was the famous Treaty of Amritsar signed?
Or
When did the Treaty of Amritsar take place -?
Or
When was the ‘Treaty of Amritsar’ settled?
Answer:
April 25, 1809 A.D.

Question 12.
Give any one main clause of the Treaty of Amritsar.
Answer:
There will be fast friendship between the British Government and the Lahore Darbar.

Question 13.
What was the loss of Treaty of Amritsar to Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
It dashed all the hopes of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s ever becoming the emperor of the Sikhs.

Question 14.
Name any one advantage of the Treaty of Amritsar for Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Or
What was the advantage of the Treaty of Amritsar for Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
It saved the infant kingdom of Maharaja Ranjit Singh from premature end.

Question 15.
Name any one advantage of the Treaty of Amritsar for the English.
Answer:
It greatly enhanced the prestige of the English.

Question 16.
When did the relations between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the British strain over Wadni?
Answer:
In 1822 A.D.

Question 17.
In 1823 A.D. who was appointed the new political agent at Ludhiana?
Answer:
Captain Wade.

Question 18.
In 1826 which British doctor treated Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
Dr. Murray.

Question 19.
When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh meet William Bentinck?
Or
When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh meet the British Governor General?
Answer:
October 26, 1831 A.D.

Question 20.
Where did Maharaja Ranjit Singh meet the British Governor General?
Answer:
Ropar.

Question 21.
Whom did the English send for signing a treaty with Sind?
Answer:
Col. Pottinger.

Question 22.
When did the English occupy Ferozepur?
Answer:
1835 A.D.

Question 23.
When was the Tripartite Treaty signed?
Answer:
June 26, 1838 A.D.

Fill in the blanks:

1. Mission of Yusuf Ali came to Punjab in ……………..
Answer:
1800 A.D.

2. Jaswant Rao Holkar came to Punjab in ……………
Answer:
1805 A.D.

3. The Treaty of Lahore was signed between the English and Maharaja Ranjit Singh in …………….. A.D.
Answer:
1806 A.D.

4. Maharaja Ranjit Singh attacked Malwa in ………….. for the first time.
Answer:
1806 A.D.

5. Maharaja Ranjit Singh attacked Malwa in …………. for the third time.
Answer:
1808 A.D.

6. Charles Metcalfe met Ranjit Singh at ………….. for the second time.
Answer:
Amritsar

7. The Treaty of Amritsar was signed by the English and Maharaja Ranjit Singh on ……………….
Answer;
April 25, 1809 A.D.

8. According to the Treaty of Amritsar, …………… was boundary between the British and Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Sutlej

9. Maharaja Ranjit Singh met William Bentinck in 1831 at ……………..
Answer:
Ropar

10. The Tripartite Treaty was signed between Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Shaji Shuja and the English in ………..
Answer:
1838 A.D.

True or False:

1. Yusuf Ali Misson came to Punjab in 1800 A.D.
Answer:
True

2. The Maratha leader Jaswant Rao Holkar came to Punjab in 1805 A.D.
Answer:
True

3. The Treaty of Lahore was signed between the English and Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1805 A.D.
Answer:
False

4. Maharaja Ranjit Singh attacked Malwa in 1806 A.D. for the first time.
Answer:
True

5. In 1808 A.D. Charles Metcalfe met Maharaja Ranjit Singh at Khem Karan.
Answer:
True

6. On April 25, 1809 A.D. Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the Britishers signed the Treaty of Amritsar.
Answer:
True

7. The Treaty of Amritsar was a blow to Ranjit Singh’s prestige.
Answer:
True

8. In 1826 A.D., the Britishers sent Dr. Murray for the treatment of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
True

9. Lord William Bentinck met Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1831 A.D. at Ropar.
Answer:
True

10. The Britishers occupied Ferozepur in 1835 A.D.
Answer:
True

11. The Tripartite Treaty was signed on 26th Jufte, 1838 A.D. between Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Shah Shuja and the British.
Answer:
True

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. When did the Maratha leader, Jaswant Rao Holkar come to Punjab?
(a) 1801 A.D.
(b) 1802 A.D.
(c) 1805 A.D.
(d) 1809 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1805 A.D.

2. When was the first treaty signed between the English and Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
(a) 1805 A.D.
(b) 1806 A.D.
(c) 1807 A.D.
(d) 1809 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1806 A.D.

3. How many times did Maharaja Ranjit Singh attack Malwa?
(a) Twice
(b) Three times
(c) Four times
(d) Five times.
Answer:
(b) Three times

4. When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh attack Malwa for the first time?
(a) 1805 A,D.
(b) 1806 A.D.
(c) 1807 A.D.
(d) 1809 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1806 A.D.

5. Where did Charles Metcalfe meet Maharaja Ranjit Singh for the first time?
(a) Ludhiana
(b) Amritsar
(c) Lahore
(d) Khem Karan.
Answer:
(d) Khem Karan.

6. When did Treaty of Amritsar take place between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the English?
(a) 1805 A.D.
(b) 1809 A.D.
(c) 1812 A.D.
(d) 1821 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1809 A.D.

7. Which river was made the boundary between the British Empire and Maharaja Ranjit Singh by the Treaty of Amritsar in 1809 A.D.?
(a) Beas River
(b) Sutlej River
(c) Ravi River
(d) Jhelum River.
Answer:
(b) Sutlej River

8. When did meeting between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and William Bentinck take place?
(a) 1809 A.D.
(b) 1811 A.D.
(c) 1821 A.D.
(d) 1831 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1831 A.D.

9. Where did the Maharaja Ranjit Singh 3jid William Bentinck met?
(a) Amritsar
(b) Ludhiana.
(c) Ropar
(d) Lahore.
Answer:
(c) Ropar

10. When did the English sign a treaty with Amirs of Sind?
(a) 1829 A.D.
(b) 1830 A.D.
(c) 1831 A.D.
(d) 1832 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1832 A.D.

11. When was the Tripartite Treaty signed?
(a) 1839 A.D.
(b) 1845 A.D.
(c) 1838 A.D.
(d) 1809 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1838 A.D.

PSEB 12th Class History Solutions Chapter 17 Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Career and Conquests

December 13, 2024December 12, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class History Book Solutions Chapter 17 Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Career and Conquests Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 17 Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Career and Conquests

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Give a brief account of the career of Maharaja Ranjit Songh.
Or
Describe briefly the life of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was born in 1780 A.D. His father, Mahan Singh was the Chief of the Sukarchakia Misl. When he was four years old, he fell a victim to small pox. At the age of 12, he got the first opportunity to go to the battle. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was married to Mehtab Kaur of Kanahia Misl. When Maharaja Ranjit Singh grew to be 17, he took over the charge of administration. His first and the most significant victory was that of Lahore in 1799 A.D. Conquest of Amritsar in 1805 A.D., Gujarat in 1809 A.D. and of Multan in 1818 A.D. were some of the major victories of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Ranjit Singh sent three expeditions to Kashmir and finally annexed it in 1819 A.D. Peshawar was also annexed in 1834 A.D. by the Maharaja. In 1805 A.D., Maharaja abolished the institution of Gurmata and became politically independent. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was also an efficient administrator. He had appointed very able and honest ministers to run the administration. He was very shrewd and far sighted diplomat. The Anglo-Sikh friendship was an evidence of his political sagacity. Maharaja Ranjit Singh passed away on 27 June, 1839 A.D.

Question 2.
What was the political condition of Punjab on the accession of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Or
What was the political condition of Punjab at the time when Maharaja Ranjit Singh ascended the throne?
Answer:
When Maharaja Ranjit Singh took the reins of Sukarchakia Misl in his hands in 1797 A.D., the political condition of the Punjab was deplorable. An atmosphere of complete anarchy and unrest prevailed in the Punjab. The mighty Mughal empire had crumbled to dust. On its ruins many independent small Kingdoms were established. The Sikhs had found 12 independent Misls in most parts of the Punjab.

Their unity was a thing of the past and they had started quarrelling among themselves. Shah Zaman, the niler of Kabul started invading the Punjab in order to bring it under his control. Sansar Chand, the ruler of Kangra and Bhim Sen Thapa the ruler of Nepal were on a look-out for getting control of – the Punjab. The Marathas and the English were also dreaming of bringing Punjab under their control, but they were involved with other powers of India.

Question 3.
Write a short note on Shah Zaman.
Answer:
Shah Zaman became the new ruler of Afghanistan after the death of his father, Taimur Shah in 1793 AL.D. He immediately turned his attention to recovering the Punjab from the Sikhs. With this objective he invaded the Punjab in 1793 A.D. and again in 1795 A.D., but he had to go back to Kabul leaving these expeditions. He easily occupied Lahore during his third invasion in January 1797 A.D. The Bhangi Sardars of Lahore, Lehna Singh and Gujjar Singh took to their heels as they heard of Shah Zaman’s invasion. But Shah Zaman had to go back to Kabul due to a rebellion there at that time. Taking advantage of the oppournity, the Bhangi Sardars again got hold of Lahore. In November 1798 A.D.,

once again Shah Zaman took control of Lahore. This time again he had to return to Kabul due to a rebellion. Maharaja Ranjit Singh occupied Lahore on July 7, 1799 A.D. In 1800 A.D. Shah Zaman lost his empire in a coup.

Question 4.
Explain briefly any five conquests of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Undoubtedly Maharaja Ranjit Singh was the greatest ruler of Punjab. By his ability and efforts he converted his small kingdom into a vast empire during his reign (1799-1839). His main conquests are mentioned below:

1. Conquest of Lahore, 1799 A.D.: The first and the most important conquest of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was the conquest of Lahore. The three Bhangi Sardars and Sahib Singh, Mohar Singh and Chet Singh jointly ruled Lahore. People were very unhappy due to their tyrannical rule, so they invited Ranjit Singh to take over Lahore. Deeming it a golden chance, Ranjit Singh invaded Lahore and occupied it on July 7, 1799 A.D.

2. Conquest of Amritsar, 1805 A.D.: The city of Amritsar was very important for the Sikhs from the religious point of view. It was considered the Mecca of the Sikhs. It was also the most famous trade centre. In order to be an emperor of the Punjab, the control over Amritsar was essential. In 1805 A.D. Ranjit Singh invaded Amritsar and defeated Mai Sukhan, the widow of Gulab Singh. In this way, Amritsar was conquered.

3. Conquest of Multan, 1818 A.D.: Multan was very important from trade and geographical point of view. Sind could be easily conquered by having a control over Multan. The Maharaja had to attack seven times to conquer Multan. Every time, Muzaffar Khan the ruler of Multan evaded Maharaja Ranjit Singh by offering him a heavy ransom. In 1818 A.D. Maharaja Ranjit Singh resolved to make a conquest of Multan. He sent a vast army under ‘the command of Misar Diwan Chand. After a pitched battle the army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquered Multan. It was indeed one of the important conquests of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

4. Conquest of Kashmir, 1819 A.D.: The valley of Kashmir was famous for its scenic beauty and trade. Ranjit Singh tried to conquer it in 1813 and 1814 A.D. but did not succeed. The conquest of Multan greatly encouraged Maharaja Ranjit Singh. He sent a huge army under the command of Misar Diwan Chand to conquer Kashmir. This army defeated Jabbar Khan, the ruler of Kashmir and occupied Kashmir in 1819 A.D.

5. Conquest of Peshawar, 1834 A.D : Peshawar was an important region from the geographical point of view. In his first expedition in 1818 A.D. Maharaja Ranjit Singh had defeated Yar Mohammad Khan and Dost Mohammad Khan but he resolved not to include Peshawar in his empire. In 1823 A.D., Azim Khan, a minister of Afghanistan took over the control of Peshawar. Maharaja Ranjit Singh defeated him in a pitched battle of Naushehra and again got control over Peshawar. He annexed Peshawar to his empire in 1834 A.D.

Question 5.
Give a brief account of the conquest of Lahore by Ranjit Singh and its significance.
Or
Write a brief note on Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s conquest of Lahore.
Or
What was the importance of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Lahore conquest?
Answer:
The conquest of Lahore was the first important political achievement of X Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Lahore assumed great importance, being the biggest and oldest city of the Punjab. Besides, it had been the capital of the Punjab since long. Three Bhangi Sardars, Sahib Singh, Mohar Singh and Chet Singh jointly ruled over it. People were very unhappy due to their oppressive rule. In November 1798 A.D., Shah Zaman, the ruler of Kabul had conquered Lahore but he had to go back due to a mutiny in Kabul. Taking advantage of this opportunity, the Bhangi Sardars had again brought Lahore under their control.

As people there were fed up with their misdeeds, they invited Maharaja Ranjit Singh to take control of Lahore. Ranjit Singh with the help of his mother-in-law, Sada Kaur attacked Lahore. On hearing the news of invasion, Sahib Singh and Mohar Singh fled in panic. Chet Singh gave in after a short while. In this way, Ranjit Singh brought Lahore under his control on July 7, 1799 A. D. It laid the foundation of a sovereign Sikh monarchy in Punjab.

Question 6.
Write a short note ‘on the battle of Bhasin.
Answer:
The occupation of Lahore by Ranjit Singh aroused the jealousies among the leading chiefs of Punjab. Jassa Singh Ramgarhia, Sahib Singh Bhangi of Gujarat, Gulab Singh Bhangi of Amritsgfr, Jodh Singh of Wazirabad and Nizam- ud-Din of Kasur made a united front against Ranjit Singh. The joint forces under the command of Gulab Singh Bhangi assembled at Bhasin near Lahore. Ranjit Singh too reached Bhasin to face them.

For about two months, neither side dared to attack. Unexpectedly one day Gulab Singh Bhangi died of over-drifliking. It demoralised the opponents of Ranjit Singh and they fled away from the battlefield. In this way Ranjit Singh scored a victory without shedding a drop of blood. Xhis ‘ victory to Ranjit Singh warded off his great danger. It also strengthened his hold over Lahore.

Question 7.
Describe briefly about the conquest of Amritsar by Maharaja Ranjit Singh and its importance.
Or
Discuss briefly the significance of the conquest of Amritsar.
Answer:
The city of Amritsar was of. great religious importance to the Sikhs. It was the Mecca of the Sikhs. Besides, it was also the most famous trade centre of the Punjab. It was very essential for Ranjit Singh to take control of Amritsar in order to become Maharaja of the Punjab. Mai Sukhan, widow of Gulab Singh was ruling over Amritsar as the guardian of her minor son Gurdit Singh. In 1805 A.D., Maharaja Ranjit Singh asked her to hand over the fort of Lohgarh and famous gun Zamzama to him.

Mai Sukhan refused to accept the proposal, so Maharaja Ranjit Singh attacked Amritsar, along with his mother-in-law Sada Kaur and Fateh Singh Ahluwalia. After a short resistance, Mai Sukhan accepted defeat. In this way, in 1805 A.D. Maharaja Ranjit Singh got control over Amritsar. With the conquest of Amritsar, Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s fa’me spread far and wide.

Question 8.
How did Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquer Multan?
Answer:
Multan was important from geographic and economic point of view. Hence, Maharaja Ranjit Singh wanted to conquer it. Multan was under the rule of Afghan Governor, Nawab Muzaffar Khan. As such he was under the rule of the Kabul Government, but in reality he was ruling independently. From 1802 A.D. to 1817 A.D., Maharaja Ranjit Singh sent six expeditions to Multan. Each time Nawab Muzaffar Khan avoided the army of Ranjit Singh with a Nazrana. In 1818 A.D. Maharaja decided to conquer Multan. He started preparing for an attack on Multan on a large scale.

Misar Diwan Chanid, who was one of the popular generals of the Maharaja, was sent to conquer Multan with an army of 20,000 soldiers in January 1818 A.D. On the other hand, Nawab Muzaffar Khan started preparing to face the armies of the Maharaja. He declared a religious war (Jihad) against the Sikhs.

The siege to Multan continued for four months but the Sikhs were not successful in capturing the fort. On 2nd June, 1818 A.D., the Akali leader Sadhu Singh was successful in entering the fort with some of his companions. Behind him, the Sikh armies also entered the fort. Nawab Muzaffar Khan and his sons valiantly faced them. In the end, Muzaffar Khan and his five sons were killed. His sixth son was wounded and rest ef the two asked for forgiveness.

Thus, the Sikh army occupied Multan. When Maharaja Ranjit Singh received the news of this important victory, he was pleased. Festivities took place to celebrate this victory for days on end. Misar Diwan Chand was bestowed upon with the title of ‘Zafar Jang’.

Question 9.
Describe the significance of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s conquest of Multan.
Answer:
The conquest of Multan was one of the significant conquests of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. The importance of this conquest can be gauged from the facts given below:

1. A death blow to the Afghan Power : The conquest of Multan sounded the death knell of Afghan influence in the Punjab. There was a time when the Sikhs would run to the forests and hills on hearing the news of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s invasion because at that time it was not possible for them to face a direct clash with the AfghAnswer: The conquest of Multan turned the tables. This conquest marked an end to the Afghan power in the Punjab and proved that the Sikhs were far more powerful than the Afghans.

2. Multan stood like a wall between Sind and Bahawalpur : With the occupation of Multan by Ranjit Singh, the Muslims of Sind and Bahawalpur were separated. With this separation, they could not form a joint front against Ranjit Singh. In this way, Multan stood like a wall between Sind and Bahawalpur.

3. Some Small Muslim States accepted the Submission of Ranjit Singh: Another important result of the conquest of Multan by Maharaja Ranjit Singh was that the Muslim rulers of some small states like Bahawalpur, Derajat, Dera Ghazi Khan and Dera Ismail Khan were terrified and so they accepted the suzerainty of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

4. Increase in the Revenue : The land of Multan was very fertile. So with its victory, Ranjit Singh’s revenue increased a great deal. The record of the Khalsa Darbar shows that Ranjit Singh received Rs. 7 lakhs per annum as revenue from Multan. With this money Ranjit Singh got the opportunity to execute his future
plans.

5. Commercial Advantage : The conquest of Multan proved useful from commercial point of view. The trade of India with Afghanistan and the Central Asia was carried on through Multan. With Ranjit Singh’s control over this important centre of trade, the trade of Punjab was greatly encouraged.

Question 10.
How did Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquer Kashmir?
Answer:
Kashmir was very famous for its natural beauty and trade. So Maharaja Ranjit Singh wanted to bring Kashmir under his control. Right at that time Fateh Khan, a minister of Kabul, was also planning to conquer Kashmir. As both of them were not in a position to conquer Kashmir individually, they made an agreement at Rohtas. According to this agreement,

Maharaja Ranjit Singh decided to send 12,000 soldiers under the command of Diwan Mohkam Chand to assist Fateh Khan. On the other hand Fateh Khan agreed to give 1/3 of the conquered area and the booty. In 1813 A.D. both the armies marched to Kashmir. Ata Mohammad Khan, Governor of Kashmir advanced to face the joint forces.

But he was defeated in a battle at Shergarh. After conquering Kashmir, Fateh Khan gave, Maharaja Ranjit Singh nothing. In 1814 A.D. Maharaja Ranjit Singh invaded Kashmir for the second time. He had to face defeat in this expedition. Emboldened by the victory of Multan in 1818 A.D. Maharaja Ranjit Singh invaded Kashmir in 1819 A.D. for the third time. In a battle at Supin which was fought on 5th July, 1819 A.D. Jabbar Khan, the then Governor of Kashmir; suffered a defeat. In this way, Maharaja Ranjit Singh succeeded in bringing Kashmir under his control.

Question 11.
Describe the significance of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s conquest of Kashmir.
Answer:
1. It increased the prestage of Maharaja Ranjit Singh; The conquest of Kashmir was a very significant conquest of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. It greatly increased his prestige and pride. His supremacy was accepted beyond Leh, Lhasa and mountains of Kara Kurram. His frontier in the north had reached its natural bounds.

2. It gave a rude jolt to the Afghan power. The control of Kashmir by the Sikhs dealt a severe blow to the Afghan influence in India and it encouraged the morale of Sikh forces.

3. It increased the income of the Government. The conquest of Kashmir resulted in economic gain to the Maharaja. This province yielded annual income of 40,00,000 rupees to Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

4. It encouraged the Trade. The conquest of Kashmir was also useful from a commercial point of view. Kashmir was famous in the world for its shawl industry. Besides, Kashmir was also famous for fruits of many types, and for its forests. With the annextion of Kashmir to the Panjab its trade got great impetus.

Question 12.
Write a brief note on the battle of Naushehra or Tibba Tehri.
Answer:
Azim Khan, the ruler of Kabul had invaded and conquered Peshawar in January 1823 A.D. He declared Jihad (religious war) against the Sikhs, as a result of which many Afghans swarmed under his banner. On the other hand, Maharaja Ranjit Singh sent a vast army of 20,000 to face the army of Azim Khan. Hari Singh Nalwa, General Allard, General Ventura, Akali Phula Singh, Fateh Singh Ahluwalia and prince Kharak Singh were sent along with this army.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh himself commanded this expedition. A fierce battle took place between the two armies at Naushehra or Tibba Tehri on March 14,1823 A.D.

Azim Khan had also about 20,000 soldiers. In the beginning of the battle, the Afghans had the upper hand. Akali Phula Singh and many other famous warriors were killed in this battle. At this juncture, Maharaja Ranjit Singh infused a new spirit and dynamism into his army. Now the Sikhs attacked the Afghans so vigorously that the latter had to flee to save their lives. As a result pf the victory in this decisive battle the morale of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s army was enhanced. Azim Khan soon died due to shock of his humiliating defeat in this battle.

Question 13.
Briefly write about the significance of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s conquest of Peshawar.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s conquest of Peshawar was one of the most significant conquests. This conquest greatly enhanced the prestige of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. The influence of his military power was acknowledged all over India and his empire also expanded. It sounded the death knell of Afghan supremacy beyond the river Indus,

The Punjabis heaved a sigh of relief after 8 centuries when Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquered Peshawar, because the Muslim invaders invaded Punjab and other parts of India through this route. These invasions had created the atmosphere of unrest and anarchy in India.The danger of these invasions disappeared with Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s conquest of Peshawar. This conquest also proved economically useful to Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Peshawar yielded about 12 lakh rupees annual income to Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Question 14.
What policy did Maharaja Ranjit Singh adopt towards the defeated rulers?
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh not only brought several states under his control but also adopted a successful administrative policy. This policy was uniformly applied to all the rulers, may they be Sikhs, Hindus or the Muslims. Many rulers, who accepted the suzereinty of Ranjit Singh were returned their states. Those rulers whose areas were annexed to his empire, were given some posts in the Maharaja’s Darbar or given suitable Jagirs enough for their living.

A stern policy was adopted against those rulers who continued to oppose Maharaja Ranjit Singh. In short the policy of kindness and leniency adopted by Maharaja Ranjit Singh towards the defeated rulers had no parallel in the history of that period.

Question 15.
What policy did Maharaja Ranjit Singh adopt towards the Sikh Misls?
Examine the Misl policy of Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Ranjit Singh adopted a special type of policy towards the Sikh Misls. The main characteristics of this policy were as follows :

To give no weightage either to relationships or to sentiments in matters of state expansion.
Not to bother whether it is just or unjust to take possession of the areas of the Misl Sardars while expanding the state.
To make friendship with the powerful Misl Sardars or to establish matrimonial relations with them so that on one hand their co-operation might be extracted and on the other hand the possible formation of any powerful joint front against him might be ruled out.
To attack the weak Misl Sardars and annex their territories to his state.
On getting an opportunity to betray even the friendly Misl Sardars and annex their states to his kingdom. .
To do away with the important central institution i.e. the ‘Gurmata’ so that no Misldar might equal Ranjit Singh.

Ranjit Singh first of all established friendly relations with the Kanahia Misl. In 1796 A.D., he married Mehtab Kaur, the daughter of late Gurbaksh Singh. At Tarn Taran in 1798 A.D., Ranjit Singh made his second marriage with Raj Kaur. In 1801 A.D. Ranjit Singh and Fateh Singh exchanged turbans and took an oath in the presence of the Guru Granth Sahib Ji that they would live like brothers and stand by each other through thick and thin.

Afterwards Fateh Singh rendered yeoman’s contribution in several campaigns of Ranjit Singh. On the other hand he attacked the weak misls and attached them to his kingdom. In July 1799 A.D., Ranjit Singh conquered Lahore from the Bhangi Sardars. After this, he conquered Dallewalia Misl, Karor Singhia Misl, Nakkai Misl and Faizalpuria Misl. When Maharaja Ranjit Singh became confident that his state had grown powerful, he deemed it fit to change his policy towards the friendly Misls.

Essay Type Questions:

Early Career Of Maharaja Ranjit Singh:

Question 1.
Describe the early life of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. How far is his early life different from that of Shivaji?
Or
Describe in detail the early life of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh occupies an important place in the Sikh history. By virtue of his ability he converted his small state into a vast empire. In this way, Maharaja Ranjit Singh translated the dream of Sikh Empire into a reality. A brief account of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s early career is given ahead :

1. Birth and Parentage: Ranjit Singh was born in 1780 A.D. His father Mahan Singh was the Chief of the Sukarchakia Misl. There is a controversy among historians about the place and date of his birth. Historians like Osborne, Griffin, Mc-Gregar, Latif, Shahmat Ali and Kanahiya Lai say that his date of birth was 2nd November, 1780 A.D.

On the other hand Sohan Lai Suri, a court historian of Ranjit Singh, and Diwan Amar Nath, a contemporary historian of Ranjit Singh say that Ranjit Singh’s birthday was 13th November, 1780 A.D. Similarly there is also a difference of opinion among the historians about Ranjit Singh’s birthplace. Some historians opine that Ranjit Singh was born at Gujranwala. While on the other hand, some historians believe that Ranjit Singh was born at his maternal grandparents’ house at Badrukhan in Jind State.

Modern historians accept Gujranwala to be Ranjit Singh’s birth place. The name of Ranjit Singh’s mother was Raj Kaur. Ranjit Singh’s childhood name was Budh Singh.

2. Childhood and Education : Since Ranjit Singh was the only son of his parents he was brought up in the lap of luxury. Ranjit Singh was four years old, when he fell a victim to small-pox. Luckily, Ranjit Singh recovered after some time but the scars of the disease were left on his face and the light of his left eye was gone for ever.

When Ranjit Singh was five years old, he was sent to Bhag Singh’s ‘Dharmshala’. at Gujranwala for education. But, Ranjit Singh had no interest in studies, so, he remained illiterate all his life. Ranjit Singh spent most of his time in horse-riding, swordsmanship and shooting. As a result, with the passage of time, he became a top class horse-rider, skilful bowman and expert swordsman. Observing Ranjit Singh’s ability, his father Mahan Singh predicted,

“The state of Gujranwala will not be a sufficient place for my brave son Ranjit Singh. He would become a great warrior.”

3. Acts of bravery: Ranjit Singh was hardly 12 years old, when he got the first opportunity to go in a battle. Mahan Singh had taken his son, Ranjit Singh along with him in the campaign of Sodhran fort. Mahan Singh suddenly fell grievously ill, so he had to return from the battlefield. He handed over the command to Ranjit Singh. Ranjit Singh not only inflicted a crushing defeat on his enemies, but also robbed them of their ammunition. Mahan Singh was very happy over this victory. He changed his son’s name from Budh Singh to Ranjit Singh (the victor of battle).

In 1793 A.D., once while hunting alone Ranjit Singh reached near Ladowali village. Hashmat Khan, the Chief of the Chatha clan, on finding Ranjit Singh alone, hid himself behind a bush. When Ranjit Singh passed by the bush, Hashmat Khan dealt a powerful blow of sword to Ranjit Singh, but Ranjit Singh had a miraculous escape. He promptly counter-attacked and beheaded him

4. Marriage : Ranjit Singh was six years old, when he was engaged to the granddaughter of the Kanahia Misl Sardar, Jai Singh, and the daughter of

PSEB 12th Class History Solutions Chapter 17 Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Career and Conquests Img 1

Gurbaksh Singh, Mehtab Kaur. In 1796 A.D. when Ranjit Singh was 16 years old, he was married with Mehtab Kaur with great pomp and show. This marriage proved very useful in the political career of Ranjit Singh. According to Griffin, Ranjit Singh had 18 Queens.

5. The Triune Regency: When Ranjit Singh was only 12 years old, his father Mahan Singh died in 1792 A.D. Since Ranjit Singh was only a minor, the task of state administration passed into the hands of his mother, Raj Kaur. Raj Kaur did not have any administrative skill, so she handed over the charge to her favourite, Diwan Lakhpat Rai. In 1796 A.D. when Ranjit Singh was married to Mehtab Kaur, his mother-in-law, Sada Kaur too began to take interest in matters of administration. In this way during 1792 A.D. to 1797 A.D. the administration of Sukarchakia Misl remained in the hands of three persons Raj Kaur, Diwan Lakhpat Rai and Sada Kaur. So, this period is called the period of the Triune Regency.

6. The end of Triune Regency: When Ranjit Singh grew to be 17, he took over the charge of administration. Some European and Muslim historians have tried without any historical facts that Ranjit Singh had got his mother Raj Kaur and Diwan Lakhpat Rai murdered because of the illicit relations between them. But Dr. N.K. Sinha, Dr. G.L. Chopra, Sita Ram Kohli and Khuswant Singh are of the opinion that the allegation of his mother’s murder against Ranjit Singh is a matter of sheer injustice. Secondly, the allegation of mother’s murder is not consistent with the character of Ranjit Singh.

As we are well aware that during his reign Ranjit Singh had never punished even a single hardcore criminal with death sentence. How such a kind ruler could murder his own mother? Dr. H.R. ‘Gupta aptly says, “The story is purely malicious and absolutely unfair and unjust.”

Political Condition Of The Punjab:

Question 2.
What was the political condition of the Punjab on the eve of Ranjit Singh’s accession? How did this condition prove helpful in his rise to power?
Or
Describe the political condition of the Punjab on the eve of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s accession to power.
Answer:
In 1797 A.D. when Ranjit Singh took over the reins of the Sukarchakia Misl, the atmosphere of anarchy and lawlessness was prevalent in Punjab. The Mughal rule had come to an end in the Punjab and the Sikhs, Afghans and Rajputs had established their small independent states on its ruins. Thus, the political condition of the Punjab, proved eminently, suitable in the rise of Ranjit Singh to power. A brief description of the political condition at the time of Ranjit Singh’s accession to power is as follows :

The Sikh Misls:

In most parts of the Punjab, twelve independent Sikh Misls were established. It was to the good luck of Ranjit Singh that by the end of the 18th century, no Misl was left powerful enough. A brief description of the important Misls is as follows :

1. Bhangi Misl: Before the growth of Ranjit Singh’s power, the Bhangi Misl in the North-West of the Sutlej river was very powerful. The two most important towns of the Punjab, Lahore and Amritsar, were under this Misl. Besides these, the areas of Gujarat and Sialkot were also under it. Among the Bhangi Sardars Chet Singh, Sahib Singh and Mohar Singh were the prominent leaders. All these Bhangi rulers were great addicts of bhang (hemp). They spent most of their times in merry-making. Consequently, the Bhangi Misl had lost much of its previous glory and power. It was heading fast towards its end.

2. Ahluwalia Misl : The founder of the Ahluwalia Misl was Jassa Singh Ahluwalia. He was a great warrior, a valiant general and a splendid organiser. He had brought under his submission the territories situated between Jalandhar Doab and Bari Doab. He Was a very brave and fearless warrior. In 1739 A.D. when Nadir Shah was going back from India with the booty, he attacked his army and took away with much of his booty. He had defeated the forces of Ahmad Shah Abdali on a number of times. Because of these reasons, the Sikhs of the Punjab held Jassa Singh Ahluwalia in great esteem. It was fortunate for Ranjit Singh that this great warrior died in 1783 A.D. After his death Bhag Singh became his successor but he lacked the qualities of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia.

3. Kanahia Misl: The founder of the Kanahia Misl was Jai Singh Kanahia. He was very brave and courageous warrior. He had -under him the areas of Mukerian, Gurdaspur, Datarpur, Dharampur and Pathankot. Jai Singh’s son, Gurbaksh Singh was also very brave. He died in 1785 A.D. In 1796 A.D., Ramjit Singh was married to Gurbaksh Singh’s daughter, Mehtab Kaur. This marriage proved very significant for the political career of Ranjit Singh. In 1798 A.D. Jai Singh died and the reins of the Kanahia Misl fell into the hands of Gurbaksh Singh’s widow and Ranjit Singh’s mother-in-law Sada Kaur. She was a very ambitious woman.

4. Sukarchakia Misl: The founder of the Sukarchakia Misl Charat Singh was the grandfather of Ranjit Singh. He had under him Gujranwala, Eminabad and Sialkot. After the death of Charat Singh in 1774 A.D. he was succeeded by his son, Mahan Singh. He had all the qualities of a great Sardar. He expanded his Misl by conquering new areas. After the death of Mahan Singh in 1792 A.D., his son Ranjit Singh became his successor. Since Ranjit Singh was barely 12 years old at that time, the task of running the administration of the Misl fell into the hands of his mother Raj Kaur, Diwan Lakhpat Rai and mother-in-law, Sada Kaur till 1797 A.D.

5. Ramgarhia Misl: Sardar Jassa Singh Ramgarhia was a very bold and brave warrior. His rule was over Gurdaspur, Kalanaur, Batala and Qadian. It war Ranjit Singh’s good fortune that at the time of his rise, Jassa Singh Ramgarhia had grown quite old. So, he could not become a hurdle in the way of Ranjit Singh.

6. Faizalpuria Misl: Nawab Kapoor Singh was the founder of the Faizalpuria Misl. He was certainly a great Sikh leader, who ably guided the Sikhs at the most critical time. After the death of Nawab Kapoor Singh in 1753 A.D. his nephew Khushal Singh became his successor. He was a brave and able Sardar. He had expanded the Faizalpuria Misl by conquering the areas of Jalandhar, Nurpur, Beharampur, Patti etc. In 1795 A.D. after the death of Khushal Singh his son, Budh Singh ascended the throne. It was Ranjit Singh’s good fortune that Budh Singh did not prove to be a competent ruler.

7. Other Misls : Besides the above mentioned Misls, there existed the Dallewalia, Phulkian, Karorsinghia, the Nishanwalia, the Nakkai and the Shahid Misls. At the time of Ranjit Singh’s rise to power, these Misls were very weak. So, they had no significance in the politics of the Punjab.

Muslim States:

Towards the end of the 18th century, in the North-West of Punjab, the Muslims had established many independent states. The states of Kasur, Multan, Kashmir, Attock and Peshawar were famous among them. Kasur was under the rule of a Pathan ruler, Nizarp-ud-Din. At that time Multan was under Nawab Muzaffar Khan, Kashmir under Ata Mohammad Khan, Attock under Jahandad Khan and Peshawar under Fateh Khan. Besides these states, many other small Muslim states also existed. There was no unity among these Muslim rulers. A struggle for power was always going on among them. Consequently, done of them was powerful enough to create hurdles in the way of Ranjit Singh.
Hill States

To the North of Punjab several independent hill states had come into existence at the time of Ranjit Singh’s rise to power. The state of Kangra was the most famous. Kangra was under the rule of a Rajput ruler, Sansar Chand Katoch. He was dreaming of conquering the whole of Punjab. Towards the end of the 18th century the Rajput rulers were ruling hill spates like Mandi, Kulu, Chamba, Basoli, Suket, Nurpur. and Jammu. Their rulers were very weak and they kept quarrelling among one another. So, they could pose no danger to Ranjit Singh.

The Gorkhas:

The Gorkhas of Nepal were very brave. Towards the close of the 18th century, they had started expanding their power towards the Punjab. Ip 1794 A.D., they had captured Garhwal and Kumaun. Bhim Sen Thapa decided to attack the Punjab under the able leadership of his son Amar Singh Thapa. Therefore a confrontation between Ranjit Singh and the Gorkhas was imminent.

George Thomas:

George Thomas was a brave Englishman. He had established an independent state in the South-East of Punjab at Hansi. There he got constructed a fort named Georgegarh after his own name. He invaded the areas of Patiala and Jind several times and indulged in looting there. The rule of George Thomas could not last long. The French General Paron defeated him and drove him but of the Punjab. General Paron’s rule, too, did not last long.

The Marathas:

Till 1797 A.D. the Marathas under their able leader Daulat Rao Sindhia were able to capture Meerut and Delhi. He wanted to conquer Punjab. Another Maratha leader, Dhara Rao, too had made certain invasions against the South-East based Phulkian Misl of the Punjab. The Marathas could pose a serious danger to Ranjit Singh, but fortunately for Ranjit Singh, exactly at the same time the Marathas got involved with the British, who were very powerful. So, they could not pay their attention to the Punjab. ,

The British:

Towards the end of the 18th century, the power of the British had greatly increased in India. Although the British were looking greedily towards the Punjab but at that time they had locked horns with the Marathas, the Nizam of Hyderabad and many other problems. Therefore, Ranjit Singh had no immediate danger from the Britishers. »

Shah Zaiiian:

The ruler of Afghanistan, Shah Zaman, could pose a danger to the power of Ranjit Singh. He had become the new ruler of Afghanistan after the death of his father, Timur Shah in 1793 A.D. He tried to reoccupy Punjab.-With this objective, he invaded Punjab four times between 1793 and 1798 A.D. to go back to Kabul for one reason or the other. In this way, the likely danger of Shah Zaman to the power of Ranjit Singh was averted. It is obvious from the description given above that towards the end of the 18th century the political condition of the Punjab was favourable to Ranjit Singh. He took full advantage of the condition and succeeded in establishing a strong Sikh enipire.in the Punjab.

The famous historian Dr. G.L. Chopra aptly says, “Thus the political situation on the eve of the 19th century was eminently suited for the rise of a resolute and outstanding personality, who might weld these discordant elements steadily into an organised kingdom and as we shall see, Ranjit Singh availed himself of this opportunity.”

Ranjit Singh’S Policy Towards F The Sikh Misls:

Question 3.
Examine critically the Misl policy of Ranjit Singh.
Or
“Ranjit Singh’s policy was one of absorption of all the Sikh confederacies. No ties of kinship, no sentiments of gratitude were strong enough to stand in his way.” (N.K. Sinha). Explain the statement.
Or
Give an account of the salient features of the Misl policy of Ranjit Singh.
Or
Describe the relations of Maharaja Ranjit Singh with Sikh Misls.
Answer:
In 1797 A.D., when Ranjit Singh ascended the throne of Sukarchakia Misl, his kingdom was limited to a few areas only. Since Ranjit Singh was a ruler of high ambitions, he was not satisfied with this small kingdom. He wanted to convert it into a vast empire. For this purpose, he directed his attention towards the Sikh Misls in the Punjab.

Characteristics of the Misl Policy:

Ranjit Singh adopted a special type of policy towards the Sikh Misls. The main characteristics of this policy were as follows :

To give no weightage either to relationships or to sentiments in matters of state expansion.
Not to bother whether it is just or unjust to take possession of the areas of the Misl Sardars while expanding the state.
To make friendship with the powerful Misl Sardars o% to establish matrimonial relations with them so that on one .hand their co-operation might be extracted and on the other hand the possible formation of any powerful joint front against him might be ruled out.
To attack the weak Misl Sardars and annex their territories to his state.
On getting an opportunity to betray even the friendly Misl Sardars and annex their states to his kingdom.
To do away with the important central institution i.e. the ‘Gurmata’ so that no Misldar might equal Ranjit Singh.

Policy towards the Powerful Misls:

1. Matrimonial Relations with Kanahia Misl : Ranjit Singh first of all established friendly relations with the Kanahia Misl. In 1796 A.D., he married Mehtab Kaur, the daughter of late Gurbaksh Singh. In this way the unison of the two Misls strengthened Ranjit Singh’s position. Ranjit Singh’s mother-in¬law, Sada Kaur rendered him very valuable services in his conquests of Lahore, Bhasin and Amritsar.

2. Matrimonial Relations with Nakkai Misi : At Tarn Taran in 1798 A.D., Ranjit Singh made his second marriage with Raj Kaur, the daughter of Sardar Khazan Singh of the Nakkai Misl. With this marriage Ranjit Singh received the requisite co-operation from the Nakkai Misl in the expansion of his Kingdom.

3. Friendship with Fateh Singh Ahluwalia : During Ranjit Singh’s times, the Ahluwalia Misl was one of the most powerful and famous Misls. At that time, Fateh Singh Ahluwalia was the leader of the Misl. In 1801 A.D. Ranjit Singh and Fateh Singh exchanged turbans and took an oath in the presence of the Guru Granth Sahib Ji that they would live like brothers and stand by each other through thick and thin. Afterwards Fateh Singh rendered yeoman’s contribution in several campaigns of Ranjit Singh.

4. Friendship with Jodh Singh Ramgarhia : In 1803 A.D., Jodh Singh Ramgarhia became the new Sardar of the Ramgarhia Misl. Like his father, he was also very brave and valiant warrior. Acting diplomatically Ranjit Singh established friendly relations with Jodh Singh. Jodh Singh helped Ranjit Singh in many of his military campaigns.

5. Friendship with Tara Singh Gheba: Tara Singh Gheba was the leader of the Dallewalia Misl. He was brave and powerful. Ranjit Singh established friendly relations with him. Their mutual relations became so intimate that Tara Singh accompanied Ranjit Singh in many battles.

Policy towards the weak Misls:

Whereas on one hand, Ranjit Singh adopted the policy of establishing friendly relations with the powerful Misls, on the other handphe attacked the weak Misls and annexed them to his kingdom. A brief description of these Misls is as given ahead:

1. Bhangi Misl: In July 1799 A.D., Ranjit Singh conquered Lahore from the Bhangi Sardars. It was one of the most significant conquests of Ranjit Singh. In 1805 A.D., by defeating Gulab Singh Bhangi’s widow Mai Sukhan, Ranjit Singh took possession of Amritsar. Likewise by defeating Jiwan Singh Bhangi of Sialkot in 1808 A.D., and Sahib Singh Bhangi of Gujarat in 1809 A.D., he annexed their areas to his kingdom. These conquests sounded the death knell of the Bhangi Misl.

2. Dallewalia Misl: Ranjit Singh had established friendly relations with the Dallewalia Chief, Tara Singh Gheba. Tara Singh Gheba died in 1807 A.D. His last rites had not yet been performed, when Ranjit Singh sent his army to attack Dallewalia. It succeeded in occupying the Dallewalia Misl.

3. Karor Singhia Misl : In 1809 A.D., the Chief of the Karor Singhia Misl Baghel Singh died. On finding it a golden opportunity, Ranjit Singh occupied the Karor Singhia Misl.

4. Nakkai Misl: Maharaja Ranjit Singh had matrimonial relations with the Nakkai Misl. Caring little about it Ranjit Singh’s army attacked the Nakkai Misl in 1810 A.D., defeated its Chief Kahan Singh and merged his areas to his Kingdom.

5. Faizalpuria Misl: After the death of Khushal Singh in 1795 A.D., his son Budh Singh became the new Chief of the Faizalpuria Misl. He lacked the bravery and ability of his father. As a result the Faizalpuria Misl began to head towards its decline. Ranjit Singh took advantage of it and occupied it in 1811 A.D.

Change In the Policy towards Friendly Misls:

When Maharaja Ranjit Singh became confident that his state had grown powerful, he deemed it fit to change his policy towards the friendly Misls. This policy may be discussed as follows :

1. Kanahia Misl: In 1796 A.D., Maharaja Ranjit Singh married Mehtab Kaur, the daughter of the late Kanahia Chief, Gurbaksh Singh and Sada Kaur. As has already been described, the Maharaja’s mother-in-law, Sada Kaur had rendered invaluable help in Ranjit Singh’s rise to power. But in 1821 A.D., Maharaja Ranjit Singh arrested his mother-in-law, Sada Kaur and seized the areas of Kanahia Misl.

2. Ramgarhia Misl: As long as Jodh Singh Ramgarhia lived, Maharaja Ranjit Singh maintained friendly relations with him. In 1815 A.D., when Jodh Singh died, Ranjit Singh took possession of the Ramgarhia Misl and annexed its areas to his kingdom.

3. Ahluwalia Misl: Maharaja Ranjit Singh had very intimate relations with Fateh Singh Ahluwalia. He had helped Ranjit Singh in several of his military campaigns. Ranjit Singh too had helped him in some of his conquests. In 1825-26 A.D., some sort of misunderstanding developed between them. So, Fateh Singh Ahluwalia with his family sought the refuge of the Britishers. Maharaja Ranjit Singh captured all the areas which were under Fateh Singh Ahluwalia. In 1827 A.D., they compromised. Maharaja Ranjit Singh Returned some of the areas of Fateh Singh Ahluwalia while the rest remained with Kim.

Abolition of Gurmata:

Gurmata was the central institution of the Sikh Misls. It symbolised the unity, organization and equality of the Misl Chiefs. The convention of the Gurmata was held at the Akal Takht Sahib at Amritsar. The Chiefs of the various Misls would take part in it and decide about the action to be taken against the enemies and also discuss in detail matters of common interest. Although now the Gurmata had ceased to be an effective institution, yet Ranjit Singh did not want that the other Misl Chiefs should claim equality with him through the medium of Gurmata. Therefore in 1805 A.D., Maharaja Ranjit Singh scrapped the institution of the Gurmata. With the abolition of this institution, Maharaja Ranjit Singh became totally independent to take his political decisions.

Criticism of the Misl Policy:

Some historians prominently Griffin, Sinha and Latif, have criticised the Misl policy of Maharaja Ranjit Singh severely on the following basis:

(a) Aggressive Policy : Maharaja Ranjit Singh adopted aggressive policy towards the weak Misls. He would attack the Misls without any rhyme or reason and take possession of them. Ranjit Singh seized the territories of Dallewalia, Bhangi, Faizalpuria, Nakkai and Karor Singhia Misls and annexed them to his kingdom. These Misls had done nothing wrong to Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

(b) Selfish and Unscrupulous Policy: Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s policy towards the Misls was entirely selfish and unscrupulous. He did not conduct himself well even towards the Chiefs of the powerful Misls, who had rendered him their invaluable services at the time of his rise to power. Not to speak of others, in 1821 A.D., he imprisoned his mother-in-law, Sada Kaur and included her areas in his empire. According to Dr. N. K. Sinha, “Ranjit Singh’s policy was one of absorption of all the Sikh confederacies. No tie of kinship, no sentiment of gratitude was strong enough to stand in his way.”

Justification of the Misl Policy:

Although Ranjit Singh’s policy towards the Misls has been described as aggressive and selfish, the following facts prove that his policy towards the Misls was not unfair : ‘

(a) Generous treatment with the vanquished Chiefs : It is true that Maharaja Ranjit Singh had annexed the Misls to his kingdom but he treated the vanquished with a leniency and kindness unknown in Oriental despotism. He granted big estates to the chiefs and their families for their sustenance.

(b) Establishment of a Powerful Kingdom: Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a man of far-sightedness. He had realized that small and weak Misls could not prove helpful in any way in establishing a strong Sikh empire. So Maharaja Ranjit Singh took possession of these Misls and organised them into’a powerful Sikh empire. If these Misls had been left in their original form, they would have been swallowed either by the Afghans or by some other enemy.

(c) Ranjit Singh was not devoid of sentiments of Gratitude : The charge levelled against Ranjit Singh that he was devoid of the sentiments of relationship and gratitude is entirely wrong. As long as Jodh Singh Ramgarhia lived, Ranjit Singh did not bring his areas under his submission. Ranjit Singh imprisoned his mother-in-law, Sada Kaur in 1821 A.D., because she had started conspiring against the Maharaja.

(d) A blessing for the People of Punjab : Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Misl policy actually proved a blessing for the people of Punjab. An atmosphere of anarchy and chaos prevailed in Punjab during the Misl period. By putting an end to the Misls the Maharaja established an independent Sikh empire. Maharaja Ranjit Sing’ not only maintained peace in his empire, but also encouraged agriculture and trade. Consequently, Punjab became a prosperous state.

Conquests Of Maharaja Ranjit Singh:

Question 4.
Give a brief description of the victories of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Explain the main conquests of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. “Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a great conqueror and. an empire builder.” In the light of this statement, give a brief account of the important conquests of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a great conqueror. When he ascended the throne he was a Sardar of a small Misl of Sukarchakia. But, by the virtue of his bravery and ability, he changed his state into an empire. A brief account of the conquests of Maharaja Ranjit Singh is given below :

1. Conquest of Lahore 1799 AD.: Hie first and the most significant conquest of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was that of Lahore. Lahore had been the capital of the Punjab for centuries together. At that time, three Bhangi Sardars Sahib Singh, Mohar Singh and Chet Singh jointly ruled oyer it. The people were fed up with their cruelties and maladministration. The ruler of Afghanistan, Shah Zaman, was dreaming of bringing the Punjab under his control. With this objective he invaded the Punjab four times during the years 1793 A.D. and 1798 AD. During his fourth invasion, Shah Zaman easily captured Lahore in November 1798 A.D. But because of a rebellion in Kabul, Shah Zaman had to retreat to Kabul.

Taking advantage of this situation the Bhangi Sardars, ence again took possession of Lahore. Since, the people of Lahore were already fed up with their oppressive rule, they invited Ranjit Singh to take control of Lahore. Ranjit Singh took advantage of this golden opportunity and attacked Lahore on 6th July, 1799 AD., with the help of his mother-in-law Sada Kaur. On hearing the news of attack, Bhangi Sardars fled away from the city. Thus, Ranjit Singh occupied Lahore on 7th July, 1799 AD. The conquest of Lahore was the first major achievement of Ranjit Singh. According to Fakir Syed Waheeduddin, “Its capture, therefore, not only added to Ranjit Singh’s strength and importance, but also invested him with title to the rest of the Punjab.”

2. Battle of Bhasin 1800 AD. : The occupation of Lahore by Ranjit Singh aroused the jealousies among the leading chiefs of Punjab. Gulab Singh Bhangi of Amritsar, and Nizam-ud-Din of Kasur made a united front against Ranjit Singh. The joint forces under the command of Gulab SinglHBhangi assembled at Bhasin near Lahore. Ranjit Singh too reached Bhasin to face them. Unexpectedly one day Gulab Singh Bhangi died of over-drinking. It demoralised the Opponents of Ranjit Singh and they fled away from the battlefield. In this way Ranjit Singh scored a victory without shedding a drop of blood.

3. Coronation of Ranjit Singh. On 12 April, 1801 A.D., on the auspicious day of Baisakhi festival, Ranjit Singh was crowned as the Maharaja of Lahore. The coronation took place amidst great festivities and public rejoicings. Baba Sahib Singh Bedi, a descendant of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, anointed Ranjit Singh with tilak. Maharaja Ranjit Singh took the title of ‘Sarkar-e-Khalsa’. To commemorate this event,’4ie issued Nanakshahi coin.

4. Conqpest of Amritsar 1805 A.D.: The city of Amritsar was very important for the Sikhs trom the religious point of view. The Sikhs considered it as their Mecca. In addition, it was the most famous trade centre of the Punjab. In order to become the Maharaja of the Punjab it was very essential for Ranjit Singh to bring Amritsar under his control. In 1805 A.D. Maharaja Ranjit Singh asked Gulab Singh Bhangi’s widow Mai Sukhan, who was ruling over Amritsar in the name of her minor son, Gurdit Singh, to hand over the fort of Lohgarh and the famous Zamzama gun to him. Mai Sukhan did hot concede these demands of the Maharaja. So Maharaja Ranjit Singh at once attacked Amritsar. After some resistance, Mai Sukhan admitted defeat. Thus, Amritsar came under the control of Ranjit Singh.

5. Cis-Sutlej Expeditions 1806-08 A.D.: Maharaja Ranjit Singh attacked the area of Cis-Sutlej thrice i.e. ih 1806 A.D., 1807 A.D. and 1808 A.D. During his first attack the Maharaja conquered the areas of Ludhiana, Jagraon, Dakha, Jandiala and Talwandi. During his second expedition, Ranjit Singh took possession of the areas of Morinda, Sirhind, Zira, Kot-Kapura and Dharmkot. In his third expedition, Ranjit Singh captured the areas of Faridkot, Ambala, Shahabad. Maharaja Ranjit Singh did not annex the conquered territories to his kingdom, but distributed them to his companions. According to the Treaty of Amritsar, signed on 25th April, 1809 A.D. between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and British the region of Cis-Sutlej had gone under the protection of British, so the Maharaja could not establish his hold on these territories.

6. Conquest of Dallewalia Misl, 1807 A.D. : The leader of the Dallewalia Misl was Tara Singh Gheba. He was an able ruler. So Maharaja Ranjit Singh did hot dare to attack the Dallewalia Misl as long as he was alive. In 1807 A.D., Tara Singh Gheba died. Finding a good^ppdrtunity, Ranjit Singh attacked the Dallewalia Misl on the pretext of expressing his condolence. Tara Singh’s widow gave little resistance to Ranjit Singh and thqn admitted defeat. The Maharaja annexed to his kingdom all the territories of the Dallewalia Misl.

7. Conquest of Sialkot 1808 A.D.: The ruler of Sialkot was Jiwan Singh. In 1808 A.D., Maharaja Ranjit Singh asked him to hand over the fort of Sialkot to him. On his refusal, Ranjit Singh attacked Sialkot. After a brief resistance Jiwan Singh admitted his defeat. The Maharaja annexed Sialkot to his kingdom.

8. Conquest of Kangra l4op A.D.: In 1809 A.D. the Gorkhas of Nepal beseiged the Tort of Kangra. The ruler of Kangra Sansar Chand Katoch requested Ranjit Singh for help against the Gorkhas. He promised to give Ranjit Singh the fort of Kangra in return of that. Ranjit Singh readily accepted the offer. His army compelled the Gorkhas to retreat. Now, Sansar Chand declined to give the fort to Ranjit Singh. Consequently, Ranjit Singh detained Sansar Chand’s son, Anurodh. As a result, Sansar Chand had no option, but to hand over the fort to Ranjit Singh. v Its occupation added to the prestige of the Maharaja.

9. Conquest of Gujarat 1809 A.D.: The city of Gujarat was very famous for its vast resources. The ruler of Gujarat, Sahib Singh Bhangi had been conspiring against Ranjit Singh. Being preoccupied elsewhere, Ranjit Singh could not pay attention to Gujarat. In 1809 A.D., Ranjit Singh sent a force under Faqir Aziz-ud-Din against Gujarat. He defeated Sahib Singh Bhangi and brought Gujarat under ’ control.

10. Conquest of Attock 1813 A.D. : The fort of Attock was geographically very significant. During Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time, Jahandad Khan, the Afghan Governor, was ruling over Attock. He was under the Kabul government only in name, otherwise he was ruling independently. In 1813 A.D., when the Wazir of Kabul, Fateh Khan, attacked Kashmir and defeated his brother Ata Mohammad Khan, he was alarmed. He was confident that Fateh Khan’s next target would he K Attock. Therefore, he started negotiations with Ranjit Singh. In exchange of a big ‘ Jagir yielding an annual revenue of Rs. 1 lakh he agreed to surrender the fort of Attock to Ranjit Singh.

When Fateh Khan came to know about it, he flew into a v rage. In order to bring the fort of Attock under his control, he proceeded towards Attock with his army. On 13th July, 1813 A.D., at a place called Hazro or Haidr u, a fierce battle was fought between the armies of Ranjit Singh and Fateh Khan. In this battle Ranjit Singh gave a crushing defeat to Fateh Khan. It was the first battle fought between the Afghans and the Sikhs. This victory not only strengthened v Ranjit Singh’s hold on Attock, but also spread his fame far and wide.

11. Conquest of Multan 1818 A.D.: Multan was important from geographic and economic point of view. Hence, Maharaja Ranjit Singh wanted to conquer it. Multan was under the rule of Afghan Governor, Nawab Muzaffar Khan. As such he was under the rule of the Kabul Government, but in reality he was ruling independently. From 1802 A.D. to 1817 A.D., Maharaja Ranjit Singh sent six expeditions to Multan. Each time Nawab Muzaffar Khan avoided the army of Ranjit Singh with a Nazrana. In 1818 A.D. Maharaja decided to conquer Multan. He started preparing for an attack on Multan on a large scale.

Misar Diwan Chand, who was one of the popular generals of the Maharaja was sent to conquer Multan with a large army. After a fierce fight Misar Diwan Chand was able to conquer Multan. In this fight Nawab Muzaffar Khan and his five sons were killed. When Maharaja Ranjit Singh received the news of this important victory, he was pleased. Festivities took place to celebrate this victory for days on end. Misar Diwan Chand was bestowed upon with the title of ‘Zafar Jang’.

12. Conquest of Kashmir 1819 A.D. : The valley of Kashmir has been famous for its beauty, delicious fruits and prosperous trade since ancient times. That is why, Maharaja Ranjit Singh wanted to conquer this province. In this regard, he sent two expeditions to Kashmir in 1813 and 1814 A.D., but both these expeditions failed to achieve the desired objective. Maharaja Ranjit Singh got a new impetus with the conquest of Multan in 1818 A.D. Therefore, in 1819 A.D., he sent a huge force under the command of Misar Diwan Chand, the victor of Multan, to Kashmir.

He succeeded in defeating the Afghan Governor of Kashmir, Jabbar Khan. The conquest of Kashmir added to the prestige of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Misar Diwan Chand was honoured with the title of ‘Fateh-o-Nusrat Nasib’ (one who is destined to win). The conquest of Kashmir gave a stunning blow to the Afghan power. It boosted the morale of the Sikh forces. Moreover, it proved beneficial to the Maharaja from the commercial point of view. Dr. G.S. Chhabra aptly says, “The conquest of Kashmir had a great significance in the Maharaja’s development of power.”

13. Conquest of Peshawar 1834 A.D.: Peshawar was an important region from the geographical point of view. In his first expedition, in 1818 A.D., Maharaja Ranjit Singh had defeated Yar Mohammad Khan and Dost Mohammad Khan, but he resolved not to include Peshawar in his empire. In 1823 A.D., Azim Khan, a minister of Afghanistan took over the control of Peshawar. Maharaja Ranjit Singh defeated him in a pitched battle of Naushera and again got control over Peshawar. He annexed Peshawar to his empire in 1834 A.D.

Extent of the Empire:

Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s, empire had extended upto Ladakh in the North, ShikarpuT in the South, the river Sutlej in the East and Peshawar in the West. In this way Maharaja Ranjit Singh had established a big empire during his reign. According to Dr. G.L. Chopra, “Ranjit Singh, within forty years, raised himself from a petty sardar to the rulership of an extensive kingdom.”

Question 5.
Briefly describe the various stages in the conquest of Multan by Ranjit Singh. Point out its significance.
Or
How did Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquer and administer Multan?
Answer:
Multan was geographically and economically very significant. It was an important province of the Mughal empire. In 1779 A.D., Ahmad Shah Abdali’s successor Timur Shah defeated the Bhangi Sardars and established his control over Multan. He appointed NaWab Muzaffar Khan as the Governor of Multan. Soon after taking advantage of the political instability in Afghanistan, Nawab Muzaffar Khan declared his independence. During Ranjit Singh’s times Multan was under Nawab Muzaffar Khan, Expeditions of Ranjit Singh In order to conquer Multan Maharaja Ranjit Singh had invaded Multan seven timefffrom 1802 AD. to 1818 A.D.Ahrief description of these expeditions is as follows:

1. First Expedition 1802 A.D.: In 1802 A.D., Maharaja Ranjit Singh led his first expedition to Multan. When his army reached near Multan, Nawab Muzaffar Khan became panicky. So he sent this message to Ranjit Singh that if he did not attack Multan, he was ready to pay annual tribute to him. Ranjit Singh accepted the condition and returned to Lahore with plenty of riches without fighting.

2. Second Expedition 1805 A.D.: According to the treaty of 1802 A.D. Nawab Muzaffar Khan did not send the annual tribute to Ranjit Singh. So Ranjit Singh again marched to Multan in 1805 A.D. At that time, Ranjit Singh received the information that the Maratha Sardar, Jaswant Rai Holkar had entered the Punjab. So Maharaja Ranjit Singh hastily entered into a pact with Muzaffar Khan and returned to Lahore.

3. Third Expedition 1807 A.D.: In 1807 A.D., Maharaja Ranjit Singh attacked Multan for the third time because Nawab Muzaffar Khan was helping the rulers of Jhang and Kasur against Ranjit Singh. When Ranjit Singh received this news, he attacked Multan. In no time, his army conquered several territories of Multan , but it could not conquer the fort of Multan. Finally, Ranjit Singh raised the seige after accepting Rs. 70,000 as Nazrana from Muzaffar Khan.

4. Fourth Expedition 1810 A.D. : In 1810 A.D., Maharaja Ranjit Singli despatched a force against Multan for the fourth time under the command of Diwan Mohkam Chand. The Sikh army conquered the Multan city and beseiged the fort. This time too the forces of Maharaja Ranjit Singh couldn’t conquer the Multan fort. At last a compromise took place between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Nawab Muzaffar Khan. According to the compromise Nawab -Muzaffar Khan agreed to give Ranjit Singh an annual tribute of Rs. 2 lakhs.

5. Fifth Expedition 1816 A.D.; In 1816 A.D., Maharaja Ranjit Singh sent an expeditiohto Multan under the command of Misar’Diwan Chand. Akali Phula Singh with a number of Akalis also joined this expedition. Once again Muzaffar Khan paid a huge amount to the Maharaja in order to forestall his doom.

6. Sixth Expedition 1817 A.D.: In order to get the arrear of the tribute fror Nawab Muzzaffar Khan, Maharaja Ranjit Singh sent an army to Multan in 1817 A.D. under the command of Diwan Bhiwani Das. This expedition failed to¬ffs objectives.

7. Seventh Expedition 1818 A.D.: In 1818 A.D., Maharaja Ranjit Singh firmly decided to conquer Multan. Preparations for the attack on Multan were made with great zeal and zest. The command of 20,000 cavalry and infantry soldiers was entrusted to Misar Diwan Chand. He beseiged the fort of Multan. This seige continued for four months. All the efforts of the Sikh forces to demolish the fort proved futile. In the evening of 2nd June, Akali Sadhu Singh with his companions succeeded in entering the fort, raising the slogans of ‘Sat Siri Akal’. In the battle Muzaffar Khan mid his five sons died fighting bravely.

One of his sons was wounded and two of them apologised. Thus, Ranjit Singh’s army conquered the fort of Multan on 2nd June, 1818 A.D. When Ranjit Singh heard the news of the conquest of Multan, he was overjoyed. To celebrate this grand victory, Lahore and Amritsar were greatly illuminated and celebrations were held for days together throughout the State. The conqueror of Multan Misar Diwan Chand was presented valuable gifts and honoured with the title of ‘Zafar Jang9 (Victor of the Battle).

Importance of the Conquest of Multan:

The conquest of Multan was one of the significant conquests of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. The importance of this conquest can be gauged from the facts given below :

This conquest marked an end to the Afghan power in the Punjab and proved that the Sikhs were far more powerful than the Afghans.
Another important result of the conquest of Multan by Maharaja Ranjit Singh was that the Muslim rulers of some small states were terrified and so they accepted the suzerainty of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
The land of Multan was very fertile. So with its victory Ranjit Singh’s revenue increased a great deal.
The conquest of Multan not only expanded the empire of Maharaja Ranjit Singh but also enhanced his prestige. All began to acknowledge his power.
The conquest of Multan greatly encouraged Maharaja Ranjit Singh and his soldiers.
The conquest of Multan proved useful from commercial and military point of view. According to H.S. Bhatia and S.R. Bakshi, “The conquest besides adding to his financial sources, established Ranjit Singh’s prestige among his enemies.”

Conquest Of Kashmir:

Question 6.
Discuss the various expeditions sent to conquer Kashmir. Study its significance.
Or
How did Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquer and administer Kashmir?
Or
How did Ranjit Singh conquer Kashmir? What was the significance of this conquest?
Answer:
The valley of Kashmir has been famous for its beauty, natural sights, pleasant climate, delicious fruits and prosperous trade. It is, in fact, a paradise on earth. That is why, it has been a source of attraction for the invaders since ancient times. In 1752 A D., the ruler of Afghanistan Ahmad Shah Abdali conquered it from the Mughals and annexed it to his empire. During Ranjit Singh’s times Afghan Governor Ata Mohammad Khan was ruling over Kashmir. Taking advantage of the political instability in Afghanistan, Ata Mohammad Khan declared his inde¬pendence in 1809 A.D.

After consolidating his position in Kabul, Wazir Fateh Khan paid attention to bring Kashmir under his control. Right at that time Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Punjab was also anxious to conquer Kashmir.

In 1813 A.D., an agreement was reached between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Fateh Khan at Rohtas. According to this agreement between Ranjit Singh and Fateh Khan, it was decided that the forces of the two would jointly attack Kashmir. A brief account of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s expeditions to Kashmir is given below:

First Expedition of Kashmir—1813 A.D.:

According to the agreement made at Rohtas in 1813 A.D., Ranjk Singh’s General Diwan Mohkam Chand with twelve thousand soldiers, and Fateh Khan with a huge force proceeded jointly to attack Kashmir. When the Governor of Kashmir Ata Mohammad Khan heard the news of the arrival of the joint forces, he tried to resist them at Shergarh. After a brief resistance Ata Mojhammad Khan fled from the battlefield. Thus, Kashmir was occupied without much difficulty. After the conquest of Kashmir. Fateh Khan refused to share the territory and the booty with the Sikhs.

When Maharaja Ranjit Singh came to know that Fateh Khan had deceived him, his wrath knew no bounds. He decided to teach the Afghans a lesson, which they might remember for long. The Maharaja secured the important fort of Attock from Jahandad Khan in lipu of a ‘Jagir’ of one lakh per annum. When Fateh Khan came to know about it, he became very furious. In order to retrieve it from Maharaja Ranjit Singh he, with his forces proceeded towards Attock. Before leaving Kashmir, he entrusted its administration to his brother Azim Khan.

A fierce battle was fought between the two foffies on 13th July, 1813 A.D., at a place named Hazro or Haidru, 5 miles away from Attock. In this bloody battle, 2000 Afghans were killed. Fateh Khan with his soldiers fled to Kabul. The victory of Hazro greatly boosted the morale of the Sikh forces because in this battle they had for the first time inflicted a crushing defeat on the Afghan forces.

Second Expedition of Kashmir—1814 A.D.:

Greatly encouraged by the victory at Hazro, Maharaja Ranjit Singh decided to attack Kashmir in April, 1814 A.D. At that time Azim Khan, the younger brother of Fateh Khan was acting as the Governor of Kashmir. He had made full arrangements to resist the forces of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s experienced General, Diwan Mohkam Chand suggested to the Maharaja not to attack Kashmir at that time. But Ranjit Singh paid little heed to his suggestion. Maharaja Ranjit Singh himself with Diwan Mohkam Chand’s grandson Ram Dayal marched towards Kashmir. Ranjit Singh had to face many hardships in the absence of Diwan Mohkam Chand’s experience and military command.

When Ranjit Singh’s army reached Rajori on the ill-advice of the Sardar of that place, Aghar Khan, he divided his army into two parts. Owing to this division Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s forces had to suffer a heavy loss. In July, 1814 A.D., in a battle fought at Sopian, Azim Khan inflicted crushing defeat on the Sikh forces under Ram Dayal. Since Ranjit Singh was left with a small number of soldiers, he thought it better to retreat without any confrontation. Owing to bad weather, Ranjit Singh’s forces had to suffer a heavy loss of life and material. Ram Dayal too had to return to Lahore with a heavy loss.

Third Expedition of Kashmir-—1819 A.D.:

In 1818 A.D., Azim Khan appointed his brother Jabbar Khan the Governor of Kashmir. Jabbar Khan did not have any quality of his brother, Azim Khan. He proved to be a worthless and inefficient ruler. Maharaja Ranjit Singh wanted to avail himself of this opportunity. Secondly, the conquest of Multan in 1818 A.D., infused a new confidence among the soldiers of Ranjit Singh. So, Ranjit Singh thought it a golden opportunity to attack Kashmir.

In April 1819 A.D., Maharaja Ranjit Singh with a big force of 30,000 soldiers marched towards Kashmir. The main division of the army was kept under the command of Misar Diwan Chand. For his assistance the second division of the army was kept under Prince Kharak Singh. The third division of the army was commanded by Maharaja Ranjit Singh himself. This army was to be used in need only. On the other hand, Jabbar Khan too advanced with his soldiers to face the Sikhs. A fierce battle took place between the two armies at a place called Supin on 5th July, 1819 A.D.

But the Afghan forces could not stand before the Sikh forces for long and they fled from the battlefield. Jabbar Khan, having been wounded escaped to Peshawar. In this way, the Sikhs took possession of Kashmir. Maharaja Ranjit Singh celebrated the occasion with great joy. Misar Diwan Chand was honoured with the title Fateh-o-Nusrat Nasib (one who is destined to win).

Importance of the Conquest of Kashmir:

The conquest of Kashmir was one of the most significant conquests of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. This conquest added to the Maharaja’s prestige. Secondly, the Sikh’s occupation of Kashmir gave a stunning blow to the»Afghan power. It boosted the morale of Sikh forces. Thirdly, the conquest of Kashmir proved beneficial to the Maharaja from the economic point of view. Ranjit Singh’s annual income from . this province was Rs. 40,00,000. Fourthly, the conquest of Kashmir proved extrefnely useful from the commercial point of view. This province was world famous for its shawl industry. According to Khushwant Singh, “Kashmir was an important acquisition for the Punjab.”

Administration of Kashmir:

After the annexation of Kashmir to the Sikh empire in 1819 A.D., Maharaja Ranjit Singh appointed Diwan Moti Ram, the first Governor of Kashmir. He failed to check the anarchy and corruption which had prevailed there. So General Hari Singh Nalwa was appointed the new Governor of , Kashmir. He brought about many significant improvements in the administrative, economic and social fields. He tried to give impartial justice to the people. He withdrew undue taxes levied on the people. Those who defied the government rules were severely dealt with.

Special attention was paid to develop the industries of Kashmir. As a result of these efforts, the people of Kashmir met with prosperity after a long time. In 1821 A.D., Maharaja Ranjit Singh called back Hari Singh Nalwa from Kashmir for some other important assignment. After Hari Singh Nalwa, all the Governors appointed in Kashmir failed to maintain such order.

Conquest Of Peshawar:

Question 7.
Give the main stages of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s conquest of Peshawar and its annexation to his kingdom.
Or
Describe in brief the conquest of Peshawar by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. What was its significance?
Or
Describe the conquest of Peshawar by Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Peshawar was situated to the North-West Frontier of India. It had its strategic importance. The invaders coming to the Punjab from the North-West Frontier generally came’by this way. Therefore, for the security of the Punjab, it was essential for Ranjit Singh to take possession of Peshawar.

Moreover Peshawar was also a famous trade centre. India carried on its trade with Afghanistan through this route. So, by annexing Peshawar to his empire, Maharaja Ranjit Singh wanted to add to his financial resources. Since, Peshawar was situated near Kabul, it was not an easy task to capture it.

Various Expeditions of Peshawar:

Maharaja Ranjit Singh sent various expeditions to conquer Peshawar. A brief description of these expeditions is as follows :

1. First Expedition 1818 A.D.: Maharaja Ranjit Singh led his first expedition to Peshawar in 1818 A.D. At that time Peshawar was being jointly ruled by Barakzai brothers, Yar Mohammad Khan and Dost Mohammad Khan. When they heard about the advancement of the Sikh forces, they fled from Peshawar, without offering any resistance. Thus, on 20th November, 1818 A.D., Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquered Peshawar without any difficulty.

For the time being the Maharaja did not want to annex Peshawar to his empire. So, he appointed the ex-ruler of Attock, Jahandad Khan, the Governor of Peshawar and he himself marched back to Lahore.

2. Second Expedition 1819 A.D.: Hardly had the Sikh army reached Lahore, Yar Mohammad Khan and Dost Mohammad Khan attacked Peshawar and recaptured it. Maharaja Ranjit Singh could not tolerate the occupation of Peshawar by Yar Mohammad Khan and Dost Mohammad Khan. He sent an. army of 12,000 soldiers under the command of Prince Kharak Singh and Misar Diwan Chand to attack Peshawar. Instead of resisting the forces of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Barakzai brothers accepted his overlordship.

3. Third Expedition 1823 A.D. : After sometime Azim Khan, the wazir of Kabul took possession of Peshawar. Azim Khan knew it very well that he might have to face Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s forces at any time. Therefore, he started consolidating his position. On the other hand, Ranjit Singh too, in a bid to maintain his hold of Peshawar, had started making military preparations. Soon, the Maharaja sent a large army to Peshawar under the command of famous Generals like Hari Singh Nalwa, Prince Sher Singh and Attar Singh Attariwala.

A decisive battle was fought between the two armies on 14th March, 1823 A.D., at a place called Naushera. This battle is also known as the battle of Tibba Tehri. It was a very dreadful battle. In the beginning, the Afghans had an upper hand. Akali Phula Singh and many other famous warriors of the Sikhs were killed in this battle. Therefore, the Khalsa army began to feel disheartened. At this time, Maharaja Ranjit Singh infused a new enthusiasm in his soldiers and shouting the slogans of Sat Siri Akal attacked the Afghans with full force. This attack turned the tides.

Azim Khan and his companions fled for life from the battlefield. In this way, Sikhs were able to win this decisive battle. After the victory at Naushera, the Sikh forces reached Peshawar on 17th March, 1823 A.D., Maharaja Ranjit Singh reappointed, Yar Mohammad Khan the Governor of Peshawar.

4. Fourth Expedition 1827-31 A.D.: During 1827 A.D., to 1831 A.D., Maharaja Ranjit Singh had to send expeditions to crush the revolts of Sayyed Ahmad. He had started instigating the Afghans against the Sikhs. In 1829 A.D., Sayyed Ahmad with 40 thousand soldiers attacked Peshawar. Yar Mohammad Khan was killed while fighting. As a result Sayyed Ahmad captured Peshawar. When Maharaja Ranjit Singh heard about it, he sent an army under the command of Prince Sher Singh and General Ventura. Sayyed Ahmad and his soldiers suffered a heavy defeat in a fierce battle fought at Peshawar.

Sayyed Ahmad succeeded in fleeing from the battlefield. Yar Mohammad Khan’s brother, Sultan Mohammad Khan was appointed the new Governor of Peshawar. Sayyed Ahmad still did not desist from his anti-Sikh activities. In May, 1831 A.D., he was killed at Balakot, while fighting against Prince Sher Singh. In this way a big nuisance for the Sikhs came to an end.

5. Fifth Expedition 1834 A.D.: In 1834 A.D., Maharaja Ranjit Singh decided to annex Peshawar to his empire. With this objective, a huge force was sent to Peshawar under the command of Prince Naunihal Singh and General Hari Singh Nalwa. When Sultan Mohammad Khan heard the news, he fled to Kabul without offering any resistance. In this way on 6th May, 1834 A.D., the Sikh forces occupied Peshawar very comfortably. General Hari Singh Nalwa was appointed the first Governor to look after the administration of Peshawar.

Battle of Jamraud:

Dost Mohammad Khan did not sit quietly on reaching Kabul. He wanted to avenge the insult suffered by him at the hands of the Sikhs. On the other side, the Sikhs were also busy in consolidating their position in Peshawar. In order to, prevent the Afghans from invading Peshawar, General Hari Singh Nalwa got a strong fort constructed at Jamraud. Dost Mohammad Khan could not tolerate the growing power of the Sikhs in Peshawar.

So, he sent twenty thousand soldiers under the command of Mohammad Akbar and Shamsudin to invade Jamraud. This army attacked Jamraud on 28th April, 1837 A.D. Sardar Mahan Singh with his 600 soldiers bravely resisted the Afghans for two days. At that time, General Hari Singh Nalwa was lying seriously ill at Peshawar.

When he heard the news of Afghan attack, roaring like a lion, he reached Jamraud with his 10,000 soldiers. He’trounced the Afghan forces. Being hit by a shell, General Hari Singh Nalwa died a martyr’s death on 30th April, 1837 A.D. In order to, avenge his martyrdom, the Sikh army made so powerful attack on the Afghans that they fled to Kabul like jackals. Thus* the Sikhs emerged victorious in this decisive battle of Jamraud. When Maharaja Ranjit Singh heard the news of the death of his great general, Hari Singh Nalwa, tears kept flowing down his eyes for days together. After the battle of Jamraud, Dost Mohammad Khan never dared to attack Peshawar again. He felt assured that it was not possible to recover Peshawar from the Sikhs.

Significance of the Conquest of Peshawar:

The conquest of Peshawar was one of the significant conquests of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. This conquest largely added to the empire of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. The supremacy of his military power was established all over India. It enhanced his prestige also. With the conquest of Peshawar by Ranjit Singh, the Punjabis heaved a sigh of relief after eight centuries, because .the Muslim invaders had invaded the Punjab and other parts of India only through this route. These invasions not only caused much havoc but also made the nights of the people sleepless.

But this danger was removed, when Maharaja Ranjit Singh took possession of Peshawar. The conquest of Peshawar by Maharaja Ranjit Singh also added to his economic resources. Prof. Harbans Singh aptly says, “The Sikh conquest of Peshawar finally ended the long sequence of invasions from the north-west.”

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Give a brief account of the career of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Describe briefly the life of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit. Singh was well known as the most efficient ruler not only in Punjab but in India. He was born in 1780 A.D. in Gujranwala. He ruled from 1799 A.D. to 1839 A.D. He established a vast empire.Under him all religions were paid equal respect. He established an efficient administration. He captured the areas of Lahore, Multan, Kashmir, Peshawar, Amritsar and Gujarat etc. Undoubtedly, he was Sher-i-Punjab.

Question 2.
What was the political condition of Punjab on the accession of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Or
What was the political condition of Punjab at the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s accession to power?
Answer:
When Maharaja Ranjit Singh took the reins of Sukarchakia Misl in his hands in 1797 A.D., the political condition of the Punjab was deplorable. The Sikhs had found 12 independent Misls in most parts of the Punjab. Their unity was a thing of the past. Shah Zaman, the ruler of Kabul started invading the Punjab in order to bring it under his control. Sansar Chand Katoch, the ruler of Kangra and Bhim Sen Thapa the ruler of Nepal were on a look out for getting control of the Punjab.

Question 3.
Write a short note on Shah Zaman.
Answer:
Shah Zaman became the new ruler of Afghanistan after the death of his father, Taimur Shdh in 1793 A.D. He immediately turned his attention to recover the Punjab from the Sikhs. With this objective he invaded Punjab in 1793 A.D. and again in 1795 A.D., but he had to go back to Kabul, unsuccessfully. He easily occupied Lahore during his third invasion in January 1797 A.D. In November 1798 A.D., once again Shah Zaman took control of Lahore. In 1800 A.D. Shah Zaman lost his empire in a coup. –

Question 4.
Give a brief account of the conquest of Lahore by Ranjit Singh and its significance.
Or
Write a brief note on Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s conquest of Lahore.
Or
What was the importance of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Lahore conquest?
Answer:
The conquest of Lahore was the first important political achievement of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. At that time three Bhangi Sardars-Sahib Singh, Mohar Singh, Chet Singh ruled over Lahore. Ranjit Singh with the help of his mother- in-law, Sada Kaur attacked Lahore. On hearing the news of invasion, Sahib Singh and Mohar Singh fled in panic. Chet Singh gave in after a short while. In this way, Ranjit Singh brought Lahore under his control on July 7, 1799 A. D. It proved to be turning point in Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s life.

Question 5.
Write a short note on the battle of Bhasin.
Answer:
The occupation of Lahore by Ranjit Singh. Gulab Singh Bhangi of Amritsar and Nizam-ud-Din of Kasur made a united front against him. The joint forces under the command of Gulab Singh Bhangi assembled at Bhasin near Lahore. Ranjit Singh too reached Bhasin to face them. Unexpectedly one day Gulab Singh Bhangi died of over drinking. It demoralised the opponents of Ranjit Singh and they fled from the battlefield. In this way Maharaja Ranjit Singh scored a victory without shedding a drop of blood.

Question 6.
Describe briefly about the conquest of Amritsar by Maharaja Ranjit Singh and its importance.
Or
Discuss briefly the significance of the conquest of Amritsar.
Or
Describe briefly about the conquest of Amritsar by Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Write a short note on the Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Amritsar conquest.
Answer:
In 1805 A.D., Maharaja Ranjit Singh asked her to hand over the fort of Lohgarh and famous gun Zamzama to him. Mai Sukhan refused to accept the proposal, so Maharaja Ranjit Singh attacked Amritsar, along with his mother-in¬law Sada Kaur and Fateh Singh Ahluwalia. After a short resistance, Mai Sukhan accepted defeat. In this way, in 1805 A.D. Maharaja Ranjit Singh got control over Amritsar. With the conquest of Amritsar, Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s fame spread far and wide.

Question 7.
How did Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquer Multan?
Answer:
Multan was very significant from the geographical and commercial point of view. Maharaja Ranjit Singh sent six military expeditions between 1802-1817 A.D. Nawab Muzaffar Khan, the ruler of Multan evaded annexation everytime by offering tribute to the Maharaja. In 1818 A.D. Maharaja Ranjit Singh resolved to conquer Multan. With this aim, he sent a vast army under the command of Misar Diwan Chand to conquer Multan. The Sikhs easily conquered Multan.

Question 8.
Describe the three significance of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s conquest of’Multan.
Answer:
The conquest of Multan is one of the important conquests of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. This conquest put an end to the influence of Afghans in Punjab. This decisive conquest enhanced the morale of the Sikhs. It expanded Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s empire. It also enhanced his grandeur and glory. As a result, the conquest of Multan gave impetus to the trade of Punjab.

Question 9.
How did Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquer Kashmir?
Or
Describe Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s conquest of Kashmir.
Answer:
According to an agreement made between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Fateh Khan, they attacked Kashmir in 1813 A.D. Ata Mohammad Khan, Governor of Kashmir was defeated in a battle at Shergarh. In 1814 A.D. Maharaja Ranjit Singh invaded Kashmir for the second time. He had to face defeat in this expedition. Maharaja Ranjit Singh invaded Kashmir in 1819 A.D. for the third time. Maharaja Ranjit Singh won the battle and succeeded in bringing Kashmir under his control.

Question 10.
Describe the significance of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s conquest of Kashmir.
Answer:

It greatly increased Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s prestige and pride,
His frontier in the north had reached its natural bounds.
The control of Kashmir by the Sikhs dealt a severe blow to the Afghan influence in India and it encouraged the morale of Sikh forces.
The conquest of Kashmir resulted in economic gain to the Maharaja.
With the annextion of Kashmir to the Panjab its trade got great impetus.

Question 11.
Write a brief note on the battle of Naushera or. Tibba Tehri.
Answer:
A fierce battle tbok place between the army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the Afghans at Naushehra or Tibba Tehri on March 14, 1823 A.D. In the beginning of the battle, the Afghans had the upper hand. Akali Phula Singh and many other famous warriors were killed in this battle. Now the Sikhs attacked the Afghans so vigorously that the latter had to flee to save their lives. As a result of the victory in this decisive battle the morale of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s army was enhanced.

Question 12.
Briefly write about the significance of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s conquest of Peshawar.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s conquest of Peshawar greatly enhanced the prestige of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. The Punjabis heaved a sigh of relief after Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquered Peshawar, because the Muslim invaders invaded Punjab and other parts of India through this route. This conquest also proved economically useful to Maharaja Ranjit Singh. It sounded the death knell of Afghan supremacy.

Question 13.
What policy did Maharaja Ranjit Singh adopt towards the defeated rulers?
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh not only brought several states under his control but also adopted a successful administrative policy. This policy was uniformly applied to all the rulers, whether Sikhs, Hindus or the Muslims. Many rulers, who accepted the suzerainty of Ranjit Singh were returned their states. Those, rulers whose areas were annexed to his empire, were given some posts in the Maharaja’s Darbar or given suitable Jagirs enough for their living. A stern policy was adopted against those rulers who continued to oppose Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Question 14.
What policy did Maharaja Ranjit Singh adopt towards the Sikh Misls?
Or
Examine the Misl policy of Ranjit Singh.
Or
Write down the policy of Maharaja Ranjit Singh towards Sikh Misls.
Answer:
There were 12 independent Sikh Misls at the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s accession to power. Maharaja Ranjit Singh belonged to the Sukarchakia Misl. As the Maharaja wanted to establish a vast empire, he planned to bring all the Sikh Misls under his control. Since he was not in a position at that time to face the powerful Misls, he either established matrimonial relations or friendship with these Misls. With their cooperation he took control of weak Misls. When his resources increased, he included powerful Misls to his empire one by one.

Objective Type Questions:

Question 1.
When was Maharaja Ranjit Singh born?
Answer:
November 13, 1780 A.D.

Question 2.
Where was Maharaja Ranjit Singh born?
Answer:
Gujranwala.

Question 3.
To which Misl did he belong?
Answer:
Sukarchakia Misl.

Question 4.
Give the name of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s mother.
Answer:
Raj Kaur.

Question 5.
What was the name of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s father?
Answer:
Mahan Singh.

Question 6.
Who was Raj Kaur?
Answer:
Mother of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Question 7.
What was Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s mother called.as?
Answer:
Mai Malwain.

Question 8.
With which Misl did Maharaja Ranjit Singh belong to?
Answer:
Sukarchakia Misl.

Question 9.
Name the grandfather of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
What was the name of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s grandfather?
Answer:
The name of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s grandfather was Charat Singh.

Question 10.
What was the original name of Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
Budh Singh.

Question 11.
When did Ranjit Singh get accession to the throne?
Answer:
1792 A.D.

Question 12.
Who was Sada Kaur?
Answer:
Mother-in-law of Ranjit Singh.

Question 13.
What was the name of mother-in-law of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
Sada Kaur.

Question 14.
To which Misl did Sada Kaur belong?
Or
To which Misl Sada Kaur belonged?
Answer:
Kanahia Misl.

Question 15.
Name the three Bhangi Sardars who ruled oyer Lahore during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time.
Answer:
Chet Singh, Sahib Singh and Mohar Singh.

Question 16.
Name the two Misls annexed by Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Dallewalia Misl and Karorsinghia Misl. .

Question 17.
Which ruler did rule over Kasur, when Maharaja Ranjit Singh rose to power?
Answer:
Nizam-ud-Din.

Question 18.
Who was the ruler of Kangra when Maharaja Ranjit Singh rose to power?
Answer:
Sansar Chand Katoch.

Question 19.
Which Gorkha leader of Nepal was famous, when Maharaja Ranjit Singh rose to power?
Answer:
Bhim Sen Thapa.

Question 20.
Who was George Thomas?
Answer:
He was a brave Englishman who had set up an independent state in Hansi.

Question 21.
Who was Shah Zaman?
Answer:
Emperor of Afghanistan.

Question 22.
What was the period of reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
1799 A.D. to 1839 A.D.

Question 23.
Which Misl was ruling over Lahore when Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquered it in 1799 A.D.?
Answer:
Bhangi Misl.

Question 24.
When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquer Lahore?
Answer:
July 7, 1799 A.D.

Question 25.
Give any one significance of the conquest of Lahore.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was considered the ruler of the Punjab.

Question 26.
When did the coronation of Maharaja Ranjit Singh take place?
Or
When was Maharaja Ranjit Singh coronated?
Answer:
April 12, 1801 A.D.

Question 27.
Where was Maharaja Ranjit Singh coronated?
Answer:
Lahore.

Question 28.
When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquer Amritsar?
Answer:
1805 A.D.

Question 29.
What was Zamzama?
Answer:
A famous cannon.

Question 30.
How many times Maharaja Ranjit Singh invaded Malwa region?
Answer:
Three times.

Question 31.
Who was the Nawab of Kasur when-Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquered it?
Answer:
Qutab-ud-Din.

Question 32.
When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquer Kangra?
Answer:
1809 A.D.

Question 33.
Who was the ruler of Kangra when Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquered it?
Answer:
Sansar Chand Katoch.

Question 34.
When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh,conquer Gujarat?
Answer:
1809 A.D.

Question 35.
From whom did Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquer Gujarat?
Answer:
Sahib Singh Bhangi.

Question 36.
When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquer Attock?
Answer:
1813 A.D.

Question 37.
From whom did Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquer Attock?
Answer:
Jahandad Khan.

Question 38.
When was the battle of Hazro or Haidru fought?
Answer:
July 13, 1813 A.D.

Question 39.
When Ranjit Singh occupied Multan, who was the ruler of Multan at that time?
Answer:
Nawab Muzaffar Khan.

Question 40.
When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquer Multan?
Answer:
2nd June, 1818 A.D.

Question 41.
Who was the Commander-in-Chief of the Sikh forces when Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquered it in 1818 A.D.?
Answer:
Misar Diwan Chand.

Question 42.
Give any one important result of the conquest of Multan.
Answer:
This conquest was a big setback to the Afghan power.

Question 43.
When did Fateh Khan enter into an alliance with Ranjit Singh to conquer Kashmir?
Answer:
1813 A.D.

Question 44.
Who was Wafa Bagum?
Answer:
She was the wife of Afghanistan’s ruler Shah Shuja.

Question 45.
What did Maharaja Ranjit Singh get from Begum Shah Shuja?
Answer:
‘Kohinoor Diamond’.

Question 46.
When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh attack Kashmir for the first time?
Answer:
1813 A.D.

Question 47.
Who was the ruler of Kashmir when Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s forces attacked it in 1813 A.D.?
Answer:
Ata Mohammad.

Question 48.
When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh attack Kashmir for the second time?
Answer:
1814 A.D.

Question 49.
Who was the ruler of Kashmir when Maharaja Ranjit Sihgh attacked in 1814 A.D.?
Answer:
Aazim Khan.

Question 50.
When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquer Kashmir?
Answer:
July 5, 1819 A.D.

Question 51.
When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh attack Peshawar for the first time?
Answer:
1818 A.D.

Question 52. Who ruled over Peshawar when Maharaja Ranjit Singh attacked Peshawar in 1818 A.D.?
Answer:
Yar Mohammad Khan and Dost Mohammad Khan.

Question 53.
When was the famous battle of Naushera or Tibba Tehri fought?
Answer:
March 14, 1823 A.D.

Question 54.
Which famous Akali warrior was killed in the battle of Naushera?
Answer:
Akali Phula Singh.

Question 55.
When Peshawar was annexed to thfe Sikh Empire?
Answer:
1834 A.D.

Question 56.
When was the battle of Jamraud fought?
Answer:
1837 A.D.

Question 57.
Which famous Sikh General was killed in the battle of Jamraud?
Answer:
General Hari Singh Nalwa.

Question 58.
Who was defeated in the battle of Jamraud?
Answer:
Afghans.

Question 59.
Mention the capital of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s empire.
Answer:
Lahore.

Question 60.
Name any one special feature of Misl policy of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
No room for any consideration of relationship.

Question 61.
Name the Sardar of the Ramgarhia with whom Maharaja Ranjit Singh established friendly relations.
Answer:
Jodh Singh Ramgarhia.

Question 62.
When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh abolish Gurmata as a political institution?
Answer:
1805 A.D.

Question 63.
When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh die?
Answer:
June 27, 1839 A.D.

Question 64.
Who became the successor of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
Kharak Singh.

Question 65.
Who was Kharak Singh?
Answer:
He was the eldest son of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Fill in the blanks:

1. Maharaja Ranjit Singh belonged to ……………. Misl.
Answer:
Sukarchakia

2. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was horn in ……………..
Answer:
1780 A.D.

3. The name of the father of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was ………………..
Answer:
Mahan Singh

4. The name of the mother of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was …………………
Answer:
Raj Kaur

5. The childhood name of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was ………………
Answer:
Budh Singh

6. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was married to Mehtab Kaur in …………….
Answer:
1796 A.D.

7. ………….. was the mother-in-law of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Sada Kaur

8. ………………. ruled over Lahore during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time.
Answer:
Bhangi Misl

9. Ranjit Singh conquered Lahore in ……………….
Answer:
1799 A.D.

10. Ranjit Singh was coronated as Maharaja of Punjab in …………..
Answer:
1801 A.D.

11. The capital of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was ………….
Answer:
Lahore

12. Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquered Amritsar in …………….
Answer:
1805 A.D.

13. Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquered Kangra in ……………..
Answer;
1809 A.D.

14. …………….. was the ruler of Kangra at Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time.
Answer:
Sansar Chand Katoch

15. In 1809 A.D. Maharaja Ranjit Singh defeated …………… the ruler of Gujarat.
Answer:
Sahib Singh Bhangi

16. Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquered Attock in ………………
Answer:
1813 A.D.

17. Nawab …………….. was the ruler of Multan during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time.
Answer:
Muzaffar Khan

18. Multan was conquered by Maharaja Ranjit Singh in ……………
Answer:
1818 A.D.

19. ……………… was the ruler of Kashmir when Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquered it.
Answer:
Ata Mohammad Khan

20. Maharaja Ranjit Singh attacked Kashmir in ……………… for the first time.
Answer:
1813 A.D.

21. Maharaja Ranjit Singh attacked Kashmir in ………………. for the second time.
Answer:
1814 A.D.

22. Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquered Kashmir in ………………
Answer:
1819 A.D.

23. Maharaja Ranjit Singh attacked Peshawar in ……………… for the first time.
Answer:
1818 A.D.

24. At the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, battle between Afghans and Sikhs was fought at Tibba Tehri on ………………
Answer:
March 14, 1823 A.D.

25. The Akali leader Phula Singh was killed in theJbattle of ………………..
Answer:
Naushera

26. Maharaja Ranjit Singh annexed Peshawar to his-empire in …………..
Answer:
1834 A.D.

27. The battle of Jamraud was fought between the Sikhs and the Afghans in ……………
Answer:
1837 A.D.

28. Maharaja Ranjit Singh died in …………….
Answer:
1839 A.D.

True or False:

1. Maharaja Ranjit Singh belonged to Kanahia Misl.
Answer:
False

2. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was born in 1780 A.D.
Answer:
True

3. The name of the father of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was Charat Singh.
Answer:
False

4. Sada Kaur was the mother of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
False

5. Sada Kaur belonged to Kanahia Misl.
Answer:
True

6. The childhood name of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was Buddh Singh.
Answer:
True

7. Sher Singh was the childhood name of Maharaja Ranjit Smgh.
Answer:
False

8. Shah Zaman was the son of Timur Shah.
Answer:
True

9. Shah Zaman was the ruler of Afghanistan.
Answer:
True

10. Ranjit Singh conquered Lahore in 1799 AD.
Answer:
True

11. Ranjit Singh was considered as the Maharaja df Lahore in 1801 AD.
Answer:
True

12. Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquered Amritsar from Mai Sukhan in 1805 A.D.
Answer:
True

13. Zamzama was the name of a fort.
Answer:
False

14. Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquered Kangra in 1809 A.D.
Answer:
True

15. Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquered Attock in 1813 A.D.
Answer:
True

16. Maharaja Ranjit Singh occupied Multan in 1818 A.D.
Answer:
True

17. Maharaja Ranjit Singh attacked Kashmir for the first time in 1814 A.D.
Answer:
False

18. Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquered Kashmir in 1819 AD.
Answer:
True

19. Maharaja Ranjit Singh attacked Peshwar for the first time in 1818 AD.
Answer:
True

20. The famous battle of Naushera was fought in 1813 AD.
Answer:
False

21. Akali Phula Singh was kifled in the battle of Naushera.
Answer:
True

22. Maharaja Ranjit Singh annexed Peshawar, to his empire in 1834 A.D.
Answer:
True

23. The battle of Hazro was fought on 13th July, 1813 AD.
Answer:
True

24. The Battle of Jamraud was fought in 1837 AD.
Answer:
True

25. Maharaja Ranjit Singh passed away on June 27, 1839 A.D.
Answer:
True

26. Maharaja Ranjit Singh made Lahore as capital of his empire.
Answer:
True

27. Maharaja Dalip Singh became the successor of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Empire.
Answer:
False

28. Maharaja Kharak Singh was the successor of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
True

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. When was Mahairaja Ranjit Singh born?
(a) 1770 A.D.
(b) 1775 A.D.
(c) 1776 A.D.
(d) 1780 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1780 A.D.

2. Where was Maharaja Ranjit Singh born?
(a) Gujranwala
(b) Lahore
(c) Amritsar
(d) Multan.
Answer:
(a) Gujranwala

3. To which Misl did Maharaja Ranjit Singh belong?
(a) Kanahia
(b) Sukarchakia
(c) Ramgarhia
(d) Phulkian.
Answer:
(b) Sukarchakia

4. What was the name of the father of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
(a) Budh Singh
(b) Charat Singh
(c) Mahan Singh
(d) Bhag Singh.
Answer:
(c) Mahan Singh

5. Who was famous as‘Mai Malwain’?
(a) Daya Kaur
(b) Rattan Kaur
(c) Raj Kaur
(d) Sada Kaur.
Answer:
(c) Raj Kaur

6. When did Ranjit Singh become the leader of Sukarchakia Misl?
(a) 1790 A D.
(b) 1792 A.D.
(c) 1793 A.D.
(d) 1795 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1792 A.D.

7. Who was Sada Kaur?
(a) Queen of Ranjit Singh
(b) Mother-in-law of Ranjit Singh
(c) Sister of Ranjit Singh
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Mother-in-law of Ranjit Singh

8. Which Bhangi Sardar ruled over Lahore when Maharaja Ranjit Singh rose to power?
(a) Chet Singh
(b) Sahib Singh
(c) Mohar Singh
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

9. Who was ruling over Kasur, when Maharaja Ranjit Singh rose to power?
(a) Nizam-ud-Din
(b) Kadam-ud-Din
(c) Wazir Khan
(d) Zakariya Khan.
Answer:
(a) Nizam-ud-Din

10. Which city was ruled by Sansar Chand Katoch when Maharaja Ranjit Singh rose to power?
(a) Nepal
(b) Kangra
(c) Jammu
(d) Sialkot.
Answer:
(b) Kangra

11. Which Gurkha leader of Nepal was famous in 18th century?
(a) Bhim Sen Thapa
(b) Agar Sen Thapa
(c) Amar Singh Thapa
(d) Tej Bahadur Thapa.
Answer:
(a) Bhim Sen Thapa

12. Where did George Thomas set up an independent state in 18th century?
(a) Jhansi
(b) Hansi
(c) Sirhind
(d) Muradabad.
Answer:
(b) Hansi

13. Who was Shah Zaman?
(a) Ruler of Iran
(b) Ruler of Nepal.
(c) Ruler of Afghanistan
(d) Ruler of China.
Answer:
(c) Ruler of Afghanistan

14. Which was the first important conquest of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
(a) Amritsar
(b) Lahore
(c) Bhasin
(d) Kashmir
Answer:
(b) Lahore

15. When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquer Lahore?
(a) 1799 A.D.
(b) 1801 A.D.
(c) 1803 A.D.
(d) 1805 A.D.
Answer:
(a) 1799 A.D.

16. Which was the capital of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Kingdom?
(a) Lahore
(b) Amritsar
(c) Kashmir
(d) Peshawar.
Answer:
(a) Lahore

17. When was Maharaja Ranjit Singh coronated?
(a) 1799 A.D.
(b) 1800 A.D.
(c) 1801 A.D.
(d) 1805 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1801 A.D.

18. When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquer Amritsar?
(a) 1805 A.D.
(b) 1806 A.D.
(c) 1808 A.D.
(d) 1809 A.D.
Answer:
(a) 1805 A.D.

19. When was the battle of Hazro or Haidru fought?
(a) 1809 A.D.
(b) 1811 A.D.
(c) 1813 A.D.
(d) 1814 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1813 A.D.

20. Who was the ruler of Multan when Ranjit Singh occupied it?
(a) Misar Diwan Chand
(b) Ata Mohammad Khan
(c) Nawab Muzaffar Khan
(d) Dost Mohammad Khan
Answer:
(c) Nawab Muzaffar Khan

21. When did Ranjit Singh conquer Multan?
(a) 1802 A.D.
(b) 1805 A.D.
(c) 1817 A.D.
(d) 1818 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1818 A.D.

22. From whom did Maharaja Ranjit Singh get the ‘Kohinoor’ Diamond?
(a) Shah Shuja
(b) Waffa Begum
(c) Fateh Khan
(d) Jabbar Khan.
Answer:
(b) Waffa Begum

23. When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh attack Kashmir for the first time?
(a) 1811 A.D.
(b) 1812 A.D.
(c) 1813 A.D.
(d) 1818 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1813 A.D.

24. Who was the Governor of Kashmir when Maharaja Ranjit Singh attacked Kashmir for the first time?
(a) Ata Mohammad Khan
(b) Shah Shuja
(c) Jabbar Khan
(d) Qutub-ud-Din.
Answer:
(a) Ata Mohammad Khan

25. When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquer Kashmir?
(a) 1813 A.D.
(b) 1814 A.D.
(c) 1818 A.D.
(d) 1819 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1819 A.D.

26. When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh attack Peshawar for the first time?
(a) – 1802 A.D.
(b) 1805 A.D.
(c) 1809 A.D.
(d) 1818 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1818 A.D.

27. In which battle was Akali leader Phula Singh killed?
(a) Battle of Jamraud
(b) Battle of Naushera
(c) Battle of Sopian
(d) Battle of Supeen.
Answer:
(b) Battle of Naushera

28. When was battle of Naushera or Tibba Tehri fought?
(a) 1818 A.D.
(b) 1819 A.D.
(c) 1821 A.D.
(d) 1823 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1823 A.D.

29. When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquer Peshawar?
(a) 1819 A.D.
(b) 1821 A.D.
(c) 1823 A.D.
(d) 1834 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1823 A.D.

30. When was Peshawar annexed to the Sikh Empire?
(a) 1823 A.D.
(b) 1825 A.D.
(c) 1834 A.D.
(d) 1839 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1834 A.D.

31. When was the battle of Jamraud fought?
(a) 1818 A.D.
(b) 1819 A.D.
(c) 1823 A.D.
(d) 1837 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1837 A.D.

32. Which famous Sikh General was killed in the battle of Jamraud?
(a) Hari Singh Nalwa
(b) Akali Phula Singh
(c) Misar Diwan Chand
(d) Diwan Mohkam Chand.
Answer:
(a) Hari Singh Nalwa

33. With which powerful Misl Maharaja Ranjit Singh did not establish friendly relations?
(a) Ahluwalia
(b) Bhangi
(c) Ramgarhia
(d) Dallewalia.
Answer:
(b) Bhangi

34. Which Misl Sardar was called Baba by Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
(a) Gurbax Singh
(b) Fateh Singh Ahluwalia
(c) Jodh Singh Ramgarhia
(d) Tara Singh Gheba.
Answer:
(c) Jodh Singh Ramgarhia

35. When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh abolish Gurmata?
(a) 1799 A.D.
(b) 1801 A.D.
(c) 1802 A.D.
(d) 1805 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1805 A.D.

36. When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh die?
(a) 1829 A.D.
(b) 1831 A.D.
(c) 1837 A.D.
(d) 1830 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1830 A.D.

PSEB 12th Class History Solutions Chapter 21 Character and Personality of Maharaja Ranjit Singh

December 13, 2024December 12, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class History Book Solutions Chapter 21 Character and Personality of Maharaja Ranjit Singh Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 21 Character and Personality of Maharaja Ranjit Singh

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What do you know about Ranjit Singh as a Man?
Or
Write four traits of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s personality.
Or
Write about the character and personality of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Though Ranjit Singh was illiterate, he possessed sharp intellect. He remembered the names of thousands of villages and their geographical locations by heart. His memory was so sharp that he could recognise a person whom he had met many years ago. He was very kind-hearted. He loved his subjects very much, so much so that he never treated his enemies ruthlessly. The Maharaja never awarded capital punishment to anybody during his rule. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a devoted follower of Sikhism. Every day before starting his work he listened to the Bani of Guru Granth Sahib and offered his prayer. He called his government Sarkar-i-Khalsa. He issued the coins in the name of ‘Nanak Sahai’ and ‘Gobind Sahai’. He gave plenty of charity to Gurdwaras. Besides, his attitude towards other religions was full of respect. Equal treatment was meted out to people of all religions. They had full freedom of observing their rites and customs. The Maharaja gave charity to other religions also with an open heart.

Question 2.
What were the five features of Maharaja Ranjit Singh as a Man?
Answer:
1. Appearance: The appearance of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was not very attractive. He had medium-sized stature and a thin body.- His face had been disfigured as a result of smallpox in his childhood and deprived him of the left eye. Although the Maharaja was ugly, yet his personality was so attractive that anybody who came to meet him was greatly impressed by him. His face was suffused with a special type of halo and brilliance.

2. Hard-working and Active: Maharaja Ranjit Singh was very hard-working and active. He always believed that great men should always be hardworking and active. He expected this from his officers, also. The Maharaja always remained busy in-state work from morning till late night. He delighted in every type of work. He paid personal attention to the minutest work of the state.

3. Courageous and Brave: Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a very brave and courageous person. He was fond of going to the battlefields, hunting trips, wielding sword and horse-riding. While young, he gave evidence of his bravery by beheading Hashmat Khan earlier. He was ever foremost in battle and the last to retreat. He never lost heart even in the face of the most dreadful situation.

4. Kind Hearted: Maharaja Ranjit Singh was very popular with the people for his kindness. During his period, Maharaja Ranjit Singh defeated many Sikh, Hindu and Muslim Chiefs. But, it is remarkable that the Maharaja never treated his enemies cruelly. He was always ready to help the poor and destitute. Many tales of his kindness are well-known.

5. A devoted follower of Sikhism: Maharaja Ranjit Singh had an unshakable faith in Sikhism. Before starting his routine work, he used to listen to the recitation of Gurbani of Guru Granth Sahib Ji and the Kirtan. He called his government as Sarkar-i-Khalsa and his court Darbar Khalsa Ji. He considered himself to be the Kukar (dog) at the door of the Guru and the Panth.

Question 3.
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a kind ruler. How?
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was very popular with the people for his kindness. During his period, Maharaja Ranjit Singh defeated many Sikh, Hindu and Muslim Chiefs. But what is remarkable is that the Maharaja never treated his enemies cruelly. At that time among the emperors of Kabul and Delhi, whoever came to occupy the throne not only continued to shed blood of their close relatives and claimants to the throne but also left their descendants in a state of destitution. At such times, this rufer of Lahore not only embraced those whom he defeated on the battlefield but also bestowed Jagirs and robes of honour even to their children. The Maharaja did not award a death sentence to any criminal in his region. He was always ready to help the poor and destitute. Many tales of his kindness are well-known.

Mauza or village was the smallest unit of administration. Its administration was run by the Panchayat. The Maharaja did not interfere with the functioning of Panchayat. The Maharaja never ignored the public interest. He had instructed his state officials that they should make special efforts for the public welfare. The Maharaja used to travel his state in disguise to know the condition of the people. Punishment was given to erring officials who violated the orders of the Maharaja. The state offered special facilities to the poor and peasants. Consequently, people were well-off during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time.

Question 4.
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a devoted follower of Sikhism. Give arguments in your favour.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was truly a devoted follower of Sikhism. Every day before starting the routine work he used to hear Kirtan and recitation of Gurbani from Guru Granth Sahib and say his prayer. He never took any important decision ” without seeking guidance from Guru Granth Sahib. He had preserved a Kalgi (aigrette) of Guru Gobind Singh Ji in his Toshakhana (treasure) and considered its touch as a matter of great luck for him. He considered all his victories to be the boon of Almighty. He paid a thanks-giving visit to Sri Harmandir Sahib at Amritsar after each victory where he made huge offerings. He considered himself to be the Kukar (dog) at the door of the Guru and Sikh Panth.

He preferred to be called ‘Singh Sahib’ rather than Maharaja. His coins bore the names of Guru Nanak and Guru Gobind Singh. The official form of salutation in the army was, ‘Waheguru Ji Ka Khalsa, Waheguru Ji Ki Fateh.’ All official oath-taking ceremonies were performed in the presence of Guru Granth Sahib. For building new Gurdwaras and for the maintenance of langar he had given huge revenue-free Jagirs. In short, he was a devoted follower of Sikhism in the true sense of the word.

Question 5.
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a Secular Ruler. How?
Answer:
Although Ranjit Singh was a staunch Sikh, yet he was liberal towards other religions. He kept religious discrimination and communalism at an arm’s length. He knew very well that for the establishment of a strong and enduring empire the cooperation of people of different religions was essential. By his policy of tolerance, he succeeded in winning over the hearts of the people of different religions. In his empire jobs were given on the basis of merit. In his court, the Sikhs, Hindus, Muslims, Dogras, and Europeans were appointed to the high posts without any discrimination of caste, creed, or nationality.

For instance, his Foreign Minister Faquir Aziz-ud-Din was a Muslim, Prime Minister, Dhian Singh was a Dogra, Diwan Bhiwani Das and Commander Misar Diwan Chand were Hindus and General Ventura and Allard were EuropeAnswer: In matters of charity, the Maharaja did not discriminate against any religion. He made liberal offerings for the maintenance of Hindu temples, Muslim mosques, and mausoleums. In his empire, the people belonging to different religions were at liberty to celebrate their religious ceremonies.

Question 6.
Describe Maharaja Ranjit Singh as a successful Administrator.
Or
What do you know about Maharaja Ranjit Singh as an Administrator?
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was an excellent administrator. The main objective of his administration was the welfare of the public. In order to get cooperation in running the administration, he had appointed many honest and able ministers. In order to run the administration efficiently, he had divided his empire into four big provinces.

Question 7.
“Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a great general and a conqueror.” Explain.
Or
What do you know about Ranjit Singh as a Soldier and a General?
Or
Write a note on Maharaja Ranjit Singh as a Soldier and as a Military General.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a great general of his time. He never faced defeat in any battle that he fought during his lifetime. He deemed it his pleasure to take part in enterprising and adventurous expeditions. He was never unnerved even in the face of heavy odds. The Maharaja took full care of the welfare of his soldiers. As a result, they also remained ever-ready to sacrifice their lives for his sake. Besides being a great general, Maharaja Ranjit Singh was also a great conqueror. When Maharaja Ranjit Singh took reins of Sukarchakia Misl in 1797 A.D., he had a small region under him.

He converted it into a vast empire due to his sheer bravery and ability. He annexed important regions like Lahore, Amritsar, Kasur, Sialkot, Kangra, Gujarat, Jammu, Attock, Multan, Kashmir, and Peshawar to his empire. Maharaja Ranjit Singh had to fight many bloody battles to conquer these regions. He defeated the Afghans and stopped the age-long foreign invasions from the northwest frontier. It was a great singular achievement of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. As a result of his conquests, his empire stretched from Ladakh in the north to Shikarpur in the south and from the Sutlej in the east to Peshawar in the west.

Question 8.
Why is Maharaja Ranjit Singh called Sher-i-Punjab?
Or
What place would you assign Ranjit Singh in the History of Punjab? Why is he called Sher-i-Punjab?
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh established a vast empire through his sheer bravery. He made the dream of the Sikh empire come true. Besides being a successful conqueror, he also proved to be an efficient administrator. The main object of his administration was the welfare of the public. Often he traveled through his empire in disguise to know the real condition of people. Jobs were given on the basis of merit. People of all religions—the Sikhs, Muslims, Hindus, and Europeans, etc. were given high’ posts in his Darbar. Ranjit Singh adopted a policy of secularism towards all religions.

Essay Type Questions:

Question 1.
Explain in detail the character and personality of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Give character estimate of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Discuss Maharaja Ranjit Singh as a man, a general, a ruler, and a diplomat.
Or
Explain Maharaja Ranjit Singh as a Man.
Or
What place would you assign to Ranjit Singh in history? Why is he called Sher-i-Punjab?
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh is counted as one of the greatest personalities not only of India but of the whole world. He was a man of multifarious personality. By virtue of his qualities, he succeeded in establishing a vast and strong Sikh empire in Punjab. He is rightly remembered as Sher-i-Punjab. A brief description of the character and personality of Maharaja Ranjit Singh is as follows:

1. As a Man:

1. Appearance: The appearance of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was not very attractive. He had medium-sized stature and a thin body. His face had been disfigured as a result of smallpox in his childhood and deprived him of the left eye. Although the Maharaja was ugly, yet his personality was so attractive that anybody who came to meet him was greatly impressed by him. His face was suffused with a special type of halo and brilliance.

3. Courageous and Brave: Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a very brave and courageous person. He was fond of going to the battlefields, hunting trips, wielding sword and horse-riding. While young, he gave evidence of his bravery by beheading Hashmat Khan earlier. He was ever foremost in battle and the last to t retreat. He never lost heart even in the face of the most dreadful situation.

4. Illiterate but Intelligent: The Maharaja was not interested in studies. As a result, he remained illiterate. Despite being illiterate, he possessed a very keen, intelligent, and prodigious memory. He knew by heart, the names of thousands of his villages and their geographical location. He could recognize a person at once even if seen many years earlier. He remembered even the smallest details regarding administration. His wisdom was so acute that the foreign travelers wondered at it.

5. Kind Hearted: Maharaja Ranjit Singh was very popular with the people for his kindness. During his period, Maharaja Ranjit Singh defeated many Sikhs, Hindus and. Muslim Chiefs. But, it is remarkable that Maharaja Ranjit Singh never treated his enemies cruelly. The Maharaja did not award a death sentence to any criminal in his reign. He was always ready to help the poor and destitute. Many tales of his kindness are well-known. According to the famous writer Fakir Syed Waheeduddin, “Ranjit Singh’s popular image is that of a kindly patriarch rather than that of conquering hero or a mighty monarch. He was all three, but his humanity has outlived his splendor and power.”

6. A devoted follower of Sikhism: Maharaja Ranjit Singh had an unshakable faith in Sikhism. Before starting his routine work, he used to listen to the recitation of Gurbani of Guru Granth Sahib Ji and the Kirtan. Hp never took any big decision or launched upon any undertaking without seeking guidance from Guru Granth Sahib Ji. After each victory, the Maharaja paid a thanksgiving visit to Sri Darbar Sahib Ji, Amritsar, and made costly offerings.

He called his government Sarkar- i-Khalsa and his court as Darbar Khalsa Ji. He considered himself to be the Kukar (dog) at the door of the Guru and the Panth. He issued coins in the name of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and Guru Gobind Singh Ji. The words ‘Nanak Sahai’ and ‘Gobind Sahai’ were inscribed on them. He liberally gave grants for the construction and maintenance of Gurudwaras. In brief, he was a devout Sikh from heart and soul.

7. Tolerant: Although Ranjit Singh was a staunch Sikh, yet he was liberal towards other religions. He kept religious discrimination and communalism at an arm’s length. He knew very well that for the establishment of a strong and enduring empire, the cooperation of people of different religions was essential. In his empire jobs were given on the basis of merit. In his court, the Sikhs, Hindus, Muslims, Dogras, and Europeans were appointed to the high posts without any discrimination of caste, creed, or nationality.

For instance, his Foreign Minister Faqir Aziz-ad-Din was a Muslim, his Prime Minister, Dhian Singh was a Dogra, his Diwan Bhiwani Das and his Commander Misar Diwan Chand were Hindus and his General Ventura and Allard were EuropeAnswer: In his empire, the people belonging to different religions were at liberty to celebrate their religious ceremonies. According to Dr. Bhagat Singh, “No ruler of ancient or medieval Indian history could match Ranjit Singh in his cosmopolitan approach.’*

2. As a General And Conqueror:

Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a great general of his time. He is counted among the greatest generals of the world. He did not have to face defeat in the battles, which he fought during his lifetime. He took pride in taking part in dreadful campaigns. He never lost his heart even in the face of extreme hardship. For instance in 1823 A.D., in the battle with the Afghans at Naushera, when Akali Phula Singh fell a martyr, the Sikh soldiers lost courage. Their defeat seemed certain, At that time, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, infused a new spirit in his soldiers.

Besides being a great general, Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a great conqueror, also. In 1797 A.D., when he took over the Sukarchakia Misl, he had a very small area under him. By virtue of his ability and bravery, he converted his small kingdom into a big empire. He annexed to his empire, important areas like # Lahore, Amritsar, Kasur, Sialkot, Kangra, Gujarat, Jammu, Attock, Multan, Kashmir, and Peshawar. In order to annex these areas to his empire, the Maharaja had to fight many hazardous battles. By defeating the Afghans he checked their centuries-old invasions on India across the North-West frontiers.

It was a big achievement of Maharaja. Owing to Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s conquests, his empire had extended its frontiers from Ladakh in the North .to Shikarpur in the South, from the river Sutlej in the East to Peshawar in the West. According to the famous historian Dr. Ganda Singh, “Rightly he may claim to be one of the greatest heroes of India.”

3. As an Administrator:

Maharaja Ranjit Singh was not only a great conqueror but also an able ruler. The main aim of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s administration was public welfare. In order to get co-operation in matters of administration, the Maharaja had appointed many able and honest ministers. With a view to running the administration efficiently, he had divided his kingdom into four big provinces. The smallest unit of administration was ‘Mauza’ or village. The village administration was in the hands of the Panchayat. In order to know the condition of his subjects, he would often tour the state in disguise. The officers, Who dared defy the Maharaja’s orders were given severe punishments. As a result, the public during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times was very happy.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh paid special attention to the military administration. He was quite aware that a powerful army was very essential for the defense and expansion of his empire. He was the first Indian ruler, who started giving training to his army on the European pattern. He gave special importance to infantry and artillery. Special attention was paid to maintaining discipline in the army. The Maharaja would personally inspect the army. The practice of keeping the soldier’s record and branding of horses was started. Special awards were given to those soldiers, who showed bravery on the battlefield. The soldiers and their families were fully looked after by the state. Dr. H.R. Gupta aptly says, “He was one of the best rulers in Indian history.”

4. As a Diplomat:

Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a shrewd and far-sighted diplomat. At the beginning of his diplomatic career, he made friends with the powerful Misl Sardars. With the co-operation of these Misl Sardars, he merged the weak Misls with his kingdom. Later on, when the Maharaja grew stronger, he grabbed the powerful Misls one by one. It was a characteristic of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s diplomacy that he always treated generously the vanquished Chiefs. He granted them Jagirs on liberal terms. Consequently, they never tried to raise a banner of revolt against Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

It was by virtue of his diplomacy that the Maharaja secured the fort of Attock from Jahandad Khan without any fight. In 1835 A.D., when the ruler of Afghanistan, Dost Mohammad Khan came with a large army to attack the Sikhs, the Maharaja played such a trick that he fled from the battlefield without fighting.

In 1809 A.D., Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave evidence of his political sagacity by establishing a friendship with the British. By clashing with a powerful power like the British, he did not want to ring the death-knell of his empire in its infancy. It was not his weakness, but a symbol of his deep political understanding ‘ and far-sightedness. The Maharaja also gave evidence of deep political understanding in solving the North-West frontier problems. By not attacking Afghanistan, Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave yet another proof of his diplomacy. Afterward when the Britishers did so, they had to face dire consequences. Dr. Bhagat Singh aptly says, “It was not easy to beat him in diplomacy.”

5. His Place in the History of the Punjab:

Maharaja Ranjit Singh is counted among the greatest sovereigns not only of India but also of the whole world. Different historians compare Maharaja Ranjit Singh with Mughal emperor Akbar, Maratha ruler Shivaji, Egyptian ruler Mehmet Ali, and the King of France, Napoleon. An impartial study of history, we come to know that the actual achievements of Maharaja Ranjit Singh were far greater than these rulers. At the time of Ranjit Singh’s accession to the throne, he had a nominal kingdom. But with his efficiency and ability, he was able to carve a vast kingdom.

Thus, he fulfilled the dream of establishing a sovereign Sikh empire. He had also established an excellent administration. Its main object was the welfare of the public. He had adopted a tolerant policy towards all religions. He had also established a powerful army for the safety and expansion of his empire. He had given proof of his wisdom by establishing friendly relations with the British. Due to these multifaced qualities, Maharaja Ranjit Singh is deservedly called Sher-i-Punjab. Undoubtedly, Maharaja Ranjit Singh occupied a glorious place in the history of Punjab. In the end, we agree to these words of Dr. H.R. Gupta, “As a man, warrior, general, conqueror, administrator, ruler and diplomat, Ranjit Singh occupies a high position among the greatest sovereigns of the world.”

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What do you know about Ranjit Singh as a Man?
Or
Or
Write about the character and personality of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Or
Mention the three characteristics of the character and personality of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Though Ranjit Singh was illiterate, he possessed sharp intellect. His memory was very sharp. He was very kind-hearted. He loved his subjects very much. He never treated his enemies ruthlessly. The Maharaja never awarded capital punishment to anybody during his rule. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a devoted follower of Sikhism. His attitude towards other religions was full of respect.

Question 2.
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a kind ruler. How?
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was very popular with the people for his kind¬ness. Maharaja Ranjit Singh bestowed Jagirs and robes of honor even to their children whom he defeated in the battlefield. The Maharaja did not award a death sentence to any criminal in his region. He was always ready to help the poor and destitute. Many tales of his kindness are well-known.

Question 3.
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a devoted follower of Sikhism. Give arguments in your favor.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was truly a devoted follower of Sikhism. Every day before starting the routine work he used to hear Kirtan and recitation of Gurbani from Guru Granth Sahib Ji and say his prayer. He considered all his victories to be the boon of Almighty. He considered himself to be the Kukar (dog) of the Guru and Sikh Panth. He preferred to be called ‘Singh Sahib’ rather than Maharaja. For building new Gurdwaras and for the maintenance of langar he had given huge revenue-free-Jagirs.

Question 4.
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a Secular Ruler. How?
Answer:
Although Ranjit Singh was a staunch Sikh, yet he was liberal towards other religions. By his policy of tolerance, he succeeded in winning over the hearts of the people of different religions. In his empire jobs were given on the basis of merit. In his court, the Sikhs, Hindus, Muslims, Dogras, and Europeans were appointed to the high posts. In his empire, the people belonging to different reli¬gions were at liberty to celebrate their religious ceremonies.

Question 5.
Describe Maharaja Ranjit Singh as a successful Administrator.
Or
What do you know about Maharaja Ranjit Singh as an Administrator?
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was an excellent administrator. The main objective of his administration was the welfare of the public. In order to get cooperation in running the administration, he had appointed many honest and able ministers. The smallest unit of administration was village or Mauza. Its administration was run by the Panchayat. The Maharaja used to travel his state in disguise to know the condition of the people. Consequently, people were well-off during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s time.

Question 6.
“Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a great General and a Conqueror.” Explain.
Or
What do you know about Ranjit Singh as a Soldier and a General?
Or
Write a note on Maharaja Ranjit Singh as a Soldier and as a Military General.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a great general of his time. He never faced defeat in any battle that he fought during his lifetime. He annexed important regions like Lahore, Amritsar, Kasur, Sialkot, Kangra, Gujarat, Jammu, Attock, Multan, Kashmir, and Peshawar to his empire. As a result of his conquests, his empire* stretched from Ladakh in the north to Shikarpur in the south and from the Sutlej in the east to Peshawar in the west.

Question 7.
Why was Maharaja Ranjit Singh known as Sher-i-Punjab?
Or
What place would you assign to Maharaja Ranjit Singh in the History of Punjab? Why is he called Sher-i-Punjab?
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh established a vast empire through his sheer bravery. The main object of his administration was the welfare of the public. People of all religions—were given high posts in his Darbar. He made his army very powerful. He made friends with the English and guarded Punjab against being annexed to the English empire. For all these reasons, Ranjit Singh is called Sher-i-Punjab.

Objective Type Questions:

Question 1.
As a man what were the two characteristic qualities of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was brave and kind-hearted.

Question 2.
Which horse was especially loved by Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
Lailly.

Question 3.
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a firm devotee of Sikhism. Give one argument in support of your- answer.
Answer:
He called his Sarkar as Sarkar-i-Khalsa.

Question 4.
What did Maharaja Ranjit Singh call his Government and Darbar?
Answer:
Darbar-i-Khalsa.

Question 5.
What did Maharaja Ranjit Singh call himself.?
Answer:
Dog (Kookar) of Sikhism.

Question 6.
Name anyone non-Sikh Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Faquir Aziz-ud-Din.

Question 7.
Name prominent historian in the court of Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
Sohan Lai Suri.

Question 8.
Mention any one quality of Maharaja Ranjit Singh as an army General.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh did not face defeat in any battle.

Question 9.
“Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a successful diplomat.” Give anyone proof in this regard.
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave proof of his wisdom in not seizing Afghanistan.

Question 10.
Which ruler of Punjab is remembered as Sher-i-Punjab?
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Question 11.
Why is Maharaja Ranjit Singh called Sher-i-Punjab?
Answer:
Because he established a vast Sikh empire and adopted a liberal policy towards all religions.

Question 12.
Why was Maharaja Ranjit Singh called ‘Paras’?
Answer:
Because he took special care of his subjects.

Fill in the blanks:

1. The appearance of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was not very …………….
Answer:
attractive

2. Maharaha Ranjit Singh specially loved the horse named …………………
Answer:
Lailly

3. Maharaja Ranjit’Singh considered himself ……………… of Sikhism.
Answer:
Kukar

4. Maharaja Ranjit Singh called his government ………………..
Answer:
Sarkar-i-Khalsa

5. Maharaja Ranjit Singh called his Darbar ……………….
Answer:
Darbar-i-Khalsa

6. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was very fond of ……………..
Answer:
wine

7. Maharaja Ranjit Singh is remembered as ………………
Answer:
Sher-i-Punjab

True or False:

1. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was very industrious and agile.
Answer:
True

2. Maharaja Ranjit Singh loved a horse called Lailly.
Answer:
True

3. Maharaja Ranjit Singh called himself Dog (Kookar) of Sikhism.
Answer:
True

4. Maharaja Ranjit Singh called his government as Sardar-i-Khalsa.
Answer:
True

5. Maharaja Ranjit Singh loved Sikhism only.
Answer:
False

6. Maharaja Ranjit Singh had a great hate for wine.
Answer:
False

7. Maharaja Ranjit Singh is remembered as Sher-i-Punjab.
Answer:
True

8. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was not only a great conqueror but also an able administrator.
Answer:
True

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. As a man what were the characteristic qualities of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
(a) He was very industrious and agile.
(b) He was very kind-hearted.
(c) He was illiterate but intelligent.
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

2. Which horse was specially loved by Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
(a) Lailly
(b) Shally
(c) Chetak
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(a) Lailly

3. What did Maharaja Ranjit Singh call his government?
(a) Sarkar-i-Aam
(b) Sarkar-i-Khas
(c) Sarkar-i-Khalsa
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Sarkar-i-Khalsa

4. Who was the most famous scholar in the court of Ranjit Singh?
(a) Sohan Lai Suri
(b) Faqir-Aziz-ud-Din
(c) Raja Dhian Singh
(d) Diwan Mohkam Chand.
Answer:
(a) Sohan Lai Suri

5. Which ruler of Punjab is remembered as Sher-i-Punjab?
(a) Maharaja Raiyit Singh
(b) Maharaja Dalip Singh
(c) Maharaja Sher Singh
(d) Maharaja Kharak Singh.
Answer:
(a) Maharaja Raiyit Singh

6. Which words were engraved on ‘Royal Stamp’ in the Maharaja Ranjit Singh Era?
(a) Fateh Dharam
(b) Akal Sahrai
(c) Fateh Darshan
(d) Nanak Sahai.
Answer:
(a) Fateh Dharam

7. Which words were displayed on the ‘Royal Stamp’ of the Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
(a) Nanak Sahai
(b) Akal Sahai
(c) Gobind Sahai
(d) Teg Sahai.
Answer:
(b) Akal Sahai

PSEB 12th Class History Solutions Chapter 15 Invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali and Disintegration of Mughal Rule in the Punjab

December 12, 2024December 11, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class History Book Solutions Chapter 15 Invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali and Disintegration of Mughal Rule in the Punjab Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 15 Invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali and Disintegration of Mughal Rule in the Punjab

long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Who was Ahmad Shah Abdali? What were the reasons of his Punjab invasions?
Or
Write the main causes of invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali on Punjab.
Answer:
1. Ambition of Abdali: Ahmad Shah Abdali was a very ambitious ruler. He did not feel contented with his small kingdom of Afghanistan. Hence, he wanted to expand his domain by capturing Punjab and other states of India. In order to fulfill his imperialistic ambition he, first of all, decided to invade Punjab.

2. Enormous wealth of India: In order to establish a powerful empire it was very necessary for Abdali to have great wealth. He could not obtain this wealth from his own kingdom of Afghanistan, as it was economically a very backward region. On the other hand, this wealth could be obtained from India, which was famous in the entire world for its enormous wealth.

3. To consolidate his position in Afghanistan: Ahmad Shah Abdali belonged to an ordinary family. He became the ruler of Afghanistan after killing Nadir Shah in 1747 A.D. Many chieftains opposed him due to this reason. Hence, Ahmad Shah Abdali, in order to, consolidate his position in Afghanistan wanted to invade foreign countries. Through these invasions, he wanted to enhance his honor and status and also win the loyalty of the Afghans.

4. Favourable Political condition of India: After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 A.D. the mighty Mughal empire was rapidly going towards its downfall. The successors of Aurangzeb began to spend most of their time in the company of wine and women. Hence, there was complete anarchy in all directions in his reign. In Punjab, the Sikhs were proving to be an uncontrollable menace for the Mughal subedars. Taking advantage of this situation, Ahmad Shah Abdali decided to invade Punjab.

5. Invitation of Shah Nawaz Khan: In 1745 A.D. after the death of Zakriya Khan, his eldest son Yahiya Khan became the new subedar of Lahore. Shah Nawaz Khan, his younger brother, could not tolerate this. For quite some time, he had been dreaming of becoming the subedar of Lahore. In this situation, Shah Nawaz Khan invited Ahmad Shah Abdali to invade India. Abdali was in search of such a golden opportunity. Hence, he decided to attack India.

Question 2.
When and how many times did Ahmad Shad Abdali invade Punjab? Describe any five invasions.
Answer:
Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded Punjab eight times between 1747 and 1767 A.D. On the invitation of Shah Nawaz Khan the Governor of Lahore, Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded Punjab in December 1747 A.D. for the first time. When he reached the Punjab, Shah Nawaz Khan refused to give him co-operation. Abdali defeated Shah Nawaz Khan who fled to Delhi. Muin-ul-Mulk (Mir-Mannu) gave Abdali a crushing defeat in a battle at Manipur. The Mughal emperor was pleased with it and he appointed Mir Mannu the Governor of Lahore. In order to take revenge, Abdali invaded the Punjab second time at the end of 1748 A.D. This time Mir Mannu got no assistance from Delhi, so he was defeated. He made a treaty with Abdali.

According to this treaty, Mannu accepted to pay Abdali 14 lakh annually. As Mannu could not pay the ransom in time, Abdali invaded Punjab for the third time in 1751-52 A.D. Abdali occupied Punjab during this invasion. During his fifth invasion in Punjab, Ahmad Shah Abdali gave a crushing defeat to the Marathas on 14th January, 1761 A.D. in the third battle of Panipat. The sixth invasion of Abdali on Punjab during 1761-62 A.D. was the most famous. During this invasion on February 5, 1762 A.D. Abdali massacred about 25,000 to 30,000 Sikhs at village Kup near Malerkotla. This event is known as the Great Holocaust. In spite of all his efforts, Abdali failed to crush the growing Sikh power.

Question 3.
What do you know about the first invasion of Ahmad Shah Abdali?
Or
Write a short note on the Abdali’s first invasion over Punjab.
Answer:
At the invitation of Shah Nawaz Khan, Ahmad Shah Abdali proceeded with his forces towards India in December 1747. Without any resistance he reached Shahdara near Lahore on 8th January 1748. Meanwhile Qamar-ud; Din compromised with Shah Nawaz Khan. As a result Shah Nawaz Khan refused to side with Abdali. This enraged Abdali. By defeating Shah Nawaz Khan on 10th January 1748, he took possession of Lahore. Shah Nawaz Khan fled away to Delhi. After taking possession of Lahore, Abdali plundered it at his will. Then he proceeded for Delhi.

Wazir Qamar-ud-Din advanced with his forces to resist him. In a battle near Sirhind, Qamar-ud-Din was killed. At Manupur on 11th March, 1748 .AD., in a fierce battle Muin-ul-Mulk, son of Qamar-ud-Din, inflicted a crushing defeat on Abdali. Mohammad Shah was pleased over the bravery of Muin-ul-Mulk and made him the Governor of Punjab. He was popularly known as Mir Mannu. Thus, the first invasion of Abdali proved a failure.

Question 4.
Briefly explain the second invasion of Ahmad Shah Abdali on Punjab.
Or
Give a brief account of the seconsd invasion of Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Answer:
Ahmad Shah Abdali wanted to avenge his defeat in the first invasion. Secondly, he was also aware of the facts that the new Wazir of Delhi, Safdar Jang was jealous of Mir Mannu. Because of this Mir Mannu’s position was unstable. Owing to these reasons Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded Punjab for the second time in 1748 A.D. Mir Mannu too advanced to face Abdali. In the absence of any help from Delhi, Mir Mannu’s defeat seemed certain. So he signed a pact with Abdali. According to this pact Mir Mannu agreed to pay the annual tribute of Char Mahals (four districts) Sialkot, Pasrur, Gujarat and Aurangabad to Abdali.

The annual revenue of these districts was to the tune of Rs. 14 lakhs. When Mir Mannu was busy with Ahmad Shah Abdali, the Sikhs under the leadership of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia plundered Lahore.

Question 5.
Throw light on the third invasion of Ahmad Shah Abdali on Punjab.
Answer:
There was a great disturbance in Punjab owing to the rampages of the Sikhs and the revolt of Nassir Khan against Mir Mannu. As a result Mir Mannu could not send 14 lakh rupees as annual tribute to Ahmad Shah Abdali. So Abdali invaded Punjab for the third time in November 1751 A.D. Mir Mannu sent Abdali 8 lakh rupees and promised to pay the remaining amount of 6 lakh later on. However, this did not satisfy Abdali and he darted towards Lahore with his forces. When the people of Lahore heard this news, many of them ran away from Lahore in order to escape Abdali’s loot and cruelties. After reaching Lahore, Abdali looted for 3 months. It is said that, no lamp was lighted at night in any house.

All this while Mir Mannu had been waiting for any kind of help from Delhi. A fierce battle was fought between the forces of Ahmad Shah Abdali and Mir Mannu near Lahore on 6th March, 1752 A.D. In this battle Diwan Kaura Mai was killed and Mir Mannu was arrested. Abdali was so greatly impressed by the boldness of Mir Mannu that he appointed him the Governor of Punjab.

Question 6.
Explain the fourth invasion of Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Answer:
After the death of Mir Mannu in 1753 A.D., his widow Mughlani Begum became the Governor of Punjab. She was a lady with loose character. It caused disturbance in the whole Punjab. On the orders of new Mughal emperor Alamgir II, Mughlani Begum was arrested and brought to Delhi where she was thrown into the prison. Adina Beg was appointed the new Governor of Punjab. From the prison the Mughlani Begum revealed many important secrets through letters to Abdali. Besides, Abdali could not tolerate the appointment of any Mughal Governor over Punjab.

So Abdali invaded Punjab in November 1756 A.D. for the fourth time. On hearing the news of Abdali’s invasion Adina Beg fled to Delhi without putting up any resistance. Abdali made his son Taimur Shah the Governor of Punjab. A fierce battle was fought near Amritsar between the Afghans and the Sikhs. In this battle, the Sikh leader Baba Deep Singh Ji displayed unparalleled heroism but was ultimately martyred. To avenge his martyrdom the Sikhs plundered Lahore.

Question 7.
Write a note on the third battle of Panipat.
Answer:
The third battle of Panipat was fought between the Marathas and Ahmad Shah Abdali on January 14, 1761 A.D. The reason was that both the powers wanted to establish their foothold in North India. In 1758 A.D., the Marathas had defeated Taimur Shah, the son of Abdali and Governor of the Punjab and occupied the Punjab. It was a challenge to Ahmad Shah Abdali’s power. So he invaded in 1759 A.D. and seized Punjab. After that he advanced to Delhi.

A pitched battle took place between the Marathas and Abdali in Panipat. Sada Shiv Rao Bhau was leading the Marathas in this battle. The Marathas faced a crushing defeat and also suffered heavy loss of life and property in this battle. As a result of this battle, the Marathas suffered grievous blow while the Sikhs got a chance to consolidate their power in the Punjab.

Question 8.
What were the results of the third battle of Panipat?
Answer:
The Third Battle of Panipat is considered as an important and decisive one in the History of India.

1. Great tragedy for the Marathas : The Third Battle of Panipat proved to be a big disaster for the Marathas. In this battle 28,000 Maratha soldiers were killed and a large number were wounded. It is said that there was no house in Maharashtra from which’a family member had not been killed in this war. Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao could not bear this insulting defeat and soon bade farewell to this world.

2. Severe blow to the Maratha Power and Prestige : Prior to the Third Battle of Panipat, the Marathas were considered as ope of the primary powers of India. But the defeat in this battle dealt a severe blow to their power and prestige. As a consequence, the Maratha dream of establishing a Hindu empire in India, vanished.

3. End of Maratha Unity : The Third Battle of Panipat dealt a severe blow to the Maratha prestige and led to the end of the Maratha unity. As a result,„ they got entangled in petty differences and fights amongst themselves. Besides, in this battle nearly all the important Maratha leaders had been killed. As a result, selfish and wicked leaders like Ragoba got a chance to put his wicked plans in operation.

4. Rise of the Sikh Power in Punjab : Ahmad Shah Abdali had ended the Mughal rule in Punjab in 1752 A.D. In the Third Battle of Panipat, he crushed the power of the Marathas. As a result, Punjab was lost for ever to the Marathas. Now only two powers were left in Punjab Afghans and the Sikhs to establish their sovereignty. This is how, the rise of the Sikhs in Punjab was facilitated. They defeated the Afghans and established their own rule in Punjab.

5. Rise of the British Power in India : In order to establish their empire in India, the British faced the greatest challenge from the Marathas. The defeat of the Marathas in the Third Battle of Panipat cleared the way for the establishment of the British authority in India. Slowly, the British became the main power in India.

Question 9.
Write a short note on Wada Ghallughara (Second Bloody Carnage).
Or
Explain the sixth invasion of Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Answer:
The Wada Ghallughara was a very tragic event of Sikh history. The Sikhs had many regions of the Punjab under their control in 1761 A.D. Besides, they had started plundering many other areas also. The Sikhs had also defeated the Governor of Punjab Khwaja Ubaid Khan, appointed by Ahmad Shah Abdali. Abdali could never tolerate the growing influence of the Sikhs, so he invaded the Punjab for the 6th time at the end of 1761 A.D. He easily took control of Lahore. After that Abdali suddenly surrounded the Sikhs at village Kup near Malerkotla on February 5, 1762 A.D.

In this surprise attack 25 to 30 thousand Sikhs were killed. This event is known in Sikh history as Wada Ghallughara. Abdali became very happy over the heavy loss of life of the Sikhs. He thought that it would break the backbone of the Sikh power, but his assessment proved wrong. The Sikhs with redoubled vigour attacked the forces of Abdali. The Sikhs captured Sirhind in 1764 A.D., Lahore in 1765 A.D. and declared their independence.

Question 10.
How did the Sikhs organise their power in their battles against the Afghans?
Answer:
In their battles against the Afghans, the Sikhs had organised themselves in Jathas (regiments). Their unflinching faith in Guru Granth Sahib and Sikh Panth helped in uniting them. Gurmatas were passed through Sarbat Khalsa in the presence of Guru Granth Sahib. All the Sikhs’obeyed these Gurmatas with great respect. A Commander-in-Chief of these Jathas was appointed through Gurmata and all the Sikhs fought against their-enemy under his command. ‘Raj v Karega Khalsa’ had become a belief with every Sikh. Ahmad Shah Abdali could not pay attention to the Sikhs for many years. The Governors appointed by him also could not suppress the Sikhs. In this way, the Sikhs organised themselves as a force against the Afghans.

Question 11.
What were the causes of failure of Ahmad Shah Abdali against the Sikhs? Write any five main reasons.
Or
What were the five causes of failure of Ahmad Shah Abdali against the Sikhs?
Answer:
1. Tenacity of the Sikhs : One of the significant causes of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s failure was the strong determination of the Sikhs. They had unflinching faith in Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s proclamation, ‘Raj Karega Khalsa.’ (The ‘Chalsa will rule). In the Great Holocaust 25,000 to 30,000 Sikhs were massacred. Despite this, the Sikhs remained in high spirits. It was not an easy task to defe r community.

2. Guerilla tactics of War : The guerilla tactics of war adopted was one of the n,ain causes responsible for their success and Ahmad She failure. Whenever Ahmad Shah Abdali proceeded against the Sikhs with his huge army, the Sikhs immediately took shelter in forests and hills and finding a suitable opportunity, the Sikhs would strike Abdali’s soldiers, inflict heavy losses on them and then escape to their hiding places. Abdali could not cope with the guerilla tactics of the Sikhs.

3. Non-Cooperation of the people of the Punjab : Another significant cause of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s defeat was that he could not secure the support of the people of the Punjab. Due to his repeated invasions and plundering, an atmosphere of anarchy and lawlessness prevailed in the Punjab. Abdali not only robbed the people of their wealth, but also killed thousands of innocent persons. Their houses and fields were set on fire and their women were maltreated and dishonoured. As a result, the Punjabis had no sympathy for this ruthless invader.

4. Character of the Sikhs : The character of the Sikhs also proved to be an important factor for the failure of Ahmad Shah Abdali. They never attacked any unarmed or fleeing soldier in the battlefield. They gave full respect to women and children, even if they belonged to their enemy. Because of these qualities, the Sikhs became popular with the Punjabis. So, the success of the Sikhs under these circumstances, was no wonder.

5. Capable leaders of the Sikhs : Another significant cause of the victory of the Sikhs against Ahmad Shah Abdali was their able leaders. These leaders led the Sikhs ably and wisely in difficult times. Prominent among these leaders were Nawab Kapoor Singh, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, Jassa Singh Ramgarhia, Charat Singh Sukarchakia, Ala Singh and Lehna Singh Bhangi.

Question 12.
Describe any five important effects of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s invasions over Punjab.
Answer:
1. End of the Mughal Rule in the Punjab : The first great impact of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s invasion on Punjab was that the Mughalrule in the Punjab came to an end. Mir Mannu was the last Mughal Governor of Punjab. Abdali took possession of the Punjab and annexed it to his Afghan empire. Abdali too had nominated Mir Mannu as the Governor of Punjab on his behalf. The Mughals tried to recapture Punjab but Abdali frustrated their efforts.

2. Rise of the Sikh Power : In the 18th century a struggle for supremacy was going on among four powers namely Mughals, Afghans, Marathas and the Sikhs. As a result of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s invasions, the Mughal and the Maratha powers in the Punjab came to an end. Now this tussle for the possession of the Punjab was left between the two powers i.e. the Afghans and the Sikhs. The Sikhs had got on the nerves of the Afghans by their guerilla warfare. In the Great Holocaust of 1762 A.D., Abdali massacred thousands of Sikhs but could not dampen their spirits. The Sikhs onquered Sirhind in 1764 A.I). and Lahore in 1765 A.D. The Sikhs proclaimed their independence by circulating their own coins.

3. People of Punjab became Brave : As a result of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s invasions, the people of the Punjab became brave and bold because they had to wield weapons for their defence against the invasions and lootings of Ahmad Shah Abdali. They set up glorious examples of bravery in the long-drawn struggle with the AfghAnswer: The Sikhs finally emerged victorious in this struggle.

4. Enmity between the Sikhs and Muslims increased : The invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali increased the enmity between the Sikhs and the Muslims. It was because the Afghans always raised the slogan of Jihad (religious war) while fighting against the Sikhs. They committed many atrocities on the Sikhs in the name of Islam. Secondly, by demolishing the most sacred place, Harimandir Sahib of the Sikhs, Abdali turned the Sikhs into his bitter enemies. Owing to these reasons, the gulf between the Sikhs and the Afghans widened.

5. Economic Loss of the Punjab : The invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali inflicted great loss on the economy of the Punjab. He robbed Punjab of gold, silver, diamonds and pearls of lakhs and croses of rupees. In fact, almost the whole wealth ‘ of the Punjab was drained off to Afghanistan. Due to the repeated invasions agricultural production was adversely affected. Abdali’s soldiers, while marching, badly damaged the crops of thousands of acres of land. Commerce and industries also felt the pinch of the Afghan invasions.

Question 13.
What were ,the effects of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s invasions on the Sikh struggle for power?
Or
What were the political effects of Abdali’s invasions?
Answer:
The invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali had a deep effect on the polity of the Punjab. First of all, the Mughal rule came to an end in Punjab, Abdali annexed the Punjab to Afghanistan in 1752. Secondly, Abdali gave the Marathas a crushing defeat in the third battle of Panipat as result of which the influence of Mafathas ended in Punjab for ever. Thirdly, as a result of continuous attacks of Ahmad Shah Abdali, lawlessness and chaos prevailed in the Punjab. Life and property of the people was not safe.

The government officials exploited the people and justice was to be found nowhere. Fourthly, with the end of Maratha power in Punjab, the Sikhs got an opportunity to consolidate their power. They defeated the forces of Abdali at many places through guerilla warfare. The Sikhs got control over Lahore in 1765 A.D. and declared their independence.

Question 14.
What were the Social effects of the invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali?
Answer:
1. Increase in the Social Evils : The invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali encouraged many evils in the Punjab. The people became selfish and characterless. Theft, robbery, murder, looting, cheating and corruption were the order of the day.

2. People of Punjab became Brave : As a result of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s invasions the people of the Punjab became brave and bold. The reason being that they had to wield weapons for their defence against the invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali. They set up glorious examples of bravery in the long drawn struggle with the Afghans.

3. Punjabis became spendthrift: Punjabis’ character underwent a significant change as a result of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s invasions. They became spendthrift. The reason was that Abdali invariably carried money to Afghanistan which he looted from the people during his invasions. This adage became very common at that time :
“Khadha Pita lahe da, Rehnda Ahmad Shahe da.” Whatever you eat and drink is yours, the rest belongs to Ahmad Shah Abdali.

4. Enmity between the Sikhs and Muslims increased : The invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali increased the enmity between the Sikhs and the Muslims. It’ was because the Afghans always raised the slogan of Jihad (religious war) while fighting against the Sikhs. Secondly, by demolishing the most sacred place, the Sri Harmandir Sahib of the Sikhs, Abdali turned the Sikhs into his bitter enemies. Owing to these reasons the gulf between the Sikhs and the Afghans widened.

Question 15.
What were the economic consequences of the invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali?
Answer:
The invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali inflicted great loss on the economy of the Punjab. He robbed Punjab of gold, silver, diamonds and pearls worth crores of rupees. In fact, almost the whole wealth of the Punjab was drained off to Afghanistan. Due to the repeated invasions agricultural production was adversely effected. Abdali’s soldiers while marching badly damaged the crops of thousands of acres of land. Commerce and industries also felt the pinch of the Afghan invasions. The sense of insecurity and anarchical conditions impeded the growth of trade in terms of quantum and quality.

Travelling was difficult and unsafe. Therefore, Punjab couldn’t expect much external trade. Moreover, many industrial centres were destroyed by the Afghan forces. It all resulted in the poverty of the people.

Essay Type Questions:

Causes Of Abdali’S Invasions:

Question 1.
What were the causes of the invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali?
Or
Explain the causes of the invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Or
What were the causes of the invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali on Punjab?
Answer:
Ahmad Shah Abdali was the ruler of Afghanistan. He invaded Punjab eight times from 1747 to 1767 A.D. The following causes were responsible for these invasions:

1. Ambition of Abdali : Ahmad Shah Abdali was a very ambitious ruler. He did not feel contented with his small kingdom of Afghanistan. Hence, he wanted to expand his domain by capturing Punjab and other states of India. In order to fulfil his imperialistic ambition he first of all decided to invade Punjab.

2. Enormous wealth of India: In order to establish a powerful empire it was very necessary for Abdali to have great weatlh. He could not obtain this wealth from his own kingdom of Afghanistan, as economically it was a very backward region. On the other hand, this wealth could be obtained from lndia, which was famous in the entire world for its enormous wealth. In 1739 A.D. when he had come to India with Nadir Shah, he was amazed to see India’s enormous wealth. Nadir Shah While returning from India had taken with him unlimited precious gems, gold and silver etc. Abdali also wanted to invade India and loot its enormous wealth.

3. To consolidate his position in Afghanistan: Ahmad Shah Abdali belonged to an ordinary family. He became the ruler of Afghanistan after killing Nadir Shah in 1747 A.D. Many chieftains opposed him due to this reason. Hence, Ahmad Shah Abdali, in order to, consolidate his position in Afghanistan wanted to invade foreign countries. Through these invasions he wanted to enhance his honour and status and also win the loyalty of the Afghans.

4. Favourable Political condition of India: After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 A.D. the mighty Mughal empire was rapidly going towards its downfall. After Mohammad Shah sat on the throne in 1719 A.D. the situation became even more sombre. Most of his time was spent in the company of wine and women. Hence he became famous by the name ‘Rangeela’ (the colourful). During his reign (1719-48 AD.), the actual reins of his government were in the hands of his ministers, who were always busy plotting against one another. Hence, there was complete anarchy in all directions in his reign. In Punjab, the Sikhs were proving to be an uncontrollable menace for the Mughal subedars. Taking advantage of this situation, Ahmad Shah Abdali decided to invade Punjab.

5. Past Experience of Abdali in India: In 1739 A.D. when Nadir Shah invaded India, Ahmad Shah Abdali was his commander-in-chief. Abdali had at that time made a close study of the political situation of Punjab and Delhi and also of the fighting capability of the Indian Army. He had realised that the Mughal empire was like a castle of sand which could not withstand a strong storm. Hence, after becoming an indepedent ruler, Abdali decided to take advantage of this situation.

6. Invitation of Shah Nawaz Khan : In 1745 A.D. after the death of Zakriya Khan, his eldest son Yahiya Khan became the new subedar of Lahore. Shah Nawaz Khan, his younger brother, could not tolerate this. For quite some time, he had been dreaming of becoming the subedar of Lahore. At the end of the year 1746 A.D. he declared war against Yahiya Khan. This war between the two brothers continued for four months. Shah Nawaz Khan won this battle.

He imprisoned Yahiya Khan and himself became the subedar of Lahore. The Wazir (minister) of Delhi, Qamar- ud-din who was the father-in-law of Yahiya Khan could not toleratq this. At his instigation, Muhammad Shah Rangeela refused to accept Shah Nawaz Khan as the subedar of Lahore. In this situation, Shah Nawaz Khan invited Ahmad Shah Abdali to invade India. Abdali was in search of such a golden opportunity. Hence, he decided to attack India.

Invasions Of Abdall:

Question 2.
Give a brief account of Ahmad Shah Abdalf s invasions over Punjab.
Answer:
Ahmad Shah was the ruler of Afghanistan. He invaded Punjab eight times during his rule from 1747 to 1767 A.D. A brief description of these invasions is given below :

1. First Invasion of Abdali 1747-48 A.D.: On the invitation of Shah Nawaz, Khan Ahmad Shah Abdali proceeded with his forces towards India in December 1747 A.D. Without any resistance, he reached Shahdara near Lahore on 8th January 1748 A.D.. Meanwhile Qamar-ud-Din compromised with Shah Nawaz Khan. As a result, Shah Nawaz Khan refused to side with Abdali. This enraged Abdali. By defeating Shah Nawaz Khan on 10th January 1748 A.D., he tpok possession of Lahore. Shah Nawaz Khan fled to Delhi. After taking possession of Lahore, Abdali plundered it at his will. Then, he proceeded for Delhi.

Wazir Qamar-ud-Din advanced with his forces to resist him. In a battle near Sirhind, Qamar-ud-Din was killed. At Manupur on 11th March, 1748 A.D. in a fierce battle Muin-ul- Mulk, son of Qamar-ud-Din, inflicted a crushing defeat on Abdali. Mohammad Shah was pleased over the bravery of Muin-ul-Mulk and made him the Governor of Punjab. He was popularly known as Mir Mannu. Taking advantage of the anarchy prevalent in the country, the Sikhs of Punjab had begun to consolidate their power.

2. Second Invasion of Abdali 1748-49 A.D.: Ahmad Shah Abdali wanted to avenge his defeat in the first invasion. So, Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded Punjab for the second time in 1748 A.D. Mir Mannu too, advanced to face Abdali. In the absence

PSEB 12th Class History Solutions Chapter 15 Invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali and Disintegration of Mughal Rule in the Punjab Img 1

of any help from Delhi, Mir Mannu’s defeat seemed certain. So, he signed a pact with Abdali. According to this pact, Mir Mannu agreed to pay the annual tribute of Char Mahals (four districts) Sialkot, Pasrur, Gujarat and Aurangabad to Abdali. The annual revenue of these districts was to the tune of Rs. 14 lakhs.

3. Third Invasion of Abdali 1751-52 A.D.: There was a great disturbance in Punjab owing to the rampages of the Sikhs and the revolt of Nassir Khan against Mir Mannu. As a result Mir Mannu could not send 14 lakh rupees, the annual revenue to Ahmad Shah Abdali. So, Abdali invaded Punjab for the third time in November 1751 A.D. Mir Mannu sent Abdali 8 lakh rupees and promised to pay the remaining amount of 6 lakh later on. However, this did not satisfy Abdali and he darted towards Lahore with his forces. When the people of Lahore heard this news, many of them ran away from Lahore, in order to escape Abdali’s loot and cruelties.

After reaching Lahore, Abdali looted Lahore for 3 months. It is said that no lamp was lighted at night in any house. All this, while Mir Mannu had been waiting for some kind of help from Delhi.

A fierce battle was fought between the forces of Ahmad Shah Abdali and Mir Mannu near Lahore on 6th March, 1752 A.D. In this battle Diwan Kaura Mai was killed and Mir Mannu was arrested. Next day Mir Mannu was brought before Ahmad Shah Abdali. Abdali was greatly impressed by the boldness of Mir Mannu. So, he not only forgave Mir Mannu but also made him the Governor of Punjab. In this way, Abdali annexed Punjab to his empire in 1752 A.D.

4. Fourth Invasion of Abdali 1756-57 A.D.: After the death of Mir Mannu in 1753 A.D., his widow Mughlani Begum became the Governor of Punjab. On the orders of new Mughal emperor, Alamgir II, Mughlani Begum was arrested and thrown into prison. Adina Beg was appointed the new Governor of Punjab. Abdali could not tolerate the appointment of any Mughal Governor over Punjab. So, Abdali invaded Punjab in November 1756 A.D. for the fourth time. On hearing the news of Abdali’s invasion Adina Beg fled to Delhi without putting up any resistance. Then, Abdali planned to attack Delhi. In the meanwhile the Sikhs had grown in strength in Punjab. They raided the forces of Abdali and looted much of his booty. Abdali decided to settle his scores with the Sikhs on his return from Delhi.

Ahmad Shah Abdali reached Delhi in January 1757 A.D. and caused great havoc. Afterwards, he looted Mathura and Brindaban. On reaching Punjab, he made his son Timur Shah, the Governor of Punjab. He ordered Timur Shah to teach the Sikhs a lesson for their activities. In order to crush the power of the Sikhs, he sent an army to Amritsar under the command of Jahan Khan. A fierce battle was fought near Amritsar between the Afghans and the Sikhs. In this battle, the Sikh leader Baba Deep Singh Ji displayed unparalleled heroism. As tradition goes, he continued to fight the enemy even after his head was severed. He breathed his las after reaching Harimandir Sahib on November 11, 1757 A.D. The lom of Baba Deep Singh Ji infused a new spirit among the Sikhs. In the 1 Gurbaksh Singh,

“The martyrdom of Baba Deep Singh Ji and his associates shocked the whole Sikh nation. They determined to retaliate with vengeance.”

5. Fifth Invasion of Abdali 1759-61 A.D. : In 1758 A D., the Sikhs in collaboration with the Marathas drove out Taimur Shah from the Punjab. So Abdali wanted to teach a lesson to the Sikhs and the Marathas. With this objective, Abdali invaded Punjab in October 1759 A.D. Abdali, defeated a famous Maratha leader, Duttaji, at Taraori near Ambala. Swiftly he captured Delhi. Here Abdali stayed for a year. When the news of Maratha’s consecutive defeats reached their Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao, he sent a large army under the command of Sada Shiv Rao Bha’u to resist Ahmad Shah Abdali. A fierce battle known as Third Battle of Panipat was fought on 14th January, 1761 A.D. between the two armies.

In this battle Abdali caused much havoc to the Maratha army. Consequently, the power of the Marathas suffered a heavy set-back in the Punjab. Ahmad Shah Abdali could do no harm to the Sikh power. At night when Abdalih soldiers were resting, the Sikhs would suddenly attack them and make away with their treasures. This time Abdali was taking away with him a large number of women from India. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia made a sudden attack and got many women released from Abdali’s captivity and sent them to their homes. In this way Jassa Singh Ahluwalia gave proof of his bravery.

6. Sixth Invasion of Abdali 1762 A.D.: After Ahmad Shah Abdali had returned to Afghanistan, the Sikhs intensified their activities. In order to teach a lesson to the Sikhs he invaded for the sixth time in 1762 A.D. He made a surprise attack on the Sikhs at village Kup on 5th February, 1762 A.D. At that time the Sikhs were taking their families to some safe place. Their arms and rations were lying at village Garma, which was at a distance of 6 kilometres from there. The Sikhs while forming a safety circle around their women and children started resisting Abdali’s soldiers. The Sikhs suffered heavy losses in the battle for want of arms. In this battle 25,000 to 30,000 Sikhs were massacred. This loss was too jnuch for the Sikhs. That is why this incident is known as Wadda Ghallughara (Great Holocaust) in the Sikh history.

Though the Sikhs had suffered a great loss they had not lost their courage. The Sikhs attacked Kasur in 1763 A.D., and ransacked it. A fierce battle was fpught between the forces of the Sikhs and of Zain Khan, the Governor of Sirhind, on 14th January, 1764 A.D. In this battle Zain Khan was killed.-After this the Sikhs plundered Sirhind and thoroughly destroyed it.

7. Other Invasions of Abdali 1764-67 AD. : Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded Punjab for the seventh times in 1764-65 A.D. and the eighth times in 1766-67 A.D. These invasions of Abdali were of no significance. Infact, he failed to crush the power of the Sikhs. During this time the Sikhs had occupied Lahore in 1765 A.D. The Sikhs issued their coins and declared their independence.

The Third Battle of Panipat:

Question 3.
Discuss the causes, events and results of the Third Battle of Panipat.
Or
Discuss the causes, events and results of the Third Battle of Panipat.
Or
What were the causes of the Third Battle of Panipat? Briefly describe the consequences of this battle.
Or
Describe the causes and consequences of the Third Battle of Panipat.
Or
Discuss the causes and events of the Third Battle of Panipat.
Answer:
On 14 January, 1761 A.D. the Third Battle of Panipat took place between the Marathas and Ahmad Shah Abdali. It had far reaching consequences on the history of Punjab.

(A) Causes of the Third Battle of Panipat

A brief description of the causes responsible for the Third Battle of Panipat is given below:

1. Plunder of Ruhelkhand by the Marathas: The Ruhelas ruled Ruhelkhand. The Marathas defeated them and forced them to flee from Ruhelkhand. Then Marathas indulged in plunder and loot. The Ruhelas were Afghans and hence were clans of Ahmad Shah. Consequently, they invited Ahmad Shah to avenge this insult to the Afghan race. Abdali immediately accepted the invitation.

2. Policy of establishing Hindu Kingdom by the Marathas: The Marathas were consistently increasing their power. Encouraged by this, the Peshwas declared the establishment of a Hindu empire in India. Then the Muslim Kingdom in India was in grave danger. Hence these kingdoms encouraged Abdali to suppress the Marathas.

3. Lack of unity among the Hindus : The Jjits and the Rajputs who were Hindus, were jealous of growth of the Maratha power in India. The main reason for this was that they themselves wanted to establish their own supremacy in India. Abdali considered this disunity among the Hindus as a golden opportunity to. gain control over India.

4. Occupation of Delhi and Punjab by Marathas : During his previous invasions of India, Ahmad Shah Abdali in 1752 A.D. had established his supremacy over Punjab and in 1756 A.D. over Delhi. In Punjab, he had appointed his son Taimur Shah and in Delhi the Ruhela leader Najib-ud-Daula as his representatives. The Marathas occupied Delhi in 1757 A.D. and Punjab in 1758 A.D. Both these victories of the Marathas were a challenge to the power of Ahmed Shah Abdali. Hence, to establish his honour and supremacy, it became important for him to fight with the Marathas.

(B) Events of the Third Battle of Panipat

At the end of 1759 A.D. Abdali attacked India. First of all, he established control over Punjab. He, then, advanced towards Delhi. The Marathas tried to stop him on the way, but they were unsuccessful. When Balaji Baji Rao got the news of these events, he sent a huge army towards north India. The actual reins of control of this army were in the hands of Sadashiv Eao Bhau. The Peshwa even sent his son Vishwas Rao to help him. The command of the artillery of this army was given to Ibrahim Gardi. Due to Marathas’ improper policies, the Rajputs and the Sikhs of Punjab were already angry with them. That is why at this moment of crisis they did not lend them their support.

The Jat leader, Surajmal advised Sadashiv Rao Bhau to use guerilla warfare methods against Abdali. But he did not accept this wise advice. Surajmal along with his 10,000 soldiers declined to support the Marathas. As a result the Marathas were left with only 45,000 soldiers. On the other hand Ahmad Shah Abdali had 60,000 soldiers under him. Out of these nearly half the soldiers had been sent by the Nawab of Oudh, Shiyaud-Daula and by the Ruhela sardar Najib-ud-daula to support Abdali. Both these armies reached the region of Panipat in November 1760 A.D. For nearly two and a half months neither of these two had the courage to attack.

On 14 January, 1761 A.D. the Marathas attacked the army of Abdali. This was a fearful battle. At the beginning of the battle the Marathas seemed to have the odds in their favour. But when Vishwas Rao was killed by a bullet the whole situation was easily reversed. Sadashiv Rao Bhau got down from his elephant to express sorrow. When the Maratha soldiers saw his palanquin empty on the elephant they thought he had also been killed. As a result panic spread amongst the Maratha soldiers. Abdali’s soldiers grabbed this golden opportunity and followed them and caused them heavy losses. Thus Ahmad Shah Abdali became victorious in the Third Battle of Panipat.

The Third Battle of Panipat is considered as an important and decisive one in the History of India. .

1. Great tragedy for the Marathas: The Third Battle of Panipat proved to be a big disaster for the Marathas. In this battle 28,000 Maratha soldiers were killed and a large number were wounded. It is said that there was no house in Maharashtra from which a family member had not been killed in this war. Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao could not bear this insulting defeat and soon bade farewell to this world.

2. Severe blow to the Maratha Power and Prestige: Prior to the Third Battle of Panipat, the Marathas were considered as one of the primary powers of India. But the defeat in this battle dealt a severe blow to their power and prestige. As a consequence, the Maratha dream of establishing a Hindu empire in India, vanished.

3. End of Maratha Unity : The Third Battle of Panipat dealt a severe blow to the Maratha prestige and led to the end of the Maratha unity. As a result, they got entangled in petty differences and fights amongst themselves. Besides, in this battle nearly all the important Maratha leaders had been killed. As a result, selfish and wicked leaders like Ragoba got a chance to put his wicked plans in operation.

4. Rise of the Sikh Power in Punjab : Ahmad Shah Abdali had ended the Mughal rule in Punjab in 1752 A.D. In the Third Battle of Panipat, he crushed the power of the Marathas. As a result, Punjab was lost for ever to the Marathas. Now only two powers were left in Punjab—Afghans and the Sikhs—to establish their
sovereignty. This is how, the rise of the Sikhs in Punjab was facilitated. They defeated the Afghans and established their own rule in Punjab.

5. Rise of the British: Power in India : In order to establish their empire in India, the British faced the greatest challenge from the Marathas. The defeat of the Marathas in the Third Battle of Panipat cleared the way for the establishment of the British authority in India. Slowly, the British became the main power in India. Writing about the consequence of the Third Battle of Panipat, eminent historians P.N. Chopra, T. K. Ravindran and N. Subramanian have said, “The Third Battle of Panipat proved disastrous to the Marathas.”

Question 4.
What were the reasons of failure of the Marathas in the Third Battle of Panipat?
Answer:
There were various causes responsible for the defeat of the Marathas in the Third Battle of Panipat. A detailed account of these causes is as follows :

1. Powerful army of the Afghans : One of the principal causes of the defeat of the Marathas in this war was the powerful army of the AfghAnswer: This army was better trained, disciplined and united. Besides this, their artillery was also .very powerful. Hence, the Maratha army could not face them.

2. Able leadership’ of Ahmad Shah Abdali : Ahmad Shah Abdali was an extremely experienced commander. He was included amongst Asia’s greatest commanders. On the other hand, the Maratha commanders Sadashiv Rao Bhau and Vishwas Rao had no experience about the management of war. The defeat of such an army was a matter of no great surprise.

3. Policy of plunder of the Marathas’: Another major cause .of the defeat of the Marathas was that they indulged in terrible plundering of the regions captured by them. Due to this policy the kingdoms of Rajputana, Hyderabad, Awadh, Ruhelkhand and Mysore became their opponents. So, they offered no help to the Marathas, in this moment of crisis. Consequently, the Maratha defeat was a foregone conclusion.

4. Renounced the Guerilla method of warfare : The Marathas belonged to Maharashtra, which-has forests and a mountainous terrain. The Marathas were adept at the method of guerilla warfare. By which they had achieved many amazing victories. But in the Third Battle of Panipat, they discarded this method of guerilla warfare and committed the grave blunder of adopting the policy of direct ground warfare against Abdali. As a result, the Marathas had to face defeat.

5. Co-operation of Muslim States to Abdali : One of the major reasons for Abdali’s victory in this battle’was that he got the support of various Indian Muslim kingdoms like Ruhelkhand and Awadh. This boosted Abdali’s morale and he succeeded in defeating the Marathas.

6. Economic difficulties of the Marathas : The economic difficulties of the Marathas was another main reason for the defeat of the Marathas. Due to lack of funds the Marathas could neither provide their soldiers with appropriate weapons nor foodstuffs. So, the defeat of such an army was sure.

7. Blunder of Sadashiv Rao Bhau : During the Third Battle of Panipat, the Peshwa’s son Vishwas Rao was killed. When Sadashiv Rao Bhau got this news, he descended from his elephant to pay his last respect to the dead. On seeing his palanquin empty on the elephant, the Maratha soldiers thought that even he had been killed in the battle. As a result, panic spread amongst the Marathas and within no time the battle was lost.

Question 5.
Describe the causes, results and failure of Marathas in the Third Battle of Panipat.
Answer:
For answer to this question students are requested to see the answers of Question Nos. 3 and 4.

Causes Of The Failure Of Ahmad Shah Abdali:

Question 6.
What were the causes of failure of Ahmad Shah Abdali in the struggle against the Sikhs?
Or
What were the reasons of failure of Ahmad, Shah Abdali against the Sikhs?
Or
Examine carefully the causes of Ahmad SEah Abdali’s ultimate failure to suppress the Sikh power.
Or
Discuss the causes of the success of the Sikhs against Ahmad Sha Abdali.
Answer:
Ahmad Shah Abdali was one of the greatest warriors and generals of Asia. He vastly extended his empire by occupying several regions. He was a very brutal king. The enemies trembled at the very mention of his name. Despite all this, he failed to crush the power of the Sikhs. The following factors were responsible for the failure of Ahmad Shah Abdali or the victory of the Sikhs

1. Tenacity of the Sikhs: One of the significant causes of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s failure was the strong determination of the Sikhs. They had unflinching faith in Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s proclamation, “Raj Karega Khalsa.’ (The Khalsa will rule). That is why they resisted the attacks of Ahmad Shah Abdali tooth and nail. Though Abdali committed untold atrocities on the Sikhs yet they were not demoralised. They stood firm like a rock. In the Great Holocaust 25,000 to 30,000 Sikhs were massacred. Despite this, the Sikhs remained in high spirits. It was not an easy task to defeat such a community.

2. Guerilla tactics of War : The guerilla tactics of war adopted by the Sikhs was one of the main causes responsible for their success and Ahmad Shah Abdali’s failure. The Sikhs were convinced that they would not be able to square up with an experienced general like Ahmad Shah Abdali in the open because Sikhs had limited resources. Whenever Ahmad Shah, Abdali proceeded against the Sikhs with his huge army, the Sikhs immediately took shelter in forests and hills and finding a suitable opportunity, the Sikhs would strike Abdali’s soldiers, inflict heavy losses on them and then escape to their hiding places. Abdali could not cope with the guerilla tactics of the Sikhs. The famous writer Khushwant Singh aptly says, “Fighting the Sikhs was like trying to catch the wind in a net.”

3. Abdali left insufficient Soldiers : Another significant cause of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s failure to crush the Sikh powers was that he left insufficient number of soldiers in the Punjab for this purpose. He did leave some soldiers in the prominent towns of Punjab but their number was much smaller than the required ones. Consequently, they failed even to hold the ground on which they stood.

4. Incapable representatives of Abdali : Another reason of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s defeat was his incompetent representatives in Punjab. They lacked administrative skill. His son, Taimur Shah remained the Governor of Punjab for only one year. He proved.to be an inefficient ruler. His assistant, Jahan Khan lacked administrative skill. Zain Khan of Sirhind turned his soldiers against himself by refusing to pay them their salaries. Similarly the Governor of Lahore, Khwaja Ubaid Khan was unfit for his office. As a result of these incapable representatives of Abdali, the power of the Sikhs continued to rise rather than decline.

5. Non-Cooperation of the people of the Punjab r Another significant cause of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s defeat was that he could not secure the support of the people of the Punjab. Due to his repeated invasions and plundering, an atmosphere of anarchy and lawlessness prevailed in the Punjab. Abdali not only robbed the people of their wealth, but also killed thousands of innocent persons. Their houses and fields were set on fire and their women were maltreated and dishonoured: As a result, the Punjabis had no sympathy for this ruthless invader. Under such conditions, to think of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s conquest of Punjab was to think of something impossible.

6. Help from Zamindars : In the Sikh-Afghan tussle, the Zamindars of the Punjab extended their full co-operation to the Sikhs. They knew very well that after a brief stay in the Punjab, Abdali would return to Afghanistan. But on the other hand their relations with the Sikhs were of a permanent nature. They did not want to run any risk by taking action against the Sikhs. Besides many Zamindars were actually fighting for freedom and were sympathetic towards the Sikhs. The co¬operation of the Zamindars proved very useful for the growth of the Sikh power.

7. Character of the Sikhs : The character of the Sikhs also proved to be an important factor for the failure of Ahmad Shah Abdali. The sterling qualities of the Sikhs of the 18th century were such as could not but impress even their enemies. Although the Sikhs had to face innumerable hardships, yet they remained happy under all circumstances. They never attacked any unarmed or fleeing soldier in the battlefield.

They gave full respect to women and children, even if they belonged to their enemy. Qazi Nur Mohammad who nursed strong feelings of malice against the Sikhs had also lavished praises on the Sikhs for these qualities in his book entitled ‘Jangnama’. Because of these qualities, the Sikhs became popular with the Punjabis. So, the success of the Sikhs under these circumstances, was no wonder.

8. Capable leaders of the Sikhs : Another significant cause of the victory of the Sikhs against Ahmad Shah Abdali was their able leaders. These leaders led the Sikhs ably and wisely in difficult times. Prominent among these leaders were Nawab Kapoor Singh, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, Jassa Singh Ramgarhia, Charat Singh Sukarchakia, Ala Singh and Lehna Singh Bhangi. Under their leadership the Sikh Panth continued to march on the path of progress.

9. Contribution of Amritsar : In the Sikh-Afghan tussle, the contribution of Amritsar was remarkable. The Sikhs looked upon it as their Mecca. They took pride in being martyred for its sake. In the 18th century the Sikhs would first gather at Harimandir Sahib and take a bath in the holy tank, before attacking their enemy. They passed their Gurmatas at the Akal Takht Sahib. No Sikh would withdraw himself from the decisions taken by these ‘Gurmatas’. In fact, Amritsar had become a symbol of unity and freedom of the Sikhs. Ahmad Shah Abdali tried to finish off the Sikhs by demolishing Harimandir Sahib and filling up its holy tank with debris.

10. Revolts in Afghanistan : The Empire of Ahmad Shah Abdali was very vast. It was very difficult for him to keep it under his control. So, whenever Abdali invaded the Punjab, finding it a golden opportunity .someone or the other always raised a banner of revolt in Afghanistan. Owing to these recurring revolts, Abdali could not pay his undivided attention to the Punjab. Moreover, he had to return to Afghanistan without consolidation of his Conquests. The Sikhs took full advantage of this situation and recaptured all his conquered regions after Abdali’s return to Afghanistan. As a result Abdali failed to crush the power of the Sikhs.

Effects of Abdali’S Invasions On the Punjab:

Question 7.
Narrate the effects of the invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali on the Punjab.
Or
Study the political, social and econmic effects of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s invasions on the Punjab.
Or
Examine the various effects of the invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Or
What were the effects of Ahmad Shah Abdali on Punjab? Discuss in detail.
Answer:
Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded the Punjab eight times between 1747 A.D. to 1767 A.D. His invasions left deep impact on the political, social and economic sphere of the Punjab. A brief account of these effects are as follows :

Political Effects:

1. End of the Mughal Rule in the Punjab : The first great impact of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s invasion on Punjab was that the Mughal rule in the Punjab came to an end. Mir Mannu was the last Mughal Governor of Punjab. He did not get any help from Delhi. So, he was defeated by Ahmad Shah Abdali in 1752 A.D. Abdali took possession of the Punjab and annexed it to his Afghan empire. Abdali too had nominated Mir Mannu as the Governor of Punjab on his behalf. After the death of Mir Mannu in 1753 A.D., the Mughals tried to recapture Punjab but Abdali frustrated their efforts. As a result the Mughal rule in the Punjab came to an end for ever.

2. End of Maratha Power in the Punjab: Adina Beg, the Faujdar of Jalandhar Doab was dreaming of becoming the Governor of Punjab. So, he invited the Marathas to Punjab and entered into an alliance with the Sikhs. In 1758 A.D. the Marathas, after defeating Timur Shah took possession of the Punjab. They nominated Adina Beg as the Governor of Punjab, but he passed away soon. After him the Marathas nominated Sambhaji, the Governor of Punjab. Abdali defeated him in 1759 A.D. Abdali inflicted a crushing defeat on the Marathas in the Third Battle of Panipat on 14th January, 1761 A.D. As a result of this defeat the Maratha power in Punjab was eclipsed for ever. .

3. Rise of the Sikh Power: In the 18th century a struggle for supremacy was going on among four powers namely Mughals, Afghans, Marathas and the Sikhs. As a result of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s invasions, the Mughal and the Maratha powers in the Punjab came to an end. Now this tussle for the possession of the Punjab was left between the two powers i.e. the Afghans and the Sikhs. The Sikhs had got on the nerves of the Afghans by their guerilla warfare. In the Great Holocaust of 1762 A.D., Abdali massacred thousands of Sikhs but could not dampen their spirits. The Sikhs conquered Sirhind in 1764 A.D. and Lahore in 1765 A.D. The Sikhs proclaimed their independence by circulating their own coins.

4. Anarchy in the Punjab : There was anarchy and lawlessness everywhere in Punjab due to the continuous invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali from 1747 to 1767 A.D. The government officials began to have their own ways. They started fleecing the people. There was no such thing as justice. Since the life and property of the people were insecure, it let to anarchy and chaos in the Punjab.

Social Effects:

5. Increase in the Social Evils : The invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali encouraged many evils in the Punjab. The people became selfish and characterless. They were not afraid of committing any crime or sin. Theft, robbery, murder, looting,
cheating and corruption were the order of the day. These evils had eaten into the vitals of the society of the Punjab.

6. People of Punjab became Brave : As a result of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s invasions, the people of the Punjab became brave and bold because they had to wield weapons for their defence against the invasions and lootings of Ahmad Shah Abdali. They set up glorious examples of bravery in the long-drawn struggle with the AfghAnswer: The Sikhs finally emerged victorious in this struggle.

7. Punjabis became spendthrift : Punjabis’ character underwent a significant change as a result of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s invasions. They became spendthrift. The reason was that Abdali had carried away the money to Afghanistan which he looted from the people during his invasions. So the people began to eat, drink and make merry instead of hoarding money. This adage became very common at that time,

“Khada Peeta Lahe da,
Rehnda Ahmad Shahe da.”
Whatever, you eat and drink is yours, the rest belongs to Ahmad Shah Abdali.

8. Enmity between the Sikhs and Muslims increased : The invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali increased the enmity between the Sikhs and the Muslims. It was because the Afghans always raised the slogan of Jihad (religious war) while, fighting against the Sikhs. They committed many atrocities on the Sikhs in the name of Islam. Secondly, by demolishing the most sacred place, Harimandir Sahib of the Sikhs, Abdali turned the Sikhs into his bitter enemies. Owing to these reasons, the gulf between the Sikhs and the Afghans widened.

Economic and Cultural Effects:

9. Economic Loss of the Punjab : The invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali inflicted great loss on the economy of the Punjab. He robbed Punjab of gold, silver, diamonds and pearls of lakhs and croses of rupees. In fact, almost the whole wealth of the Punjab was drained off to Afghanistan. Due to the repeated invasions agricultural production was adversely affected. Abdali’s soldiers, while marching, badly damaged the crops of thousands of acres of land. Commerce and industries also felt the pinch of the Afghan invasions. It all resulted in the poverty of the people.

10. Great Blow to Art and Literature : Ahmad Shah Abdali’s invasions gave a great blow to the development of art and literature in the Punjab. During their invasions, the Afghan soldiers destroyed many rare art pieces and most of literature. Many historical buildings including gurdwaras and temples were razed to the ground. The atmosphere of anarchy and chaos was not conducive to the creation of new art and literary compositions. Thus, the bloody invasions of Abdali resulted in great historic and cultural loss. S.S. Gandhi aptly says, “The invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali exercised manifold effects, covering almost all aspects of life.”

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Who was Ahmad Shah Abdali? What were the reasons of his Punjab invasions?
Or
Write the main causes of invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali on Punjab.
Or
What were three causes of the invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali on Punjab?
Answer:
Ahmad Shah Abdali was the emperor of Afghanistan. Many factors were responsible for his invasions,

He wanted to expand his empire,
He wanted to get wealth from Punjab to consolidate his position in Afghanistan.
There was anarchy in India. Ahmad Shah Abdali wanted to take advantage of this golden opportunity,
By establishing his control over Punjab, he wanted to earn a name and fame.

Question 2.
What do you know about the first invasion of Ahmad Shah Abdali?
Or
Write a short note on the first Abdali invasion over Punjab.
Answer:
On the invitation of Shah Nawaz Khan, Ahmad Shah Abdali proceeded with his forces towards India in December 1747. By defeating Shah Nawaz Khan on 10th January 1748, he took possession of Lahore. Shah Nawaz Khan fled away to Delhi. At Manupur on 11th March, 1748’A. D. in a fierce battle Muin-ul-Mulk gave a crushing defeat to Abdali. Mohammad Shah was pleased , over the bravery of Muin-ul-Mulk and made him the Governor of Punjab. He* was popularly known as Mir Mannu. Thus, the first invasion of Abdali proved a failure.

Question 3.
Briefly explain the second invasion of Ahmad Shah Abdali on Punjab.
Or
Give a brief account of the second invasion of Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Answer:
Ahmad Shah Abdali wanted to avenge his defeat during the first invasion. Secondly, he was also aware that Mir Mannu’s position was unstable. Owing to these reasons Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded Punjab for the second time in 1748 A.D. In the absence of any help from Delhi, Mir Mannu signed a pact with Abdali. According to this pact, Mir Mannu agreed to pay the annual tribute of Char Mahals (four districts) Sialkot, Pasrur, Gujarat, and Aurangabad to Ahmad Shah Abdali.

Question 4.
Throw light on the third invasion of Ahmad Shah Abdali on Punjab.
Answer:
Abdali invaded Punjab for the third time in November 1751 A.D. After reaching Lahore, Abdali looted many towns and villages for three months. A fierce battle was fought between the forces of Ahmad Shah Abdali and Mir Mannu near Lahore on 6th March, 1752 A.D. Mir Mannu was defeated and was arrested. Abdali was so greatly impressed by the boldness of Mir Mannu that he appointed him the Governor of Punjab.

Question 5.
Explain the fourth invasion of Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Answer:
Abdali invaded Punjab in November 1756 A.D. for the fourth time. On hearing the news of Abdali’s invasion Adina Beg, the governor fled to Delhi without putting up any resistance. Abdali made his son Timur Shah the Governor of Punjab. A fierce battle was fought near Amritsar between the Afghans and the Sikhs. In this battle, the Sikh leader Baba Deep Singh Ji displayed unparalleled heroism but was ultimately martyred. The Sikhs sworn to avenge his martyrdom.

Question 6.
Who was Timur Shah?
Answer:
Timur Shah was the son and successor of Ahmad Shah Abdali, the ruler of Afghanistan. In 1757 A.D., he was appointed as the Subedar of Punjab by Ahmad Shah Abdali. Like his father he was a staunch enemy of the Sikhs. He had destroyed the famous Ramrauni fort of the Sikhs. Besides he had filled the sarovar of Harmandir Sahib with filth. Therefore, in 1758 A.D. the Sikhs along with Marathas and Adina Beg compelled Timur Shah to flee from the Punjab.

Question 7.
What were the three main causes of third battle of Panipat?
Answer:

The Ruhelas got against the Marathas because of the plunger and. loot caused by the Marathas.
The Marathas wanted to establish Hindu empire in r India. So Muslims got against them.
The Jats and the Rajputs were jealous of growth of the Maratha power in India.
Marathas had established their control over Delhi and Punjab which Abdali could not tolerate,
To establish his honour and supremacy, it became important for him to fight with the Marathas.

Question 8.
Write a short note on the third battle of Panipat.
Answer:
The third battle of Panipat was fought between the Marathas and Ahmad Shah Abdali on January 14, 1761 A.D. A pitched battle took place between the Marathas and Ahmad Shah Abdali in Panipat. Sada Shiv Rao Bhau was leading the Marathas in this battle. The Marathas faced a crushing defeat and also suffered heavy loss of life and property in this battle. As a result of this battle, the Marathas suffered grievous blow while the Sikhs got a chance to consolidate their power in the Punjab.

Question 9.
What were the results of the third battle of Panipat?
Or
Write down any three results of the third battle of Panipat.
Answer:
The results of the third battle of Panipat were of far reaching. This battle resulted in huge loss of men and money of the Marathas. The Maratha Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao couldn’t tolerate this humiliating defeat and he passed away within a few months. Marathas received a severe jolt to their power. Conse¬quently their dream of establishing a Hindu empire in India dashed to the ground. After this defeat the Maratha leaders began to quarrel among themselves. It ended their unity.

Question 10.
Write a short note on Wadda Ghallughara (Second Bloody Carnage).
Or
Write a brief note on Wadda Ghallughara (Great Holocaust), sixth invasion of Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Or
Write a short note on Second Big Ghallughara.
Answer:
The Wadda Ghallughara was a very tragic event of Sikh History. Ahmad Shah Abdali could never tolerate the growing influence of the Sikhs. So he sieged the Sikhs at village Kup near Malerkotla on Feb 5, 1762 A.D. In this surprise attack 25 to 30 thousand Sikhs were killed. This event is known in Sikh history as Wadda Ghallughara. Ahmad Shah Abdali became very happy over the heavy loss of life oi the Sikhs. He thought that it would break the backbone of the Sikh power, but his assessment proved wrong.

Question 11.
How did the Sikhs organise their power in their battles against the Afghans?
Answer:
(a) In their battles against the Afghans, the Sikhs had organised themselves in Jathas (regiments),
(b) Gurmatas were passed through Sarbat Khalsa in the presence of Guru Granth Sahib. All the Sikhs obeyed these Gurmatas with great respect.
(Hi) Ahmad Shah Abdali could not pay attention to the Sikhs for many years,
(d) The landlords and common people gave their full co-operation to the Sikhs.

Question 12.
Why did Ahmad Shah Abadali fail in crushing the power of the Sikhs?
Or
What were the causes of victory of the Sikhs and defeat of Ahmad Shah Abdali?
Or
What were the causes of failure of Ahmad Shah Abdali against the Sikhs?
Or
Write any three causes of the failure of Ahmad Shah Abdali against the Sikhs.
Answer:

The firm determination and self-confidence of the Sikhs,
The Sikhs adopted guerilla system of warfare.
Ahmad Shah Abdali could not pay his proper attention to the Punjab as revolts broke out in Afghanistan time and again,
The leaders of the Sikhs were wise and worthy. They fought against the enemy unitedly.

Question 13.
What were the effects of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s invasions on the Sikh struggle for power?
Or
What were the political effects of Abdali’s invasions?
Answer:

Ahmad Shah Abdali annexed Punjab to Afghanistan in 1752 A.D.
Ahmad Shah Abdali gave the Marathas a crushing defeat in the third battle of Panipat as result of which the influence of Marathas ended in Punjab for ever.
As a – result of continuous attacks of Ahmad Shah Abdali, lawlesness and chaos prevailed in the Punjab,
Life and property of the people was not safe. So instead of saving the Sikhs started spending lavishly.

Question 14.
Describe important effects of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s invasions over Punjab.
Answer:

Punjab was annexed to Afghanistan in’1752 A.D. Consequently, the Mughal rule ended in the Punjab for ever,
Punjab had to face heavy economic losses due to the invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Trade also suffered a set back due to the atmosphere of loot and chaos,
These invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali gave a great blow to the art and literature of the Punjab,
Punjabis now started spending money lavishly instead of saving it.

Question 15.
What were the social effects of the invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali?
Answer:

The invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali encouraged many evils in the Punjab. The people became selfish,
As a result of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s invasions the people of the Punjab became brave and bold,
Punjabi’s became spendthrift. The reason was that Ahmad Shah Abdali would take away the money,
Many historical buildings and literature were damaged during Abdali’s invasions.
His invasions caused heavy economic loss to Punjab.

Question 16.
What were the economic consequences of the invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali?
Answer:

The invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali inflicted great loss on the economy of Punjab. He robbed Punjab of gold, silver, diamonds, and pearls of worth crores of rupees,
Abdali’s soldiers badly damaged the crops of thousands of acres of land while marching,
Commerce and industries also felt the pinch of the Afghan invasions.
The sense of insecurity and anarchical conditions impeded the growth of trade.
Travelling was difficult and unsafe.

Objective Type Questions:

Question 1.
Who was Ahmad Shah Abdali?
Answer:
The ruler of Afghanistan.

Question 2.
Where did Ahmad Shah Abdali rule?
Answer:
In Afghanistan.

Question 3.
For how many times Ahmed Shah Abdali invaded Punjab?
Answer:
Eight times.

Question 4.
Give the main cause of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s invasions on Punjab.
Or
Give any one reason of the invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Answer:
He wanted to expand his empire.

Question 5.
When did Ahmad Shah Abdali invade Punjab?
Answer:
1747 to 1767 A.D.

Question 6.
When did Ahmad Shah Abdali invade Punjab for the first time?
Answer:
1747-48 A.D.

Question 7.
When did Ahmad Shah Abdali invade Punjab for the second time?
Answer:
1748-49 A.D.

Question 8.
When did Mir Mannu become the Governor of Punjab?
Answer:
1748 A.D.

Question 9.
When did Ahmad Shah Abdali conquer Punjab?
Answer:
1752 A.D.

Question 10.
Who was appointed as Governor by Ahmad Shah Abdali after he conquered Punjab?
Answer:
Timur Shah.

Question 11.
Who was Timur Shah?
Answer:
Ahmad Shah Abdali’s. son.

Question 12.
Who was Baba Deep Singh Ji?
Answer:
A famous leader of Shaheed Misl.

Question 13.
When was Baba Deep Singh Ji martyred?
Answer:
Nov. 11, 1757 A.D.

Question 14. When did the Marathas occupy Punjab?
Answer:
1758 A.D.

Question 15.
Who was the first Maratha Subedar of Punjab?
Answer:
Adina Beg.

Question 16.
When was the third battle of Panipat fought?
Answer:
January 14, 1761 A.D.

Question 17.
Between whom was the third battle of Panipat fought?
Answer:
Marathas and Ahmad Shah Abdali.

Question 18.
When did Wadda Ghallughara take place?
Or
When did Second or Big Ghallughara take place?
Answer:
5th February, 1762 A.D.

Question 19.
Where did Second Ghallughara take place?
Or
Where did the Vadda ( big ) Ghallughara happen?
Answer:
At Kup.

Question 20.
When and where did Second (Wadda) Ghallughara take place?
Answer:
In 1762 A.D. at Kup.

Question 21.
Who was responsible for Wadda Ghallughara?
Answer:
Ahmad Shah Abdali.

Question 22.
When did the Sikhs occupy Sirhind?
Answer:
January 14, 1764 A.D.

Question 23.
Who was Zain Khan?
Answer:
Governor of Sirhind from 1761 A.D. to 1764 A.D.

Question 24.
When did the Sikhs take control of Lahore?
Answer:
1765 A.D.

Question 25.
Give any one reason of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s failure against the Sikhs.
Or
Explain any one cause of the success of the Sikhs against Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Answer:
The Sikhs adopted guerilla warfare against Abdali.

Question 26.
Give any one political consequence of Abdali’s invasions.
Or
Write any one effect of the invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Answer:
Ahmad Shah Abdali occupied Punjab in 1752 A.D.

Question 27.
What were the two economic consequences of the invasions of Abdali?
Answer:
The Punjab had to suffer a great economic loss.

Fill in the blanks:

1. Ahmad Shah Abdali was the ruler of ……………
Answer:
Afghanistan

2. Ahmad Shah Abdali became the Emperor of …………… in 1747 A.D.
Answer:
Afghanistan

3. …………… became the ruler of Afghanistan after the killing of Nadar Shah.
Answer:
Ahmad Shah Abdali

4. Ahmad Shah Abdali attacked on Punjab …………… times.
Answer:
eight

5. Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded India for the first time in ……………
Answer:
1747-48 A.D.

6. Ahmad Shah Abdali conquered Punjab in ……………..
Answer:
1752 A.D.

7. Ahmad Shah Abdali appointed ………………. as the Governor of Punjab in 1752 A.D.
Answer:
Mir Mannu

8. Ahmad Shah Abdali appointed ………………. as the Governor of Punjab in 1757 A.D.
Answer:
Timur Shah

9. Baba Deep Singh Ji became a martyr in ………………
Answer:
1757 A.D.

10. The third battle of Panipat was fought on ………………
Answer:
January 14, 1761 A.D.

11. …………….. was the JPeshwa of Marathas at the time .of- the third battle of Panipat.
Answer:
Balaji Baji Rao

12. ……………. was the General of Marathas in the third battle of Panipat.
Answer:
Sadashiv Rao Bhau

13. ……………. were defeated in the third battle of Panipat.
Answer:
Marathas

14. Wadda Ghallughara took place in …………….
Answer:
1762 A.D.

15. Wadda Ghallughara took place at village……………
Answer:
Kup

16. In 1764 A.D. Baba Ala Singh defeated severly the Subedar of Sirhind ………………
Answer:
Zain Khan

17. Ahmad Shah Abdali attacked Punjab …………… times.
Answer:
eight

18. ………….. rule came to an end in Punjab due to invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Answer:
Mughal

19. The main cause of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s failure against the Sikhs was ……………. policy of the Sikhs.
Answer:
Guerilla

True or False:

1. Ahmad Shah Abdali was the ruler of Afghanistan.
Answer:
True

2. Ahmad Shah Abdali was the ruler of Afghanistan in 1747 A.D.
Answer:
True

3. Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded Punjab in 1749 A.D. for the first time.
Answer:
False

4. The main purpose of invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali on India was to obtain wealth.
Answer:
True

5. Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded India for six times.
Answer:
False

6. Mir Mannu defeated Ahmad Shah Abdali in 1748 A.D. in the battle of Manupur.
Answer:
True

7. Ahmad Shah Abdali occupied Punjab in 1751 A.D. (
Answer:
False

8. Timur Shah was the son of Babur.
Answer:
False

9. Baba Deep Singh Ji became a martyr on November 10, 1757 A.D.
Answer:
False

10. The third battle of Panipat took place on January 14, 1761 A.D. between the Marathas and Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Answer:
True

11. Vishwas Rao was the son of Balaji Baji Rao.
Answer:
True

12. The Sikhs occupied Lahore in 1761 A.D.
Answer:
True

13. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, was conferred the title of ‘Sultan-ul-Quam’ on occupation of Punjab in 1761 A.D.
Answer:
True

14. Wadda Ghallughara took place during the 6th attack of Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Answer:
True

15. Wadda Ghallughara took place in 1762 A.D.
Answer:
True

16. The big Holocaust was held at Kahnuwal.
Answer:
False

17. The Sikhs occupied Sirhind in 1764 A.D.
Answer:
True

18. The Sikhs declared their independence after the occupation of Punjab in 1765 A.D.
Answer:
True

19. Nadir Shah became the ruler of Afganistan after the death of Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Answer:
False

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Who was Ahmad Shah Abdali?
(a) Ruler of Afghanistan
(b) Ruler of Iran
(c) Ruler of China
(d) Ruler of India.
Answer:
(a) Ruler of Afghanistan

2. How many times Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded Punjab?
(a) Four
(b) Five
(c) Seven
(d) Eight
Answer:
(d) Eight

3. When did Ahmad Shah Abdali invade Punjab for the first time?
(a) 1745 AD.
(b) 1746 A.D.
(c) 1747 A.D.
(d) 1752 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1747 A.D.

4. In which battle, Ahmad Shah Abdali conquered Punjab?
(a) First
(b) Second
(c) Third
(d) Fourth
Answer:
(c) Third

5. When did Ahmad Shah Abdali conquer Punjab?
Or
When did Mughal rule come to an end in Punjab?
(a) 1748 A.D.
(b) 1751 A.D.
(c) 1752 A.D.
(d) 1761 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1752 A.D.

6. When did Timur Shah become the Governor of Punjab?
(a) 1751 A.D.
(b) 1752 A.D.
(c) 1757 A.D.
(d) 1759 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1757 A.D.

7. When was Baba Deep Singh Ji got martyred?
(a) 1752 A.D.
(b) 1755 A.D.
(c) 1756 A.D.
(d) 1757 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1757 A.D.

8. When was the third battle of Panipat fought?
(a) 1758 A.D.
(b) 1759 A.D.
(c) 1760 A.D.
(d) 1761 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1761 A.D.

9. Who defeated the Marathas in the third battle of Panipat?
(a) Jassa Singh Ahluwalia
(b) Jassa Singh Ramgarhia
(c) Ahmad Shah Abdali
(d) Mir Mannu.
Answer:
(c) Ahmad Shah Abdali

10. When did Wadda Gallughara take place?
(a) 1746 A.D.
(b) 1748 A.D.
(c) 1761 A.D.
(d) 1762 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1762 A.D.

11. Where did Second Gallughara take place?
(a) Kanhunwan
(b) Kup
(c) Kartarpur
(d) Jalandhar.
Answer:
(b) Kup

12. When did the Sikhs occupy Sirhind?
(a) 1761 A.D.
(b) 1762 A.D.
(c) 1763 A.D.
(d) 1764 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1764 A.D.

13. When did the Sikhs occupy Lahore?
(a) 1760 A.D.
(b) 1762 A.D.
(c) 1764 A.D.
(d) 1765 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1765 A.D.

PSEB 12th Class History Solutions Chapter 16 Origin and Growth of the Sikh Misls and their Nature of Organization

December 12, 2024December 11, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class History Book Solutions Chapter 16 Origin and Growth of the Sikh Misls and their Nature of Organization Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 16 Origin and Growth of the Sikh Misls and their Nature of Organization

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What do you mean by the word Misl? How did the Misls originate?
Or
Explain in brief the origin of Misls.
Or
What do you mean by the word Misl? What were the causes of origin of Sikh Misls?
Answer:
The historians have divergent views regarding the meaning of the word Misl. According to the general opinion, Misl meant a file in which details of Misls were recorded. After the martyrdom of Banda Singh Bahadur, the Mughal Governors of the Punjab perpetrated tyranny on the Sikhs to crush the Sikh power. As a result the Sikhs took shelter in forests and hills. These Sikhs formed small Jathas (groups). In 1734 A.D. Nawab Kapur Singh created Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal with the objective of creating unity among the Sikhs. The Sikhs above 40 years of age were included in Buddha Dal while the Sikhs below this age joined Taruna Dal.

In 1745 A.D. the Sikhs had formed 25 Jathas. Each Jatha had 100 Sikhs. Gradually the number of these Jathas increased to 65. In order to face the Mughal tyranny and the invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali, Dal Khalsa was established at Amritsar on March 29, 1748 A.D. Twelve Jathas were organised under Dal Khalsa. Each Jatha had its own Sardar (commander) and a separate flag. Later on, these Jathas formed 12 independent Sikh Misls in Punjab.

Question 2.
Explain the nature of the Sikh Misls of Punjab.
Or
Write a short note on the nature of Misl organisation.
Answer:
The historians hold divergent views about the nature of the organisation of Misls. The reason being that the administration of the Misls was not run according to any definite system. Different Sardars had formed their own rules according to their own requirements. J.D. Cunningham is of the view that the nature of the organisation of the Misls was theocratic,-confederate and feudalistic. The chiefs of all the Misls had full faith in the institution of the Sikh religion. The Sikh Misls were not wholly independent and were a part of a loose confederation. Dr. A.C. Banerjee held that the organisation of Misls was democratic on composition and religious in its cohesive principles.

It was democratic in composition because leaders of all the Misls were equal and no Sardar was under any other Sardar. The cohesive principles of the Misls were religious. All the Sikhs abided by the Gurmata. In Ibbetsons view the organisation of the Misls was a mixture of theocracy, democracy and autocracy. In matters of internal administration the Sardars used their powers according to their own will.

Question 3.
Explain briefly any five misls of Punjab.
Answer:
1. Faizalpuria Misl: Nawab Kapoor Singh was the founder of Faizalpuria Misl. First of all he occupied a village named Faizalpuria near Amritsar. The name of this village was changed to Singhpur. Therefore, Faizalpuria Misl is also known as Singhpuria Misl. Nawab Kapoor Singh was known among the Sikhs for his bravery. After the death of Nawab Kapoor Singh in 1753 A.D. the Faizalpuria Misl was ruled by Khushal Singh and Budh Singh.

2. Bhangi Misl : Though Bhangi Misl was founded by Chajja Singh but its real founder is considered Hari Singh. Because the leaders of this Misl were addicted to the use of Bhang (hemp), so this Misl came to be known as Bhangi Misl. Jhanda Singh and Ganda Singh were its two other famous leaders.

3. Ramgarhia Misl : The founder of Ramgarhia Misl was Khushal Singh. The most famous leader of this Misl was Jassa Singh Ramgarhia. He had made Sri Hargobindpur as the capital of Ramgarhia Misl. After the death of Jassa Singh Ramgarhia this Misl was led by Jodh Singh.

4. Sukarchakia Misl: The founder of Sukarchakia Misl was Sardar Charat Singh. As his forefathers belonged to village Sukarchak, so this Misl came to be known as Sukarchakia Misl. Sardar Charat Singh was a brave warrior. He had declared Gujranwala as the capital of Sukarchakia Misl. After the death of Charat Singh in 1774 A.D. Mahan Singh and Ranjit Singh wisely led the Sukarchakia Misi. In 1799 A.D. Ranjit Singh conquered Lahore and this conquest proved, a turning point in the history of Punjab.

5. Kanahia Misl: Jai Singh was the founder of Kanahia Misl. As he was the resident of Kanaha village, so this Misl came to be known as Kanahia Misl. Jai Singh was a brave leader. Jai Singh had married his granddaughter Mehtab Kaur in 1796 A.D. to Ranjit Singh, the son of Mahan Singh of Sukarchakia Misl. Jai Singh passed away in 1798 A.D. After his death Kanahia Misl was led by Sada Kaur, the mother-in-law of Ranjit Singh.

Question 4.
Write a note on Nawab Kapoor Singh.
Or
Discuss in brief the achievements of Nawab Kapoor Singh.
Answer:
After the martyrdom of Banda Singh Bahadur, Nawab Kapoor Singh was the most distinguished leader of the Sikhs. He was the founder of Faizalpuria Misl. He was born in 1697 A.D. in a village Kaloke. His father Dalip Singh belonged to a Jat family. Kapoor Singh was very brave and daring from his childhood. He was administered Amrit by Bhai Mani Singh. Soon he became a famous leader of the Sikhs. In 1733 A.D. he got the title of Nawab and a Jagir worth Rs. 1 lakh annually from Zakariya Khan, the Governor of the Punjab. In 1734 A.D. Nawab Kapoor Singh divided the Khalsa into two Dais namely—Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal with a view to organise the Sikh force.

He led both the Dais with wisdom and ability. He did a great job for the Sikh Panth by founding Dal Khalsa in 1748 A.D. He led the community through very difficult times. He was able to weld together the scattered Sikhs into a strong force. He paved the way for the greatness of the Sikh nation. In fact, the contribution of Nawab Kapoor Singh in the development of Sikh Panth arid in its organisation is remarkable. He died in 1753 A.D.

Question 5.
Who was Jassa Singh Ahluwalia? Describe his achievements in brief.
Or
Write what you know about Jassa Singh Ahluwalia.
Or
Write a brief note on Jassa Singh Ahluwalia.
Answer:
Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was the founder of Ahluwalia Misl. He was born in 1718 A.D. in a village Ahlu near Lahore. His father’s name was Badar Singh. Jassa Singh was just five when his father expired. Jassa Singh very soon became a famous leader of the Sikhs due to his talent and ability. The Sikhs attacked the forces of Nadir Shah in 1739 A.D. under the command of Jassa Singh and looted his treasury. At the time of the foundation of Dal Khalsa, in 1748 A.D., Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was appointed its supreme commander. He rendered a great service to the Sikh Panth by leading Dal Khalsa with rare ability.

Under the command of Jassa Singh, the Sikhs conquered Lahore in 1761 A.D. Jasssa Singh faced the forces of Abdali very bravely even during Wada Ghallughara in 1762 A.D. Jassa Singh took control of Sirhind in 1764 A.D. In 1778 A.D. Jassa Singh occupied Kapurthala and made it the capital of Ahluwalia Misl. In short, Jassa Singh was a great warrior, a valiant general and a splendid organiser. He did more than any other Chief to consolidate the Sikh power. He died in 1783 A.D.

Question 6.
Who was Jassa Singh Ramgarhia? Write a brief note on his achievements. Write what you know about Jassa Singh Ramgarhia?
Answer:
Jassa Singh Ramgarhia was the most famous leader of Ramgarhia Misl. This Misl reached its pinnacle under his able guidance. Jassa Singh served first under Adina Beg, the Faujdar of Jalandhar. In October, 1748 A.D., Mir Mannu and Adina Beg’s joint forces suddenly seiged 500 Sikhs in the fortress of Ram Rauni. Jassa Singh reached there to help his brethren in crisis and thus saved lives of 300 Sikhs. The Sikhs were pleased over it and they gave Ram Rauni fort to Jassa Singh.

The name of this fort was changed to Ramgarh. In 1753 A D. after the death of Mir Mannu, there was chaos in Punjab, so Jassa Singh made use of this opportunity in taking Kalanaur, Batala, Hargobindpur, Qadian, Urmur Tanda, Deepalpur, Datarpur and Haripur under his control and expanded Ramgarhia Misl. He declared Sri Hargobindpur to be the capital of Ramgarhia Misl. Jassa Singh did not have good relations with Ahluwalia and Sukarchakia Misls. Jassa Singh died in 1803 A.D.

Question 7.
Write a short note on Mahan Singh.
Answer:
After the death of Charat Singh in 1774 A.D. his son Mahan Singh became the next leader of the Sukarchakia Misl. At that time Mahan Singh was barely 10 years old. So his mother Desan led the Misl very wisely for some time. Soon Mahan Singh started the expansion of the Sukarchakia Misl. First of all he captured Rohtas. Then he took possession of Rasul Nagar and Alipur. Mahan Singh changed ‘ the name of Rasul Nagar into Ramnagar and Alipur into Akalgarh. Mahan Singh conquered from the Bhangi Sardars the areas of Multan, Bhawalpur and Sahival etc. Jai Singh Kanahia began to feel jealous of the growing power of Mahan Singh.

In order to teach him a lesson Mahan Singh with Jassa Singh Ramagarhia attacked the Kanahia Misl. In a battle near Batala, Jai Singh’s son Gurbaksh Singh was killed. After some time friendly relations were established between Sukarchakia and Kanahia. Misls. Jai Singh got his granddaughter Mehtab Kaur married to Mahan Singh’s son, Ranjit Singh. In 1792 A.D. Mahan Singh passed away.

Question 8.
Write a short note on Phulkian Misl.
Answer:
Chaudhry Phul was the founder of the Phulkian Misl. The Misl Phulkian came to be known after his name. Phul was a Sidhu Jat. Guru Har Rai Sahib had blessed him that his family would rule. Guru Sahib’s prophecy proved true and the Phul family established its rule over Patiala, Nabha and Jind. Ala Singh was the founder of the Patiala House. Ala Singh made Barnala the centre of his activities. In 1761 A.D., Ala Singh helped the Marathas against Ahmad Shah Abdali. Soon, in 1762 A.D. during his 6th invasion Ahmad Shah Abdali attacked Barnala and arrested Ala Singh. Ala Singh saved his life by giving Abdali a huge amount of money. In 1764 A.D., Ala Singh with other leaders of the Dal Khalsa attacked Sirhind. In 1764 A.D., Ahmad Shah Abdali appointed Ala Singh the Governor of Sirhind.

The Nabha House was founded by Hamir Singh in. 1755 A.D. Gajpat Singh was the founder of Phulkian Misl in Jind. He had brought under his control many areas of Panipat and Karnal in 1763 A.D. He married off his daughter Raj Kaur to ‘ the Sukarchakia Misl leader, Charat Singh’s son Mahan Singh. After Gajpat Singh’s death in 1789 A.D., his son, Bhag Singh ascended the throne. He took an active part in all the campaigns of Patiala. In 1809 A.D. this state too came under the protection of the English.

Question 9.
Write a short note on Ala Singh.
Answer:
Ala Singh was the founder of Patiala House. He was very brave right from his childhood. Ala Singh made Barnala the centre of his activities. During Ahmad Shah Abdali’s first invasion in 1748 A.D. Ala Singh helped the Mughals against him. In view of his services, the Mughal emperor, Mohammad Shah Rangila presented him a ‘Khillat’. It added to the name and fame of Ala Singh. Soon Ala Singh took possession of the areas of Budhlada, Tohana, Bhattner and Jaimalpur. In 1762 A.D. during his 6th invasion Ahmad Shah Abdali attacked Barnala and arrested Ala Singh. Ala Singh saved his life by giving Abdali a huge amount of sum. In 1764 A.D. Ahmad Shah Abdali appointed Ala Singh the Governor of Sirhind. The other members of the Dal Khalsa were annoyed with him over this compromise and told him to snap his ties with Ahmad Shah Abdali. But soon Ala Singh passed away.

Question 10.
What do you understand by Sarbat Khalsa and Gurmata?
Or
Write a brief note on Sarbat Khalsa and Gurmata.
Answer:
(1) Sarbat Khalsa : In order to discuss the subjects concerning the Sikh Panth the congregation of the Sarbat Khalsa used to be called twice—on Diwali and Baisakhi, at the Akal Takht Sahib, Amritsar. After paying obeisance to the Guru Granth Sahib, all the Sikhs would sit down. At first the Gurbani was recited and Ardas performed. Afterwards any Sikh would stand up and give information to the Sikh Sangat about the matter concerned. Every man and woman was at liberty to express his/her views on the problem. Then a decision would be taken unanimously.

(2) Gurmata: Gurmata was the central institution of the Sikh Misls. The word Gurmata is a combination of two words ‘Guru’ and ‘Mata’ which mean opinion or decision of the Guru. In other words, the resolutions accepted by Sarbat Khalsa in the presence of Guru Granth Sahib were called Gurmata. All the Sikhs accepted and obeyed these Gurmatas with respect. Some of the important functions of Gurmata were to elect leader of Dal Khalsa, to prepare foreign policy of the Sikhs, to finalise plans of military action against common enemy, to settle disputes between Sikh leaders and to arrange for the preaching of Sikhism.

Question 11.
What is meant by Gurmata? Give a brief account of its functions.
Or
Write a short note on Gurmata.
Answer:
Gurmata was the central institution of the Misls. ‘Gurmata’ is a combination of two Punjabi words: ‘Guru’ and ‘Mata’ meaning thereby the ‘decision of the-Guru’. Gurmatas regarding the political, social and religious matters of the Sikh Panth were passed. Its some of the important functions were : to elect the leader of the Dal Khalsa, to formulate the foreign policy of the Sikhs, to finalise the plans about the joint action to be taken against the common enemies of the Sikhs, to resolve the disputes among the Sikh Sardars and to propagate the Sikh religion. Normally the Sikhs would assemble on the occasions of Diwali and Baisakhi at the Akal Takht Sahib for the Gurmatas, but Gurmatas about any emergency matter of the Sikhs could be passed anywhere in the presence of the Guru Granth Sahib.

After paying obeisance to the Guru Granth Sahib, all the Sikhs would sit down. At first the Gurbani was recited and Ardas was performed. Afterwards, any Sikh would stand up and give information to the Sikh Sangat about the matter concerned. Every man and woman was at liberty to express his/her views on the problem. Before the announcement of the Gurmata, the assembled Sangat would utter ‘Waheguru Ji Ka Khalsa Wahegurn Ji Ki Fateh’ and then the Ardas was performed. After this, the ‘Krah- Parsad’ was distributed to those present. All the Sikhs would abide by these Gurmatas considering them to be the commands from the Guru. The institution of the Gurmata made a remarkable contribution to promote unity, self-respect and discipline in the Sikh Panth.

Question 12.
Mention any five features of internal organisation of Sikh Misls.
Or
Describe the internal organisation of Sikh Misls.
Or
Describe the main features of Misl administration.
Answer:
Each head of the Misl was called Sardar. He used to give a part of the conquered area to the Misldars, who were subordinate to him. These Misldars could part company with their Sardars and set up a separate Misl independently. These Sardars (heads) of the Misls loved their masses like members of the family. Village was the smallest unit of the Misl. Almost all the affairs of the village were looked into by the Panchayat and settled by it. People respected the decisions of Panchayat. The judicial system of Sikh Misls was very simple. There was no written law.

The law-suits were settled according to the prevalent traditions. The culprits were not given rigid and stern punishments. Usually fine was charged from them. During the Misl period, land revenue was the main source of income.Its fixation varied according to the fertility of land. Usually land revenue used to be 1/3 to 1/4 of the total produce. This’tax was collected twice a year and it could be paid in cash or kind.

Question 13.
Mention the features of inernal organisation of Sikh Misls.
Or
Describe the internal organisation of Sikh Misls.
Or
Describe the main features of Misl organisation.
Answer:
The Chief of each Misl was called Sardar. Each Sardar had a number of Misldars under him. Like the Sardars, the Misldars too had their armies. They would give a part of the conquered areas to the Misldars under him. In the beginning the position of the Sardar was not hereditary. It was given to on the basis of personal qualities and bravery. Gradually, it became hereditary. Although the Sardars were autocratic, they were not cruel. They loved the people, as they did their own families. With a view to running the administration efficiently, the Misls were divided into many districts. The Chief of the district was called Kardar. He was responsible for running the administration of the District. The Sardar rarely interfered in his work. Village was the smallest unit of the Misl administration.

It was considered to be the most important administrative unit because most of the people at that time lived in the villages. The village administration was in the hands of the Panchayat. Almost all the matters of the village were settled by the Panchayat. It also looked after the people. ‘Lambardar’, ‘Patwari’ and ‘Chowkidar’ were the important workers of the village. The Lambardar would look after the well-being of the people of his village. The Patwari kept the record of the village land. The Chowkidar would keep watch in the village. The Sardar did not interfere in the village affairs.

Question 14.
What is Rakhi System? Explain in brief.
Or
What do you know about Rakhi System? Write in brief.
Or
What is Rakhi System? Explain its origin.
Or
Write a short note on Rakhi System.
Answer:
1. Meaning of Rakhi System: The word ‘Rakhi’ means ‘to protect’. Those villages which wilfuly came under the Rakhi of Sikhs were guaranted security from the foreign invaders and extortion of government officials. In return, the villages had to give one fifth part of their produce to these Sikhs.

2. Beginning of Rakhi System : A state of ararchy prevailed in the Punjab due to the harsh policy adopted by the Mughal subedars as well as the repeated invasions of Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali. There was no stable government in the Punjab. It gave a rude golt to the argriculture, industry and trade in the Punjab. The local officials and zamindars exploited the peasants and whenever they wished, they looted them under the threat of sword. In such a chaotic situation, the government neither had time nor concern for its people. Dal Khalsa was fully acquainted with the tribulations of the people. It felt that the people must be protected at any cost. Hence, Dal Khalsa started the Rakhi system.

3. Features of Rakhi system : According to Rakhi system, those villages which wanted protection against harsh government officials, zamindars, dacoits and foreign invaders, came under the shelter of the Sikhs. The villages Which sought refuge under the Sikhs, were saved from being looted. The Sikhs never used to attack these villages at all. The Jathas of Dal Khalsa promised to protect the villages seeking their protection. Sometimes, more than one Jathas protected the villages. A special force of Dal Khalsa was always kept ready at Amritsar to counter any untoward incident. Each village had to give l/5th of their harvest twice a year to Dal Khalsa for their protection.

4. Importance of Rakhi System : In the 18th century, the Rakhi system in the Punjab proved advantageous in many aspects. Firstly, it proved to be a first step in increasing the political power of the Sikhs, Secondly, it ensured peace to the people of the Punjab after centuries. They were protected from cruel jagirdars and corrupt officials. Thirdly, they were no longer afraid of foreign invaders. Fourthly, as peace prevailed, it encouraged agriculture, industry and trade.

Question 15.
What do you know about the financial administration of Misl period?
Or
Write a short note on economy under the Misls.
Answer:
1. Land Revenue Administration : During the times of the Misls, the chief source of income was land revenue. It varied according to the fertility of the soil. It normally ranged from l/3rd to l/4th part of the total produce. It was realised twice a year at the time of Rabi and Kharif harvests. In order to collect the land revenue, Batai System was followed. Under this system the government fixed the revenue after harvesting the crops. The land revenue could be paid either in cash or in kind. The Sardars of the Misls took special care for the welfare of farmers. During the Misl period, four kinds of land tenure Pattidari, Misldari, Jagirdari and Tabedari were in vogue.

2. Rakhi System : The foreign invaders like Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali, further worsened the situation by their plunder. The life and property of the people were no more safe. They were always afraid of being looted. Therefore, many villages took shelter with the Dal Khalsa for their defence. The Dal Khalsa would protect such villages from the extortion of government officials and foreign invaders. Besides, the Sikhs themselves would also not plunder such villages. In return for this, Rakhi (defence) the people of the village would give part of their produce to the Sardar of the Misl. This Rakhi tax was also an important source of income of the Misls.

3. Other sources of Income : In addition to the sources mentioned above, the Misl Sardars had income from octroi, judicial department, gifts and booty looted during the battles.

4. Expenditure : The Misl Sardars would spend a large portion of their income on army, horses and weapons. Besides, this money was also spent on constructing new forts and getting old ones repaired. From the income, the expenditure of the family and relatives of the Misl Sardar was also apportioned. In addition, the Misl Sardars would donate money to the Gurdwaras and the Temples, and arrange Langar for the poor people.

Question 16.
Write briefly about the judicial system of Sikh Misls.
Or
Write a note on the Judicial system of Sikh Misls.
Answer:
The judicial system of Sikh Misls was very simple. There was no written law. The verdict of law-suits was given according to the prevalent customs and conventions. Capital punishment was not given to any culprit. Mostly the culprits were fined. Those who repeatedly committed crimes had their limbs chopped off. Panchayat was the lowest court of the Misls. Most of the disputes of the village were settled by Panchayat itself. People accepted the verdict of the Panchayat as God’s decision. Each Sardar of the Misls had his own separate court. It decided both civil and criminal cases.

He could also hear appeal against the verdict of the Panchayat. Sarbat Khalsa was the supreme court of the Sikhs during Misl period. Mutual disputes of Sardars of Misls and matters relating to Sikh nation were heard in Sarbat Khalsa and decided through Gurmatas.

Question 17.
What were the main features of the Military system of the Misls?
Answer:
1. Cavalry : Cavalry was the most important wing of the army of the Misls. The Sikhs were very competent horsemen. They would daily cover a distance of 50 to 120 miles. In swift riding, the Sikh horsemen were perhaps, ahead of all other Indian soldiers. The fast running horses of the Sikhs proved very helpful in their guerilla warfare.

2. Infantry : The Sikhs considered it below their dignity to join the infantry. Its reason was that during the times of the Misl, no special importance was attached to it. The soldiers of infantry could not match a cavalier. They were employed as security guards of the forts, for the protection of women and children and for conveying messages.

3. Recruitment : Recruitment in the Misl army was entirely voluntary. The fresh recruits could join any Misl and were at liberty to re-join any other Misl. No records of the soldiers’, names, service, payment etc. were kept. There was no provision for regular training of the soldiers. The soldiers were not given their salary in cash. They got only a share in the booty.

4. Weapons anch Equipments : The weapons of war consisted of swords, spears, pikes, bows and arrows, two edged daggers, lances and muskets. The use of the guns much restricted, owing to the scarcity of powder. In the handling of these weapons, the Sikhs were uncommonly expert.

5. Mode of Fighting : During the Misl period, the Sikhs followed the guerilla mode of fighting. The Sikhs employed guerilla strategy to impede every foreign invasion by cutting off their supplies, harassing their army both in camp and on march. They made surprise attacks on their enemies and before they could retaliate, they (the Sikhs) moved beyond their reach. In short, the guerilla mode of fighting of the Sikhs proved as one of the most important causes of the success of the Sikhs.

Essay Type Questions:

Question 1.
Trace the origin and development of Sikh Misls in the Punjab.
or
What do you understand by the term ‘Misl’? Describe the origin of the Sikh Misls.
Or
Define Misl. What do you know about the origin and growth of Sikh Misls?
Or
What do you understand by the term ‘Misl’? Give an account of the history of the important Sikh Misls.
Or
What do you mean by the word Misl? Describe the origin and growth of Sikh Misls.
Answer:
The establishment of Sikh Misls in Punjab in the 18th century proved a turning point in its history.

1. Meaning of term ‘Misl’:

There is a difference of opinion among the historians as to what the word ‘Misl’ meAnswer: Misl is infact, an Arabic word, which means equal. The Sikhs had established 12 independent Misls in Punjab in the 18th century. The Sardar of each Misl treated the Sardars of other Misls in the term of equality. However, they were free in running their internal administration. For this distinguished feature, the Sikh Jathas were called Misls.

2. Origin of the Sikh Misls:

Nawab Kapoor Singh, the famous leader of the Sikhs, felt the need of greater unity among the Sikhs to challenge the increasing cruelties of the Mughals and to face boldly the invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali. With this objective Dal Khalsa was founded on the Baisakhi day on 29th March, 1748 A.D. at Amritsar. Twelve Jathas were organised under the Dal Khalsa. Each Jatha had its own leader and banner. These Jathas began to be called the ‘Misls’. These Misls had established their independent rule in different parts of the Punjab during 1767 to 1799 A.D.

3. Growth of the Sikh Misls:

During the period between 1767 and 1799 A.D. the Sikhs had established 12 independent Misls between the region of Jamuna and Sind in the Punjab. A brief l account of the growth of these Misls is as follows :

1. Faizalpuria Misl : Nawab Kapoor Singh was the founder of Faizalpuria Misl. First of all he occupied a village named Faizalpuria near Amritsar. The name of this village was changed to Singhpur. Therefore, Faizalpuria Misl is also known as Singhpuria Misl. Nawab Kapoor Singh was known among the Sikhs for his bravery. The Faizalpuria Misl included Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Patti, Nurpur and Behrampur. After the death of Nawab Kapoor Singh in 1753 A.D. the Faizalpuria Misl was ruled by Khushal Singh and Budh Singh.

3. Ahluwalia Misl: The founder of Ahluwalia Misl was Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia. As he was the inhabitant of village Ahlu so this Misl came to be known as Ahluwalia Misl. He was a great leader. In 1748 A.D. he was made the Odinmander-in-chief of the Dal Khalsa. He had shown his bravery of feats by conquering Lahore, itasur and Sirhind. He was conferred the title of Sultan-ul- Quam. He had made Kapurthala as his capital. After the death of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia in 1783 A.D. Bhag Singh and Fateh Singh had led this Misl.

4. Ramgarhia Misl : The founder of Ramgarhia Misl was Khushal Singh. The most famous leader of this Misl was Jassa Singh Ramgarhia. He had conquered Dipalpur, Kalanaur, Batala, Urmur Tanda, Haripur and Kartarpur etc. He had made Sri Hargobindpur as the capital of Ramgarhia Misl, After * the death of Jassa Singh Ramgarhia this Misl was led by Jodh Singh.

5. Sukarchakia Misl: The founder of Sukarchakia Misl was Sardar Charat Singh. As his forefathers belonged to village Sukarchak, so this Misl came to be known as Sukarchakia Misl. Sardar CharaHBingh was a brave warrior. He had conquered Eminabad, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Wazirabad, Chakwal, Jalalpur and Rasulpur etc. He had declared Gujranwala as the capital of Sukarchakia Misl. After the death of Charat Singh in 1774 A.D. Mahan Singh and Ranjit Singh wisely led the Sukarchakia Misl. In 1799 A.D. Ranjit Singh conquered Lahore and this conquest proved a turning point in the history of Punjab.

6. Kanahia Misl: Jai Singh was the founder of Kanahia Misl. As he was the resident of Kanaha village, so this Misl came to be known as Kanahia Misl. Jal Singh was a brave leader. He had conquered Mukerian, Pathankot, Gurdaspur and Kangra etc. Jai Singh had married his granddaughter Mehtab Kaur in 1796 A.D. to Ranjit Singh, the son of Mahan Singh of Sukarchakia Misl. Jai Singh passed away in 1798 A.D. After his death Kanahia Misl was led by Sada Kaur, the mother-in-law of Ranjit Singh.

7. Phulkian Misl: The founder of Phulkian Misl was Chaudhry Phul, a Jat. This Misl included Patiala, Nabha and Jind. Baba Ala Singh, Amar Singh and Sahib Singh were the famous leaders of the Patiala House. Hamir Singh and Jaswant Singh were the leaders of the Nabha House. Gajpat Singh and Bhag Singh were the leaders of the Jind House.

8. Dallewalia Misl: The founder of Dallewalia Misl was Gulab Singh. Tara Singh Gheba was the most famous Sardar of this Misl. This Misl had under its control the areas like Phillaur, Rahon, Nakodar and Baddowal etc.

9. Nakkai Misl : The founder of Nakkai Misl was Hira Singh. He had conquered Nakka, Chunian, Dipalpur, Kanganpur, Shergarh and Faridabad. His successor Ran Singh was the most famous leader of this Misl. He had extended the boundaries of Nakkai Misl by annexing Kot Kamalia and Shakarpur.

10. Shahid Misl : The founder of Shahid Misl was Sardar Sudha Singh. Since the leaders of this Misl fell martyrs in the battles against the Afghans, the Misl came to be known as the Shahid Misl. Baba Deep Singh, Karam Singh and Gulab Singh were the other distinguished leaders of this Misl. This Misl had under its control the areas of Saharanpur, Shahzadpur and Kesni. Most of the people of this Misl were’Nihangs, who put on blue clothes. So, the Shahid Misl was also known as the Nihang Misl.

11. Nishanwalia Misl: The founder of this Misl was Sardar Sangat Singh. As the leaders of this hjisl used to carry the banner or insignia of the Dal Khalsa, so this Misl came to be known as the Nishanwalia Misl. Sangat Singh expanded his Misl by occupying the areas of Ambala, Shahbad, Singhwala, Sahnewal, Doraha etc. He made Singhwala his capital. After the death of Sangat Singh in 1774 A.D., his brother Mahan Singh succeeded him. ,,

12. Karorsinghia Misl: The founder of this Misl was Karora Singh, so the Misl came to be known as Karorsinghia Misl. Since Karora Singh was the inhabitant of village Panjgarhia, this Misl is called the Panjgarhia Misl, .also. After the death of Karora Singh in 1764 A.D. Baghel Singh was unanimously elected the leader of this Misl. He was the most-famous of all the leaders of the Karor Singhia Misl. He made Chalodi a place near Kamal, his capital. He included Nawan Shahr and Banga areas in his Misl. After the death of Baghel Singh, his son Jodh Singh became the leader of the Misl. He conquered many areas of the Malwa region.

Question 2.
Write a note on the Organisation of the Sikh Misls.
Or
Discuss the nature of the Organisation of Misls.
Or
Bring out the main features of the administration of the Sikh Misls.
Or
Give an account of Civil and Military Administration of the Misls.
Or
Describe the internal administration of the Misls.
Or
What do you know about the origin and growth of the Sikh Mils?
Answer:
A brief account of the organisation of the Sikh Misls is given ahead :

1. Gurmata:

Gurmata was the central institution of the Misls. ‘Gurmata’ is a combination of two Punjabi words : ‘Guru’ and ‘Mata’ meaning thereby the ‘decision of the Guru.’ In other words, the decisions arrived at with the common consent of the Sarbat Khalsa in the presence of the Guru Granth Sahib Ji were called ‘Gurmata’. All the Sikhs complied with these Gurmatas with respect.

2. Internal Organisation of the Misls:

1. Sardar and Misldar : The Chief of each Misl was called Sardar. Each Sardar had a number of Misldars under him. Like the Sardars, the Misldars too had their armies. They would give a part of the conquered areas to the Misldars under him. In the beginning the position of the Sardar was not hereditary. It was given to on the basis of personal qualities and bravery. Gradually, it became hereditary. Although the Sardars were autocratic, they were not cruel. They loved the people, as they did their own families.

2. Districts : With a view to running the administration efficiently, the Misls were divided into many districts. The Chief of the district was called Kardar. He was responsible for running the administration of the District. The Sardar rarely interfered in his work.

3. Villages : Village was the smallest unit of the Misl administration. It was considered to be the most important administrative unit- because most of the people at that time lived in the villages. The village administration was in the hands of the Panchayat. Almost all the matters of the village were settled by the Panchayat. It also looked after the people. ‘Lambardar’, ‘Patwari’ and ‘Chowkidar’ were the important workers of the village. The Lambardar would look after the well-being of the people of his village. The Patwari kept the record of the village land. The Chowkidar would keep watch in the village. The Sardar did not interfere in the village affairs.

Financial Administration:

1. Land Revenue Administration : During the times of the Misls, the chief source of income was land revenue. It varied according to the fertility of the soil. It normally ranged from l/3rd to l/4th part of the total produce. It was realised twice a year at the time of Rabi and Kharif harvests. In order to collect the land revenue, Batai System was followed. Under this system the government fixed the revenue after harvesting the crops. The land revenue could be paid either in cash or in kind. The Sardars of the Misls took special care for the welfare of farmers. During the Misl period, four kinds of land tenure Pattidari, Misldari, Jagirdari and Tabedari were in vogue.

2. Rakhi System: In the 18th century after the death of Banda Singh Bahadur, the atmosphere of anarchy and lawlessness had prevailed in Punjab. The government officials were engaged in robbing the people. The foreign invaders like Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Ahdali, further worsened the situation by their plunder. The life and property of the people were no more safe. They were always afraid of being looted. Therefore, many villages took shelter with the Dal Khalsa for their defence. The Dal Khalsa would protect such villages from the extortion of government officials and foreign invaders.

Besides, the Sikhs themselves would also not plunder such villages. In return for this, Rakhi (defence) the people of the village would give part of their produce to the Sardar of the Misl. Consequently, this tax came to be known as the Rakhi tax. This Rakhi tax was also an important source of income of the Misls.

3. Other sources of Income : In addition to the sources mentioned above, the Misl Sardars had income from octroi, judicial department, gifts and booty looted during the battles.

4. Expenditure: The Misl Sardars would spend a large portion of their income on army, horses and weapons. Besides, this money was also spent on constructing new forts and getting old ones repaired. From the income, the expenditure of the family and relatives of the Misl Sardar was also apportioned. In addition, the Misl Sardars would donate money to the Gurdwaras and the Temples, and arrange Langar for the poor people.

Judicial Administration:

1. Panchayat: During the times of the Misls, Panchayat was the smallest, but an important unit of judicial administration. There was Panchayat in every village. Only able and honest persons were elected to the Panchayat. Most of the cases in the village were decided by the Panchayat. The people accepted the verdict of the Panchayat, considering it to be a divine justice.

2. Sardar’s Court: The Sardar of each Misl would hold his separate court. Here, he would decide both civil and criminal cases. He would also hear appeals against the decisions of the Panchayats. He had full right to grant capital punishment to any criminal, but he Would normally give lenient punishment to the criminals. With a view to deliver full justice to the public, the Sardar would tour his territory in disguise.

3. Sarbat Khalsa : During the times of the Misls, the Sarbat Khalsa was considered the Supreme Court of the Sikhs. The mutual disputes of the Misldars, disputes of succession and matters concerning the Sikh community were heard by the Sarbat Khalsa. In order to, decide such cases the Sarbat Khalsa would assemble at the Akal Takht, Amritsar. All the Sikhs would comply with the Gurmatas passed by it.

4. Laws and Punishments : During the period of the Sikh Misls, the judicial system was quite simple. There were no written laws. Th§ cases were decided according to the prevailing customs and traditions. At that time, punishments were not severe. No criminal was sentenced to death. Mostly the fines (Jurmanas) were charged from the criminals. If any criminal committed crimes, time and again, his hands, feet, nose and ears were chopped off. Some thanks-giving money (Shukrana) was realised by the government from the winner of case. Undoubtedly, the judicial system of the Sikh Misls was rough ancHteady, rather crude and imperfect. Nevertheless, it was best suited to the temper o’f the people.

Military Administration:

1. Cavalry : Cavalry was the most important wing of the army of the Misls. The Sikhs were very competent horsemen. They would daily cover a distance of 50 to 120 miles. In swift riding, the Sikh horsemen were perhaps, ahead of all other Indian soldiers. The fast running horses of the Sikhs proved very helpful in their guerilla warfare.

3. Artillery : The artillery, which plays a decisive, role in the battles, was not a part of the Misl army. As a result, the Sikhs had to face several hardships in their battles against the Mughals and the AfghAnswer: In 1800 A.D. the Sikhs had only 40 guns but these were very small.

4. Recruitment: Recruitment in the Misl army was entirely voluntary. The fresh recruits could join any Misl and were at liberty to re-join any other Migl. No records of the soldiers’ names, service, payment etc. were kept. There was no provision for regular training of the soldiers. The soldiers .were not given their salary in cash. They got only a share in the booty.

5. Weapons and Equipments : The weapons of war consisted of swords, spears, pikes, bows and arrows, two edged daggers, lances and muskets. The use of the guns much restricted, owing to the scarcity of powder. In the handling of these weapons, the Sikhs were uncommonly expert.

6. Mode of Fighting : During the Misl period, the Sikhs followed the guerilla mode of fighting. The Sikhs employed guerilla strategy to impede every foreign invasion by cutting off their supplies, harassing their army both in camp and on march. Plundering their baggage, hovering round the troops, pursuing them at the time of their retreat and also blocking their passage of roads and rivers. They made surprise attacks on their enemies and before they could retaliate, they (the Sikhs) moved beyond their reach. It is apparent that these Sikh tactics were to wear out the enemy. In short, the guerilla mode of fighting of the Sikhs proved as one of the most important causes of the success of the Sikhs.

7. Total Strength of the Army: Nothing can be said with certainty about the total strength of the soldiers of the Misls. The reason is, that it has been variously estimated by different writers. According to B.C. Heugal during the times of the Misls, the total strength of the Sikh army was 69,500. According to George Forster, the total strength of the Misl army was about 2,00,000. According to the modern historians Hari Ram Gupta, Dr. Bhagat Singh and S.S. Gandhi, during the Misl period the total strength of the Sikh army was 1 lakh. Finally, we agree with the words of S.S. Gandhi,

“The Misl organisation was undoubtedly crude but it suited the times. It had its triumphs and grand achievements to its credit.” “Jassa Singh established his reputation as one of the strongest chiefs of the Punjab. He had been actively participating in all the Sikh incursions and displaying deeds of gallantry in all the battle-fields wherever he fought.”

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What dp you mean by the word Misl? How did the Misls originate?
Or
Explain in brief the origin of Misls.
Or
What do you understand by Misls? Describe in brief their Origin.
Or
What do you mean by Misls? Briefly discuss their growth.
Answer:
Misl meant a file in which details of Misls were recorded. After the martyrdom of Banda Singh Bahadur, the Mughal Governors of the Punjab perpetrated tyranny on the Sikhs to crush the Sikh power. As. a result the Sikhs took shelter in forests and hills. Dal Khalsa was established at Amritsar on March 29, 1748 A.D. Twelve Jathas were organised under Dal Khalsa. Later on, these Jathas formed 12 independent Sikh Misls in Punjab.

Question 2.
Write a short note on the nature of Misl organisation.
Answer:
The historians hold divergent views about the nature of the organisation of Misls. The reason being that the administration of the Misls was not run according to any definite system. Different Sardars had formed their own rules according to their own requirements. J.D. Cunningham is of the view that the nature of the organisation of the Misls was theocratic, confederate and feudalistic. Dr. A.C. Banerjee held that the organisation of Misls was democratic in composition and religious in its cohesive principles.

Question 3.
Write a note on Nawab Kapoor Singh.
Or
Give a brief account of the life of Nawab Kapoor Singh.
Or
Who was Nawab Kapoor Singh? Describe his achievements.
Answer:
Nawab Kapoor Singh was founder of Faizalpuria Misl. In 1733 A.D., he got the title of Nawab and a Jagir worth Rs, one lakh annually from Zakariya Khan, the Governor of the Punjab. In 1734 A.D. Nawab Kapoor Singh organised the Khalsa into two Dais, namely—Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal. He led both the Dais with wisdom and ability.. He did a great job for the Sikh Panth by founding Dal Khalsa in 1748 A.D. He led the community (through very difficult times.

Question 4.
What do you know about Jassa Singh Ahluwalia?
Or
Write what you know about Jassa Singh Ahluwalia?
Or
Write a brief note on Jassa Singh Ahluwalia.
Answer:
Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was the founder of Ahluwalia Misl. In 1748 A.D., Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was appointed Supreme Commander of the Dal Khalsa. Under the command of Jassa Singh, the Sikhs conquered Lahore in 1761 A.D. Jasssa Singh faced the forces of Abdali very bravely even during Wada Ghallughara in 1762 A.D. Jassa Singh took control of Sirhind in 1764 A. D. In 1778 A.D. Jassa Singh took control of Kapurihala and made it the capital of Ahluwalia Misl. He died in 1783 A D.

Question 5.
Who was Jassa Singh Ramgarhia? Write a brief note on his achievements.
Or
Write what you know about Jassa Singh Ramgarhia?
Answer:
Jassa Singh Ramgarhia was the most famous leader of Ramgarhia Misl. After the death of Mir Mannu, he took the advantage of chaos in Punjab. He captured Kalanaur, Batala, Hargobindpur, Qadian, Urmur Tanda, Deepalpur, Datarpur and Haripur under his control and expanded Ramgarhia Misl. He declared Sri Hargobindpur to be the capital of Ramgarhia Misl. Jassa Singh died in L803AD.

Question 6.
Write a short note on Mahan Singh.
Answer:
Mahan Singh became the leader of the Sukarchakia Misl in 1774 A.D. Soon he captured Rohtas, Rasul Nagar and Alipur. Mahan Singh conquered the areas of Multan, Bhawalpur and Sahival etc. from the Bhangi Sardars. In a battle near Batala, Jai Singh’s son Gurbaksh Singh was killed. After some time friendly relations were established between Sukarchakia and Kanahia Misls. In 1792 A.D. Mahan Singh passed away.

Question 7.
Write a short note on Phulkian Misl.
Answer:
Chaudhry Phul was the founder of Phulkian Misl. His family ruled over Patiala, Nabha and Jind. Baba Ala Singh was the founder of Patiala House. He was very brave. He annexed many places. He made Bamala as his capital. In 1765 A.D. he signed peace treaty with Ahmad Shah Abdali. Hamir Singh was the founder of Nabha House. He ruled from 1755 A.D. to 1783 A.D. Gajpat Singh was the founder of Jind House. He had Married his daughter Raj Kaur to Mahan Singh of Sukarchakia Misl. In 1809 Phulkian Misl went under the British protection.

Question 8.
Write a short note on Ala Singh.
Answer:
Ala Singh was the founder of Phulkian Misl in Patiala. During Ahmad Shah Abdali’s first invasion in 1748 A.D., Ala Singh helped the Mughals against him. Ala Singh took possession of the areas of Budhlada, Tohana, Bhattner and Jaimalpur. In 1765 A. D. Ahmad Shah Abdali appointed Ala Singh the Governor of Sirhind. The other members of the Dal Khalsa were annoyed with him over this compromise and told him to snap his ties with Ahmad Shah Abdali. But soon Ala Singh passed away.

Question 9.
What do you understand by Sarbat Khalsa?
Or
Write a brief note on Sarbat Khalsa.
Answer:
In order to discuss the subjects concerning the Sikh Panth the congregation of the Sarbat Khalsa used to be called twice—on Diwali and Baisakhi, at the Akal Takht Sahib, Amritsar. After paying obeisance to the Guru Granth Sahib Ji, all the Sikhs would sit down. At first the Gurbani was recited and Ardas performed. Afterwards one of the Sikhs would stand up and give information to the Sikh Sangat about the matter concerned. Then a decision would be taken unanimously. .

Question 10.
What do you understand by Gurmata? Give a brief account of its functions.
Or
Write a brief note on Gurmata.
Or
What do you know about Gurmata?
Or
What is meant by Gurmata? Discuss about the three main works of Gurmata.
Answer:
Gurmata was the central institution of the Sikh Misls. Gurmata is a combination of two words Guru and Mata which means the decision of the Guru. All the Sikhs accepted and obeyed these Gurmatas with respect. Some of the important functions of Gurmata were to elect leader of Dal Khalsa, to prepare foreign policy of the Sikhs, to finalise plans of military action against common enemy, to settle disputes between Sikh leaders and to arrange for the preaching of Sikhism.

Question 11.
Write the features of Misl Administration.
Or
Describe the internal organisation of Sikh Misls.
Describe the main features of Misl Administration.
Answer:
Each head of the Misl was called Sardar. These Sardars (heads) of the Misls loved their masses like members of the family. Village was the smallest unit of the Misl. Almost all the affairs of the village were looked into by the Panchayat and settled by it. People respected the decisions of Panchayat. There was no written law. The law suits were settled according to the prevalent traditions. Usually fine was charged from the culprits. During the Misl period, land revenue was the main source of income. .

Question 12.
What is Rakhi system? Explain in brief.
Or
What do you know about Rakhi system? Write in brief.
Or
What is Rakhi system? Explain its origin.
Or
What do you know about Rakhi system?
Or
Write a short note on Rakhi system.
Or
Write three main features of Rakhi system.
Answer:
After the martyrdom of Banda Singh Bahadur in 18th century an era of anarchy and lawlessness started in Punjab. The people were living under the constant threat of loot and plunder. Consequently, several villages sought help of the Dal Khalsa for their protection (Rakhi). Dal Khalsa provided these villages security from exploitation of government officials and foreign invaders. Besides, the Sikhs also did not attack such villages.

Question 13.
What do you know about the financial administration of Misl period?
Or
Write a short note on economy under the Misls.
Answer:
During the times of the Misls, the chief source of income was land revenue. It varied according to the fertility of the soil. It normally ranged l/3rd to l/4th parts of the total produce. It was realised twice a year. Rakhi tax became an important source of income of the Misls. The Misl Sardars used to spend a large portion of their income on army, horses and weapons. They also donated money to the gurudwaras and the temples.

Question 14.
Write briefly about the Judicial system of Sikh Misls.
Or
Write a note on the Judicial system of Sikh Misls.
Answer:
The judicial system of Sikh Misls was very simple. There was no written law. The verdict of law-suits was given according to the prevalent customs and conventions. Capital punishment was not given to any culprit. Mostly the culprits Were fined. Mcst of the disputes of the villagers were settled by Panchayat itself. People accepted the verdict of the Panchayat as God’s decision. Each sardar of the Misls had his own court.

Question 15.
What were the main features of military administration of Sikh Misls?
Or
Write any three features of military administration of Sikh Misls.
Answer:

The cavalry was considered the most important part of the army during the Misl period.
People joined army at their own will.
No regular training was given to the soldiers, and they were also not paid salary in cash.
Record of the soldiers was not maintained at that time.
The Misl soldiers faced their enemy through guerilla warfare, because they had limited resources.

Objective Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is meant by the word Misl?
Answer:
‘Equal’.

Question 2.
What was the total number of Sikh Misls in Punjab?
Answer:
12.

Question 3.
When were the Sikh Misls established in Punjab?
Answer:
18 th century.

Question 4.
Name any one famous Misl.
Answer:
Ahluwalia Misl.

Question 5.
With which other name was Faizalpuria Misl known as?
Answer:
Singhpuria Misl.

Question 6.
Who was the founder of Faizalpuria Misl?
Answer:
Nawab Kapoor Singh.

Question 7.
Who was the most famous leader of Faizalpuria Misl?
Answer:
Nawab Kapoor Singh.

Question 8.
Who was Nawab Kapoor Singh?
Answer:
Founder of Faizalpuria Misl.

Question 9.
Which Misl was founded by Nawab Kapoor Singh?
Answer:
Faizalpuria Misl.

Question 10.
Who was the founder of Ahluwalia Misl?
Or
Who was Jassa Singh Ahluwalia?
Answer:
Jassa Singh was the founder of Ahluwalia Misl.

Question 11.
Why was Ahluwalia Misl known by this name?
Answer:
Because Jassa Singh Ahluwalia belonged to village Ahlu.

Question 12.
What was the name of the capital of Ahluwalia Misl?
Answer:
Kapurthala.

Question 13.
Who was Jassa Singh Ahluwalia?
Answer:
of Misl.

Question 14.
Name the capital of Ramgarhia Misl.
Answer:
Sri Hargobindpur.

Question 15.
Name any one famous leader of Ramgarhia’Misl.
Answer:
Jassa Singh Ramgarhia.

Question 16.
Who was Jassa Singh Ramgarhia?
Answer:
The most famous leader of Ramgarhia Misl.

Question 17.
Who was the founder of Bhangi Misl?
Answer:
Chajja Singh.

Question 18.
Why was the Bhangi Misl named so?
Answer:
As the leaders of this Misl were addicted to the use of Bhang (hemp).

Question 19.
Which was the most powerful Misl of the Sikhs?
Answer:
Sukarchakia Misl.

Question 20.
Who was the founder of Sukarchakia’Misl?
Answer:
Charat Singh.

Question 21.
Name the capital of Sukarchakia Misl.
Answer:
Gujranwala.

Question 22.
Who was Mahan Singh?
Answer:
The leader of Sukarchakia Misl in 1774 A.D.

Question 23.
Who was the founder of Kanahia Misl?
Answer:
Jai Singh.

Question 24.
Who was the founder of Phulkian Misl?
Answer:
Chaudhary Phul.

Question 25.
Who was Baba Ala Singh?
Answer:
The founder of Phulkian Misl in Patiala.

Question 26.
Which was the capital of Baba Ala Singh?
Answer:
Barnala.

Question 27.
Who was given the title of Raja by Ahmad Shah Abdali?
Answer:
Baba Ala Singh.

Question 28.
Who was the ablest leader of Dallewalia Misl?
Answer:
Tara Singh Gheba.

Question 29.
Who was the founder of Shahid Misl?
Answer:
Sardar Sudfca Singh.

Question 30.
Why was Shahid Misl given this name?
Answer:
Because of the martyrdoms given by its leaders.

Question 31.
Which was the central institution of the Sikh Misls?
Answer:
Gurmata.

Question 32.
What is meant by Gurmata?
Answer:
Unanimous decision taken by the Sarbat Khalsa in the presence of Guru Granth Sahib.

Question 33.
Where was Sarbat Khalsa convened?
Answer:
Amritsar.

Question 34.
What was the Chief of Sikh Misl called?
Answer:
Sardar.

Question 35.
Name any one feature of administration of Sikh Misls.
Answer:
Village administration was in the hands of Panchayat.

Question 36.
What is meant by Rakhi system?
Or
What do you mean by Rakhi system?
Answer:
The villages falling under Rakhi system were given protection by the Sikhs.

Question 37.
What was the mode of fighting of Misl Sena?
Answer:
Guerilla warfare.

Fill in the blanks:

1. In 18th century, ………………. independent Sikh Misls came into existence in Punjab.
Answer:
12

2. Nawab Kapoor Singh was the founder of .. Misi.
Answer:
Faizalpuria

3. Nawab Kapoor Singh established Dal Khalsa in …………….
Answer:
1748A.D.

4. The founder of Ahiuwalia Misi was ………………
Answer:
Jassa Singh Ahluwalia

5. The capital of Ahluwalia Misl was ……………
Answer:
Kapurthala

6. The founder of Ramgarhia Misl was ……………….
Answer:
Khushal Singh

7. The famous leader of Ramgarhia Misl was ……………
Answer:
Jassa Singh Ramgarhia

8. …………….. was the capital of Jassa Singh Ramgarhia.
Answer:
Sri Hargobindpur

9. Jhanda Singh was the famous leader of ……………..
Answer:
Bhangi Misl

10. ……………. was the founder of Sukarchakia Misl.
Answer:
Charat Singh

11. In 1774 A.D. …………….. became the leader of Sukarchakia Misl.
Answer:
Mahan Singh

12. The capital of Sukarchakia Misl was …………….
Answer:
Gujranwala

13. Maharaja Ranjit Singh took over the reins of the Sukarchakia Misl in ……………
Answer:
1792 A.D.

14. …………….. was the founder of Kanahia Misl.
Answer:
Jai Singh

15. ……………. was the founder of Phulkian Misl.
Answer:
Chaudhry Paul

16. ……………. was the founder of Phulkian Misl in Patiala.
Answer:
Baba Ala Singh

17. Baba Ala Singh made ……………… as his capital.
Answer:
Barnala

18. …………….. was the most famous sardar (leader) of Dallewalia Misl.
Answer:
Tara Singh Gheba

19. ……………. was the founder of Shahid Misl.
Answer:
Sudha Singh

20. Baba Deep Singh was related to ……………. Misl.
Answer:
Shahid

21. The central institution of the Sikh Misls was ………………
Answer:
Gurmata

22. The Chief of the Sikh Misls was called …………..
Answer:
Sardar

23. ……………. was the main source of income of the Sikh Misls.
Answer:
Land Revenue

24. Rakhi system became popular in Punjab in ………….. century.
Answer:
18th

25. During the period of the Sikh Misls, mostly …………….. were charged from the criminals.
Answer:
Fines

26. During the Misl period, the Sikh army faced its enemies following …………… mode of fighting.
Answer:
Guerilla

True or False:

1. In 18th century, 12 Sikh Misls got established-in Punjab.
Answer:
True

2. ‘Misl’ is’an Arabic word which means ‘equal.’
Answer:
True

3. Nawab Kapoor Singh Faizalpuria was the founder of Faizalpuria Misl.
Answer:
True

4. Faizalpuria Misl is also called Ahluwalia Misl.
Answer:
False

5. Nawab Kapoor Singh founded the Dal Khalsa in 1734 A.D.
Answer:
False

6. Nawab Kapoor Singh was the commander-in-chief of Dal Khalsa.
Answer:
True

7. Nawab Kapoor Singh passed away in 1753 A.D.
Answer:
True

8. In 1748 A.D. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was appointed the Commander-in¬chief of Dal Khalsa.
Answer:
True

9. Jassa Singh Ramgarhia was founder of Ahluwalia Misl.
Answer:
False

10. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia made Kapurthla his capital.
Answer:
True

11. The famous leader of Ramgarhia Misl was Jassa Singh Ramgarhia.
Answer:
True

12. Jassa Singh Ramgarhia made Kartarpur his capital.
Answer:
False

13. The Bhangi Misl was named as the leaders of the Misl were addicted to the use of Bhang (hemp).
Answer:
True

14. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was the founder of Sukarchakia Misl.
Answer:
False

15. In 1772 A.D., Charat Singh passed away.
Answer:
False

6. In 1792 A.D., Ranjit Singh took the reins of Sukarchakia Misl.
Answer:
True

7. The capital name of Sukerchakiya Misl was Lahore.
Answer:
False

18. The founder of Kanahia Mislwas Jai Singh.
Answer:
True

19. Baba Deep Singh Ji was the most famous leader of Dallewali Misl.
Answer:
False

20. Maharani Jinda was the founder of Kanahia Misl.
Answer:
False

21. Baba Ala Singh made Bamala his capital.
Answer:
True

22. Baba Ala Singh passed away in 1762 A.D.
Answer:
False

23. Amar Singh succeeded Patiala House in 1765 A.D.
Answer:
True

24. Ahmad Shah Abdali honoured Amar Singh with the title ‘Raja-i-Rajgan Bahadur’.
Answer:
True

25. Hameer Singh was the founder of Nishanwalia Misl.
Answer:
False

26. The central institution of the Sikh Misls was Gurmata.
Answer:
True

27. The chief of Misl was called Misldar.
Answer:
False

28. In 18th century, Rakhi system was prevalent in Punjab.
Answer:
True

29. During the times of the Misls, the Sarbat Khalsa was considered the Supreme Court of the Sikhs.
Answer:
True

30. The army of the Sikh Misls employed guerilla strategy to attack its enemies.
Answer:
True

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. What was the total number of the Sikh Misls in Punjab?
(a) 5
(b) 10
(c) 12
(d) 15
Answer:
(c) 12

2. Who was Nawab Kapoor Singh?
(a) Founder of Faizalpuria Misl
(b) Faujdar of Jalandhar
(c) Subedar of Punjab
(d) Leader of Ahluwalia Misl.
Answer:
(a) Founder of Faizalpuria Misl

3. Who was the founder of Ahluwalia Misl?
(a) Jassa Singh
(b) Bhag Singh
(c) Fateh Singh
(d) Khushal Singh.
Answer:
(a) Jassa Singh

4. What was the name of the capital of Ahluwalip Misl?
(a) Amritsar
(b) Kapurthala
(c) Lahore
(d) Sri Hargobindpur.
Answer:
(b) Kapurthala

5. Who was the founder of Ramgarhia Misl?
(a) Jassa Singh Ramgarhia
(b) Khushal Singh
(c) Jodh Singh
(d) Bhag Singh.
Answer:
(b) Khushal Singh

6. Who was the main leader of Ramgarhia Misl?
(a) Jassa Singh Ramgarhia
(b) Nand Singh
(c) Khushal Singh
(d) Hari Singh.
Answer:
(a) Jassa Singh Ramgarhia

7. What was the name of the capital of Ramgarhia Misl?
(a) Kapurthala
(b) Sri Hargobindpur
(c) Lahore
(d) Bamala.
Answer:
(b) Sri Hargobindpur

8. Who was the founder of Bhangi Misl?
(a) Bhim Singh
(b) Hari Singh
(c) Chajja Singh
(d) Ganda Singh.
Answer:
(c) Chajja Singh

9. Who was the most famous leader of Bhangi Misl?
(a) Hari Singh
(b) Jhanda Singh
(c) Ganda Singh
(d) Bhim Singh.
Answer:
(b) Jhanda Singh

10. Which was the most powerful Misl?
(a) Sukarchakia Misl
(b) Bhangi Misl
(c) Kanahia Misl.
(d) Phulkian Misl.
Answer:
(a) Sukarchakia Misl

11. Who was the founder of Sukarchakia Misl?
(a) Khushal Singh
(b) Nawab Kapoor Singh
(c) Chajja Singh
(d) Charat Singh.
Answer:
(d) Charat Singh.

12. Name the capital of Sukarchakia Misl.
(a) Amritsar
(b) Lahore
(c) Gujranwala
(d) Barnala.
Answer:
(c) Gujranwala

13. Which of the following towns was not occupied by Charat Singh?
(a) Sialkot
(b) Chakwal
(c) Gujranwala
(d) Alipur
Answer:
(d) Alipur

14. When did Ranjit Singh become the leader of Sukarchakia Misl?
(a) 1770 A.D.
(b) 1780 A.D.
(c) 1782 A.D.
(d) 1792 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1792 A.D.

15. Who was the founder of Kanahia Misl?
(a) Jai Singh
(b) Sada Kaur
(c) Baba Ala Singh
(d) Jassa Singh Ahluwalia.
Answer:
(a) Jai Singh

16. Who was Sada Kaur?
(a) Leader of Kanahia Misl
(b) Mother-in-Law of Mahan Singh
(c) Leader of Bhangi Misl
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Leader of Kanahia Misl

17. Who was the founder of Phulkian Misl?
(a) Chaudhary Phul
(b) Chajja Singh
(c) Nawab Kapoor Singh
(d) Ganda Singh.
Answer:
(a) Chaudhary Phul

18. Who was the founder of Patiala House?
(a) Amar Singh
(b) Baba Ala Singh
(c) Hamir Singh
(d) Gajpat Singh.
Answer:
(b) Baba Ala Singh

19. Which city was made capital of Patiala House by Baba Ala Singh?
(a) Kapurthala
(b) Sri Hargobindpur
(c) Barnala
(d) Gujranwala.
Answer:
(c) Barnala

20. Who was the most famous leader of Dallewalia Misl?
(a) Gulab Singh
(b) Tara Singh Gheba
(c) Jai Singh
(d) Baba Ala Singh
Answer:
(b) Tara Singh Gheba

21. Who was the most famous leader of Shahid Misl?
(a) Sudha Singh
(b) Baba Deep Singh Ji
(c) Karam Singh
(d) Gurbax Singh.
Answer:
(b) Baba Deep Singh Ji

22. Who was the founder of Nakkai Misl?
(a) Nahar Singh
(b) Hira Singh
(c) Ram Singh
(d) Kahan Singh
Answer:
(b) Hira Singh

23. Which was the central organisation of the Sikh Misls?
(a) Rakhi System
(b) Jagirdari
(c) Gurmata
(d) Misls
Answer:
(c) Gurmata

24. What was the chief of District called during Misl times?
(a) Ziladar
(b) Kardar
(c) Misldar
(d) Sardar.
Answer:
(b) Kardar

25. What was Rakhi System?
(a) Protection from extortion of foreign invaders
(b) Protection of crops .
(c) Protection of women folk
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(a) Protection from extortion of foreign invaders

26. Which army was the most important wing of the Misls?
(a) Cavalry
(b) Infantry
(c) Artillery
(d) Navy
Answer:
(a) Cavalry

PSEB 12th Class History Solutions Chapter 14 Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab under the Mughals

December 11, 2024December 10, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class History Book Solutions Chapter 14 Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab under the Mughals Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 14 Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab under the Mughals

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What was the condition of Muslims under the Mughals?
Or
Write a note on the Muslim society of Punjab during the Mughal times.
Answer:
The condition of the Muslims in the society of the Punjab under the Mughals was very good. Being related to the ruling class, they enjoyed some special privileges in society. They were appointed to all higher posts in the State. At that time the Muslim society was divided into three sections. People of Upper Class, which included mansabdars, governors, landlords, enjoyed a life of pomp and show and luxury. Wine and women were their main sources of entertainment. A large number of servants looked after their comforts.

The Middle Class consisted of peasants, shopkeepers and petty officials. Their standard of living was lower than that of upper class people, but they led a happy life. The Lower Class comprised domestic s mts, labourers, petty shopkeepers and slaves. Their condition was miserable. Being very poor, it was difficult for them to make both ends meet.

Question 2.
What was the condition of the Hindus under the Mughals?
Or
Study in brief the condition of Hindu society in the Punjab under the Mughals.
Answer:
The condition of the Hindus in the society of the Punjab under the Mughals was not good. Although they formed a majority in the society yet they were deprived of high offices. The Muslims treated them as Kafirs and they were ill-treated. They were forced to embrace Islam. The Hindu society of that time was fragmented into many castes and sub-castes. The caste-system had become more rigid than before. People of high class looked down upon the people of low class and treated them with cruelty. Besides, many restrictions were imposed on them.

Inter-caste marriages and inter-dining were prohibited so much, so that each member of the sociey had to adopt the occupation of his caste. Anybody who violated the caste rules was excommunicated. The caste system of the Hindus, in fact, proved very harmful for them.

Question 3.
What was the position of women in Punjab under the Mughals?
Or
Describe any five evils prevalent among women in the Punjab under the Mughals.
Answer:
The condition of women in the society of Punjab under the Mughals was miserable. Birth of a female child was considered not good. As enormous amount was required for the marriage of girls, most of them were killed at the time of their birth. The girls who luckily survived were married off at a very young age. Consequently, no attention was given to the education of girls. In the event of the death of husband, the wife was burnt alive on the pyre with her dead husband. This system was called Sati system . Those who did not do so, had to lead the life of a widow. Purdah system was in vogue among Hindu and Muslim women.

Question 4.
What were the main sources of entertainment of the people of Punjab under the Mughals?
Or
What were the means of recreation of the people of Punjab during the Mughals?
Answer:
People of the Punjab during the Mughal period had many sources of entertainment. People of higher class entertained themselves by hunting, taking part in chariot races, ftigeon flights, polo and chess playing, by watching fights of elephants and cocks, by swimming and by taking part in drinking sessions. The common people entertained themselves by dancing, music, singing, wrestling, races, jugglery shows and by playing cards. Besides, people actively took part in festivals and fairs. Prominent among Hindu fairs and festivals were Diwali, Dussehra, Baisakhi, Lohri, Holi, Shivratri and Ram Naumi. The Muslims celebrated mainly Id, Shab-e-Barat and Nauroz.

Question 5.
Write a brief note about prevalent education in Punjab under the Mughals.
Answer:
It was not the responsibility of the state to impart educati ‘’ people during the Mughal period. The Hindus got the primary education in temples while the Muslims got education in mosques. The students were given religious education also. In comparison to the Muslims, the Hindus took more interest in education. No fee was charged from the students. After the completion of education, students gave some offerings (Dakshina) to their teachers. There were schools for providing higher education in Punjab at Lahore, Multan, Sialkot, Jalandhar, Sultanpur, Batala, Ambala, Sirhind etc.

The government gave some financial assistance to these schools. In this period, no attention was given to women-education. Only the women of higher families got education. For this arrangement was made in their homes.

Question 6.
Mention any five special features of social condition of people of the Punjab during the Mughal period.
Answer:
The condition of Muslims of the Punjab under the Mughals was very good. As they belonged to the ruling class, they enjoyed some special privileges. The Muslim society was divided into three classes—Upper Class, Middle Class and Lower Class. People of the Upper Class led a life of luxury and pomp and show. Condition of people of the Lower Class was deplorable. Condition of the Hindus, who formed the majority strata of society, was also not good. They were deprived of many rights. The Muslims hated them. The Hindu society was split up into many castes and sub-castes.

Caste system had become more rigid than before. The condition of women folk in society was miserable. The evils like child- marriage, sati system, ban on widow re-marriage, purdah system etc, were prevalent among women folk. Women were considered a commodity of sensual pleasure. People put on cotton and silk clothes. Garments of high class people were very costly while common people wore ordinary clothes. Both men and women were fond of wearing ornaments at that time.

Question 7.
Give an account of agriculture of Punjab under the Mughals.
Or
What policy did the government adopt regarding agriculture in Punjab during the Mughal period?
Or
What was the main occupation of Punjabis under the Mughals?
Answer:
Agriculture-was the main occupation of people of Punjab under the Mughals. About 80% people of the Punjab were engaged in this occupation. Therefore, the Mughal government paid special attention to the encouragement of agriculture. Peasants were given special facilities to bring new land under cultivation. Taqavi loans were given to peasants to develop means of irrigation. Land revenue was fixed on the basis of fertility of land and irrigational facilities and it Varied from one place to the other. Usually it used to be 1/3 of the total produce. Land revenue was accepted in cash or in kind, according to the convenience of the peasants. Land revenue was either written off or reduced in the event of a famine.

Strict orders were issued to those employees who collected revenue, that peasants should not be exploited in any way. Use of fertilisers was encouraged. As a result of all these efforts, there used to be bumper harvests under the Mughals. The main crops of the Punjab were wheat, grains, rice, maize, sugarcane, cotton, barley, etc. Besides, oil-seeds, indigo, opium and many types of fruits were also cultivated.

Question 8.
Write a brief note on textile industry of Punjab under the Mughals.
Answer:
Among the industries prevalent in Punjab under the Mughals, textile industry was the most famous. Of the textile industry the cotton industry was the most important. Fine cloth was manufactured at Amritsar, Lahore, Multan and Gujarat. Multan was famous for mats, table clothes and sheets. Beautiful lungis were manufactured in Peshawar. Pyjamas and salwars were tailored in Multan, Lahore and Amritsar. Chiffon cloth was manufactured in Gujarat. Multan, Kashmir and Amritsar were the famous centres of silk industry. At that time, Gulbadan, Daryai and Dhup-Chhaon silk clothes were manufactured.

There was a great demand for silk Cloth of Multan among courtiers of Lahore and foreign travellers. Amritsar and Kashmir were famous for woollen industry. Kashmiri shawls were famous in the world. Wool was imported for manufacturing shawls. Shawls, blankets and lohis were manufactured in Amritsar. Blankets and lohis of Amritsar were very famous.

Question 9.
What do you know about trade and commerce in Punjab under the Mughals?
Answer:
The internal and external trade of Punjab under the Mughals was very well developed. This was due to many reasons. First, was the ideal geographic location of the Punjab. Secondly, the means of transport were very developed. Thirdly, the Punjab produced bumper harvests. Its industry also flourished. Trade was in the hands of Khatris, Banias, Mahajans, Aroras, Bohras and Khojas. Foreign trade was carried on with Arab countries, Afghanistan, Iran, Tibet, Bhutan, Syria, China and European couptries.

The Punjab exported cotton and silk clothes, shawls, blankets, corn, sugar, indigo and salt to these countries. In exchange the Punjab imported horses of best pedigree, dry fruit, luxury items, fine carpets, silk and precious stones. Transportation of cargo was carried on through carts, camels, horses and oxen. Besides, boats were used to carry the cargo through water routes.

Question 10.
Write a short note on the economic condition of Punjab during the Mughal rule.
Or
Throw light on the economic condition of Punjab under the Mughal rule.
Answer:
The economic condition of people in Punjab during the Mughal perio’d was very sound. Agriculture was the main occupation of people at that time. Land was fertile, there was no dearth of irrigational facilities and special facilities provided by the government encouraged this occupation greatly. Consequently, there was bumper harvest. Main crops of the Punjab were wheat, rice, sugarcane, cotton, maize, grains and barley. The other occupation of people was industry. Textile industry was the main and most famous industry at that time. Besides, leather industry, sugar industry, arms manufacturing and woodworks were also famous. The internal and external trade of Punjab was fully developed.

The Punjab carried on export with Arab countries, European countries, Afghanistan, Iran, Tibet, China etc. The Punjab exported cotton cloth, silk cloth, shawls, blankets, corn, sugar, indigo etc. to these countries. In exchange, precious stones, silk, dry fruit and fine horses were imported from these countries. Cost of commodities in the Punjab was very low. As a result the poor also led a comfortable life.

Essay Type Questions:

Social Condition:

Question 1.
Study the social condition of the people of Punjab under the Mughals.
Or
Describe the main features of the social life of the people of the Punjab under the Mughals.
Or
Give a brief account of the social condition of the Punjab under the Mughals.
Answer:
The Mughals ruled in Punjab from 1526 to 1752 A.D. The social condition of the people of Punjab under the Mughals was not so good. The society of Punjab at that time was mainly divided into two sections—the Muslims and the Hindus. A brief description of the social condition of the people of Punjab under the Mughals is as follows—

1. Three classes of Muslims: The Muslim society of Punjab under the Mughals was divided into three classes :

Upper Class: The upper class of the Muslims consisted of big mansabdars, subedars, landlords, army generals and affluent persons. The people of this class led a life of comfort and luxury. They lived in beautiful palatial palaces. Their costumes were very costly. They spent most of their time in sensual pleasures and merry-making. There was a large number of servants who attended on them.
Middle Class: This class consisted of traders, farmers, soldiers and government officials of the lower rank. Though their standard of living was lower than that of the upper class, yet they led a prosperous life.
Lower Class: It was the largest class. This class comprised smiths, carpenters, weavers, craftsmen, petty shop-keepers, labourers and slaves. Their condition was miserable. Being poor, they could hardly make both ends meet. They lived in slum areas. This class constituted a large number of slaves. Their condition was also very pitiable. It had become a fashion at that time to keep slave girls.

2. Caste System of the Hindus: The Hindus constituted the majority strata of the society of Punjab. Their society was divided not only in four main’castes, Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaish and Shudra, but also in many other castes and sub¬castes. The people belonging to one caste looked down upon the people of other castes.

3. Condition of Women : In the society of Mughal Punjab, the condition of women was very pitiable. They were deprived of those rights which were enjoyed by men. In the society, remained confined to the four walls of the house.

4. Diet: The diet of the people of upper class was very rich. The people of upper class were fond of ‘puree’ and ‘halwa’. In order to make their food delicious, they would make liberal use of butte!1 and spices. They made a rich use of fresh and dry fruits. The Hindus were mostly vegetariAnswer: The food of the poor was very simple. The use erf ‘lassi’ was very common. During summer ‘cold sharbat’ was greatly used.

5. Dress and Ornaments: The people in the Punjab of the Mughal period put on cotton and silk clothes. The robes of the people of upper class were very costly. Men’s dress consisted of loose kurta, tight pyjama or salwar and turban. Salwar and kamiz were commonly worn by women. The Hindu women would wear sarees. They would cover their head with either a sheet or a ‘dupatta’. The Muslim women would go out in a ‘burqa’. At that time, both men and women were fond of wearing ornaments.

The women would, as far as possible, wear ornaments on every part of their body such as ear-rings in ears, nose-ring in nose, bangles on arms, rings on fingers, anklets on feet and necklace round neck.

6. Means of Entertainment: The people of Punjab during the Mughal period entertained themselves by different meAnswer: The people of high caste entertained themselves by hunting, taking part in chariot races, playing polo, holding pigeon flights, watching elephant and cock fights, swimming, playing chess and taking part in parties (mehfils). The common people entertained themselves by music, dancing, bhangra, wrestling, races, watching juggler and magic shows and playing cards. Besides all these, people took active part in fairs and festivals with great zeal.

7. Education: In the Mughal period, it was not the responsibility of the government to impart education to the people. The Hindus received their early education in the temples, while the Muslims received it in the mosques. The pupils were also given education about their religions. The Hindus took more interest in education than the Muslims. No fee was charged from the students. After the completion of studies, the pupils would give some offerings to the teachers.

There were centres of higher education at places like Lahore, Multan, Sialkot, Jalandhar, Sultanpur, Batala, Ambala, Sirhind in Punjab. The government would give them financial aid. During this period no attention was paid to women’s education. Only a few women of upper class families ‘got education. Private arrangement for their education was made at homes.

Question 2.
Describe the major social evils prevalent in the society of Punjab under the Mughals.
Answer:
The social life of the people under the Mughal rule shows a very terrible scene. At that time caste system, sati system, female infanticide, restriction on widow marriage, polygamy and purdah system etc. were in vogue. As a result the condition of the low caste women was very pitiable. The description of the main social evils during the Mughal rule is as under :

1. Caste System: The Hindus constituted the majority strata of the society of Punjab. Their society was divided not only in four main castes—Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra, but also in many other castes and sub-castes. The people belonging to one caste looked down upon the people of other castes. The people of higher castes perpetrated tyranny on the people of lower castes. The people belonging to the low castes were not allowed to mix with the people of high castes, to recite the Vedas, to visit temples and to draw water from wells and ponds of common use.

Untouchability was wide spread. In the society, everybody worked according to his caste. He could not change it according to his ability. There were many restrictions on the inter-mixing of these castes. He, wbo defied these caste rules, was ostracised. Every caste thought of its own welfare. Famous historian Dr. A.L. Srivastava aptly says, “The caste rules and taboos had become more rigid than in the preceding centuries.”

2. Condition of Women : In the society of Mughal Punjab, the condition of women was very pitiable. They were deprived of those rights which were enjoyed by men. In the society, women were considered no better than man’s shoe. They remained confined to the four walls of the house. Women at that time were regarded as an object of entertainment and lust. They could be sold and bought like animals. At that time the following evil practices regarding women were in vogue :

1. Female Infanticide : In the Hindu society of that time the birth of a girl was considered an ill-omen. According to the prevailing social customs, a huge amount of money had to be spent on the marriage of a girl, but a majority strata of the society, who belonged to the poor class could not incur such a heavy expenditure. So, they had to face many hardships to find a suitable match for their daugthers. But, if a person did not marry off his daugther, it was deemed against the religion and society. Besides this, the Muslims forcibly kidnapped the young Hindu girls. So, many Hindus would kill the new-born girls.

2. Child Marriage : According to the prevalent social customs the girls were married off at a very early age i.e. within 4 or 5 years after their birth. As a result no attention was paid to their education. Owing to early marriage, the responsibilities of married life fell on them, which were beyond their comprehension. Early childbirth badly affected their health. Sometimes-for avarice of money, these innocent girls were married off to persons of older age-group.

3. Sati System : The most heinous and the most horrifying of all the- evils prevalent in the Punjab of Mughal period was the ‘Sati system’. According to this inhuman practice, if the husband of an unfortunate woman died, she was forcibly burnt alive on the pyre of her husband. If she were pregnant at the time of her husband’s death, she would be forced to perform Sati with some relics of her husband after the child birth. Since the life of a widow in the society was hellish, many women would rather perform Sati of their own accord.

4. No permission for Widow Marriage : Those women, who survived the Sati rites, had to live a widowr’s life. Widow marriage was strongly prohibited in the society. A widow had to suffer much. Her hair was cut off. She was given shabby clothes to wear. The use of make up was prohibited. She was forced to do the whole household drudgery. She was not permitted to participate in domestic festivities or festivals. A widow was insulted and ill-treated by all. She was chided with accusations like ill-begotten and husband-eater. In short, they led a miserable life.

5. Polygamy : Polygamy was prevalent among Muslims and upper class of Hindus. According to Islam, a Muslim could marry four times. Divorce was also in vogue among the Muslims. Accordingly, the Muslims divorced their previous wives and married the new ones. In fact, the custom of polygamy had worsened the condition of women in the society.

6. Purdah System: Purdah system was on the increase during the Mughal period. This system was in vogue among the Hindu as well as Muslim women. According to this system, the women always remained in the purdah. This system not only badly affected the health of women but also proved a hurdle in the way of liberal thoughts.

7. Prostitution : The practice of prostitution was in full swing during the Mughal period. The cities were overcrowded with prostitutes. This practice had eroded the moral standard of the society. Dr. A.B. Pandey is quite apt, when he says, “The position of women during this period registered a further decline.”

Economic Condition:

Question 3.
Describe the economic condition of Punjab under the Mughals.
Answer:
During the Mughal period the people of Punjab were economically prosperous. The prices of commodities were low. So the people could live comfortably. Agriculture, industry and trade were well developed. Lahore and Multan were the most famous trade centres. A brief description of the economic condition of the people of that time is as ahead

1. Agriculture : The chief occupation of the people of Punjab dining Mughal period was agriculture. 80% population of the Punjab was engaged in this occupation. The reason behind this was that the land of Punjab was very fertile and there was no shortage of means of irrigation. ‘Zabti system’ was enforced in Punjab. Under this system the cultivable land in the Punjab was measured. On the basis of its fertility, it was classified as Polz, Parauti, Chachar and Banjar. The government would determine its land revenue on the basis of the fertility of the soil, convenience of irrigation and average output of the previous decade. The maximum revenue of the government was one-third.

The government collected its land revenue in kind or cash according to the convenience of the farmers. The land revenue to be realized from the farmers was exempted or reduced in the event of famine or short produce. The government officials were strictly ordered not to over¬charge any farmer. As a result of all these efforts, there were bumper crops in Punjab. The main crops of Punjab were wheat, rice, sugar-cane, cotton, maize, gram and barley.

2. Industries : Next to agriculture, industry was the main occupation of the people of Punjab. The main industries of that time were as follows

(1) Cotton Industry: During the Mughal period, cotton industry was the most important industry of Punjab. Lahore, Multan, Sialkot, Gujarat, Samana, Bajwara and Amritsar were the famous industrial centres of cotton industry. Cotton cloth of several varieties was manufactured at Lahore. Multan was known for carpets and mattresses of top quality. Superior type of cloth was made at Samana, which was in great demand in England.

(2) Silk Industry : During the Mughal period, silk industry was the second famous industry of Punjab. Multan, Kashmir and Amritsar were the famous centres of silk industry. The silk cloth of Multan was in great demand in affluent families. ‘Gulbadan’ and ‘Daryayi’ silk clothes were manufactured at Amritsar and Lahore.

(3) Woollen Industry: Woollen industry was one of the famous industries of Punjab. Kashmir and Amritsar were the two famous centres of this industry. Kashmir was a world famous centre of shawl industry. Blankets and ‘Loees’ (thin blankets) of superior qualities were made at Amritsar.

(4) Leather Industry : During the Mughal period, the leather industry of Punjab was also famous. Many things were made of leather. Chief among them were saddles, reins, shoes, gloves and water-carriers called <mashks\ Hoshiarpur, Peshawar and Multan were the famotis centres of this trade.

3. Animal Rearing : In Punjab many people practised animal rearing. The animals were reared for different purposes. Ox, he-buffalo and camel were used for agriculture. Ox, donkey, mule and camel were used for transport purposes. Horse and camel were used for riding. Cows, buffalbes, sheep and goats were reared to get milk. Wool Was also obtained from sheep. Markets to trade these animals were also held at various places in Punjab.

4. Minerals : During the times of the Mughals, although minerals of many types were found in Punjab, their quantity was very small. Copper and iron were found in the hilly areas of Mandi and Suket. There were zinc mines in Jammu. Salt mines were found in Kheora, Nurpur and Kala Bagh (Sindh). Salt-acid was found in Multan and Gujarat. By sifting the sand of the rivers of Punjab, a little quantity of gold was also found.

5. Trade : The external and internal trade of the Punjab flourished during the Mughal period. The work of trade was in the hands of Kshatriyas, Baniyas, Mahajans, Aroras, Bohras and Khojas. The external trade of the Punjab was carried on with Arab countries, Afghanistan, Iran, Tibet, Bhutan, Syria, China and European countries. The Punjab exported cotton and silk clothes, shawls, blankets, grain, sugar, indigo and salt to these countries. In exchange, the Punjab imported horses of superior breed, dry fruit, things of luxury, quality-carpets, silk and precious stones.

6. Famous Commercial Towns : Lahore and Multan were the two most important commercial towns of the Punjab. Besides these, Amritsar, Jalandhar, Sirhind, Bajwara, Batala, Samana, Hissar, Panipat, Sultanpur, Kartarpur were other famous commercial towns of the Punjab.

7. Prices : During the Mughal times, the prices of articles in Punjab were very low. During the reign of Akbar, one maund of wheat cost 12 dam, rice 20 dam, maize 10 dam, gram 16 dam, milk 25 dam and sugar 6 dam. Dam was the most common currency used during the Mughal period. It was made of copper. Even after Akbar, the prices remained the same. Prices being low, the poor people could easily make both ends meet.

Question 4.
What were the main features of the Social and Economic life of the people of the Punjab under the Mughals?
Answer:

The Mughals ruled in Punjab from 1526 to 1752 A.D. The social condition of the people of Punjab under the Mughals was not so good. The society of Punjab at that time was mainly divided into two sections—the Muslims and the Hindus. A brief description of the social condition of the people of Punjab under the Mughals is as follows—

1. Three classes of Muslims: The Muslim society of Punjab under the Mughals was divided into three classes :

Upper Class: The upper class of the Muslims consisted of big mansabdars, subedars, landlords, army generals and affluent persons. The people of this class led a life of comfort and luxury. They lived in beautiful palatial palaces. Their costumes were very costly. They spent most of their time in sensual pleasures and merry-making. There was a large number of servants who attended on them.
Middle Class: This class consisted of traders, farmers, soldiers and government officials of the lower rank. Though their standard of living was lower than that of the upper class, yet they led a prosperous life.
Lower Class: It was the largest class. This class comprised smiths, carpenters, weavers, craftsmen, petty shop-keepers, labourers and slaves. Their condition was miserable. Being poor, they could hardly make both ends meet. They lived in slum areas. This class constituted a large number of slaves. Their condition was also very pitiable. It had become a fashion at that time to keep slave girls.

During the Mughal period the people of Punjab were economically prosperous. The prices of commodities were low. So the people could live comfortably. Agriculture, industry and trade were well developed. Lahore and Multan were the most famous trade centres. A brief description of the economic condition of the people of that time is as ahead

2. Industries : Next to agriculture, industry was the main occupation of the people of Punjab. The main industries of that time were as follows

Religious Condition:

Question 5.
Write a critical note on the religious condition of the people of Punjab during the Mughal Period.
Or
What do you know about the religious condition of the people of Punjab under the Mughals? Explain.
Answer:
During the Mughal period in Punjab, besides Hinduism and Islam, Sikhism was also popular. At that time Buddhism had disappeared from Punjab and Jainism was limited to the trading class of the cities. The propagation of Christianity also started in this period. The people in this period, laid greater emphasis on superstitions and rituals of religion. Most of the pdople had forgotten the truth behind religion. The Sikh Gurus undertook the great feat of showing the right path of religion to the people of Punjab.

1. Hinduism : Hinduism is counted among the most ancient religions of India. The followers of this religion worshipped Rama, Vishnu, Krishna, Shiva, Hanuman, Durga, Kali and Laxmi etc. Several beautiful temples were built in the memory of these deities. Several attractive idols were kept in these. Hinduism compelled the presence of the Brahmans in all their rituals. Among the religious texts of the Hindus, Vedas, Ramayana and Geeta held an important position. The Hindus greatly respected Brahmans and the cow. Because of his policy of religious tolerance, the Mughal Emperor Akbar ushered the state into a new religious era. He provided religious freedom to the Hindus and withdrew

The pilgrimage tax and Jaziya. Aurangzeb was an orthodox Sunni Emperor. HeJ&d hot accept the prosperity of any other religion besides Islam. Consequently, Enforced the Hindus to convert to Islam. He destroyed several temples and idols. Several restrictions were imposed on them. Consequently, the Hindus became staunch enemies of the Mughal Empire.

2. Islam: Islam became the most preached religion in Punjab. The main reason for this was that the Muslim invaders first of all settled permanently in Punjab. The followers of this religion believed in one Allah. They considered Mohammad Sahib as a representative of God. They read the Namaz 5 times a day. They observed the Rozas in the month of Ramzaan. They considered it mandatory to perform the Haj. They made donations (Zakaat). They were against idol worship. Because the Sultans of Delhi and the Mughal Emperors were Muslims, hence during their reign, Islam spread rapidly. Because the state offered special privileges to the Muslims, several lower class people of Punjab converted to Islam. Aurangzeb forced several people to convert to Islam.

3. Sufism : Sufism was a sect of Islam. The people of this sect adopted the policy of religious tolerance. Their main objective was mutual brotherhood and service to mankind. They believed in music. They popularised Qawwali form of singing. Sufi saints raised their voice against several prevalent socio-religious malpractices in society. During the Mughal period the Silsilas namely Chishti, Suhravardi, Qadari and Naqshbandi were popular. Because the Sufis loved people of all castes, hence several people joined Sufism. Among the Sufi Silsilas, only the Naqshbandis were fanatics. The Naqshbandis had instigated the Mughal emperors to execute Guru Arjan Dev Ji and Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.

4. Sikhism: Sikhisrp was bom in Punjab during the Mughal Period. This religion was founded by Guru Nanak Dev Ji in the 15th century. Guru Nanak Sahib vehemently opposed the social and religious malpractices prevalent in society at that time. He spread the message of worship of God and mutual brotherhood. He laid the foundation of the institutions of Sangat and Pangat. The doors of Sikhism were open to people of all castes and classes. He rendered the light of knowledge to people treading in the darkness of ignorance. Guru Ji’s message was carried ahead by his nine successors. The policy of religious tolerance observed by Akbar gave a golden opportunity to Sikhism to prosper. As. soon as Jahangir sat on the throne, the relations between the Sikhs and Mughals grew tense. The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji in 1606 A.D. and Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji in 1675 A.D. infuriated the Sikhs. To give a strong response to the Mughals against their atrocities, Guru Gobind Singh Ji founded the Khalsa Panth in 1699 A.D.

5. Other Religions : Besides the above mentioned religions, both Buddhism and Jainism were also popular in Mughal period in Punjab. The followers of these religions were few in number. During the Mughal Emperor Akbar’s reign, Christianity started flourishing as a religion. Akbar allowed the Christians to build a Church at Lahore. This religion did not receive much encouragement in Punjab.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What was the condition of Muslims under the Mughals?
Or
Write a note on the Muslim society of the Punjab during the Mughal times.
Answer:
The condition of the Muslims in the society of the Punjab under the Mughals was very good. Being related to the ruling class, they enjoyed some Special privileges in society. People of upper class, enjoyed a life of luxury. Standard of living of the people of middle class was lower than that of upper class people, but they led a happy life. The condition of lower class people was miserable.

Question 2.
What was the condition of Hindus under the Mughals?
Or
Study in brief the condition of Hindu society in the Punjab under the Mughals.
Answer:
The condition of the Hindus in the society of the Punjab under the Mughals was not good. Although they formed a majority in the society yet they were deprived of high offices. The Muslims treated them as Kafirs and they were ill- treated. They were forced to embrace Islam. The caste-system had become more rigid than before. People-of high class looked down upon the people of low class and treated them with cruelty.

Question 3.
What was the position of women in Punjab under the Mughals?
Or
What was the condition of women in the Mughal Period?
Answer:
The condition of women in the society of Punjab under the Mughals was , not good. Birth of a female-child was considered inauspicious. So most of them were killed at the time of their birth. The girls who luckily survived were married off at a very young age. Consequently, no attention was given to the education of girls. Sati system was prevalent. Widow’s life was worse than an animal’s life. Purdah system was in vogue among Hindu and Muslim women.

Question 4.
What were the main sources of entertainment of the people of Punjab under the Mughals?
Or
What were the means of recreation of the people of Punjab during the Mughals?
Answer:
People of the Punjab during the , Mughal period had many sources of entertainment. People of higher class entertained themselves by hunting, taking part in chariot races, polo and chess playing, watching fights of elephants and cocks and swimming and taking part in drinking sessions. The common people entertained themselves by dancing, music, singing, wrestling and racing. Prominent Hindu festivals were Diwali, Dussehra, Baisakhi, Lohri, Holi, Shivaratri and Ram Naumi. The Muslims celebrated mainly Id, Shab-i-Barat and Nauroz.

Question 5.
Write a brief note about prevalent education in Punjab under the Mughals.
Answer:
It was not the responsibility of the state to impart education to people during the Mughal period. The Hindus got the primary education in temples while the Muslims got education in mosques. In comparison to the Muslims, the Hindus took more interest in education. No fee was charged from the students. After the completion of education, students gave some offerings (Dakshina) to their teachers. In this period, no attention was given to women education.

Question 6.
Mention important features of social condition of people of the Punjab during the Mughal period.
Answer:
The condition of Muslims of the Punjab under the Mughals was very good. As they belonged to the ruling class, they enjoyed some special privileges. The Muslim society was divided into three classes—Upper Class,^Middle Class and Lower Class. People of the Upper Class led a life of luxury. Gbridition of people of the Lower Class was deplorable. Condition of the Hindus, who fdritted the majority strata of society, was also not good. They were deprived of many rights.

Question 7.
What was the condition of agriculture in Punjab under the Mughals?
Or
What policy did the government adopt regarding agriculture in Punjab during the Mughal period?
Or
What was the main occupation of Punjabis under the Mughals?
Answer:
Agriculture was the main occupation of people of Punjab under the Mughals. About 80% people of the Punjab were engaged in this occupation. Therefore, the Mughal government paid special attention to the encouragement of agriculture. Peasants were given special facilities to bring new land under cultivation. Land revenue was fixed on the basis of fertility of land and irrigational facilities The main crops of the Punjab were—wheat, grains, rice, maize, sugarcane, cotton, barley etc.

Question 8.
Write a brief note on textile industry of Punjab under the Mughals.
Answer:
Among the industries prevalent in Punjab under the Mughals, textile industry was the most famous. Of the textile industry the cotton industry was the most important. Fine cloth was manufactured at Amritsar, Lahore, Multan and Gujarat. Multan was famous for mats, table clothes and sheets. Chiffon cloth was manufactured in Gujarat. Multan, Kashmir and Amritsar were the famous centres of silk industry.

Question 9.
What do you know about trade and commerce in Punjab under the Mughals?
Answer:
The internal and external trade of Punjab under the Mughals was very well developed. Foreign trade was carried on with Arab countries, Afghanistan, Iran, Tibet, Bhutan, Syria, China and European countries. The Punjab exported cotton and silk clothes, shawls, blankets, corn, sugar, indigo and salt to these countries. In exchange the Punjab imported horses of best pedigree, dry fruit, luxury items, fine carpets, silk and precious stones.

Question 10.
Write a short note on the economic condition of Punjab during the Mughal rule.
Or
Write a note on the economic condition of Punjabis during the Mughal rule.
Answer:
The economic condition of people in Punjab during the Mughal period was very sound. Agriculture was the main occupation of people at that time. Land was fertile, there was rib dearth of irrigational facilities and special facilities provided by the government encouraged this occupation greatly. The other occupation of people was industry. The internal and external trade of Punjab was fully developed.

Objective Type Questions:

Question 1.
Name the two main communities of Punjabi society during the Mughal period.
Answer:
The Muslims and the Hindus.

Question 2.
Into how many sections was the Muslim society of Punjab divided during the Mughal period?
Answer:
Three.

Question 3.
Write the names of three classes of Muslims during the Mughal period.
Or
How many classes of Muslim society were there in Punjab during the Mughal period?
Answer:
Upper Class, Middle Class and Lower Class.

Question 4.
What type of life did people of Upper Class of Muslim society in Punjab lead under the Mughals?
Answer:
Life of luxury.

Question 5.
What was the condition of Lower Class people of Muslim society in Punjab under the Mughals?
Answer:
Deplorable.

Question 6.
How many classes were there in the Hindu society under the Mughals?
Answer:
Four.

Question 7.
What was the condition of Hindu women in society of Punjab during the Mughal period?
Answer:
Pitiable.

Question 8.
Explain any one evil of women society during Mughal rule.
Or
What was the main evil of the women society during the Mughal period?
Answer:
Sati system.

Question 9.
Give the name of any one centre of higher education Of Punjab . under the Mughals.
Answer:
Lahore.

Question 10.
What was the economic condition of the people of Punjab under the Mughals?
Answer:
Sound.

Question 11.
What was the main occupation of the people of Punjab under the Mughals?
Answer:
Agriculture.

Question 12.
What was the most important industry of Punjab under the Mughals?
Answer:
Textile industry.

Question 13.
Name any one centre of silk industry of Punjab under the Mughals.
Answer:
Kashmir.

Question 14.
What was the condition of trade in Punjab during the Mughal rule?
Answer:
Very developed.

Question 15.
Which were the main trade centres of Punjab under the Mughals?
Answer:
Lahore and Multan.

Question 16.
Write the name of any one importent town of Punjab under the Mughals?
Answer:
Lahore.

Question 17.
Which coin Was most prevalent in Punjab under the Mughals?
Or
What currency was in circulation during Mughal period in the Punjab?
Answer:
The Dam.

Question 18.
What was the coin Dam made of?
Or
What was the coin used in Punjab under the Mughals made of?
Answer:
Copper.

Fill in the blanks:

1. The Muslim society in Punjab under the Mughals was divided into …………… classes.
Answer:
three

2. The number of …………….. was the greatest in the lower class of muslim Society in punjab under the Mughals.
Answer:
slaves

3. …………….. were considered the superior most in the Hindu society.
Answer:
Brahmans

4. The condition of women in society of Punjab under the Mughals was ……………..
Answer:
pitiable

5. The higher education centres in Punjab under the Mughals were ………………. and ……………..
Answer:
Lahore, Multan

6. The main occupation of people in Punjab under the Mughals was …………….
Answer:
Agriculture

7. During the Mughal’period, …………….. was the most important industry of Punjab.
Answer:
Cotton Industry

8. ……………….. was a world famouos centre of Shawl Industry under the Mughals.
Answer:
Kashmir

9. …………… and …………… were famous for Cotton Industry under the Mughals.
Answer:
Lahore, Multan

10. …………… and …………… were the two most important commercial towns of the Punjab under the Mughals.
Answer:
Lahore, Multan

11. Akbar withdrew Pilgrimage tax imposed on the Hindus in ……………. A.D.
Answer:
1563 A.D.

12. Akbar withdrew tax imposed on the Hindus in 1564.
Answer:
Zaziya

13. Aurangzeb reimposed the Jaziya tax on the Hindus in …………….
Answer:
1679 A.D.

14. Islam was very popular in …………….. under Mughals.
Answer:
Punjab

15. ………………. was founded in Punjab under Mughals.
Answer:
Sikhism

16. The main religion of the people of medieval Punjab was ……………….
Answer:
Hindu

True or False:

1. The Muslim society of Punjab under the Mughals was divided into two classes.
Answer:
False

2. The upper class of Muslim society consisted of Mansabdars and Subedars.
Answer:
True

3. The middle class of Muslims consisted mainly slaves.
Answer:
False

4. The lower class of Muslims was the largest.
Answer:
True

5. The Hindu society of Punjab under the Mughals was divided into castes and sub castes.
Answer:
True

6. The condition of Hindu women in society of Punjab under the Mughals was pitiable.
Answer:
True

7. The people of Hindu society under the Mughals did not hate Shudras.
Answer:
False

8. Most of the Hindus of society of Punjab under the Mughals were vegetarians.
Answer:
True

9. The Hindu women under the Mughals wore sarees.
Answer:
True

10. Lahore and Multan were famous centres of higher education under the Mughals.
Answer:
True

11. Women of Mughal period were encouraged to get education.
Answer:
False

12. Lahore was the famous education centre in Mughal period of Punjab.
Answer:
True

13. The chief occupation of the people of Punjab under the Mughal period was agriculture.
Answer:
True

14. The Leather Industry was the most famous industry of Punjab during the Mughal Period.
Answer:
False

15. Jabti System was started in Punjab in 1581 A.D.
Answer:
True

16. The land was divided into five parts in Jabti System.
Answer:
False

17. During the Mughal period, Lahore and Kashmir were famous centres of Silk Industry.
Answer:
False

18. During the Mughal period, Kashmir was the famous centre of shawls.
Answer:
True

19. Daam was made of copper.
Answer:
True

20. The birth of Sikhism took place during the Mughal period.
Answer:
True

21. Chisti Silsila was very famous in Mughal time.
Answer:
True

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. In how many communities Punjab was divided under the Mughals?
(a) Two
(b) Three
(c) Four
(d) Five
Answer:
(a) Two

2. In how many sections was the under the Mughals?
(a) Two
(b) Three
(c) Four
(d) Five
Answer:
(b) Three

3. Which people did not comprise the upper class of Muslim society?
(a) Jagirdars
(b) Mansabdars
(c) Traders
(d) Generals of the army.
Answer:
(c) Traders

4. Which people did not belong to the middle class of Muslim society?
(a) Traders
(b) Peasants
(c) Soldiers
(d) Labourers.
Answer:
(d) Labourers.

5. Which people comprised the lower class of Muslim society?
(a) Slaves
(b) Labourers
(c) Servants
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

6. Which main evil of women society was prevalent under the Mughals?
(a) Female infanticide
(b) Child marriage
(c) Sati system
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

7. What was the main source of recreations of the people of Punjab under the Mughals?
(a) Hunting
(b) Chess playing
(c) Dance-Music
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

8. Which was the main centre of higher education in Punjab under the Mughals?
(a) Lahore
(b) Multan
(c) Sirhind
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above

9. What was the main occupation of the people of Punjab under the Mughals?
(a) Agriculture
(b) Trade
(c) Industry
(d) Animal rearing.
Answer:
(a) Agriculture

10. Which was the main crop raised in Punjab under the Mughals?
(a) Wheat
(b) Sugarcane
(c) Cotton
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

11. What was the most important industry of Punjab under the Mughals?
(a) Cotton Industry
(b) Leather Industry
(c) Sugar Industry
(d) Wood Industry.
Answer:
(a) Cotton Industry

12. Which was the famous centre of Woollen Industry in Punjab under the Mughals?
(a) Kashmir
(b) Gujarat
(c) Lahore
(d) Sialkot.
Answer:
(a) Kashmir

13. Which item was not expored from Punjab under the Mughals?
(a) Horses
(b) Cotton textile
(c) Sugar
(d) Blankets
Answer:
(a) Horses

14. Which of the following towns was famous for trade in Punjab under the Mughals?
(a) Amritsar
(b) Kashmir
(c) Lahore
(d) Panipat
Answer:
(c) Lahore

15. What was the Dam, the most prevalent coin in Punjab made up of?
(a) Gold
(b) Silver
(c) Iron
(d) Copper
Answer:
(d) Copper

16. Which religion was founded during the Mughal period?
(a) Islam
(b) Hinduism
(c) Sikhism
(d) Christianity
Answer:
(c) Sikhism