Class 12

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Biology Book Solutions Chapter 2 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 2 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

PSEB 12th Class Biology Guide Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Name the parts of an angiosperm flower in which development of male and female gametophyte take place.
Answer:
The male gametophyte or the pollen grain develops inside the pollen chamber of the anther, whereas the female gametophyte (also known as the embryo sac) develops inside the nucellus of the ovule from the functional megaspore.

Question 2.
Differentiate between microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis. Which type of cell division occurs during these events? Name the structures formed at the end of these two events.
Answer:

Microsporogenesis	Megasporogenesis
1. It is the process of the formation of microspore tetrads from a microspore mother cell through meiosis.	It is the process of the formation of the four megaspores from a megaspore mother cell in the region of the nucellus through meiosis.
2. It occurs inside the pollen sac of the anther.	It occurs inside the ovule.

(b) Both events (microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis) involve the process of meiosis or reduction division which results in the formation of haploid gametes from the microspore and megaspore mother cells.

(c) Microsporogenesis results in the formation of haploid microspores from a diploid microspore mother cell. On the other hand, megasporogenesis results in the formation of haploid megaspores from a diploid megaspore mother cell.

Question 3.
Arrange the following terms in the correct developmental sequence:
Pollen grain, sporogenous tissue, microspore tetrad, pollen mother cell, male gametes.
Answer:
The correct developmental sequence is as follows:
Sporogenous tissue, pollen mother cell, microspore tetrad, pollen grain, male gametes.
During the development of microsporangium, each cell of the sporogenous tissue acts as a pollen mother cell and gives rise to a microspore tetrad, containing four haploid microspores by the process of meiosis (microsporogenesis). As the anther matures, these microspores dissociate and develop into pollen grains. The pollen grains mature and give rise to male gametes.

Question 4.
With a neat, labelled diagram, describe the parts of a typical ’ angiosperm ovule.
Answer:
An ovule is a female megasporangium where the formation of megaspores takes place.

The various parts of a typical angiospermic ovule are as follows :
1. Funiculus: It is a stalk-like structure which represents the point of attachment of the ovule to the placenta of the ovary.

2. Hilum: It is the point where the body of the ovule is attached to the funiculus.

3. Integuments: They are the outer layers surrounding the ovule that provide protection to the developing embryo.

4. Micropyle: It is a narrow pore formed by the projection of integuments. It marks the point where the pollen tube enters the ovule at the time of fertilisation.

5. Nucellus: It is a mass of the parenchymatous tissue surrounded by the integuments from the outside. The nucellus provides nutrition to the developing embryo. The embryo sac is located inside the nucellus.

6. Chalaza: It is the based swollen part of the nucellus from where the integuments originate.

Question 5.
What is meant by monosporic development of female gametophyte?
Answer:
The female gametophyte or the embryo sac develops from a single functional megaspore. This is known as monosporic development of the female gametophyte. In most flowering plants, a single megaspore mother cell present at the micropylar pole of the nucellus region of the ovule undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid megaspores. Later, out of these four megaspores, only one functional megaspoxe develops into the female gametophyte, while the remaining three degenerate.

Question 6.
With a neat diagram explain the 7-celled, 8-nucleate nature of the female gametophyte.
Answer:
Structure of the mature embryo sac

The female gametophyte (embryo sac) develops from a single functional megaspore. This megaspore undergoes three successive mitotic divisions to form eight nucleate embryo sacs.
The first mitotic division in the megaspore forms two nuclei. One nucleus moves towards the micropylar end while the other nucleus moves towards the chalazal end. Then, these nuclei divide at their respective ends and re-divide to form eight nucleate stages. As a result, there are four nuclei each at both the ends i.e., at the micropylar and the chalazal end in the embryo sac. At the micropylar end, out of the four nuclei only three differentiate into two synergids and one egg cell. Together they are known as the egg apparatus.

Similarly, at the chalazal end, three out of four nuclei differentiates as antipodal cells. The remaining two cells (of the micropylar and the chalazal end) move towards the centre and are known as the polar nuclei, which are situated in a large central cell. Hence, at maturity, the female gametophyte appears as a 7-celled structure, though it has 8-nucleate.

Question 7.
What are chasmogamous flowers? Can cross-pollination occur in cleistogamous flowers? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
There are two types of flowers present in plants namely Oxalis and Viola – chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers. Chasmogamous flowers have exposed anthers and stigmata similar to the flowers of other species.

Cross-pollination cannot occur in cleistogamous flowers. This is because cleistogamous flowers never open at all. Also, the anther and the stigma lie close to each other in these flowers. Hence, only self-pollination is possible in these flowers.

Question 8.
Mention two strategies evolved to prevent self-pollination in flowers.
Answer:
Self-pollination involves the transfer of pollen from the stamen to the pistil of the same flower. Two strategies that have evolved to prevent self-pollination in flowers are given on next page:
1. Self-incompatibility: In certain plants, the stigma of the flower has the capability to prevent the germination of pollen grains and hence, prevent the growth of the pollen tube. It is a genetic mechanism to prevent self-pollination called self-incompatibility. Incompatibility may be between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species. Thus, incompatibility prevents breeding.

2. Protandry: In some plants, the gynoecium matures before the androecium or vice-versa. This phenomenon is known as protogyny or protandry respectively. This prevents the pollen from coming in contact with the stigma of the same flower.

Question 9.
What is self-incompatibility? Why does self-pollination not lead to seed formation in self-incompatible species?
Answer:
Self-incompatibility is a genetic mechanism in angiosperms that prevents self-pollination. It develops genetic incompatibility between ‘ individuals of the same species or between individuals of different
species.

The plants which exhibit this phenomenon have the ability to prevent germination of pollen grains and thus, prevent the growth of the pollen tube on the stigma of the flower. This prevents the fusion of the gametes along with the development of the embryo. As a result, no seed formation takes place.

Question 10.
What is bagging technique? How is it useful in a plant breeding programme?
Answer:
Various artificial hybridisation techniques (under various crop improvement programmes) involve the removal of the anther from bisexual flowers without affecting the female reproductive part (pistil) through the process of emasculation. Then, these emasculated flowers are wrapped in bags to prevent pollination by unwanted pollen grains. This process is called bagging.

This technique is an important part of the plant breeding programme as
it ensures that pollen grains of only desirable plants are used for fertilisation of the stigma to develop the desired plant variety.

Question 11.
What is triple fusion? Where and how does it take place? Name the nuclei involved in triple fusion.
Answer:
Triple fusion is the fusion of the male gamete with two polar nuclei inside the embryo sac of the angiosperm. This process of fusion takes place inside the embryo sac.

When pollen grains fall on the stigma, they germinate and give rise to the pollen tube that passes through the style and enters into the ovule. After this, the pollen tube enters one of synergids and releases two male gametes there.

Out of the two male gametes, one gamete fuses with the nucleus of the egg cell and forms the zygote (syngamy). The other male gamete fuses with the two polar nuclei present in the central cell to form a triploid primary endosperm nucleus. Since this process involves the fusion of three haploid nuclei, it is known as triple fusion. It results in the formation of the endosperm.
One male gamete nucleus and two polar nuclei are involved in this process.

Question 12.
Why do you think the zygote is dormant for sometime in a fertilised ovule?
Answer:
The zygote is formed by the fusion of the male gamete with the nucleus of the egg cell. The zygote remains dormant for some time and waits for the endosperm to form, which develops from the primary endosperm cell resulting from triple fusion. The endosperm provides food for the growing embryo and after the formation of the endosperm, further development of the embryo from the zygote starts.

Question 13.
Differentiate between:
(a) hypocotyl and epicotyl;
(b) coleoptile and coleorrhiza;
(c) integument and testa;
(d) perisperm and pericarp.
Answer:
(a)

Hypocotyl	Epicotyl
1. The portion of the embryonal axis which lies below the cotyledon in a dicot embryo is known as the hypocotyl.	The portion of the embryonal axis which lies above the cotyledon in a dicot embryo is known as the epicotyl.
2. It terminates with the radicle.	It terminates with the plumule.

(b)

Coleoptile	Coleorrhiza
It is a conical protective sheath that encloses the plumule in a monocot seed.	It is an undifferentiated sheath that encloses the radicle and the root cap in a monocot seed.

(c)

Integument	Testa
It is the outermost covering of an ovule. It provides protection to it.	It is the outermost covering of a seed. It provides protection to the young embryo.

(d) Perisperm

Perisperm	Pericarp
It is the residual nucellus which persists. It is present in some seeds such as beet and black pepper.	It is the ripened wall of a fruit, which develops from the wall of an ovary.

Question 14.
Why is apple called a false fruit? Which part(s) of the flower forms the fruit?
Answer:
Fruits derived from the ovary and other accessory floral parts are called false fruits. On the contrary, true fruits are those fruits which develop from the ovary, but do not consist of the thalamus or any other floral part. In an apple, the fleshy receptacle forms the main edible part. Hence, it is a false fruit.

Question 15.
What is meant by emasculation? When and why does a plant breeder employ this technique?
Answer:
Emasculation is the process of removing anthers from bisexual flowers without affecting the female reproductive part (pistil), which is used in various plant hybridisation techniques.

Emasculation is performed by plant breeders in bisexual flowers to obtain the desired variety of a plant by crossing a particular plant with the desired pollen grain. To remove the anthers, the flowers are f covered with a bag before they open. This ensures that the flower is pollinated by pollen grains obtained from desirable varieties only. Later, the mature, viable, and stored pollen grains are dusted on the
bagged stigma by breeders to allow artificial pollination to take place and obtain the desired plant variety.

Question 16.
If one can induce parthenocarpy through the application of growth substances, which fruits would you select to induce parthenocarpy and why?
Answer:
Parthenocarpy is the process of developing fruits without involving the process of fertilisation or seed formation. Therefore, the seedless varieties of economically important fruits such as orange, lemon, water melon etc. are produced using this technique. This technique involves inducing fruit formation by the application of plant growth hormones such as auxins.

Question 17.
Explain the role of tapetum in the formation of pollen-grain wall.
Answer:
Tapetum is the innermost layer of the microsporangium. It provides nourishment to the developing pollen grains. During microsporogenesis, the cells of tapetum produce various enzymes, hormones, amino acids, and other nutritious material required for the development of pollen grains. It also produces the exine layer of the pollen grains, which is composed of the sporopollenin.

Question 18.
What is apomixis and what is its importance?
Answer:
Apomixis is the mechanism of seed production without involving the process of meiosis and syngamy. It plays an important role in hybrid seed production. The method of producing hybrid seeds by cultivation is very expensive for farmers. Also, by sowing hybrid seeds, it is difficult to maintain hybrid characters as characters segregate during meiosis. Apomixis prevents the loss of specific characters in the hybrid. Also, it is a cost-effective method for producing seeds.

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Biology Book Solutions Chapter 16 Environmental Issues Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 16 Environmental Issues

PSEB 12th Class Biology Guide Environmental Issues Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the various constituents of domestic sewage? Discuss the effects of sewage discharge on a river.
Answer:
Domestic sewage is the waste originating from the kitchen, toilet, laundry, and other sources. It contains impurities such as suspended solid (sand, salt, clay), colloidal, material (faecal matter, bacteria, plastic and cloth fibre), dissolved materials (nitrate, phosphate, calcium, sodium, ammonia), and disease-causing microbes. When organic wastes from the sewage enter the water bodies, it serves as a food source for micro-organisms such as algae and bacteria. As a result, the population of these micro-organisms in the water body increases.

Here, they utilise most of the dissolved oxygen for their metabolism. This results in an increase in the levels of Biological oxygen demand (BOD) in river water and results in the death of aquatic organisms. Also, the nutrients in the water lead to the growth of planktonic algal, causing algal bloom. This causes deterioration of water quality and fish mortality.

Question 2.
List all the wastes that you generate, at home, school or during your trips to other places. Could you very easily reduce the generation of these wastes? Which would be difficult or rather impossible to reduce?
Answer:
Wastes generated at home include plastic bags, paper napkins, toiletries, kitchen wastes (such as peelings of vegetables and fruits, tea leaves), domestic sewage, glass, etc.

Wastes generated at schools include waste paper, plastics, vegetable and fruit peels, food wrappings, sewage etc.
Wastes generated at trips or picnics include plastic, paper, vegetable and fruit peels, disposable cups, plates, spoons etc.

Yes, wastes can be easily reduced by the judicious use of the above materials. Wastage of paper can be minimised by writing on both sides of the paper and by using recycled paper. Plastic and glass waste can also be reduced by recycling and re-using.

Also, substituting plastic bags with biodegradable jute bags can reduce wastes generated at home, school, or during trips. Domestic sewage can be reduced by optimising the use of water while bathing, cooking, and other household activities. Non-biodegradable wastes such as plastic, metal, broken glass, etc. are difficult to decompose because micro-organisms do riot have the ability to decompose them.

Question 3.
Discuss the causes and effects of global warming. What measures need to be taken to control global warming?
Answer:
Global warming is defined as an increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s surface. Causes of Global Warming: Global warming occurs as a result of the increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapour. These gases trap solar radiations released back by the Earth. This helps in keeping our planet warm and thus, helps in human survival. However, an increase in the amount of greenhouse gases can lead to an excessive increase in the Earth’s temperature, leading to global warming. Global warming is a result of industrialisation, burning of fossil fuels, and deforestation.

Effects of Global Warming: It has been observed that in the past three decades, the average temperature of the Earth has increased by 0.6°C. As a result, the natural water cycle has been disturbed resulting in changes in the pattern of rainfall. It also changes the amount of rainwater. Also, it results in the melting of Polar ice caps and mountain glaciers, which has caused a rise in the sea level, leading to the inundation of coastal regions.

Control Measures for Preventing Global Warming:

• Reducing the use of fossil fuels
• Use of bio-fuels
• Improving energy efficiency
• Use of renewable source of energy such as CNG etc.
• Reforestation.
• Recycling of materials

Question 4.
Match the items given in column A and B:

Column A	Column B
(a) Catalytic converter	(i) Particulate matter
(b) Electrostatic precipitator	(ii) Carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides
(c) Earmuffs	(iii) High noise level
(d) Landfills	(iv) Solid wastes

Answer:

Column A	Column B
(a) Catalytic converter	(ii) Carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides
(b) Electrostatic precipitator	(i) Particulate matter
(c) Earmuffs	(iii) High noise level
(d) Landfills	(iv) Solid wastes

Question 5.
Write critical notes on the following:
(a) Eutrophication
(b) Biological magnification
(c) Groundwater depletion and ways for its replenishment
Answer:
(a) Eutrophication:
It is the natural ageing process of a lake caused due to nutrient enrichment. It is brought down by the runoff of nutrients such as animal wastes, fertilisers, and sewage from land which leads to an increased fertility of the lake. As a result, it causes a tremendous increase in the primary productivity of the ecosystem. This leads to an increased growth of algae, resulting, into, algal blooms. Later, the decomposition of these algae depletes the supply of oxygen, leading to the death of other aquatic animal life.

(b) Biological Magnification: Unknowingly some harmful chemicals enter our bodies through the food chain. We use several pesticides and other chemicals to protect our crops from diseases and pests. These chemicals are either washed down into the soil or into the water bodies. From the soil, these are absorbed by the plants along with water and minerals, and from the water bodies, these are taken up by aquatic plants and animals. This is one of the ways in which they enter the food chain. As these chemicals are not degradable, these get accumulated progressively at each trophic level. As human beings occupy the topmost level in any food chain, the maximum concentration of these chemicals get accumulated in our bodies. This phenomenon is known as biological magnification.

(c) Ground Water Depletion and Ways for its Replenishment: The level of groundwater has decreased in the recent years. The source of water supply is rapidly diminishing each year because of an increase in the population and water pollution. To meet the demand of water, water is withdrawn from water bodies such as ponds, rivers etc. As a result, the source of groundwater is depleting.

This is because the amount of groundwater being drawn for human use is more than the amount replaced by rainfall. Lack of vegetation cover also results in very small amounts of water seeping through the ground. An increase in water pollution is another factor that has reduced the availability of groundwater.

Measures for Replenishing Ground Water:

• Preventing over-exploitation of groundwater
• Optimising water use and reducing water demand
• Rainwater harvesting
• Preventing deforestation and plantation of more trees.

Question 6.
Why does ozone hole form over Antarctica? How will enhanced ultraviolet radiation affect us?
Answer:
The ozone hole is more prominent over the region of Antarctica. It is formed due to an increased concentration of chlorine in the atmosphere. Chlorine is mainly released from chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) widely used as refrigerants. The CFC’s magnate from the troposphere to the stratosphere, where they release chlorine atoms by the action of UV rays on them.

The release of Chlorine atoms causes the conversion of ozone into molecular oxygen. One atom of chlorine can destroy around 10,000 molecules of ozone and causes ozone depletion. The formation of the ozone hole will result in an increased concentration of UV – B radiations on the Earth’s surface. UV -B damages DNA and activates the process of skin ageing. It also causes skin darkening and skin cancer. High levels of UV -B cause corneal cataracts in human beings.

Question 7.
Discuss the role of women and communities in protection and conservation of forests.
Answer:
Women and communities have played a major role in environmental conservation movements.
(i) Case Study of the Bishnoi Community: The Bishnoi community in Rajasthan strictly believes in the concept of living peacefully with nature. In 1731, the king of Jodhpur ordered his ministers to arrange wood for the construction of his new palace. For this purpose, the minister and 1116 workers went to Bishnoi village.

There, a Bishnoi woman called Amrita Devi along with her daughter and hundreds of other Bishnois showed the courage to step forward and stop them from cutting trees. They embraced the trees and lost their lives at the hands of soldiers of the king. This resistance by the people of the village forced the king to give up the idea of cutting trees.

(ii) Chipko Movement: The Chipko movement was started in 1974 in the Garhwal region of the Himalayas. In this movement, the women from the village stopped the contractors from cutting forest trees by embracing them.

Question 8.
What measures, as an individual, would you take to reduce environmental pollution?
Answer:
The following initiatives can be taken to prevent environmental pollution:
Measures for Preventing Air Pollution

• Planting more trees
• Use of clean and renewable energy sources such as CNG and bio-fuels
• Reducing the use of fossil fuels
• Use of catalytic converters in automobiles

Measures for Preventing Water Pollution:

• Optimising the use of water
• Using kitchen wastewater in gardening and other household purposes

Measures for Controlling Noise Pollution:

• Avoid burning crackers on Diwali
• Plantation of more trees

Measures for Decreasing Solid Waste Generation:

• Segregation of waste
• Recycling and reuse of plastic and paper
• Composting of biodegradable kitchen waste
• Reducing the use of plastics.

Question 9.
Discuss briefly the following:
(a) Radioactive wastes
(b) Defunct ships and e-wastes
(c) Municipal solid Wastes
Answer:
(a) Radioactive Wastes: Radioactive wastes are generated during the process of generating nuclear energy from radioactive materials. Nuclear waste is rich in radioactive materials that generate large quantities of ionising radiations such as gamma rays. These rays cause mutation in organisms, which often results in skin cancer. At high dosage, these rays can be lethal.

Safe disposal of radioactive wastes is a big challenge. It is recommended that nuclear wastes should be stored after pre-treatment in suitable shielded containers, which should then be buried in rocks.

(b) Defunct Ships and E-wastes: Defunct ships are dead ships that are no longer in use. Such ships are broken down for scrap metal in countries such as India and Pakistan. These ships are a source of various toxicants such as asbestos, lead, mercury etc. Thus, they contribute to solid* wastes that are hazardous to health.

E-waste or electronic wastes generally include electronic goods such as computers etc. Such wastes are rich in metals such as copper, iron, silicon, gold etc. These metals are highly toxic and pose serious health hazards. People of developing countries are involved in the recycling process of these metals and therefore, get exposed to toxic substances present in these wastes.

(c) Municipal Solid Wastes: Municipal solid wastes are generated from schools, offices, homes, and stores. It is generally rich in glass, metal, paper waste, food, rubber, leather, and textiles. The open dumps of municipal wastes serve as a breeding ground for flies, mosquitoes, and other disease-causing microbes. Hence, it is necessary to dispose of municipal solid waste properly to prevent the spreading of diseases. Sanitary landfills and incineration are the methods for the safe disposal of solid wastes.

Question 10.
What initiatives were taken for reducing vehicular air pollution in Delhi? Has air quality improved in Delhi?
Answer:
Delhi has been categorised as the fourth most polluted city of the world in a list of 41 cities. Burning of fossil fuels has added to the pollution of air in Delhi.
Various steps have been taken to improve the quality of air in Delhi.

(a) Introduction of CNG (Compressed Natural Gas): By the order of the supreme court of India, CNG-powered vehicles were introduced at the end of year 2006 to reduce the levels of pollution in Delhi. CNG is a clean fuel that produces very little unburnt particles.
(b) Phasing out of old vehicles
(c) Use of unleaded petrol
(d) Use of low-sulphur petrol and diesel
(e) Use of catalytic converters
(f) Application of stringent pollution-level norms for vehicles
(g) Implementation of Bharat stage I, which is equivalent to euro II norms in vehicles of major Indian cities.

The introduction of CNG-powered vehicles has improved Delhi’s air quality, which has lead to a substantial fall in the level of CO₂ and SO₂. However, the problem of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and respiratory suspended particulate matter,(RSPM) still persists.

Question 11.
Discuss briefly the following:
(a) Greenhouse gases
(b) Catalytic converter
(c) Ultraviolet B
Answer:
(a) Greenhouse Gases: The greenhouse effect refers to an overall increase in the average temperature of the Earth due to the presence of greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases mainly consist of carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapour. When solar radiations reach the Earth, some of these radiations are absorbed.

These absorbed radiations are Released back into the atmosphere. These radiations are trapped by the greenhouse gases present in the atmosphere. This helps in keeping our planet warm and thus, helps in human survival.
However, an increase in the amount of greenhouse gases can lead to an excessive increase in the Earth’s temperature, thereby causing global warming.

(b) Catalytic Converter: Catalytic converters are devices fitted in automobiles to reduce automobile or vehicle pollution. These devices contain expensive metals such as platinum, palladium, and rhodium that act as catalysts.
As the vehicular discharge -passes through the catalytic converter, the unburnt hydrocarbons present in it get converted into carbon dioxide and water. Carbon monoxide and nitric oxide released by catalytic converters are converted into carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas respectively.

(c) Ultraviolet B: Ultraviolet-B is an electromagnetic radiation which has a shorter wavelength than visible light.
It is a harmful radiation that comes from sunlight and penetrates through the ozone hole onto the Earth’s surface.
It induces many health hazards in humans. UV -B damages DNA and activates the process of skin ageing. It also causes skin darkening and skin cancer. High levels of UV -B cause corneal cataracts in human beings.

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Biology Book Solutions Chapter 1 Reproduction in Organisms Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 1 Reproduction in Organisms

PSEB 12th Class Biology Guide Reproduction in Organisms Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why is reproduction essential for organisms?
Answer:
Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all living organisms. It is a biological process through which living organisms produce offsprings (young ones) similar to them. Reproduction ensures the continuance of various species on the Earth. In the absence of reproduction, the species will not be able to exist for a long time and may soon get extinct.

Question 2.
Which is a better mode of reproduction sexual or asexual? Why?
Answer:
Sexual reproduction is a better mode of reproduction. It allows the formation of new variants by the combination of the DNA from two different individuals, typically one of each sex. It involves the fusion of the male and the female gamete to produce variants, which are not identical to their parents and to themselves. This variation allows the individual to adapt constantly changing and challenging environment. Also, it leads to the evolution of better suited organisms which ensures greater survival of a species. On the contrary, asexual reproduction allows very little or no variation at all. As a result, the individuals produced are exact copies of their parents and themselves.

Question 3.
Why is the offspring formed by asexual reproduction referred to as clone?
Answer:
A clone is a group of morphologically and genetically identical individuals. In the process of asexual reproduction, only one parent is involved and there is no fusion of the male and the female gamete. As a result, the offsprings so produced are morphologically and genetically similar to their parents and are thus, called clones.

Question 4.
Offspring formed due to sexual reproduction have better chances of survival. Why? Is this statement always true?
Answer:
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of the male and the female gamete. This fusion allows the formation of new variants by the combination of the DNA from two (usually) different members of the species. The variations allow the individuals to adapt under varied environmental conditions for better chances of survival.

However, it is not always necessary that the offspring produced due to sexual reproduction has better chances of survival. Under some circumstances, asexual reproduction is more advantageous for certain organisms. For example, some individuals who do not move from one place to another and are well settled in their environment. Also, asexual reproduction is a fast and’ a quick mode of reproduction which does not consume much time and energy as compared to sexual reproduction.

Question 5.
How does the progeny formed from asexual reproduction differ from those formed by sexual reproduction?
Answer:

Progeny formed from asexual reproduction	Progeny formed from sexual reproduction
1. Asexual reproduction does not involve the fusion of the male and the female gamete. Organisms undergoing this kind ofreproduction produce offsprings that are morphologically and genetically identical to them.	Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of the male and the female gamete of two individuals, typically one of each sex. Organisms undergoing this kind of reproduction produce offsprings that are not identical to them.
2. Offsprings thus produced do not show variations and are called clones.	Offsprings thus produced show variations from each other and their parents.

Question 6.
Distinguish between asexual and sexual reproduction. Why is
vegetative reproduction also considered as a type of asexual reproduction?
Answer:

Sexual reproduction	Asexual reproduction
1. It involves the fusion of the male and the female gamete.	It does not involves the fusion of the male and the female gamete.
2. It requires two (usually) different individuals.	It requires only one individual.
3. The individuals produced are not identical to their parents and show variations from each other and also, from their parents.	The individuals produced are identical to the parent and are hence, called clones.
4. Most animals reproduce sexually. Both sexual and asexual modes of reproduction are found in plants.	Asexual modes of reproduction are common in organisms having simple organisations such as algae and fungi.
5. It is a slow process.	It is a fast process.

Vegetative reproduction is a process in which new plants are obtained without the production of seeds or spores. It involves the propagation of plants through certain vegetative parts such as the rhizome, sucker, tuber, bulb, etc. It does not involve the fusion of the male and the female gamete and requires only one parent. Hence, vegetative reproduction is considered as a type of asexual reproduction.

Question 7.
What is vegetative propagation? Give two suitable examples.
Answer:
Vegetative propagation is a mode of asexual reproduction in which new plants are obtained from the vegetative parts of plants. It does not involve the production of seeds or spores for the propagation of new plants. Vegetative parts of plants such as runners, rhizomes, suckers, tubers, etc. can be used as propagules for raising new plants.

Examples of vegetative reproduction are given below:
1. Eyes of potato: The surface of a potato has several buds called eyes. Each of these buds when buried in soil develops into a new plant, which is identical to the parent plant.

2. Leaf buds of Bryophyllum: The leaves of Bryophyllum plants bear several adventitious buds on their margins. These leaf buds have the ability to grow and develop into tiny plants when the leaves get detached from the plant and come in contact with moist soil.

Question 8.
Define:
(a) Juvenile phase,
(b) Reproductive phase,
(c) Senescent phase.
Answer:
(a) Juvenile Phase: All organisms have to reach a certain stage of growth and maturity in their life, before they can be reproduce sexually. This phase of growth is called the juvenile phase or vegetative phase in plants.

(b) Reproductive Phase: When the juvenile phase is over the organisms enter the period of reproductive phase or sexual maturity. It is indicated by showing various morphological and physiological changes such as development of secondary sexual characters in animals and by flowering in plants. This is the actual period of the life span of any organism when it is capable of producing offsprings. This phase is of variable duration in different organisms.

(c) Senescent Phase : This is the final and third stage of growth cycle. It can be considered as the end of reproductive phase. It is accompanied by reduction in functional capacity and increase in cellular break down and metabolic failures. It ultimately leads to death.

Question 9.
Higher organisms have resorted to sexual reproduction in spite of its complexity. Why?
Answer:
Although sexual reproduction involves more time and energy, higher organisms have resorted to sexual reproduction in spite of its complexity. This is because this mode of reproduction helps introduce new variations in progenies through the combination of the DNA from two (usually) different individuals. These variations allow the individual to cope with various environmental conditions and thus, make the organism better suited for the environment. Variations also lead to the evolution of better organisms and therefore, provide better chances of survival. On the other hand, asexual reproduction does not provide genetic differences in the individuals produced.

Question 10.
Explain why meiosis and gametogenesis are always interlinked?
Answer:
Meiosis is a process of reductional division in which the amount of genetic material is reduced. Gametogenesis is the process of the formation of gametes. Gametes produced by organisms are haploids (containing only one set of chromosomes), while the body of an organism is diploid. Therefore, for producing haploid gametes (gametogenesis), the germ cells of an organism undergo meiosis. During the process, the meiocytes of an organism undergo two successive nuclear and cell divisions with a single cycle of DNA replication to form the haploid gametes.

Question 11.
Identify each part in a flowering plant and write whether it is haploid (n) or diploid (2n).
(a) Ovary …………………………
(b) Anther ……………………..
(c) Egg ………………………….
(d) Pollen ……………………..
(e) Male gamete ……………….
(f) Zygote ………………..
Answer:
(a) diploid (2n)
(b) diploid (2n)
(c) haploid (n)
(d) haploid (n)
(e) haploid (n)
(f) diploid (2n)

Question 12.
Define external fertilisation. Mention its disadvantages.
Answer:
External fertilisation is the process in which the fusion of the male and the female gamete takes place outside the female body in an external medium, generally water. Fish, frog, starfish are some organisms that exhibit external fertilisation.

Disadvantages of external fertilisation
In external fertilisation, eggs have less chances of fertilisation. This can lead to the wastage of a large number of eggs produced during the process.
Further, there is an absence of proper parental care to the offspring, which results in a low rate of survival in the progenies.

Question 13.
Differentiate between a zoospore and a zygote.
Answer:

Zoospore	Zygote
1. A zoospore is a motile asexual spore that utilises the flagella for movement.	A zygote is a noh-motile diploid cell formed as a result of fertilisation.
2. It is an asexual reproductive structure.	It is formed as a result of sexual reproduction.
3. Zoospores are formed in simple plants like, algae or fungi.	Zygote is formed in complex organism.

Question 14.
Differentiate between gametogenesis from embryogenesis.
Answer:

Gametogenesis	Embryogenesis
1. It is the process of the formation of haploid male and female gametes from diploid meiocytes (gamete mother cell) through the process of meiosis.	It is the process of the development of the embryo from the repeated mitotic divisions of the diploid zygote.
2. Gametes may be either homogametes or heterogametes.	Animals may be either oviparous or viviparous.

Question 15.
Describe the post-fertilisation changes in a flower.
Answer:
As a result of double fertilisation in flowering plants, zygote (2n) and the primary endosperm nucleus (3n) is produced. The calyx, corolla, stamens and style wither away. The calyx may persist or even show growth in certain cases. The post fertilisation changes which take place are

• Endosperm formation
• Embryo formation
• Seed formation and
• Fruit formation.

The primary endosperm nucleus becomes active and forms a nutritive vegetative tissue. The endosperm at the expense of food present in the nucellus, Endosperm may be completely used up by the developing embryo (non-endospermic seeds e.g., pea) or may persist in the seed (endospermic seed e.g., castor). The zygote, waits for sometime till the formation of endosperm and then develops into embryo, by withdrawing nutrition from the endosperm. Ultimately the ovules are transformed into seeds and the ovary becomes a fruit. The formation of fruit helps in the nourishment and protection to the developing seeds and later helps in seed dispersal. Under favourable conditions the seeds germinate to form new plants.

Question 16.
What is a bisexual flower? Collect five bisexual flowers from your neighbourhood and with the help of your teacher find out their common and scientific names.
Answer:
A flower that contains both the male and female reproductive structure (stamen and pistil) is called a bisexual flower.
Examples of plants bearing bisexual flowers are:

1. Water lily {Nymphaea odorata)
2. Rose (Rosa multiflora)
3. Hibiscus (Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis)
4. Mustard (Brassica nigra)
5. Petunia (Petunia hybrida)

Question 17.
Examine a few flowers of any cucurbit plant and try to identify the staminate and pistillate flowers. Do you know any other plant that hears unisexual flowers?
Answer:
Cucurbit plant bears unisexual flowers as these flowers have either the stamen or the pistil. The staminate flowers bear bright, yellow coloured petals along with stamens that represent the male reproductive structure. On the other hand, the pistillate flowers bear only the pistil that represents the female reproductive structure.
Other examples of plants that bear unisexual flowers are corn, papaya, cucumber, etc.

Question 18.
Why are offspring of oviparous animals at a greater risk as compared to offspring of viviparous animals?
Answer:
Oviparous animals lay eggs outside their body. As a result, the eggs of these animals are under continuous threat from various environmental factors. On the other hand, in viviparous animals, the development of the egg takes place inside the body of the female. Hence, the offspring of an egg-laying or oviparous animal is at greater risk as compared to the offspring of a viviparous animal, which gives birth to its young ones.

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Chemistry Book Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds

PSEB 12th Class Chemistry Guide Coordination Compounds InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the bonding in coordination compounds in terms of Werner’s postulates.
Answer:
(i) The primary valencies are satisfied by negative ions and equal-to the oxidation state of the metal.

(ii) The secondary valencies can be satisfied by neutral or negative ions. It is equal to the coordination number of the central metal atom and is fixed.

(iii) The ions bound to the central metal ion to secondary linkages have definite spatial arrangements and give geometry to the complex. While primary valency is non-directional.

Question 2.
FeSO₄ solution mixed with (NH₄)₂SO₄ solution in 1 : 1 molar ratio gives the test of Fe²⁺ ion but CuSO₄ solution mixed with aqueous ammonia in 1 : 4 molar ratio does not give the test of Cu²⁺ ion. Explain why?
Answer:
FeSO⁴ solution mixed with (NH⁴)²SO⁴ solution in 1 : 1 molar ratio forms double salt, FeSO⁴∙(NH⁴)²SO⁴∙6H²O which ionises in the solution to give Fe2+ ions. Hence, it gives the test of Fe²⁺ ions.

CuSO₄ solution mixed with aqueous ammonia in 1 : 4 molar ratio forms a complex, with the formula [Cu(NH₃)₄]SO₄. The complex ion, [CU(NH₃)]²⁺ does not ionise to give Cu²⁺ ions. Hence, it does not give the test of Cu²⁺ ion.

Question 3.
Explain with two examples each of the following: Coordination entity, ligand, coordination number, coordination polyhedron, homoleptic and heteroleptic.
Answer:
Coordination entity: A coordination entity constitutes usually a central metal atom or ion, to which a fixed number of other atoms or ions or groups are attached by coordinate bonds. A coordination entity may be neutral, positively or negatively charged. For examples : [Ni(CO)₄], [CoCl₃(NH₃)₃], [Co(NH₃)₆]^3+.

Ligand : A ligand is an ion or a small molecule having at least one lone pair of electrons and capable of forming a coordinate bond with central atom or ion in the coordination entity. For example: Cl^–, OH^–, CN^–, CO, NH₃, H₂O etc.

Coordination number : The coordination number of the central atom or ion is determined by the number of a bonds between the ligands and the central atom or ion. n bonds are not consider for the determination of coordination number. The a bonding electrons may be indicated by a pair of dots (:). For example, [Co(:NH₃)₆]³⁺ and [Fe(:CN)₆]^3-.

Coordination polyhedron : The spatial arrangement of the ligands which are directly attached to the central atom or ion called coordination polyhedron.
For example: [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺ is octahedral, [Ni(CO)₄] is tetrahedral and [PtCl₄ ]^2- is square planar.

Homoleptic and heteroleptic : Complexes in which a metal is bound to only one type of donor groups are known as homoleptic.
For example : [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺, [PtCl₆]^2- .
Complexes in which a metal is bound to more than one kind of donor groups are known as heteroleptic. ‘
For example : [Co(NH₃)₄Cl₂]⁺, [PdI₂(ONO)₂ (H₂O)₂],

Question 4.
What is meant by unidentate, didentate and ambidentate ligands? Give two examples for each.
Answer:
A molecule or an ion which has only one donor atom to form one coordinate bond with the central metal atoms is called unidentate ligand, e.g., Cl^– and NH₃.

A molecule or an ion which contains two donor atoms and hence forms two coordinate bonds with the central metal atoms is called a didentate ligand, e.g., NH₂—CH₂—CH₂—NH₂ and ^–OOC — COO^–.
A molecule or an ion which contains two donor atoms but only one of them forms a coordinate bond at a time with the central metal atom is called ambidentate ligand, e.g., CN^–or NC^– and \(\) or : ONO^–.

Question 5.
Specify the oxidation numbers of the metals in the following coordination entities:
(i) [Co(H₂O)(CN)(en)₂]²⁺
(ii) [CoBr₂(en)₂]⁺
(iii) [PtCl₂]^2-
(iv) K₃Fe(CN)₆]
(v) [Cr(NH₃)₂Cl₃]
Answer:
(i) x + (-1) + (0) + (0) = + 2 so x = +3 (III)
(ii) x + 2(-1) + 0 = +1 so x = +3 (III)
(iii) x + 4(-1) = -2 so x = +2(11)
(iv) x + 6(-1) = -3 so x = +3 (III)
(v) x + 3(-1) + 0 = 0 so x = +3 (III)

Question 6.
Using IUPAC norms write the formulas for the following:
(i) Tetrahydroxozincate(II)
(ii) Potassium tetrachloridopalladate(II)
(iii) Diamminedichloridoplatinum(II)
(iv) Potassium tetracyanonickelate(II)
(v) Pentaamminenitrito-O-cobalt(III)
(vi) Hexaamminecobalt(III) sulphate
(vii) Potassium tri(oxalato)chromate(III)
(viii) Hexaammineplatinum(IV)
(ix) Tetrabromidocuprate(Il)
(x) Pentaamminenitrito-N-cobalt(lll)
Answer:
(i) [Zn(OH)₄]^2-
(ii) K₂[PdCl₄]
(iii) pt(NH₃)₂Cl₂]
(iv) K₂[Ni(CN)₄]
(v) [Co(ONO) (NH₃)₅]²⁺
(vi) [CO(NH₃)₆]₂ (SO₄)₃
(vii) K₃[Cr(C₂O₄)₃]
(viii) [Pt(NH₃)₆]⁴⁺
(ix) [Cu(Br)₄]^2-
(x) [Co (NO₂) (NH₃)₅]²⁺

Question 7.
Using IUPAC norms write the systematic names of the following:
(i) [CO(NH₃)₆]Cl₃
(ii) [Pt(NH₃)₂Cl(NH₂CH₃)]Cl
(iii) [Ti(H₂O)₆]³⁺
(iv) [CO(NH₃)₄Cl(NO₂)]CI
(v) [Mn(H₂O)₆]²⁺
(vi) [NiCl₄]^2-
(vii) [Ni(NH₃)₆]Cl₂
(viii) [Co(en)₃]³⁺
(ix) [Ni(CO)₄]
Answer:
(i) Hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride
(ii) Diamminechlorido(methylamine) platinum(II) chloride
(iii) Hexaquatitanium(III) ion
(iv) Tetraamminechloridonitrito-N-Cobalt(III) chloride
(v) Hexaquamanganese(II) ion
(vi) Tetrachloridonickelate(II) ion
(vii) Hexamminenickel(II) chloride
(viii) Tris(ethane-1, 2-diamine) cobalt(III) ion
(ix) Tetracarbonylnickel(O)

Question 8.
List various types of isomerism possible for coordination compounds giving an example of each.
Answer:
Two principal types of isomerism are known among coordination compounds :
(A) Sterioisomerism,
(B) Structural isomerism.
Each of which can be further sub-divided as :
(A) Stereoisomerism
(i) Geometrical isomerism : It arises in heteroleptic complexes due to different possible geometric arrangements of the ligands.
Example: Pt[(NH₃)₂Cl₂]

(ii) Optical isomerism : It is common in octahedral complexes involving didentate ligands.
Example : [Pt Cl₂(en) ₂]²⁺

Optical isomers (d and l) of cis-[PtCl₂(en)₂]²⁺

(B) Structural isomerism
(i) Linkage isomerism.
Example: [Co(NH₃)₅ (NO₂)]Cl₂
(ii) Coordination isomerism.
Example: [Co(NH₃)₆] [Cr(CN)₆]
(iii) Ionisation isomerism.
Example: [Co(NH₃)₅SO₄]Br and [CO(NH₃)₅ Br]SO₄
(iv) Solvate isomerism.
Example : [Cr(H₂O)₆] Cl₃ (violet) its solvate isomer
[Cr(H₂O)₅Cl]Cl₂. H₂O (grey-green)

Question 9.
How many geometrical isomers are possible in the following coordination entities? ’
(i) [Cr(C₂O₄)₃]^3-
(ii) [Co(NH₃)₃Cl₃]
Answer:
(i) [Cr(C₂O₄)₃]^3-,
No geometric isomer is possible as it is a bidentate ligand.
(ii) [CO(NH₃)₃Cl₃] .
Two geometrical isomers are possible.

Question 10.
Draw the structures of optical isomers of:
(i) [Cr(C₂O₄)₃]^3-
(ii) [PtCl₂(en)₂]²⁺
(iii) [Cr(NH₃)₂ Cl₂ (en)]⁺
Answer:
(i) [Cr(C₂O₄)₃]^3-

Question 11.
Draw all the isomers (geometrical and optical) of:
(i) [CoCl₂ (en)₂]⁺
(ii) [Co(NH₃)Cl(en)₂]²⁺
(iii) [Co(NH₃)₂Cl₂(en)]⁺
Answer:
(i) [CoCl₂ (en)₂]⁺

Question 12.
Write all the geometrical isomers of [Pt(NH₃)(Br)(Cl)(py)] and how many of these will exhibit optical isomers?
Answer:
Three isomers are possible as follows :

Isomers of this type do not show any optical isomerism. Optical isomerism rarely occurs in square planar or tetrahedral complexes and that too when they contain unsymmetrical chelating ligand.

Question 13.
Aqueous copper sulphate solution (blue in colour) gives :
(i) a green precipitate with aqueous potassium fluoride, and
(ii) a bright green solution with aqueous potassium chloride. Explain these experimental results.
Answer:
Aqueous copper sulphate exists as [Cu(H₂O)₄]SO₄. It is a labile complex. The blue colour of the solution is due to [Cu(H₂O)₄]²⁺ ions,

(i) When KF is added, the weak H₂O ligands are replaced by F^– ligands forming [CuF₄]^2- ions, which is a green precipitate.

(ii) When KCl is added, Cl^– ligands replace the weak H₂O ligands forming [CuCl₄]^2- ion, which has bright green colour.

Question 14.
What is the coordination entity formed when excess of aqueous KCN is added to an aqueous solution of copper sulphate? Why is it that no precipitate of copper sulphide is obtained when H₂S (g) is passed through this solution?
Answer:
K₂[Cu(CN)₄] is formed when excess of aqueous KCN is added to an aqueous solution of CuSO₄.

As CN^–ions are strong ligands the complex is very stable. It is not replaced by S^2- ions when H₂S gas is passed through the solution and thus no precipitate of CuS is obtained.

Question 15.
Discuss the nature of bonding in the following coordination entities on the basis of valence bond theory:
(i) [Fe(CN)₆]^4-
(ii) [FeFe₆]^3-
(iii) [Co(C₂O₄)₃]^3-
(iv) [CoF₆]^3-
Answer:
(i) [Fe(CN)₆]^4-
In the above coordination complex, iron exists in the +2 oxidation state.
Fe = [Ar] 3d⁶ 4s²
Outer configuration of Fe²⁺ = 3d⁶ 4s⁰
Orbitals of Fe²⁺ ion:

As CN^– is a strong field ligand, it causes the pairing of the unpaired 3d electrons.

Since, there are six ligands around the central metal ion, the most feasible hybridisation is d²sp³. d²sp³ hybridised orbitals of Fe²⁺ are :

6 electron pairs from CN ions occupy the six hybrid d²sp³ orbitals.
Then,

Hence, the geometry of the complex is octahedral and the complex is diamagnetic (as there are no unpaired electrons).

(ii) [FeF₆]^3-
In this complex, the oxidation state of Fe is + 3.
Fe³⁺ = 3d⁵ 4s⁰
Orbitals of Fe³⁺ ion:

There are 6F^– ions. Thus, it will undergo d²sp³ or sp³d² hybridisation. As F^– is a weak field ligand, it does not cause the pairing of the electrons in the 3d orbital. Hence, the most feasible hybridisation is sp³d². sp³d² hybridised orbitals of Fe are:

Hence, the geometry of the complex is found to be octahedral.

(iii) [Co(C₂O₄)₃]^3-
Cobalt exists in the + 3 oxidation state in the given complex.
Outer configuration of Co = 3d₇ 4s₂
Co₃₊ = 3d₆4s₀
Orbitals of Co₃₊ ion:

Oxalate is a weak field ligand. Therefore, it cannot cause the pairing of the 3d electrons. As there are 6 ligands, hybridisation has to be either sp³d² or d²sp³ hybridisation. sp³d² hybridisation of Co³⁺.

The 6 electron pairs from the 3 oxalate ions (oxalate anion is a bidentate ligand) occupy these sp³d² orbitals.

Hence, the geometry of the complex is found to be octahedral.

(iv) [CoF₂]^3-
Cobalt exists in the + 3 oxidation state.
Orbitals of Co³⁺ ion:

Again, fluoride ion is a weak field ligand. It cannot cause the pairing of the 3d electrons. As a result, the Co³⁺ ion will undergo sp³d² hybridisation.
sp³d² hybridised orbitals of Co³⁺ ion are :

Hence, the geometry of complex is octahedral, 6 electron pants.

Question 16.
Draw figure to show the splitting of d-orbitals in an octahedral crystal field.
Answer:

Question 17.
What is spectrochemical series? Explain the difference between a weak field ligand and a strong field ligand.
Answer:
The arrangement of ligands in order of their increasing field strengths, i.e., increasing crystal field splitting energy (CFSE) values is called spectrochemical series.

The ligands with a small value of CFSE (△₀) are called weak field ligands whereas those with a large value of CFSE are called strong field ligands.

Question 18.
What is crystal field splitting energy? How does the magnitude of △₀ decide the actual configuration of d-orbitals in a coordi-nation entity?
Answer:
When ligands approach a transition metal ion, the d-orbitals split into two sets, one with lower energy and the other with higher energy. The difference of energy between the two sets of orbitals is called crystal field splitting energy (△₀) in case of octahedral field.

If △₀ < P, (pairing energy), the 4th electron enters one of the e_g orbitals giving the configuration \(t_{2 g}^{3} e_{g}^{1}\), thereby forming high spin complexes.

Such ligands for which A 0 < P are called weak field ligands.
If △₀ > P, the 4th electron pairs up in one of the t2g orbitals giving the configuration \(t_{2 g}^{4} e_{g}^{0}\), thus forming low spin complexes. Such ligands for which △₀ > P are called strong field ligands.

Question 19.
[Cr(NH₃)₆]³⁺ is paramagnetic while [Ni(CN)₄]^2- is diamagnetic. Explain why?
Answer:
Cr is in the +3 oxidation state i.e., d³ configuration. Also, NH₃ is a weak field ligand that does not cause the pairing of the electrons in the orbital.

Therefore, it undergoes d²sp³ hybridisation and the electrons in the 3d orbitals remain unpaired. Hence, it is paramagnetic in nature.
In [Ni(CN)₄]^2-, Ni exists in the + 2 oxidation state i. e., d⁸ configuration.

CN^– is a strong field ligand. It causes the pairing of the 3d electrons. Then, Ni²⁺ undergoes dsp² hybridisation.

As there are no unpaired electrons, it is diamagnetic.

Question 20.
A solution of [Ni(H₂O)₆]²⁺ is green but a solution of [Ni(CN)₄]^2- is colourless. Explain.
Answer:
In [Ni(H₂O)6]²⁺, \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \ddot{\mathrm{O}}\) is a weak field ligand. Therefore, there are unpaired electrons in Ni²⁺. In this complex, the d electrons from the lower energy level can be excited to the higher energy level i. e., the possibility of d-d transition is present. Hence, [Ni(H₂O)₆]²⁺ is coloured.

In [Ni(CN)₄]²⁺, the electrons are all paired as CN^– is a strong field ligand. Therefore, d-d transition is not possible in [Ni(CN)₄]^2-. Hence, it is colourless.

Question 21.
[Fe(CN)₆]^4- and [Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺ are of different colours in dilute solutions. Why?
Answer:
In both the complex compounds, Fe is in +2 oxidation state with configuration 3d⁶, i.e., it has four unpaired electrons. In the presence of weak H₂O ligands, the unpaired electrons do not pair up. But in the presence of strong ligand CN^– they get paired up. Then no unpaired electron is left. Due to this, difference in the number of unpaired electrons, both complex ions have different colours.

Question 22.
Discuss the nature of bonding in metal carbonyls.
Answer:
The metal carbon in metal carbonyls possesses both CT and π character. The ligand to metal is CT bond and metal to ligand is π bond. The effect of CT bond strengthens the rcbond and vice-versa. This is called synergic effect. This unique synergic provides stability to metal carbonyls.

Question 23.
Give the oxidation state, d-orbital occupation and coordination number of the central metal ion in the following complexes:
(i) K₃[CO(C₂O₄)₃]
(ii) cis-[Cr(en)₂Cl₂]Cl
(iii) (NH₄)₂[CoF₄]
(iv) [Mn(H₂O)₆]S0₄
Solution:
(i) K₃[CO(C₂O₄)₃]
The central metal ion is Co.
The oxidation state can be given as :
(+1) × 3 + × + (- 2) × 3 = 0
x – 6 = -3 ⇒ x = + 3
The d orbital occupation for Co³⁺ is \(t_{2 g}^{6} e g^{0}\).
(as \(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4}^{2-}\) is strong field ligand)
Coordination number of Co = 3 × denticity of C₂O₄
= 3 × 2 (as \(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4}^{2-}\) is a bidentate ligand) = 6

(ii) cis-[Cr(en)₂Cl₂]Cl
The central metal ion is Cr.
The oxidation state can be given as:
x + 2(0) + 2(-1) + (-1) = 0
x – 2 – 1 = 0
x = + 3
The d orbital occupation for Cr³⁺ is \(t_{2 g}^{3}\).
Coordination number of Cr
= 2 × denticity of en + 2
= 2 × 2 + 2 = 6

(iii) (NH₄)₂[CoF₄]
The central metal ion is Co.
The oxidation state can be given as:
(+1) × 2 + × + (-1) × 4 = 0
x – 4 = -2
x = + 2
The d orbital occupation for Co²⁺ is d⁷ or \(t_{2 g}^{5} e_{g}^{2}\). (as F^– is a weak ligand)
Coordination number of Co = 4

(iv) [Mn(H₂O)₆]S0₄
The central metal ion is Mn.
The oxidation state can be given as:
x + (0) × 6 + (- 2) = 0
x = + 2
The d orbital occupation for Mn is d⁵ or [latext_{2 g}^{3} e_{g}^{2}][/latex].
Coordination number of Mn = 6

Question 24.
Write down the IUPAC name for each of the following complexes and indicate the oxidation state, electronic configuration and coordination number. Also give stereochemistry and magnetic moment of the complex:
(i) K[Cr(H₂O)₂(C₂O₄)₂] 3H₂O
(ii) [Co(NH₃)₅Cl]Cl₂
(iii) CrCl₃(py)₃
(iv) Cs[FeCl₄]
(v) K₄[Mn(CN)₆]
Answer:
(i) K[Cr(H₂O)₂ (C₂O₄)2 ] ∙ 3H₂O
IUPAC name : Potassium diaquadioxalatochromate (III) hydrate.
Oxidation state of chromium
+1 + x + (0) × 2 + (- 2) × 2 + 3(0) = 0
+ 1 + x – 4 = 0
x = + 3
Electronic configuration of Cr⁺³= 3d³ = (\(t_{2 g}^{3} e_{g}^{0}\))
Coordination number = 6
Shape : Octahedral


Magnetic moment (μ) = \(\sqrt{n(n+2)}\)
= \(\sqrt{3(3+2)}\)
= \(\sqrt{15}\) = 3.87 BM

(ii) [Co(NH₃)₅Cl]Cl₂
IUPAC name : Pentaammine chlorido cobalt(III) chloride
Oxidation state of Co
x + (0)5 + (-1) + (-1) × 2 = 0
x – 3 =0
x = + 3
Coordination number = 6
Shape: Octahedral.
Electronic configuration of Co³⁺ = 3d⁶ = \(t_{2 g}^{6} e_{g}^{0}\)
The complex does not exhibit geometrical as well as optical isomerism.
Magnetic Moment (μ) = \(\sqrt{n(n+2)}\)BM = \(\sqrt{0(0+2)}\) BM = 0 BM

(iii) CrCl₃(py)₃
IUPAC name : Trichlorido tripyridine chromium (III) Oxidation state of Cr
x + (-1) × 3 + (0)3 = 0
x = + 3
Electronic configuration of Cr = 3d³ = (\(t_{2 g}^{3} e_{g}^{0}\))
Coordination number = 6
Shape : Octahedral
Stereochemistry

Both isomers are optically active. Therefore, a total of 4 isomers exist.
Magnetic moment (μ) = \(\sqrt{n(n+2)}\) = \(\sqrt{3(3+2)}\)
= \(\sqrt{15}\) = 3.87 BM

(iv) Cs[FeCl₄]
IUPAC name : Caesium tetrachlorido ferrate (III)
Oxidation state of Fe
+ 1 + x + (-1) × 4= 0
x – 3 = 0
x = + 3
Electronic configuration of Fe = 3d⁵(\(t_{2 g}^{3} e_{g}^{2}\))
Coordination number = 4
Shape : Tetrahedral
The complex does not exhibit geometrical or optical isomerism, (stereo isomerism).
Magnetic moment (μ) = \(\sqrt{n(n+2)}\)
= \(\sqrt{5(5+2)}\)
= \(\sqrt{35}\) = 5.92 BM

(v) K₄[Mn(CN)₆]
IUPAC name : Potassium hexacyanomanganate(II)
Oxidation state of Mn
(+1) × 4 + x + (-1) × 6 = 0
x – 2 = 0
x = + 2
Electronic configuration of Mn = 3d⁵ (\(t_{2 g}^{5} e_{g}^{0}\))
Coordination number = 6
Shape : Octahedral.
The complex does not exhibit stereo isomerism.
Magnetic moment (μ) = \(\sqrt{n(n+2)}\)
= \(\sqrt{1(1+2)}\)
= \(\sqrt{3}\)
= 1.732 BM

Question 25.
What is meant by stability of a coordination compound in solution? State the factors which govern the stability of complexes.
Answer:
The stability of a coordination compound in solution refers to the degree of association between the two species involved in the state of equilibrium. The stability of the coordination compound is measured in term of magnitude of stability or formation of equilibrium constant.
M + 4L → ML₄
K = \(\frac{\left[\mathrm{ML}_{4}\right]}{[\mathrm{M}][\mathrm{L}]^{4}}\)
Larger the stability constant, the higher is the proportion of ML₄ that exists in solution.

Factors on which stability of the complex depends are as follows :

1. Charge on the central metal ion : Greater the charge on the central metal ion, greater is the stability of the complex.
2. Nature of the metal ion : Groups 3 to 6 and inner transition element form stable complexes when donor atoms of the ligands are N, O and F. The element after group 6 of the transition metals which have d-orbitals (e.g., Rh, Pd, Ag, Au, Hg, etc.) form stable complexes when the donor atoms of the ligands are heavier members of N, O and F family.
3. Basic nature of the ligand : Greater the basic strength of the ligand, greater is the stability of the complex.
4. Chelate effect: Presence of chelate rings in the complex increases its stability. It is called chelate effect. It is maximum for the 5- and 6- membered rings.
5. Effect of multidentate cyclic ligands : If the ligands happen to be multidentate and cyclic without any steric effect, the stability of the complex is further increased.

Question 26.
What is meant by chelate effect? Give an example.
Answer:
When a didentate or a polydentate ligand contains donor atoms positioned in such a way that when they coordinate with the central metal ion, a five or a six-membered ring is formed, the effect is called chelate effect. Example, [PtCl₂(en)].

Question 27.
Discuss briefly giving an example in each case the role of coordination compounds in:
(i) biological systems
(ii) medicinal chemistry
(iii) analytical chemistry
(iv) extraction/metallurgy of metals
Answer:
(i) Role of coordination compounds in biological systems :

• Haemoglobin, the oxygen carrier in blood, is a complex of Fe²⁺ with porphyrin.
• The pigment chlorophyll in plants, responsible for photosynthesis, is a complex of Mg²⁺ with porphyrin.
• Vitamin B₁₂ (cyanocobalamine) the antipemicious anaemia factor, is a complex of cobalt.

(ii) Role of coordination compounds in medicinal chemistry :

• The platinum complex cis-[Pt(NH₃)₂Cl₂] (cis-platin) is used in the treatment of cancer.
• EDTA complex of calcium is used in the treatment of lead poisoning. Ca-EDTA is a weak complex; when it is administered, calcium in the complex is replaced by the lead present in the body and is eliminated in the urine.
• The excess of copper and iron present in animal system are removed by the chelating ligands D-penicillamine and desferroxime B via the formation of complexes.

(iii) Role of coordination compounds in analytical chemistry :
Complex formation is frequently encountered in qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis.
(a) Qualitative analysis
I. Detection of Cu²⁺ is based on the formation of a blue tetraammine copper (II) ion.

II. Ni²⁺ is detected by the formation of a red complex with dimethyl glyoxime (DMG).

III. The separation of Ag⁺ and Hg²⁺ in group I is based on the fact that while AgCl dissolves in NH₃, forming a soluble complex, Hg₂Cl₂ forms an insoluble black substance.

(b) Quantitative analysis : Gravimetric estimation of Ni²⁺ is carried out by precipitating Ni²⁺ as red nickel dimethyl glyoxime complex in the presence of ammonia.

EDTA is used in the complexometric determination of several metal ions such as Ca²⁺, Zn²⁺, Fe²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺ etc.

(iv) Role of coordination compounds in extraction/metallurgy of metals : Extraction of various metals from their ore involves complex formation. For example, silver and gold are extracted from their ore by forming cyanide complex.

Purification of some metals can be achieved through complex formation. For example in Mond process, impure nickel is converted into [Ni(CO)₄] which is decomposed to yield pure nickel.

Question 28.
How many ions are produced from the complex Co(NH₃)₆ Cl₂ in solution?
(i) 6
(ii) 4
(iii) 3
(iv) 2
Answer:
The correct option is (iii)
Coordination number of cobalt = 6. It ionises in the solution as

Hence, 3 ion are produced.

Question 29.
Amongst the following ions, which one has the highest magnetic moment value?
(i)[Cr(H₂O)₆]³⁺
(ii)[Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺
(iii) [Zn(H₂O)₆]²⁺
Answer:
The oxidation state are: Cr (III), Fe (II) and Zn (II).
Electronic configuration of Cr³⁺ = 3d³, unpaired electrons = 3
Electronic configuration of Fe²⁺ = 3d⁶, unpaired electrons = 4
Electronic configuration of Z²⁺ = 3d¹⁰, unpaired electrons = 0
As μ = \(\sqrt{n(n+2)}\), therefore, (ii) has the highest magnetic moment.

Question 30.
The oxidation number of cobalt in K[Co(CO)₄] is
(i) +1
(ii) +3
(iii) -1
(iv) -3
Solution:
Oxidation number of Co : K[Co(CO)₄]
x+ (4 × 0) = -1; x = -1
Thus, correct answer is (iii).

Question 31.
Amongst the following, the most stable complex is
(i) [Fe(H₂O)₆]³⁺
(ii) [Fe(NH₃)₆]³⁺
(iii) [Fe(C₂O₄)₃]^3-
(iv) [FeCl₆]^3-
Answer:
In all these complexes, Fe is in +3 oxidation state. However, the complex (iii) is a chelate because three \(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4}^{2-}\) ions acts as the chelating ligands. Thus, the most stable complex is [Fe(C₂O₄)₃]^3-. Thus, correct answer is (iii).

Question 32.
What will be the correct order for the wavelengths of absorption in the visible region of the following:
[Ni(NO₂)₆]^4-, [Ni(NH₃)₆]²⁺, [Ni(H₂O)₆]²⁺
Answer:
As metal ion is fixed, the increasing CFSE values of the ligands from the spectrochemical series are in the order :
H₂O < NH₃ < \(\mathrm{NO}_{2}^{-}\)
Hence, the energies absorbed for excitation will be in the order :
[Ni(H₂O)₆]²⁺ < [Ni(NH₃)₆]²⁺ < [Ni(NO₂)₆]^4-
As E = \(\frac{h c}{\lambda}\), therefore, the wavelengths absorbed will be in the opposite order,
[Ni(NO₂)₆]^4- < [Ni(NH₃)₆]²⁺ < [Ni(H₂O)₆]²⁺

Chemistry Guide for Class 12 PSEB Coordination Compounds Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write the formulas for the following coordination compounds :
(i) Tetraamminediaquacobalt (III) chloride
(ii) Potassiumtetracyanidonickelate(II)
(iii) Tris(ethane-l,2-diammine)chromium(III) chloride
(iv) Amminebromidochloridonitrito-N-platinate(II)
(v) Dichloridobis(ethane-l,2-diammine) platinum (IV) nitrate
(vi) Iron(III)hexacyanidoferrate(II).
Answer:
(i) [Co(NH₃)₄(H₂O)₂]Cl₃
(ii) K₂[Ni(CN)₄
(iii) (Cr(en)₃]Cl₃
(iv) [Pt(NH₃)BrCl(NO₂)]^–
(v) [PtCl₂(en)₂] (NO₃)₂
(vi) Fe₄[Fe(CN)₆]₃

Question 2.
Write the IUPAC names of the following coordination compounds:
(i) [CO(NH₃)₆]Cl₃
(ii) [CO(NH₃)₅Cl]Cl₂
(iii) K₃[Fe(CN)₆]
(iv) K₃[Fe(C₂O₄)₃]
(v) K₂[PdCl₄]
(vi) [Pt(NH₃)₂Cl(NH₂CH₃)]Cl
Answer:
(i) Hexaamminecobalt(III)chloride
(ii) Pentaamminechloridocobalt(III)chloride
(iii) Potassiumhexacyanoferrate(III)
(iv) Potassiumtrioxalatoferrate (III)
(v) Potassiumtetrachloridopalladate (II)
(vi) Diamminechloridomethylamine platinum(II) chloride.

Question 3.
Indicate the types of isomerism exhibited by the following complexes and draw the structures of these isomers :
(i) K[Cr(H₂O)₂](C₂O₄)₂]
(ii) [Co(en)₃]Cl₃
(iii) [CO(NH₃)₅(NO₂)](NO₃)₂
(iv) [Pt(NH₃)(H₂O)Cl₂]
Answer:
(i) (a) Both geometrical isomer (cis and traits):

(b) Cis-isomer of this compound can exist as pair of optical is :

(ii) Complex will exist as optical isomers:

The compound will show ionisation as well as linkage isomerism.

(iii) Ionisation isomer :
[Co(NH₃)₅(NO₂)](NO₃)₂,
[Co(NH₃)₅ (NO)₃] (NO₂) (NO₃)
Linkage isomers :
[Co(NH₃)₅ (NO₂)](NO₃)₂;
[CO(NH₃)₅ (ONO)](NO₃)₂

(iv) Geometrical isomerism (cis and trans) :

Question 4.
Give evidence that [Co(NH₃)₅Cl]SO₄ and [Co(NH₃)₅SO₄]Cl are ionisation isomers.
Answer:
When they are dissolved in water, they give different ions in the solution which can be tested by adding AgNO₃ solution and BaCl₂ solution. If Cl^– dons are the counter ions, a white precipitate will be obtained with AgNO₃ solution. If \(\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}\) ions are the counter ions, a white precipitate will be obtained with BaCl₂ solution.

Question 5.
Explain on the basis of valence bond theory that [Ni(CN)₄]^2- ion with square planar structure is diamagnetic and the [Ni(Cl)₂₄]^2- ion with tetrahedral geometry is paramagnetic.
Answer:
Nickel in [Ni(CN)₄]^2- is in the +2 oxidation state. The formation of [[Ni(CN)₄]^2- may be explained through hybridisation as follows :
Ni atom in the ground state

Since no unpaired electrons is present, the square planar complex is diamagnetic. In [Ni(CN)₄]^2-, Cl^– is a weak field ligand. It is, therefore, unable to pair up the unpaired electrons of the 3d orbital. Hence, the hybridisation involved is sp3 and the shape is tetrahedral. Since all the electrons are unpaired, it is paramagnetic

Question 6.
[Ni(CN)₄]^2- is paramagnetic while [Ni(CO)₄] is diamagnetic though both are tetrahedral. Why?
Answer:
In [Ni(CO)₄] Ni is in zero oxidation state whereas in [NiCl₄]^2-, it is in
+ 2 oxidation state. In the presence of strong ligand, CO ligand, the unpaired d electrons of Ni pair up but Cl^– being a weak ligand is unable to pair up the unpaired electrons.

Question 7.
[Fe(H₂O)₆]³⁺ is strongly paramagnetic whereas [Fe(CN)₆]^3- is weakly paramagnetic. Explain.
Answer:
In presence of CN^– (a strong ligand), the 3d⁵ electrons pair up leaving only one unpaired electron. The hybridisation is d²sp³ forming an inner orbital complex. In the presence of H₂O (a weak ligand), 3d electrons do not pair up. The hybridisation is sp³d² forming an outer orbital complex containing five unpaired electrons. Hence, it is strongly paramagnetic.

Question 8.
Explain [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺ is an inner orbital complex whereas [Ni(NH₃)₆]²⁺ is an outer orbital complex.
Answer:
In [CO(NH₃)₆]³⁺, CO is in +3 oxidation state and has d⁶ electrons. In the presence of NH₃, the 3d electrons pair up leaving two d-orbitals empty to be involved in d²sp³ hybridisation forming inner orbital complex. In [Ni(NH₃)₆]²⁺, Ni is in +2 oxidation state and has d⁸ configuration. The hybridisation involved is sp³d², forming the outer orbital complex.

Question 9.
Predict the number of unpaired electrons in the square planar [Pt(CN)₄]^2- ion.
Answer:
₇₈Pt lies in group 10 with the configuration 5d⁹6s¹. Thus Pt²⁺ has the configuration :

For square planar shape, the hybridisation is dsp². Hence, the unpaired electrons in 5d orbital pair up to make one d orbital empty for dsp² hybridisation.
Thus there is no unpaired electron.

Question 10.
The hexaquomanganese(II) ion contains five impaired electrons, while the hexacyano ion contains only one unpaired electron. Explain using crystal field theory.
Answer:
Mn in the + 2 oxidation state has the configuration 3d⁵. In the presence of H₂O a weak ligand, the distribution of these five electrons is \(t_{2 g}^{3} e_{g}^{2}\)
i.e., all the electrons remain unpaired

However, in the presence of CN^– the distribution of these electrons is \(\), i.e., two t_2g orbitals contain paired electrons while the third t_2g orbital contains one unpaired electron.

Question 11.
Calculate the overall complex dissociation equilibrium constant for the \(\mathrm{Cu}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{4}^{2+}\) ion, given that β₄ for this complex is 2. 1 × 10¹³.
Solution:
The overall complex dissociation equilibrium constant is the reciprocal of the overall stability constant, β₄.
∴ \(\frac{1}{\beta_{4}}\) = \(\frac{1}{2.1 \times 10^{13}}\)
∴ = 4.7 × 10^-14

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Translation Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 12th Class English Grammar Translation

Some Common Proverbs

Exercise 1 (Solved)

Translate the following sentences into English:

Answer:
1. Every dog has his day.
2. He is completely a yes-man.
3. He has his own axe to grind.
4. No new taxes have been imposed upon us.
5. People (or subjects) have revolted against the king.

Exercise 2 (Solved)

Translate the following sentences into English:

Answer:
1. His poverty is an open secret.
2. He is at the root of this mischief.
3. My prosperity. is an eye-sore to him.
4. Ram and Sham are sworn enemies.
5. Where there is a will, there is a way.

Exercise 1 (For Practice)

Translate the following sentences into Hindi/Punjabi:
1. He works hard from dawn to dusk.
2. Most of our politicians are very corrupt.
3. Selfishness is the order of the day.
4. You must reduce your flab¹.
5. Spoken English is gaining importance these days.
6. Spoken English does not mean repeating in the parrot-fashion some crammed sentences.
7. Those who speak English fluently get easily noticed by others.
8. He is the only bread-earner² of the family.
9. Shaleenta is a very good Kathak dancer.
10. He is working as an executive³ in a bank.
11. My colleague in my college is a very good singer.
12. I feel pleased to meet you.
13. What is the nature of your job?
Hints:
1. ਸੀਟਾਧਾ, ਮੋਟਾਪਾ 2. ਹੇਜ਼ੀ ਸਾਰੇ ਭਾਗ, ਰੋਜ਼ੀ ਕਮਾਉਣ ਵਾਲਾ, 3. ਜਿਵੇਕ, ਨਿਦੇਸ਼ਕ ।

Note : Some of the sentences are very easy. It should not be difficult for many of you to translate them in simple Hindi and Punjabi. Hereafter we shall give a few more exercises with meanings in Hindi and Punjabi for your convenience.

Exercise 2 (For Practice)

Translate the following sentences into Hindi/Punjabi:
1. Gandhiji is known for his successful efforts¹ to liberate² India.
2. The lady is very mean in money matters³.
3. She did not allow her husband to spend much on himself.
4. This story tells us about the greed of well-to-do⁴ people.
5. Guru Gobind Singh was a great son of India who led India to sublime⁵ heights of glory⁶.
6. Why is this enormous⁷ increase in population taking place ?
7. Drug-addiction⁸ is a major social evil of modern times.
8. Nations become great by self-confidence⁹.
9. Mankind has undoubtedly progressed since medieval¹⁰ times.
10. Vidyasagar was a very generous¹¹ and charitable¹² man.
Hints:

Exercise 3 (For Practice)

Translate the following sentences into Hindi/Punjabi:
1. Everyone knows the events¹ of Buddha’s life.
2. Newton lived to a ripe age² and earned a great renown³.
3. Books are a wonderful blessing⁴.
4. Ishwara Chandra realised that he must go to England in oder to complete his scientific education.
5. Guru Teg Bahadur was the youngest son of Guru Hargobind Sahib.
6. Science is an angel⁵ in peace but a devil⁶ in war.
7. Wars of today are more dreadful⁷ than those of yesterday.
8. He stumbled⁸ at every step.
9. Silence prevailed⁹ all round the hospital.
10. It has been raining continuously¹⁰ for three hours.
11. It has been drizzling¹¹ for an hour.
Hints:

Exercise 4 (For Practice)

Translate the following sentences into Hindi/Punjabi:
1. This story is a typical example¹ of the storywriter’s work as a story.
2. He failed to find a man before whom he could express the feelings of his heart².
3. He wants to share his grief³ with somebody.
4. This story points out⁴ the truth that poverty dehumanises⁵ a man.
5. I am bereft⁶ of money at this time.
6. I want to know your opinion about etiquette⁷.
7. The teacher punished the students for being noisy in the class.
8. Some shopkeepers fleeces⁸ their customers.
9. A spendthrift lacks balance and perspective⁹.
10. He was reluctant¹⁰ to take the examination.
Hints:

Exercise 5 (For Practice)

Translate the following sentences into Hindi/Punjabi :
1. I have lost the novel¹ that you gave me.
2. She dressed in an elegant² manner.
3. We eat so that we may live.
4. God’s will be done³.
5. Prevention is better than cure⁴.
6. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush⁵.
7. He is on the wrong side of sixty⁶.
8. We should not look down upon⁷ the poor.
9. I am at a loss to know⁸ what to do.
Hints:

Exercise 6 (For Practice)

Translate the following sentences into Hindi/Punjabi:
1. Trees give shade for the benefit of others.
2. Machines have become the slaves¹ of modern man.
3. A child should be trained to love the reading of books.
4. Politicians worship the rising sun².
5. Our body is like a machine.
6. Newton was a very kind-hearted³ man.
7. He never lost his temper⁴.
8. One should never read anybody’s letter without permission.
9. Children explode crackers on Diwali.
10. The life of modern cities is tiresome⁵.
Hints:

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Use of Non-finites (Infinitives, Gerunds and Participles) Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 12th Class English Grammar Use of Non-finites (Infinitives, Gerunds and Participles)

We divide verbs into two types. One of the types of verb is the finite verb. A verb that changes its form according to person, tense, mood is called a Finite Verb.

Read the examples given below:
Neeru runs fast.
They run fast.
She is running fast.
We have run fast.

The verbs used in the above example are finite verbs because they change according to person, number and tense.

Now have a look at the sentences given below:

1. She wants to be prosperous.
2. They wanted to be famous. .
3. You wanted to be rich and famous.
4. She made me realise my mistake.

The verbs be and realise in the above sentences do not change according to tense, number and person. Such verbs are called non-finite verbs.

Now read the following sentences:
Rashmi eats to live.
Reshma eats to live.
Rajan eats to live.
A girl eats to live.
These girls eat to live.
You eat to live.
They eat to live.

The verbs used in the above sentences/examples are finite verbs because they change according to person, number and tense.

In the above examples containing eat and to live, eat is governed by person, number and tense. So it is finite verb.

In all other sentences to live is not governed by person and tense. That is an infinite verb.

Three kinds of verbs are there in the infinite verb.

The Infinitive

1. In simple language infinitive means the use of to before the verb.
Examples : I want to go. I want to hit you.
I shall watch Rekha dance.
He made me leave the room.

There are some verbs before which we do not use to. These verbs are make, observe, bid, notice, make, feel, need, dare, see, hear.

2. I need to warn you.
Do you need to leave this place just now ?
He dares me to kill the mongoose ?
If need and dare are used as main verb, to has to be used after these verbs.

3. We do not use to before did, may, do, shall, might, can, could.
He could ride a car.
We shall laugh,
I might leave for Jalandhar.

4. There are some verbs which take an infinitive with the verb.
Promise, refuse, wish, want, dare, fail, decide, agree, hope, desire, expect, ready, glad, happy.
Sentences : I promise to help you. He refused to obey me. I wish to see you tonight.

We use infinitive after some adjectives:
Ready, glad, happy, eager, easy, anxious, hard, able etc.
I am ready to leave for Gurdaspur.
I am glad to see my friend.
I am happy to meet you.
I am eager to know the result on my examination.
It is easy to solve this problem.
I am anxious to see my father.
It is hard to solve this riddle.
He was able to get the job.

Forms of Infinitive

The Infinitive has two forms:

(i) Bare Infinitive
Or
Infinitive without to.
run, fight

(ii) to + Infinitive
to repair
to go

Use of To + Infinitive

We use to + infinitive in the following ways:
1. As a verb
(a) To walk is a good exercise
To smoke is very harmful.

(b) I want to learn French. (Object of the transitive verb want)
I know how to cook pasta. (Object)

(c) The best thing is to help yourself. (Complement to the linking verb is)
Her target was to become an actress. (Complement to the linking verb was)

It is easier to say than to do. (After the dummy subject ‘it’)

2. As an adverb to modify a verb or an adjective:

He went to see the Chairman. (modifies the verb went)
They stood up to protest. (modifies the verb stood)
She is anxious to resign. (modifies the adjective anxious)
He is hard to please. (modifies the adjective hard)

3. As an adjective to qualify a noun:
It is time to depart (qualifies the noun time)
We have nothing to offer. (qualifies nothing)

4. As an object complement or an object to a preposition.
He is about to retire.
We saw him run.
This shop is about to shut.
I felt something fall on my shoulder.

5. As an adjunct :
The captain was the last to abandon the ship.
Kindly give me some water to drink.

6. As part of too + adjective/adverb + infinitive.
He is too weak to walk.
He doesn’t have money enough to buy a flat.

7. As an absolute to modify the whole sentence.
To be candid with you, you are unfit for the job.
To be brief, you have cheated all of us.

Use the Bare Infinitive

8. We do not use to (bare infinitive) before some verbs like watch, bid, see, let, make, help, hear, feel, behold etc.
I shall watch you write an apology.
I heard her sing.
Mummy helped her daughter do her homework.
The Chairman made me wait.
I like you to be with me.
Let me know the truth.

9. With had better, had rather.
You had better stay where you are.
You had rather patch up with your friend.

10. With some prepositions like except, but, than etc.
He does nothing but play.
I would rather give up.
He does nothing except crib.
I would rather die than beg.

11. Passive form of the infinitive (to + be + past participle)
Women like to be flattered by men.
It is an insult to be maltreated like that.

Exercise 1

Fill in the blanks using the verbs within brackets (with or without to):

1. He made me ………… (to laugh)
2. He is too weak ………… (to walk)
3- Raju let me ………… his car. (to drive)
4. He must ………… them from going, (to prevent)
5. You had better ………… (to go)
6. The mango is ………… (eat)
7. You are too young ………… (to understand)
8. There is nothing ………… (to say)
9. We watched them ………… (to work)
10. Let him ………… this work (to do)
Answer:
1. laugh
2. to walk
3. drive
4. prevent
5. go
6. to eat
7. to understand
8. to be said
9. work
10. do.

Exercise 2

Fill up the blanks with infinitive:

1. There is no one ………… this claim, (challenge)
2. He did not let me ………… my work in peace, (do)
3. He was sure ………… a scholarship, (get)
4. The teacher asked the students ………… silence, (maintain)
5. The doctor advised me ………… regular exercise, (to take)
6. They did nothing but ………… (to think)
7. You had rather ………… there, (to go)
8. Everyone wants ………… peacefully, (to live)
9. My father allowed me ………… (to go)
10. She expects ………… (to succeed)
Answer:
1. to challenge
2. do
3. to get
4. to maintain
5. to take
6. think
7. go
8. to live
9. to go
10. to succeed.

The Gerund

A gerund is that form of the verb which ends in V-ing and has the force of a noun. That is why a gerund is called a verbal noun.

Use of Gerund

1. As a Subject
Running is good for health.
Swimming is useful for reducing weight.
Seeing is believing
Reading makes a man complete.
Writing makes a man perfect.

2. As an object
She likes painting.
Rekha loves dancing.

3. As a complement to a Linking Verb
My first love is singing.
My favourite sport is swimming.

4. As an object of preposition
I am tired of sitting all day long.
I am fond of fishing.
He is addicted to gambling.

5. As part of a Noun Phrase
Watching snowfall is soothing to the eyes.
It is foolish catching fire.

Note : Addicted to, look forward to are followed by gerund -ing.
He is addicted to drinking.
He is looking forward to meeting his friend.

The Participle

A participle is that form of verb which partakes of the nature both of a verb and of an adjective.

Kinds of Participle

Participle is of two kinds:

Present Participle	Past Participle
V1 + ing
go + ing	V3 gone
eat + ing	V3 eaten (eat, ate, eaten) V3
V1 is the first form of the verb.	V3 is the third form of the verb.

Use of Participle:

1. As an adjective :
I will buy a talking clock.
This house has no running water.

2. As an object complement:
I found the conditions soothing.
She found the baby weeping.

3. As an adverb :
She went away smiling.
The player left the ground abusing.
The girl stood whistling.

4. As part of an Adjective Phrase:
The lady doctor living on the ground floor is very charming.
The man managing the event is my uncle.

5. As a Participle Phrase :
Placing his hand on the Gita, he swore that he would speak the truth.
Taking her bag, the lady walked out of the Mall.

Difference between a Gerund and a Participle:
Throwing a grenade at the C.R.P.F. picket, the terrorist ran away. (Present Participle)
Throwing stones at other people’s houses is an anti-social act. (Gerund)
Swimming in the fast flowing water, Atul saved a drowning boy. (Present Participle)
Jogging is a good exercise. (Gerund)

Use of Past Participle:

1. As an Adjective:
The injured man was carried to the trauma centre.
He is a gone case.

2. As an Object Complement:
I found the door shut.
The murder of the leader left us shocked.

3. As an Adverb:
He left the gym totally exhausted.
Nervous, he kept on moving to and fro.

4. As part of a Participle Phrase:
I saw a dog crushed under a truck.
The landlady found her house burgled from the front and the back.

Exercise 1

Do as directed:

Question 1.
………… (hear) a noise, I turned round. (Fill up the blank with a participle)
Answer:
Hearing a noise, I turned round.

Question 2.
I saw a storm ………… (approach). (Fill up the blank with a participle)
Answer:
I saw a storm approaching.

Question 3.
(Hunt) deer is not allowed in this area. (Fill up the blank with a gerund)
Answer:
Hunting deer is not allowed in this area.

Question 4.
Children love ………… make mud houses. (Fill up the blank with a gerund)
Answer:
Children love making mud houses.

Question 5.
………… (toil) is the lot of mankind. (Fill up the blank with an infinitive)
Answer:
To toil or toiling is the lot of mankind.

Exercise 2

Do as directed:

Question 1.
Combine the following sentences using an infinitive:
(i) He went to Amritsar.
(ii) He wanted to visit the Golden Temple.
Answer:
He went to Amritsar to visit the Golden Temple.

Question 2.
Combine the following sentences using the participle:
(i) I speak the truth.
(ii) I am not afraid of speaking of it.
Answer:
I am not afraid of speaking the truth.

Question 3.
A ……….. candle fell off the table, (burn) (Fill up the blank with a participle)
Answer:
A burning candle fell off the table.

Question 4.
He left the tap (run). (Fill up the blank with a participle)
Answer:
He left the tap running.

Question 5.
Combine the following sentences using a participle :
He had resolved on a certain course.
He acted with vigour.
Answer:
Having resolved on a course, he acted with vigour.

Question 6.
Combine the following sentences using a participle:
They had no fodder.
They could give the cow nothing to eat.
Answer:
Having no fodder, they could give the cow nothing to eat.

Question 7.
Success is not merely ………….. (win) applause. (Fill up the blank with a gerund)
Answer:
Success is not merely winning applause.

Question 8.
………….. (amass) wealth often ruins the health. (Fill up the blank with a gerund)
Answer:
Amassing wealth often ruins the health.

Exercise 3

Do as directed:

Question 1.
The ability …………. (laugh) is peculiar to mankind. (Fill the blank with an infinitive)
Answer:
The ability to laugh is peculiar to mankind.

Question 2.
Can you hope (count) the stars ? (Fill up the blank with an infinitive)
Answer:
Can you hope to count the stars ?

Question 3.
Combine the following sentences using a participle:
(i) I call a spade a spade.
(ii) I am not afraid of it.
Answer:
I am not afraid of calling a spade a spade.

Question 4.
The man seems …………. (worry) (Fill up the blank with a participle)
Answer:
The man seems worried.

Question 5.
We had a drink of the ………….. (sparkle) water. (Fill up the blank with a participle)
Answer:
We had a drink of the sparkling water.

6. Combine the following sentences using a participle:
(i) The stable door was open.
(ii) The horse was stolen.
Answer:
The stable door having been opened, the horse was stolen.

Question 7.
Combine the following sentences using a participle:
(i) We met a man.
(ii) He was carrying a log of wood.
Answer:
We met a man carrying a log of wood.

Question 8.
We were prevented from …………. (enter) the house. (Fill up the blank by using a gerund)
Answer:
We were prevented from entering the house.

Question 9.
We heard her …………… (sing) at the function. (Fill up the blank with a gerund)
Answer:
We heard her singing at the function.

Exercise 4 (Textual)

Do as directed:

Question 1.
He is slow, ……………. (forgive) (Fill up the blank with an infinitive)
Answer:
He is slow to forgive.

Question 2.
I am sorry …………… (hear) this. (Fill up the blank with an infinitive)
Answer:
I am sorry to hear this.

Question 3.
Combine the following sentences using an infinitive:
(i) He collects old stamps even at great expense.
(ii) It is his hobby.
Answer:
It is his hobby to collect old stamps even at great expense.

Question 4.
…………… (Run) water is not always fit for drinking. (Fill up the blank with a participle)
Answer:
Running water is not always fit for drinking.

Question 5.
………… (carry) by the wind, seeds are scattered far and wide. (Fill up the blank with a participle)
Answer:
Having been carried by the wind, seeds are scattered far and wide.

Question 6.
Combine the following sentences using a participle:
(i) He was dissatisfied.
(ii) He resigned his job.
Answer:
Having been dissatisfied, he resigned his job.

Question 7.
Combine the following sentences using a participle :
(i) We met a girl.
(ii) She was carrying a basket of flowers.
Answer:
We met a girl carrying a basket of flowers.

Question 8.
He is fond of ……….. (swim) (Fill up the blank with a gerund)
Answer:
He is fond of swimming.

Question 9.
Are you afraid of his …………… (hear) you ? (Fill up the blank with a gerund)
Answer:
Are you afraid of his hearing you ?

Question 10.
I have come ……………. (see) you. (Fill up the blank with an infinitive)
Answer:
I have come to see you.

Exercise 5 (Textual)

Question 1.
Combine the following sentences using an infinitive:
(i) He has five children.
(ii) He must provide for them.
Answer:
He must provide for them.

Question 2.
He has five children to provide for.
(i) He wants to earn his livelihood.
(ii) He works hard for this reason.
Answer:
He works hard to earn his livelihood.

Question 3.
(i) I saw him (enter) the house. (Fill up the blank with a participle.)
Answer:
I saw him entering the house.

Question 4.
He played a …………. (lose) game. (Fill up the blank with a participle)
Answer:
He played a losing game.

Question 5.
Combine the following sentences using a participle:
(i) He staggered back.
(it) He sank to the ground.
Answer:
He staggered back sinking to the ground.

Question 6.
She is very keen to …………. modelling, (take up) (Fill up the blank with an infinitive)
Answer:
She is very keen to take up modelling.

Question 7.
What she hates most is ……………. (smoke) (Fill up the blank with a gerund)
Answer:
What she hates most is smoking.

Question 8.
He objected to …………. money on cosmetics, (spend) (Fill up the blank with a gerund)
Answer:
He objected to spending money on cosmetics.

Question 9.
It is a penal offence ……………. bribe a public servant. (Fill up the blank with an infinitive)
Answer:
It is a penal offence to bribe a public servant.

Question 10.
The boys are anxious ………….. (learn) (Fill up the blank with an infinitive)
Answer:
to learn.

Exercise 6 (Textual)

Question 1.
Combine the following sentences using participles:
(i) The strikers held a meeting.
(ii) They wished to discuss the terms of the employers.
Answer:
The strikers held a meeting wishing to discuss the terms of the employers.

Question 2.
(i) The robber took out a knife.
(ii) He wanted to frighten the old man.
Answer:
The robber took out a knife wanting to frighten the old man.

Question 3.
…………. (consider) the facts, he received scant justice. (Fill up the blank with a participle)
Answer:
Considering the facts, he received scant justice.

Question 4.
Combine the following sentences using a participle:
(i) He walked away.
(ii) He was whistling.
Answer:
He walked away whistling.

Question 5.
My hair needs …………….. (cut) (Fill up the blanks with a gerund)
Answer:
My hair needs cutting.

Question 6.
I saw him …………….. (cross) the road. (Fill up the blank with a gerund)
Answer:
I saw him crossing the road.

Exercise 7 (Textual)

Combine each of the following pairs of sentences into one sentence by using infinitives:
Question 1.
I am learning Sanskrit. I want to study the Gita.
Answer:
I am learning Sanskrit to study the Gita.

Question 2.
He labours hard. He wants to succeed.
Answer:
He labours hard to succeed.

Question 3.
I am learning English. I want to study the works of Shakespeare.
Answer:
I am learning English to study the works of Shakespeare.

Question 4.
Children are going to the field. They want to play.
Answer:
Children are going to the field to play.

Question 5.
I have come here. I would like to see you.
Answer:
I have come here to see you.

Exercise 8 (Textual)

Fill up the blanks with one of these: (Infinitive, Gerund, Participle)

Question 1.
He has a …………… look, (surprise)
Answer:
surprised (Participle)

Question 2.
My father is a …………… man. (retire)
Answer:
retired (Participle)

Question 3.
They promised …………… me. (help)
Answer:
ro help (Infinitive)

Question 4.
…………… is pleasant, (play)
Answer:
Playing (Gerund)

Question 5.
…………… on the footpath is safe, (walk)
Answer:
Walking on the footpath is safe. (Gerund)

Question 6.
He gave me a pen …………… with, (write)
Answer:
He gave me a pen to write with. (Infinitive)

Question 7.
He gave up …………… (drink)
Answer:
He gave up drinking. (Gerund)

Miscellaneous Exercises

Infinitive

Exercise 1

Fill in the blanks with a infinitive:

1. …………… (waste) time is a folly.
2. …………… (err) is human.
3. I find it sensible …………… (remain) silent.
4. She seems …………… (be) happy.
5. …………… (toil) is the lot of mankind.
6. You need …………… (do) a lot.
7. I gave him a chance …………… (reconsider) his stand.
8. You are advised not …………… (mislead) your friends.
9. The game was about …………… (begin).
10. Let him leave the room.
11. Make him realise his mistake.
Answer:
1. To waste
2. To err
3. to remain
4. to be
5. To toil
6. to do
7. to reconsider
8. to mislead
9. to begin
10. To is not to be used in these sentences.
11. To is not to be used in these sentences.

Exercise 2

Use the following pair of sentences by using an infinitive:
1. The poor man had live children.
He must provide for them.
2. Turn to the left.
You will find my house.
3. My teacher will learn about my success.
He will be delighted.
4. This box is very big.
He can’t lift it.
5. I had no money.
I could buy no clothes.
Answer:
1. The poor man had ro provide tor five children.
2. Turn to the left for my house.
Or
Turn to the left to find rny house.
3. My teacher will be delighted to learn about my success.
4. This box is too big to lift.
5. I had no money to buy clothes.

Gerund

Exercise 1

Complete the following sentences with correct use oi gerund form of the verb:

1. He is good ar …………… (dance).
2. He is crazy about …………… (sing).
3. He doesn’t like …………… (play; cards.
4. I am afraid of …………… (swim) in the canal.
5. I am always interested in …………… (make) ftiends.
6. He is scared of …………… (travel! by air.
7. I suggest …………… (do) sonic m ire sums.
8. They insisted on …………… (cook) the dinner at home.
9. I thanked him for …………… (fix) my door.
10. I praised him for …………… (help) me in distress.
Answer:
1. dancing
2. playing
3. playing
4. swimming
5. making
6. travelling
7. doing
8. cooking
9. fixing
10. helping.

Participle

Exercise 1

Fill in the blanks with Present Participle:

1. The man …………… (drive) the car is my uncle.
2. Lorries …………… (come) over the bridge have to be careful of the wind.
3. Who was the girl …………… (wear) the red dress ?
4. Students …………… (submit) their essays late will lose ten marks.
5. The …………… (bud) flowers looked very lovely.
6. The …………… (run) bus rammed against the wall.
7. …………… (hear) the noise, he rushed to the spot.
8. They told us an …………… (amuse) account of their journey.
9. I saw the lion …………… (approach) us.
10. He watched them …………… (fight) over trigger.
Answer:
1. driving
2. coming
3. wearing
4. submitting
5. budding
6. running
7. Hearing
8. amusing
9. approaching
10. fighting.

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class English Book Solutions English Letter Writing Business Letters Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 12th Class English Letter Writing Business Letters

1. Applications for Different Jobs

1. Write an application for the post of a Steno-typist.

14, Civil Lines,
Amritsar.
August 6, 20 ………….

The Advertiser,
Post Box No. 313,
The Tribune,
Chandigarh.
Sir,

This is in response to your advertisement in ‘The Tribune’ dated 4th August 20 for the post of a Steno-typist in your office. I beg to offer myself as a candidate for the same. As regards my qualifications, they are detailed below:
I passed my BA. Examination in 20 ………. from D.A.V. College, Amritsar. I was placed in the second division. After my graduation, I joined a commercial college where I learnt both short-hand and type-writing. My speed in short-hand is 75 w.p.m. and my speed in type-writing is 50 w.p.m. I have been working as a steno-typist with Sehgal & Co., Amritsar for the last five years. Besides short-hand and type-writing, I am also well conversant with other official work and can speak fluently English, Hindi and Punjabi.

I am still in the service of the same firm. I am seeking better opportunities which my present employer, with his limited business, cannot supply. He has no objection to my seeking a better job somewhere else.

I am a youngman of 25 with a sound physique and an impressive personality.

I enclose a certificate from my present employer in regard to my character, experience and ability. Should you appoint me to the post, it would be my sincerest effort to give you every satisfaction.

Yours faithfully,
H.M.L. Sood

2. Reply to above.

Messrs Datta & Co.,
130, Park Lane,
New Delhi-15.
August 11, 20……

Mr. H.M.L. Sood,
14 Civil Lines,
Amritsar.

Dear Sir,

We have your application of the 6th August, for the post of a steno-typist in our office. We are glad to inform you that we have decided to appoint you for the post.

Your appointment will be on a temporary basis for three months. If your work and conduct are found satisfactory, you will be made permanent. Your salary will be Rs 12000/- per month during the temporary period and Rs 12450/- per month with a yearly increment of Rs 450/- on your being made permanent. Your promotion depends entirely on your hard work, honesty and sincerity.

If the appointment is acceptable to you, please let us know by return of post the date when you can join.

Yours faithfully,
R.M. Sinha,
Manager

3. Write an application for the job of an Asstt. Manager in a large firm – Messrs Ghooki and Sons – selling electrical appliances. Give details of your qualifications and experience and mention the minimum salary acceptable to you.

510, Church Street,
Chandigarh.
July, 28, 20……….

Messrs Ghooki and Sons,
R-120, Connaught Place,
New Delhi-1.
Dear Sirs,

In response to your advertisement in ‘The Times of India’ dated July 26, 20…. for the post of an Asstt. Manager in your firm engaged in selling electrical appliances, I beg to offer my services for the same. As desired by you, I give below a few particulars about myself.

I passed my M.A. (Economics) from St. Stephen’s College, New Delhi in 20… After my Post-Graduation, I passed M.B.A. course in 20…. from Punjab University, Chandigarh. I was placed in the first division. Since then I have been working in Mumbai Electricals in the capacity of an Asstt. Manager. I am 30 years of age. I have an experience of six years. I can plan and execute sales independently. I have an unblemished record and my present employer wants me to stay on. But I wish to come to my home town that is, Delhi.

At present I am drawing ? 25000/- p.m. and have a free furnished accommodation. I can join your concern at a minimum salary of ^ 35500/- plus a free furnished accommodation and a car at the company’s expense.

I am prepared to attend an interview only at your expense. Copies of my certificates and testimonials are enclosed herewith for your kind perusal.

Yours faithfully,
Shankar Chauhan

4. Reply to Application No. 3.

Messrs Ghooki & Sons,
R-120, Connaught Place,
New Delhi-I.
July 31, 20 ………..

Sh. Shankar Chauhan,
510, Church Street,
Chandigarh.
Dear Sir,

In reply to your application dated 28th July, for the post of an Asstt. Manager, we are glad to inform you that we are ready to offer you the job at the salary demanded by you. We shall also give you free furnished accommodation and a car at company’s expense. However, you will have to sign a contract to serve in our firm for a minimum period of 4 years.

If the above terms are acceptable to you, kindly make it convenient to call at our office on 10th August, 20 ………… at 10 A.M. to settle other details of your appointment.

Yours faithfully,
R.P. Ghooki,
Managing Director

5. Write an application for the post of a P.A. to the Technical Manager of Calico Textiles. The post requires knowledge of short-hand typing and textiles of all varieties. Quote references.

14, Patel Road,
New Delhi-33.
May 26, 20 ……….

The Technical Manager,
Calico Textiles,
Amritsar.
Dear Sir,

In response to your advertisement in ‘The Times of India dated May 22, 20…. for the post of a P.A., I beg to offer myself as a candidate for the same.

I passed my Higher Secondary Examination in the first division. I passed B. Com. Final in 20 with Hons, in Secretarial Practice. I was immediately employed by Mohindra Textiles, New Delhi and have been working there to the satisfaction of my superiors. I am seeking better opportunities which my present employers with their limited range of business cannot supply. They have no objection to my seeking a better job somewhere.

I am a young man of 26 with a pleasing personality. I am capable of doing hard work. I enclose a certificate from my present employers in regard to my character, experience and ability.

Should you appoint me to the post, it would be my sincerest effort to give you every satisfaction. Once again I assure you that I will do my duty honestly and conscientiously.

Yours faithfully,
Sunil Sharma

6. Reply to above.

The Technical Manager,
Calico Textiles,
Amritsar.
May 30, 20 …….

Mr. Sunil Sharma,
14, Patel Road,
New Delhi-33.
Dear Sir,

In reply to your application for the post of a P.A. dated May 26, 20 …………. I should be glad if you call at my office on Monday morning next so that I may discuss details concerning the post for which you have applied.

The initial salary offered is Rs 12400/- per month, the engagement being terminable at one month’s notice on either side.

Yours faithfully,
S.M. Kakkar

2. Placing Orders

7. Placing Order for Steel Furniture.

Messrs Raja Sodhi &C Co.,
(Steel Furniture Dealers)
Prasad Road,
Ludhiana.
October 3, 20 ……….

Ref. No. 602/…. RS
The Manager,
Messrs Mahesh & Co.,
Rani Jhansi Road,
New Delhi-11.
Dear Sir,

We are in receipt of your quotation October, 1, 20… and thank you for the same. Please arrange to supply us the following goods as early as possible:
12 Nos…. Steel Almirah, size 84⊄⊄ at Rs 700 Per Piece.
12 Nos…. Manager’s Table, size 60⊄⊄ at Rs 400 Per Piece.
Sales and any other tax, if required, will be paid extra.

As desired by you, we are enclosing herewith our cheque No. STB/610073 dated October 3, 20….. for Rs 10,000/- only as advance and balance will be paid as soon as the goods are delivered.

In this connection, please note that if you make your terms liberal, we confirm, we shall be able to give you a good turnover per year. Please see what you can do.
Thanking you,

Yours faithfully,
Ram Chand
Manager

Enel. : One cheque.
No. : STB/610073.
Date : October 3, 20 …..
Amount : Rs 10,000/- only.
Back : State Bank of India, New Delhi-1.

8. Reply to above.

Messrs Mahesh & Co.,
Rani Jhansi Road,
New Delhi-11.
October 10, 20 …….

The Manager,
Messrs Raja Sodhi & Co.
(Steel Furniture Dealers)
Prasad Road,
Ludhiana.
Dear Sir,

We thank you for your order of the 3rd October, 20… and are pleased to state that the goods required have been despatched by passenger train this morning.

We trust that the goods will arrive in excellent condition and their quality will induce your good self to send further orders.

Yours faithfully,
K. Mahesh,
Manager

Enel. : Invoice
R/R No. : Nd/16003
Dated : October 10, 20….

9. Placing Order for Books.

R. Chand & Co.,
(Booksellers)
College Road,
Patiala.
July 18, 20 ……..

Messrs Malhotra Publishers,
Railway Road,
Jalandhar City.
Dear Sirs,

We are in receipt of your letter No. B-605/78 K dated 8th July, 20 alongwith a list of your publications. We thank you for the same.
Please supply us immediately:
40 Copies AS YOU LIKE IT by Prof. Ashok @ Rs 19/- each.
40 Copies MBD English Guide, TDC, III @ Rs 45/- each.
30 Copies MBD Economics Refresher B.Com. II, @ Rs 26/- each.
40 Copies MBD History Refresher TDC 11 @ Rs 12/- each 25 Copies
MBD Refresher English Guide, B.Com. 1, @ Rs 16/- each.

As desired by you, we are enclosing herewith our cheque No. SKB/K 10032 dated July 18, 20…… for Rs 1500/- only as advance and the balance will be paid against delivery.

Our next order will be forwarded as and when necessary.

Yours faithfully,
Ravinder Ghai,
Proprietor

Enel. : One cheque.
No. : SKB/K10032.
Date : July 18, 20 …….
Amount : Rs 1500/-
Bank : State Bank of India,
Patiala.

10. Acknowledging a Big Order.

Messrs Malhotra Publishers,
Railway Road,
Jalandhar City.
July 12, 20……

Ref. : MBD/MA-16 TR.
Messrs Bose & Co.,
University Road,
New Delhi-16.
Dear Sirs,

We thank you for your order No. 818. dated July 6, 20 ….. for 300 copies of MBD ENGLISH LITERATURE SERIES, “AS YOU LIKE IT” by Prof. Ashok @ Rs 90/- each copy. The order has been booked for execution and the books will be despatched by goods train on 14th July.

This is the first occasion we have the pleasure to execute your order. We heartily welcome you to our list of will-wishers and patrons. We assure you that you will always find our books satisfactory and hope this order will lead to an enduring connection with you.

Yours faithfully,
Balwant Sharma
Manager

11. Placing Order for Sports Goods.

“SPORTS CORNER”
14, Lodhi Market,
New Delhi-21.
July 6, 20 ……

Ref. No. Sc/506.
Messrs Kohli & Co.,
Sports Goods Manufacturers,
Industrial Estate,
Jalandhar City.
Dear Sirs,

I am in receipt of your quotation dated July 2, 20 …… and thank you for the same. Please supply us immediately the following items:
6 dozen Cricket balls @ Rs 120/- per dozen.
20 Cricket Bats (Durrani) @ Rs 75/- per bat.
50 pairs of Batting Gloves @ Rs 10/- per pair,
8 dozen Hockey balls (Ashok) @ Rs 100/- per dozen.
5 dozen Hockey Sticks (Champion) @ Rs 400/- per dozen.
Sales and any other tax, if leviable, will be paid extra.

As desired by you. I am enclosing herewith my cheque No. PB/c 70078 dated July 6, 20… for Rs 2,500/- only as advance and balance will be paid against delivery.
Thanking you,

Yours faithfully,
J.L. Mehta
Manager

Enel. : One cheque.
No. : PB/c 70078
Date : July 6, 20…
Amount : Rs 2,500/- only.
Bank : Punjab National Bank, New Delhi-1.

12. Reply to Letter No. 11.

Messrs Kohli & Co.,
Sports Goods Manufacturers,
Industrial Estate,
Jalandhar City.
July 9, 20 …….

The Manager,
“Sports Corner”,
14, Lodhi Market,
New Delhi-21.
Dear Sirs,

We are indebted to you for your order of the 6th July, 20 ……. and pleased to state that the goods required have been despatched by passenger train this morning.

We trust that the goods will arrive in excellent condition and their quality will induce you to send further orders.

Yours faithfully,
Satish Kohli
Sales Manager

Enel. : Invoice
R/R No. : JK/622532
Date : July 2, 20 ……..

13. Placing order for Servicing of Typewriting Machines.

Michael Limited,
(Commission Agents & Gen. Order Suppliers)
150, Park Road,
Kolkata-500025.
August 12, 20 ………

Ref. No. 1832/ML-630
Messrs Baliram & Co.
18, Church Lane,
New Delhi-32.
Dear Sirs,

Thank you for your quotation dated August 8, 20… for servicing of our different Typewriting Machines.

We do hereby accept your quotation under reference and request you to start work from the next week.

Regarding payment, though you did not mention anything in your quotation, we propose to make payments bi-monthly (i.e. 6 times in a year). Hence you are to submit your bill after completion of servicing of every two months.

Thanking you,

Yours faithfully,
R.S. Singh Purchase
Manager

14. Asking for details of Order.

Renu Hosiery Goods,
Industrial Estate,
Jalandhar City.
October 6, 20 …….

Messrs Dimple Readymade Garments,
106, Main Market,
New Delhi-13.
Dear Sirs,

We thank you for your Order No. 512 October 4, 20… for 5 dozen All-wool Pullovers, Catalogue No. 12 A, @ Rs 80/- each. We should like to inform you that you did not write the specifications in regard to size and colour. Surely, you would like to make your own choice and do not want us to send you size and colour of our selection.

We shall be glad if you kindly let us know your choice.

Yours faithfully,
V.K. Nanda
Sales Manager

3. Complaints And Adjustments

15. Complaint for Non-execution of an Order.

Upkar Traders,
6-Gurudwara Road,
Amritsar.
December 10, 20 …….

Ref. No. UT/103/………
Messrs Aggarwal & Sons,
15/162-E, Rampur Road,
Agra.
Dear Sirs,

Please refer to our order No. UT/503/ ………. dated November 2, 20 ……… for 200 Tins of Ghee (Lotus Brand).

We note with regret that the goods ordered were not delivered till this day, in spite of the fact that a prompt delivery was guaranteed and the order obtained on the strength of guarantee. The reasons are, however, beyond our knowledge.

This is not the first time a delay in delivery has occurred. Any way, we shall like to point out that business on these conditions can’t be continued for long.

We hope that this letter will cause you to settle the problem finally. Your immediate reply is expected.

Thanking you,

Yours faithfully,
Rajinder K. Singh
Purchase Officer

16. A Negative Reply to Letter No. 15.

Messrs Aggarwal & Sons,
15/162-E, Rampura Road,
Agra.
December 13, 20 ……..

Ref. No. A/s-603213-G,
The Purchase Officer,
Upkar Traders,
6-Gurudwara Road,
Amritsar.
Dear Sir,

We are in receipt of your letter No. UT/1003/ ……….. dated December 10, 20 ……….. and thank you for the same.

Please note that since there are some technical difficulties in our factory, we are not in a position to execute the order this time. We request you to procure the same from some other source.

We hope that you will realise that it is due to circumstances beyond our control. We do sincerely hope that you will not mind anything. We shall inform you as soon as the position becomes normal.

We are extremely sorry for this but are helpless. Thanking you in anticipation and expecting your best cooperation always.

Yours faithfully,
R.N. Aggarwal
Proprietor

17. An Affirmative Reply.

Messrs Aggarwal & Sons,
15/162-E, Rampura Road,
Agra.
December 13, 20 ………

Ref. No. A/s-603213-G,
The Purchase Officer,
Upkar Traders,
6-Gurudwara Road,
Amritsar.
Dear Sir,

We are in receipt of your letter No. UT/1003/ ……….. dated December 10,20 …………. and thank you for the same.

We are really sorry for the delay in executing your order due to a strike by the workers in our factory. Now the things are settled and we shall send the goods within two’ or three days.

We hope you will realise that the delay is due to circumstances beyond our control. We shall try our best to execute all your future orders in time.

Yours faithfully,
R.H. Aggarwal
Proprietor

18. Complaint for Express Bill.

District Sports Officer,
Govinda Stadium,
Amritsar.
July 10, 20……….

Ref. No. D50/6-CR.
M/s R.P. Kalra & Co.,
Sports Goods Manufacturers,
16, Industrial Estate,
Jalandhar City.
Dear Sir,

We are in receipt of the hockey sticks sent under cover of your invoice No. RPC/340 ……… dated June, 8, 20 ………. and thank you for the same.

In this connection, kindly note that in your invoice, you have charged Rs 26/- per stick while you quoted Rs 24/- per stick.

Please rectify the mistake and either send us the excess amount charged by M.O. or issue us a C.N. for the same. Prompt action is expected.

Yours sincerely,
Swami Talwar
D.S.O.

19. Reply to Above.

M/S R.P. Kalra & Co.,
Sports Goods Manufacturers,
16, Industrial Estate,
Jalandhar city.
July 13, 20 ……..

Ref. No. RPK/32-
The District Sports Officer,
Govind Stadium,
Amritsar.
Dear Sir,

We are in receipt of your letter No. DSO/6-CR dated July 10, 20…. and note the contents with thanks. The mistake took place due to the inadvertence of our billing clerk for which we are extremely sorry.

Enclosed please find our Credit Note No. RPK/6-88 dated July 13, 20…….. for the excess amount which may be adjusted with your next order.
Thanking you in anticipation and assuring you of our best co-operation and service. We remain,

Yours faithfully,
K.L. Sharma
Sales Manager.

20. Complaint for sending wrong books.

“Book-Shop”
University Campus,
Patiala.
July 26, 20…….

Ref. No. BS/102 ……….
Messrs Manjit Bros.,
Educational Publishers,
Jalandhar City.
Dear Sirs,

I am in receipt of the parcel sent under cover of your invoice No. MB 4078 dated July 24, 20…….. (for Rs 5200/-) and thank you for the same.

But on opening the parcel, I find that you have sent us the Punjabi Edition intead of Hindi Edition.

I presume due to the inadvertence of your packer, this mistake has taken place. I am sending the parcel back. I request you to replace the same immediately. I do hope that you shall do the needful as soon as my letter reaches you.

Yours faithfully,
K.C. Sachdeva
Manager

21. Reply to Above Letter of Complaint.

Messrs Manjit Bros.,
Educational Publishers,
Jalandhar City.
July 28, 20…….

Ref. No. MB/607……
The Manager,
“Book-Shop”
University Campus,
Patiala.
Dear Sir,
We are in receipt of your letter No. BS/102 ……….. dated July 26,20 …… and noted the contents with thanks.

We are sending you the Hindi Edition by the next available Passenger Train. On receipt of the parcel, please do drop a line to us.

We are extremely sorry for the inconvenience caused to you due to this. We assure you that necessary care will be taken at the time of execution of all your future orders. Please never mind for this.

Thanking you in anticipation and assuring you of our best services always.

Yours faithfully,
D.K. Joshi
(Partner)
For Manjit Bros.

22. Complaint for Defective Goods.

Rehman & Sons,
Shawl Dealers,
Manik Road,
Amritsar.
November 10, 20 ……..

The Manager,
Messrs Bal Chand Lai Chand,
The Mall,
Jalandhar.
Dear Sir,

We thank you for the prompt execution of our Order No. RS/265-D, dated October 21, 20 ……

Unfortunately, on opening the case, we find twenty shawls torn which are unsaleable. There are six shawls whose finish is decidedly bad. In no way they appear like high-priced goods, a fact which is very much against our business ethics.

We are unable to offer such shawls to our customers and therefore returning them in the hope that you will let us have goods of a better quality.

Yours faithfully,
Kadir Rahman
(Partner)

23. Reply to Above.

Messrs Bal Chand Lai Chand,
The Mall,
Jalandhar.
November 18, 20 ……..

Ref. No. BCLC/……….
Messrs Rehman & Sons,
Shawl Dealers,
Manik Road,
Amritsar.
Dear Sirs,

We are in receipt of your letter dated November 10, 20……. complaining about the defective goods supplied by us. We are extremely sorry that we have not been able to supply goods to your satisfaction. Generally, our men thoroughly check the goods before they are despatched to our clients, but as some of our shawls have been found defective and inferior, we are ready to replace them at our cost.

We shall forward you a fresh supply of shawls within a few days and we trust that these will be to your full satisfaction.

Yours faithfully,
H.D. Sharma
Manager

24. You recently travelled on an old public transport bus which broke down a couple of times on the way. Write a letter to the manager of the company giving details of the poor condition of the bus and the harassment that it caused to the passengers. Also make a few suggestions to improve the service

To
The Manager,
Malhi Bus Service Private Limited,
Jalandhar Bus Stop.
Jalandhar.
Sir,

I wish to bring to your kind notice that I had a very bitter experience while travelling by one of the buses of your company BTK 2534 plying between Batala and Jalandhar on 12th January, 2012, I was in a hurry to reach Jalandhar. After buying a ticket for my journey, I boarded the bus. The bus left Batala at ten o’clock. As I took my seat, I found the seat cover torn. Some of the windows had no panes. The floor or deck of the bus was in a wretched shape. The iron plates were broken and twisted. Technically it could be called more of scrap than a roadworthy bus. It appeared to be a very aged bus.

After leaving Batala, the bus began to slow down after covering about two kilometres. Then it broke down and stopped near Achal Sahib. The driver and the conductor tried to repair it but it showed no sign of getting re-started. I got the impression that the bus was not at all roadworthy even when it was going to start from the Batala bus stop. Probably the conductor and the driver were in league with each other to dupe the passengers. After struggling to start, the bus showed signs of moving. But it began to run at a slower speed. All the passengers felt uncertain about the bus reaching the destination. We had already wasted 45 minutes at Achal Sahib.

Thereafter the bus came to a grinding halt at Baba Bakala. All the passengers got down. They asked the conductor to return their fare as they wanted to take other buses to reach Jalandhar. The conductor refused to refund the fare. He wanted the passengers to wait for the bus to re-start. Another forty-five minutes were wasted. Someone brought a mechanic.

He tried his level best to start the bus. The bus moved at a very slow speed. It broke down again at Beas. We had a similar experience at Subhanpur. It was 4.30 p.m.. by the time we reached Jalandhar. A journey of one and a half hours was completed within six hours.

It is a reflection on your competence as the manager of the company. You are requested to remove such a useless bus from plying. It is nothing short of deliberate cheating. You should ask the driver and the conductor why they sent such a bus to transport passengers. The public expects a proper value of their money.

Yours truly,
Gurtej Singh Dhillon
and ten others.

4. Inquiries, Quotations & Replies

25. Letter of Inquiry concerning the Status of the Firm.

Raman Manufacturing Co. Ltd.
Industrial Estate,
Jalandhar City.
December 4, 20……

Mr. D.R Azad,
5/31, Nehru Road,
Delhi.
Dear Sir,

We have been requested by M/s Singh Bros., Civil Lines, Delhi, to forward twenty pieces of Steel Almirahs for which they propose to pay by means of a three months’ bill. As the amount involved is more than Rs 10,000/-, we are naturally a bit reluctant to allow credit without some assurance as to their financial standing.

We shall feel obliged if you give us the detailed information regarding their financial status and reputation. Please do inform us whether you consider it proper to grant the said credit to them.

We thank you in advance for any other information which you can give us.

Yours faithfully,
K.R. Mani
Sales Manager

26. A favourable Reply to the above letter.

5/31, Nehru Road,
Delhi.
December 10, 20 …….

The Sales Manager,
Messrs Raman Manufacturing Co. Ltd.
Industrial Estate,
Jalandhar City.
Dear Sir,

I am pleased to be of service to you in ascertaining the financial status and reputation of M/s Singh Bros, Civil Lines, Delhi, about whom you enquired on December 4, 20……

I am glad to inform you that the said firm enjoys the fullest respect and reputation in local commercial circles. The firm is known to be possessed of a considerable amount of capital.

There seems to be no reason for withholding credit to the extent you mention, and you should have no hesitation in doing business with the firm on the terms suggested.

Yours faithfully,
D.P. Azad

27. An Unfavourable Reply.

5/31-Nehru Road,
Delhi.
December, 10, 20……….

The Sales Manager,
Messrs Raman Manufacturing Co. Ltd.
Jalandhar City.
Dear Sir,

In reply to your inquiry of the 4th December concerning M/s Singh Bros., Civil Lines, Delhi, I could recommend a policy of caution. Though the said firm is an excellent business organisation with a wide circle of customers, yet their operation hardly warrants an allowance of credit to the extent of Rs 10,000/- You should hesitate to accept the conditions they suggest. As far as I can see, payment of half this sum i.e. Rs 5000/- in cash would be advisable.

I hope that you will recognise the importance of keeping the information strictly private.

Yours faithfully,
D.R Azad

28. Asking for Quotation of Pencils.

Pandit Brothers,
Gandhi Road,
Ludhiana.
April 10, 20 ……..

Messrs Jain Bros.,
Pencil Manufacturers,
10, Industrial Area,
New Delhi-28.
Dear Sirs,

We are very much interested to purchase various brands of pencils manufactured by you, in large quantities regularly every month.

We shall be glad if you send us the details of the pencils manufactured by you quoting prices and other terms.

We assure you that we shall be able to give you good sales provided your terms and conditions suit us.

We hope you will facilitate business by quoting us the lowest possible rates. Your immediate action will be highly appreciated.

Yours faithfully,
S.M. Pandit

29. Reply to Above.

Messrs Jain Bros.,
Pencil Manufacturers,
10, Industrial Area,
New Delhi-28.
April 14, 20 ………

Ref. No. JB/16032-D.
Mr. S.M. Pandit,
Pandit Brothers,
Gandhi Road,
Ludhiana.
Dear Sir,

We are in receipt of your letter dated April 10, 20 ………. and thank you for the same. We are sending herewith our catalogue containing quotations for quantities from our existing stocks. You will also find the terms of payment indicated therein. But packing charges will be extra.

We like to add here that we shall be very glad to offer you a special discount of 2½% over and above our usual trade terms if your monthly requirement is 200 grosses (assorted).

Please let us have your standing order as early as possible which will always receive our most careful and prompt attention.

Yours faithfully,
P.K. Jain
Managing Director

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class English Book Solutions Supplementary Chapter 6 The Bull beneath the Earth Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 English Supplementary Chapter 6 The Bull beneath the Earth

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Discuss the appropriateness of the title of the story ‘The Bull Beneath the Earth’.
“The Bull Beneath the Earth’ कहानी के शीर्षक की उचितता पर तर्क करें
Answer:
The title of a story must be appropriate. It must capture its theme and throw light on its events. The title refers to the old man in the story. He is burdened by his personal sorrows. His eldest son Karam Singh has recently died. He has to take care of his daughter-in-law and his grandson. Mann Singh rightly compares him with the mythical bull who carries on its head the burden of the whole earth.

कहानी का शीर्षक उचित होना चाहिए। इसकी इसके विषय पर पकड़ होनी चाहिये और कहानी की घटनाओं पर प्रकाश डालना चाहिए। यह शीर्षक कहानी में बूढ़े आदमी से सम्बन्धित है। वह अपने व्यक्तिगत दुःखों के बोझ तले दबा हुआ है। उसका बड़ा बेटा कर्म सिंह हाल ही में मर गया है। उसको अपनी बहु और पोते का ध्यान रखना है। मान सिंह ठीक ही उसकी तुलना उस पौराणिक बैल से करता है जिसने अपने सिर पर सारी ज़मीन का बोझ उठाया हुआ है।

Question 2.
Why did Mann Singh not get a warm welcome by the father of Karam Singh ?
कर्म सिंह के बाप ने मान सिंह का हार्दिक स्वागत क्यों नहीं किया ?
Answer:
Mann Singh was a true friend of Karam Singh. During his leave he visited Karam Singh’s house. Because of the tragedy of Karam Singh, his father didn’t give him a warm welcome. Mann Singh understood that his personal loss and responsibilities had given him a great shock. He rightly compared him with the mythical bull beneath the earth.

मान सिंह कर्म सिंह का एक सच्चा मित्र था। अपनी छुट्टी के दौरान वह कर्म सिंह के घर गया। कर्म सिंह के दुखांत के कारण उसके पिता ने उसका हार्दिक स्वागत नहीं किया। मान सिंह समझ गया कि उसकी व्यक्तिगत हानि और दायित्वों ने उसे बहुत बड़ा सदमा दिया था। उसने ठीक ही उसकी तुलना धरती के नीचे वाले पौराणिक बैल से की।

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a character-sketch of Karam Singh.
Karam Singh का चरित्र – चित्रण करे|
Answer:
Karam Singh was a Havildar in the army. He was posted in Burma. The text does not tell us anything about his early life. He belonged to the village named Thathi Khara in Amritsar district. He was a hearty, friendly character. He had a very pleasant manner of speech.

The people of his village loved to sit by his side and listen to his tales of war and adventure. Karam Singh was very popular in his village. When he came on leave, he had many tales to tell the people. In his regiment also, he was famous as a crack shot.

He had killed many Japanese in the war. It was said that whenever he pressed the trigger of his rifle, a Japanese used to be killed. He used to be the best performer in rifle shooting competitions. In his regiment, he was known for his feats in the gymnasium. He was a sincere friend of Mann Singh, Naik in his regiment. During war days, Mann Singh went on leave for a few days.

He was from Chuharkana (now in Pakistan). Karam Singh told him to visit his village in Amritsar district and see his parents. Mann Singh met the members of his family. Karam Singh’s end was tragic. His loss was a permanent loss for his family. He was a brave and efficient soldier.

कर्म सिंह सेना में हवलदार था। वह Burma में अपने सैनिक काम पर नियुक्त था। मूलपाठ हमें उसके आरम्भिक जीवन के बारे कुछ नहीं बताता। वह अमृतसर जिला के ठठी खारा गांव का रहने वाला था। वह खुशदिल और मैत्री भाव वाला व्यक्ति था। उसके बोलचाल का तरीका बड़ा सुहावना था। उसके गांव के लोग उसके पास बैठकर उससे युद्ध और जोखिम वाली कहानियाँ सुनना पसंद करते थे। कर्म सिंह अपने गांव में प्रसिद्ध था।

जब वह छुट्टी पर आता था, उसके पास लोगों को सुनाने के लिए कई कहानियां होती थीं। अपनी रैजीमैंट का वह प्रसिद्ध निशानेबाज़ था। युद्ध में उसने कई जापानियों को मारा था। कहा जाता था कि जब भी वह अपनी बन्दूक के घोड़े को दबाता था तो एक जापानी मर जाता था। Rifle द्वारा गोली चलाने की प्रतियोगिताओं में वह सबसे बेहतरीन निशानेबाज़ होता था। अपनी रैजीमैन्ट में वह Gymnasium के अपने करतबों के लिए भी काफ़ी प्रसिद्ध था। वह मान सिंह का सच्चा मित्र था जो कि उसी रैजीमैन्ट में नायक था। युद्ध के दिनों में मान सिंह कुछ दिनों की छुट्टी पर गया।

वह चूड़काना (अब पाकिस्तान में) का रहने वाला था। कर्म सिंह ने उसे कहा कि वह अमृतसर जिले में उसके गांव जाकर उसके माता-पिता से मिले। मान सिंह कर्म सिंह के गांव जाकर उसके परिवार वालों को मिला। कर्म सिंह का अन्त दुःखद था। अपने परिवार वालों के लिए उसकी हानि एक स्थाई हानि थी। वह एक कुशल और वीर सैनिक था।

Question 2.
Write a character-sketch of Mann Singh.
Mann Singh का चरित्र-चित्रण करें।
Answer:
Mann Singh was a Naik in the army. He belonged to Chuharkana (now in Pakistan). He was a sincere friend of Karam Singh who was a Havildar in the same regiment in Burma.

He was a fast friend of Karam Singh. He was full of praise for his friend’s skill and efficiency as a soldier. He was a true friend of Karam Singh. During the war days. he had to go on leave. Karam Singh also wanted to have leave and he wished to spend his leave with Mann Singh. But he did not get leave. Karam Singh told Mann Singh to go to his village, Thathi Khara in district Amritsar.

By his visit to his village, he would be able to meet his people. He wanted his parents to feel that he had visited them through the visit of Mann Singh. Because of the tragedy of Karam Singh, his father did not give him a warm welcome.

But Mann Singh understood that his personal loss and responsibilities had given him a great shock. He rightly compared the old father of Karam Singh with the mythical bull beneath the earth.

मान सिंह सेना में नायक था। वह चूड़काना (अब पाकिस्तान में) का रहने वाला था। वह कर्मसिंह का सच्चा दोस्त था जो बर्मा की उसी रैजीमैन्ट में हवलदार था। वह कर्म सिंह का पक्का मित्र था। वह एक सैनिक के रूप में अपने मित्र की प्रवीणता और कौशल की बहुत प्रशंसा करता था। वह एक सच्चा मित्र था।

युद्ध के दिनों में उसे छुट्टी पर जाना पड़ा। कर्म सिंह भी छुट्टी लेकर जाना चाहता था ताकि वह छुट्टी मान सिंह के साथ बिता सके। लेकिन उसे छुट्टी नहीं मिली। कर्म सिंह ने मान सिंह को कहा कि वह उसके गांव ठुठी खारा जिला अमृतसर में जाये। उसके गांव जाकर वह उसके परिवार के लोगों से मिल सकेगा। कर्म सिंह चाहता था कि मान सिंह के जाने से उसके मातापिता को लगेगा कि उसके ज़रिये से वे कर्म सिंह को मिल सके थे।

कर्म सिंह के दुःखांत के कारण कर्म सिंह के पिता ने मान सिंह का अच्छी तरह स्वागत नहीं किया। लेकिन मान सिंह समझ गया था कि उसके व्यक्तिगत नुकसान और ज़िम्मेदारियों ने उसको बड़ा झटका दिया था। इस लिए उसने कर्म सिंह के बूढ़े बाप की तुलना ज़मीन के नीचे उपस्थित पौराणिक बैल से की थी।

Question 3.
Why did Mann Singh visit Karam Singh’s village during his leave ? How did Karam Singh’s family treat him ? What was the reason for such treatment?
अपनी छुट्टी के दौरान मान सिंह कर्म सिंह के गांव क्यों गया ? कर्म सिंह के परिवार ने उसके साथ कैसा व्यवहार किया ? ऐसे बर्ताव का क्या कारण था ?
Answer:
Mann Singh was going on leave to his home in Chuharkana. His friend Karam Singh told him that he must go to his village Thathi Khara and see his people before he returned from leave. He told him that his family members would be happy to see him. Then Karam Singh told him about the geography of his village.

He would write to his parents about Mann Singh’s visit. So Mann Singh made it a point to visit Thathi Khara. He took a tonga from Amritsar to reach the village. As he reached the place, he entered Karam Singh’s house. He greeted Karam Singh’s father. Karam Singh’s father welcomed him. He sat down on a charpai.

The old man did not appear to be warm in welcoming Mann Singh. He seemed to be disturbed at Mann Singh’s arrival. His eyes wandered away from Mann Singh’s face. Mann Singh thought this welcome strange. For a moment, Mann Singh thought that the old man was not Karam Singh’s father.

The old man said that this was Karam Singh’s house. He added that Karam Singh had written to him about his visit. After speaking these words, the old man walked away to the courtyard. The reason for this cold treatment was the sudden death of Karam Singh. The whole family was in grief.

मान सिंह छुट्टी पर (चूड़काना) अपने घर जा रहा था। कर्म सिंह ने उसको कहा कि उसे छुट्टी से वापस आने से पहले उसके गांव ठठ्ठी खारा में उसके घर जाकर उसके माता-पिता को ज़रूर मिलना चाहिये। उसने उसको कहा कि उसके माता-पिता उसको मिल कर बहुत प्रसन्न होंगे। फिर कर्मसिंह ने उसको अपने गांव की भौगोलिक स्थिति बता दी।

वह अपने माता-पिता को मान सिंह के दौरे के बारे लिख देगा। इसलिए मान सिंह ने इरादा कर लिया कि वह Thathi Khara ज़रूर जायेगा। गांव पहुंचने के लिए उसने Amritsar से टांगा ले लिया। वहां पहुंच कर उसने कर्म सिंह के घर प्रवेश किया। उसने कर्म सिंह के पिता को नमस्कार किया।

बूढ़े बाप ने उसको कहा कि यह कर्म सिंह का घर है। कर्म सिंह के पिता ने उसका स्वागत किया। वह एक चारपाई पर बैठ गया। बूढ़े आदमी द्वारा मान सिंह का स्वागत करने में रूखापन था। वह मान सिंह के आने पर परेशान-सा था। उसकी आँखें मान सिंह के चेहरे से परे हट गईं। मान सिंह इस स्वागत को विचित्र पा समझता था।

एक पल के लिए तो मान सिंह ने सोचा कि यह बूढ़ा कर्म सिंह का बाप नहीं था। देर कहा ।क यह कर्म सिंह का घर था। उसने कहा कि कर्म सिंह ने उसके आने के बारे लिखा था। ये शब्द बोलने के बाद बूढ़ा आदमी वहां से आंगन की ओर चला गया। इस ठंडे या रूखे स्वागत का कारण कर्म सिंह की अचानक मौत थी। सारा परिवार शोकग्रस्त था।

Question 4.
Give a brief character-sketch of Karam Singh’s father.
कर्म सिंह के बाप का संक्षेप में चरित्र-चित्रण करें।
Answer:
Karam Singh’s father is an old man. He must be past sixty. The story does not tell us about his early life. He seems to be engaged in domestic duties. He does not talk much. When Mann Singh comes to his house at the request of Karam Singh, he does not talk frankly with the visitor. He is not at all warm to his son’s dear friend. Mann Singh gets a cold treatment.

He does not ask Mann Singh any question about the welfare of his son. So Mann Singh asks him if he is Karam Singh’s father. He is a man of sorrows. He has several sorrows of his own. After the death of Karam Singh, he has to take care of his daughter-in-law and his grandson.

He has become numb after the death of his son in the army. When Mann Singh comes to know that his friend is dead, he then understands why he is so sad and almost silent. Mann Singh compares him to a mythical bull in the mythical stories which bore upon its head the burden of the whole earth. Karam Singh’s father appeared to him a kind, generous and helpful spirit who was willing to share other people’s burden.

कर्म सिंह का बाप एक बूढ़ा व्यक्ति है। वह 60 वर्ष से ऊपर है। कहानी उसके प्रारम्भिक जीवन के बारे कुछ नहीं बताती। वह घरेलू कार्यों में व्यस्त है। वह अधिक बातें भी नहीं करता। जब मान सिंह कर्म सिंह के कहने पर उसके घर आता है तो वह आगन्तुक के साथ खुलकर बात भी नहीं करता।

वह अपने बेटे के प्यारे मित्र के साथ गर्मजोशी से नहीं मिलता। मान सिंह के साथ शुष्क व्यवहार होता है। वह अपने बेटे की भलाई के बारे मान सिंह से कोई प्रश्न भी नहीं पूछता। इसलिए मान सिंह पूछता है क्या वह कर्म सिंह का बाप है। वह दुःखों से पीड़ित व्यक्ति है।

उस पर कई दुःखों का बोझ लदा हुआ है। कर्म सिंह की मौत के बाद उस पर अपनी बहू और पोते का बोझ है। अपने बेटे की सेना में मौत हो जाने से सन्न हो गया है। जब मान सिंह को अपने मित्र की मृत्यु के बारे में पता चलता है तो उसे पता चलता है कि वह इतना उदास और बिल्कुल खामोश क्यों है।

मान सिंह उसकी तुलना पौराणिक कहानियों में दिये हुए पौराणिक बैल से करता है जिसने सारे संसार के बोझ को अपने सिर पर उठाया हुआ था। कर्म सिंह का पिता उसे एक दयालु, उदार और सहायक आत्मा लगता था जो दूसरों का बोझ बांटने को तैयार था।

Objective Type Questions

This question will consist of 3 objective type questions carrying one mark each. These objective questions will include questions to be answered in one word to one sentence or fill in the blank or true/false or multiple choice type questions.

Question 1.
Who were Mann Singh and Karam Singh ?
Answer:
Mann Singh and Karam Singh were soldiers in the same Regimental Centre and were serving together in a battalion on the Burma Front.

Question 2.
What were the designations of Karam Singh and Mann Singh in the army?
Answer:
Mann Singh was a Naik and Karam Singh was a Havildar in the army.

Question 3.
Where did Mann Singh go when he got a few days’ leave ?
Answer:
He went to his friend Karam Singh’s village, Thathi Khara.

Question 4.
Who did Mann Singh meet first on entering Karam Singh’s house?
Answer:
He first met Karam Singh’s father.

Question 5.
Who was Jaswant Singh ?
Answer:
He was Karam Singh’s brother.

Question 6.
What did Mann Singh tell Karam Singh’s family about the latter’s war skills ?
Answer:
Mann Singh said that Karam Singh was very famous in the Burma war and a Japanese was killed as he pressed the trigger.

Question 7.
Which words of Mann Singh pierced Karam Singh’s father’s heart ?
Answer:
Mann Singh told Karam Singh’s little son to come with him if he wanted to go to his father. There he would have plenty of water to play in.

Question 8.
How far was Taran Taran from Karam Singh’s village ?
Answer:
It was nearly four miles.

Question 9.
What news did the postman bring ?
Answer:
The postman brought papers concerning Karam Singh’s pension.

Question 10.
What was the effect of Karam Singh’s death on Mann Singh ?
Answer:
Mann Singh felt choked in his chest and throat and his body became feelingless (numb).

Question 11.
Why did the members of Karam Singh’s family not break the news of his death …to Mann Singh ?
Answer:
They did not tell him as they did not want to spoil his days of leave and they knew that he would come to know everything on returning to his regiment.

Question 12.
Why did Mann Singh compare Karam Singh’s father to a bull who bore upon its head the burden of the whole earth ? (V.V. Imp.)
Answer:
Karam Singh’s father had extraordinary capacity for bearing his personal sorrows and shocks just like the bull in mythical stories who bore upon its head the burden
of the whole earth.

Question 13.
This story relates to rural area of district Amritsar. (True/False)
Answer:
True.

Question 14.
Name the village of Karam Singh.
Answer:
Thathi Khara.

Question 15.
Name the brother of Karam Singh.
Answer:
Jaswant Singh.

Question 16.
Name the writer of this lesson.
Answer:
Kulwant Singh Virk.

Question 17.
Who brought Karam Singh’s pension papers ?
Answer:
The postman.

Question 18.
Where do you find the mention of the bull bearing the burden of the earth?
Answer:
In mythical or ancient stories.

The Bull beneath the Earth Summary in English

The Bull beneath the Earth Introduction:

This story is about two friends. They were Mann Singh and Karam Singh. They were serving in the same regiment in Burma. Mann Singh visits Karam Singh’s house when he comes on leave. He finds that the members of Karam Singh’s family are very cold and formal towards him.

He is bitterly disappointed at their cold behaviour. But later on he comes to know the reason of their dry behaviour. They had got the news of their son’s death. They withhold the news of the death of their son.

The Bull beneath the Earth Summary in English:

This story is about two army men. They were Havildar Karam Singh and Naik Mann Singh. Both of them were serving in the same Regimental Centre in Burma. They were now serving together in a battalion on the Burma front. Karam Singh had joined the army earlier and was now a Havildar. Mann Singh was a Naik.

Many persons from Karam Singh’s village often enquired from his father when he would come on leave. He was a healthy and friendly character. He had a very pleasant manner of speech. People loved to sit by his side and listen to his tales of war and adventure.

There were many young men from Karam Singh’s village in the army. But when they came on leave, they did not have many topics for talk. Karam Singh used to tell several things to the people of his village. Karam Singh was often busy talking with the people of the village. He was a good shot. In the war several Japanese were killed by his bullets.

Thus he took revenge for his serveral men killed by the Japanese in the war. While on leave in his village, Karam Singh kept up an interesting course of discussion with people of the village. This went on till midnight by the fire.

During the war gymnastics and many other things had of course been stopped. One never met anyone from one’s village or town. When Mann Singh was about to go on leave, Karam Singh felt that he should also get some leave. Then they could go on leave together. They could perhaps pass the holidays together.

But it was difficult to get leave during war days. Karam Singh belonged to a village in district Amritsar. Mann Singh belonged to Chuharkana (now in Pakistan). Amritsar was not more than fifty miles away from Mann Singh’s Chuharkana.

When Mann Singh got into the military truck to come away, Karam Singh gave him the parting message. He told Mann Singh that he must go to his village and see his people before he returned from leave.

As Mann Singh had not been to areas outside Amritsar, Karam Singh told him about the geography of his village. Karam Singh told him that there were a number of gurudwaras in the countryside of Amritsar. They were Taran Taran, Khadur Sahib and Goindwal. He could visit all of them. Then he could see his parents and members of the family. He will write to them about his visit. Mann Singh had to take a tonga to reach Karam Singh’s village.

Mann Singh reached Karam Singh’s house and introduced himself to Karam Singh’s father. Mann Singh sat on the string-bed. Karam Singh’s father looked disturbed. His eyes wandered away from Mann Singh’s face. Mann Singh’s thought this welcome rather strange. He asked the old man if he was Karam Singh’s father. He told Mann Singh that Karam Singh had written about his visit to them.

The old man got up and walked away to the courtyard. He petted one buffalo calf and then went inside to announce Mann Singh’s arrival. He wanted tea to be sent to Mann Singh. Then he went near the mare. He put in some more gram in the chaff.

But the old man seemed lost. Mann Singh asked about Jaswant Singh. Mann Singh knew that Jaswant Singh was Karam Singh’s younger brother. He had gone outside. Then Karam Singh’s mother brought tea. Mann Singh wished ‘Sat Sri Akaľ to Karam Singh’s mother. Mann Singh said to himself that the Majhails were strange people.

Jaswant Singh came at night. The talk between the two became more informal. Mann Singh said that Karam Singh’s bullet had killed several Japanese in the war. He wanted to tell more about Karam Singh but nobody in the house was interested to listen.

Jaswant Singh then told his father that canal water will be available to them the day after tomorrow at three o’ clock in the morning. Mann Singh said that Karam Singh in the army did not have to get up early in the morning. This remark about Karam Singh failed to arouse any interest in anyone in the family.

Next, food came with several dishes for him. Jaswant Singh kept waving the fan as Mann Singh ate. He forgot the feeling that he had not been shown much attention. As he finished. food, Karam Singh’s little son walked in. He asked the child if he would like to go to his father. Mann Singh told the child that place gets a lot of rain and he would have a lot of water for playing.

Mann Singh’s words seemed to pierce the old man’s heart. He shouted that the child should be taken away. The mother came and took the child away. Mann Singh’s food stuck in his throat. Then he started making enquiries about his morning’s journey. Jaswant Singh offered to go to see off Mann Singh.

Mann Singh told Jaswant Singh that Karam Singh had won for himself a name in the army. Jaswant started talking about the sugarcane crop. Mann Singh wanted to talk about his friend. He planned his journey back to his village. He thought he would take the night train at Amritsar.

After some time the postman brought a letter containing Karam Singh’s pension papers. The postman gave the information to Mann Singh about Karam Singh’s death and the grief in the village. All shed copious tears over the news of his death. Karam Singh’s father was sorry that they had kept the news of Karam Singh’s death away from him.

Mann Singh’s eyes ranged over the environment which formed the area. There were forts built around the villages for protection. There were tombs and monuments which had many a deathless story of heroic fights against the invaders of Bharat. That was the secret of the old man’s capacity for absorbing the shocks. He could comfortably absorb additional burdens to lighten the burden of other persons.

Mann Singh had heard that there was a bull which bore upon its head the burden of the whole earth. Karam Singh’s father was just another person who could share other people’s burdens.

The Bull beneath the Earth Summary in Hindi

The Bull beneath the Earth Introduction:

यह कहानी दो मित्रों के बारे है। उनके नाम हैं मान सिंह और कर्म सिंह । वे दोनों Burma में एक ही रैजमैन्ट में नौकरी करते थे। Mann Singh छुट्टी पर आता है और वह कर्म सिंह के गाँव में उसके घर जाता है। उसे पता चलता है कि Karam Singh के परिवार के सदस्य उसके प्रति भाव शून्य और औपचारिक हैं। वह उनके ठंडे बर्ताव को देखकर बहुत निराश हो जाता है। लेकिन बाद में उसे उनके शुष्क व्यवहार के बारे में पता चल जाता है। उन्हें अपने बेटे की मौत का समाचार मिल गया था। यह उनके बेटे कर्म सिंह का दुखान्त है। वे अपने बेटे की मौत की खबर को रोक कर रखते हैं।

The Bull beneath the Earth Summary in Hindi:

यह कहानी दो सैनिकों के बारे है। उनके नाम थे हवलदार Karam Singh और नायक Mann Singh । दोनों Burma में स्थित एक ही Regimental Centre में नियुक्त थे। अब वे दोनों एक ही Battalion में Burma front पर काम करते थे। कर्म सिंह सेना में पहले भर्ती हुआ था और अब वह हवलदार था। मान सिंह नायक था।

कर्म सिंह के गाँव के कई व्यक्ति उसके बाप से पूछा करते थे कि वह कब छुट्टी पर आयेगा । वह एक स्वस्थ आदमी और मैत्री भाव वाला पात्र था। उसके बोलचाल का ढंग बहुत ही सुहावना था। लोग उसके पास बैठना पसन्द करते थे और उसके साहसिक कार्यों और युद्ध की कहानियां सुनना पसन्द करते थे।

कर्म सिंह के गाँव के कई नवयुवक सेना में थे। लेकिन जब वे छुट्टी पर आते थे तो उनके पास दूसरों को बताने के लिए कोई कहानियां नहीं होती थीं। कर्म सिंह अपने गांव के लोगों को कई कहानियां बताया करता था। कर्म सिंह अपने गाँव के लोगों के साथ बातें करता हुआ दिखाई देता था। वह अच्छा निशानेबाज़ था।

युद्ध में कई जापानी मारे गये थे। वे कर्म सिंह की गोलियों से मरे थे। जब कर्म सिंह अपने गाँव में छुट्टी पर आता था, तो वह अपने गाँव के लोगों से कई विषयों पर तर्क किया करता था। यह तर्क आधी रात तक चलते रहते थे और वे आग के पास बैठे रहते थे। युद्ध के दिनों में कसरत/व्यायाम और बहुत सी कई चीजें बन्द कर दी जाती थीं।

किसी सैनिक को अपने गाँव या शहर से कोई व्यक्ति नहीं मिलता था। जब मान सिंह छुट्टी पर जाने वाला था, तो कर्म सिंह को महसूस हुआ कि उसे भी छुट्टी पर जाना चाहिए। तब वे छुट्टी पर इकट्ठे जा सकते थे। तो शायद वे छुट्टी के दिन भी इकट्ठे गुजार सकते थे।

लेकिन युद्ध के दिनों में छुट्टी मिलनी बहुत कठिन थी। कर्म सिंह Amritsar के एक गाँव ठट्ठी खारा का रहने वाला था। मान सिंह चूड़काना का रहने वाला था (अब चूड़काना पाकिस्तान में है)। अमृतसर चूड़काना से 50 मील से अधिक दूरी पर नहीं था। जब मान सिंह छुट्टी पर जाने के लिए मिलिटरी ट्रक में बैठा, कर्म सिंह ने उसे विदाई के समय संदेश दिया। उसने मान सिंह को कहा कि उसे उसके गांव जरूर जाना चाहिये, वापस आने से पहले उसके घरवालों को ज़रूर मिल कर आना चाहिये।

चूँकि मान सिंह अमृतसर के बाहर किसी ग्रामीण क्षेत्र में नहीं गया था, कर्म सिंह ने उसे गाँव की Geographical position बता दी। कर्म सिंह ने मान सिंह को बताया कि अमृतसर के देहाती इलाके में कई गुरद्वारे थे। वे थे Taran Taran, खडूरसाहिब और गोइन्दवाल। वह उन सब गुरुद्वारों के दर्शन कर सकता था। फिर वह उसके पिता और परिवार के सदस्यों से मिल सकता था। वह उन्हें पत्र लिख देगा कि मान सिंह उनके घर आयेगा।

मान सिंह को टांगा में बैठकर कर्म सिंह के घर पहुंचना था। Mann Singh कर्म सिंह के घर पहुंच गया और मान सिंह के पिता को अपना परिचय दिया। Mann Singh चारपाई पर बैठ गया। कर्म सिंह का पिता कुछ परेशान सा लगता था। उसकी आँखें मान सिंह के चेहरे से हटकर कहीं और देखती रहीं।

मान सिंह ने इस स्वागत को जरा रुखा और ठंडा समझा। उसने बूढ़े आदमी को पूछा कि क्या वह कर्म सिंह का पिता था। उसने मान सिंह को बताया कि कर्म सिंह ने उनको लिखा था कि मान सिंह उनको मिलने के लिए उनके घर आयेगा।

बूढ़ा आदमी (कर्म सिंह का बाप) वहां से उठकर सेहन की ओर चला गया। उसने भैंस के बच्चे को थपकी दी और फिर वह अन्दर चला गया ताकि वह सबको बता सके कि मान सिंह आ गया है। बूढ़े बाप ने यह भी कहा कि मान सिंह को चाय पिलाई जाये। फिर बूढ़ा घोड़ी के पास गया। उसने भूसे में कुछ चने डाले। लेकिन बूढा बाप खोया-खोया नज़र आता था। मान सिंह ने जसवन्त सिंह के बारे पूछा।

मान सिंह जानता था कि जसवन्त सिंह कर्म सिंह का छोटा भाई था। वह घर से बाहर गया हुआ था। तब Karam Singh की माता चाय लेकर आई। मान सिंह ने कर्म सिंह की माता को ‘सत श्री अकाल’ कहा। फिर मान सिंह ने अपने को कहा कि मझेल (कर्म सिंह की Caste) विचित्र प्रकार के व्यक्ति थे।

जसवन्त सिंह रात को आया। दोनों के बीच बातचीत अधिक अनौपचारिक हो गई। मान सिंह ने कहा कि कर्म . सिंह की गोली से कई जापानी मारे गये थे। मान सिंह, कर्म सिंह के बारे में और बातें भी करना चाहता था लेकिन कर्म सिंह के बारे में कोई भी बात सुनने के लिए तैयार नहीं था।

जसवन्त ने तब अपने पिता को बताया कि उनको नहर का पानी परसों तीन बजे प्रातः मिलेगा। मान सिंह कहने लगा कि सेना में कर्म सिंह को प्रातः जल्दी नहीं उठना पड़ता था। कर्म सिंह के बारे इस टिप्पणी ने भी परिवार के किसी सदस्य में कर्म सिंह के बारे कोई रुचि जागृत नहीं की।

कुछ देर के बाद Mann Singh के लिए भोजन परोसा गया। इसमें कई पकवान थे। जसवन्त सिंह मान सिंह को पंखा करता रहा। अब मान सिंह इस विचार को भूल गया कि उसकी ओर इस परिवार ने विशेष ध्यान नहीं दिया। ज्यूं ही उसने भोजन कर लिया कर्म सिंह का छोटा लड़का उधर आ गया।

उसने बच्चे को पूछा क्या वह अपने पिता के पास जाना चाहेगा । उसने बच्चे से कहा कि वहां वर्षा खूब पड़ती है और वहां उसे खेलने के लिए बहुत सा पानी मिल जायेगा। मान सिंह के शब्दों ने मानो बूढ़े बाप का दिल चीर दिया। उसने चिल्ला कर कहा कि बच्चे को वहां से ले जाओ। बच्चे की मां आई और वह बच्चे को वहाँ से ले गई। मान सिंह का खाना मानो उसके गले में रुक गया हो। फिर उसने अपनी सुबह की यात्रा के बारे में पूछताछ करनी शुरू कर दी।

जसवन्त सिंह ने मान सिंह को कहा कि वह उसको इस गांव से जाने में तरनतारन तक उसके साथ जायेगा। Mann Singh ने जसवन्त सिंह को बताया कि Karam Singh ने अपने लिए सेना में बड़ा नाम कमाया था। जसवन्त सिंह ने गन्ने की फसल के बारे बात करनी शुरू कर दी। मान सिंह अपने मित्र कर्म सिंह के बारे में बात करना चाहता था। मान सिंह ने अपने गांव जाने के लिए योजना बना ली। उसने सोचा कि वह रात को अमृतसर से गाड़ी में सवार होगा। कुछ समय के बाद डाकिया एक चिट्ठी लेकर आ गया जिसमें कर्म सिंह की पैन्शन के कागज़ थे।

डाकिये ने मान सिंह को कर्म सिंह की मौत और गाँव में उसकी मौत पर शोक और दुःख के बारे में बताया। फिर Mann Singh ने गाँव के इर्द-गिर्द के वातावरण पर नज़र डाली। गाँव के बाहर किले बने हुए थे जो सुरक्षा देते थे। वहां पर मकबरे और स्मारक थे जिनमें भारत पर आक्रमणकारियों के हाथों शहीद हो गये बहादुरों का विवरण दिया गया था।

यह कर्म सिंह के बूढ़े पिता की असाधारण शक्ति का पता देता था जो सब सदमों को सहन करता था। मान सिंह ने सुन रखा था कि एक ऐसा बैल भी था जिसने अपने सिर पर सारी पृथ्वी का बोझ उठाया हुआ था। कर्म सिंह का बाप भी एक ऐसा ही व्यक्ति था जो कि दूसरे लोगों के दुःखों में भागीदार बन सकता था।

Word Meaninigs :

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class English Book Solutions English Letter Writing Letters to Editor Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 12th Class English Letter Writing Letters to Editor

1. Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper describing the insanitary conditions prevailing in your town.

17, G.T. Road,
Gobindgarh.
November 8, 20 ……..

The Editor,
The Tribune,
Chandigarh.
Sir,

Through the columns of your esteemed paper, I want to draw the attention of the municipal committee authorities to the insanitary conditions of the bazaars and streets of Gobindgarh.

Sweepers do not sweep the streets and clouds of dust rise and enter ears, noses and throats of the people. That is why all kinds of diseases are on the increase. Whenever people move out of the houses, a thick layer of dust settles on their clothes. Why are the roads not sprinkled with water ? Are the authorities waiting for the next monsoon .? There are a large number of pits in the streets where water is allowed to stand. This stagnant water is a favourite breeding place for the mosquitoes. This water should be removed and the pits should be filled with dust otherwise an epidemic will spread in the town.

It is high time that the authorities should wake up and discharge their duties efficiently in the interest of public health.

Yours truly,
Mohan Dass

Word-notes : Insanitary – स्वास्थ्य बिगाड़ने वाली, ਸਿਹਤ ਵਿਗਾਤਨ ਵਾਲੀ Sweep – झाडू लगना, ਸਾਤੂ ਦੇਟਾ Layer – तह, ਤਹਿ Pits – गड़दे, ਵੋਏ Stagnant – standing. Epidemic – छूत की बीमारी, ਵੂਤੇ ਚੀ ਬਿਮਾਰੀ High time – proper time.

2. Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper commenting on the rise in prices.

43, Railway Colony,
Amritsar.
May 4, 20……

To
The Editor,
The Indian Express,
New Delhi.
Sir,

I shall feel grateful to you if you publish the following few lines in your esteemed paper.

The rise in prices of essential articles has crushed every heart and living has become very costly these days. The labourers, middle class persons and the salaried people are groaning under their burden. The purchasing power of the rupee is fast sinking. The prices of the essential articles are rising sky high. The housewife finds it extremely difficult to manage the family budget. A vast majority of people in our country find it difficult to make their both ends meet. In certain families, people go without food at night. Milk has become a luxury. Fruit is no longer a part of our diet. The general health of the children in our country is suffering a setback.

It is high time that the government should take efficient steps to control the prices as early as possible. It should punish the black-marketeers and profiteers. Price-lists of all goods should be displayed at all shopping centres. A person who charges a higher rate should be severely punished. Both customers and shopkeepers should be punished for buying and selling things at higher prices. The rise in prices must be checked. At least the prices of essential articles of daily use must be brought down to a very reasonable level.

Yours truly,
Renuka

Word-notes : Groaning – crying. Sinking – decreasing. Displayed – put for show. Essential – अनिवार्य, ਜ਼ਰੂਰੀ.

3. Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper about the need of parks and gardens in different localities of your city.

13, Kartar Singh Sarabha Nagar,
Ludhiana.
April 25, 20…….

To
The Editor,
The Tribune,
Chandigarh.
Sir,

I shall feel highly obliged if you publish the following few lines in your esteemed daily.

It is well-known to authorities that Ludhiana has become a very crowded and congested city. Population of the town is increasing very rapidly. Bihari labourers are living in wretched conditions. Open fields and beautiful gardens have been replaced by residential houses and shanties. Most streets of the city have grown into slums. Some congested houses do not get sunlight. Parks are needed for providing fresh air to the people. It is rightly remarked that parks and gardens are the lungs of a city.

They give us pure and fresh air and thus keep our body healthy. The young and the old, women and children can take exercise and relax in these parks and gardens. The city dwellers will really have a sense of relief as they will be relieved from their prison-houses for some time. It is, therefore, requested that the authorities should seriously consider this aspect, and provide public parks in those parts of the city which are very badly congested.
Thanking you,

Yours faithfully,
Surinder Kaur

Word-notes : Shanties – झोंपड़ियां, ਲੋਂਗੀਆ Congested – भीड़ वाला, ਭੀਤ ਭਰਿਆ

4. Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper on evils of street-begging.

H-222, Sarojini Nagar,
Jalandhar.
May 27, 20 ……….

To
The Editor,
The Tribune,
Chandigarh.
Sir,

Through your esteemed paper, I wish to draw the attention of the authorities and the public to the evils of street-begging in our country.

Street-begging is a regular nuisance. It is a blot on the fair name of our country. Begging is an evil. But in India, it has become an organised profession. Almost at every step you are greeted by a beggar. Beggars gather round you in buses, in trains, in the bazaars and near the places of worship. Our national prestige suffers a good deal when beggars greet foreigners at every turn of the road.

Unfortunately, in our country giving alms is believed to be a part of religion. The most painful thing is that most of these beggars are able-bodied. They can do manual labour, if they so desire. But they find it more easy to live on other people’s hard-earned money. This easy- got money, they spend on drinking and gambling. Then the tragedy is that these beggars encourage even their children to beg. Thus, this so-called charity leads to so many vices.

The need of the hour is that this social evil must be put to an end. Healthy beggars should be made to work. The disabled, the crippled and the blind beggars, however, should be maintained at the state expense. They should be kept in some suitable buildings outside the city where they should be fed at Government expense. Not only begging should be declared illegal by an Act of Parliament but public opinion should also be educated against it. Those who give alms to the strong and able-bodied men and women and children should be punished.

Yours truly,
Ashok Kumar

Word-notes : Nuisance – a harmful thing. Blot – ugly mark. Prestige – honour, Alms – ਭਿਖਿਆ , भिक्षा Charity – ਦਨ, दान, Manual – physical. Vices – evils. Public opinion – ਲੋਗਸਤ , लोकमत.

5. Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper complaining against reckless driving.

833, Ummatan Mohalla,
Nawanshahar.
July 6, 20…….

To
The Editor,
The Tribune,
Chandigarh.
Sir,

I shall feel grateful if you allow me some space in your esteemed paper. I want to draw the attention of the authorities concerned towards reckless driving in Nawanshahar.

This city has wide roads and chances of accidents are comparatively few here. But probably, this very fact encourages reckless driving. It has become a fashion. Motor-drivers drive at a terrific speed. Trucks carrying sand, stones or bricks are seen moving at a very fast speed. Cars pass by you whizzing even at turnings. Young college boys drive motor cycles and scooters without caring for their own or anybody else’s life. It is a positive danger to school-going children, to old men and women who cannot cross the road quickly.

This rash driving is a regular nuisance and is responsible for fatal accidents which take place daily. Not a single day passes when we do not hear of some accident. Only yesterday, a young man who was on the left side was run over by a motor cycle. The motor-cycle driver drove away at such a great speed that nobody could even take down the number of his motor cycle. Speed limits are not strictly enforced. Many a time the defaulters bribe the policeman on duty and get off.

The dire need is that a speed limit should be fixed and the offenders be severely dealt with.

Yours truly,
Rajesh Khanna

Word-notes : Reckless – rash. Terrific speed – great speed. Fatal – that which results in death. Dire – great. Offenders – defaulters.

6. Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper complaining against the use of loudspeakers at night.

14, Model Town,
Ludhiana.
March 1, 20….

To
The Editor,
The Tribune,
Chandigarh.
Sir,

I shall be’thankful to you if you publish this letter in your esteemed paper.
The loudspeaker, like most of the inventions of science, is both a blessing and a curse. It is useful at a public meeting. Its use as a handy instrument for commercial propaganda can be tolerated during the day. But its use at night is intolerable. It causes a lot of inconvenience to the sick people. They cannot relax peacefully.

Some people and institutions use the loudspeaker at night as well as in the early hours of the morning. Their noise makes it difficult for one to study or to do any serious work in one’s home. The examinations are fast approaching. It will be greatly appreciated if the use of loudspeakers is banned after 8.30 p.m.
Thanking you,

Yours truly,
Dharmendra

Word-notes : Commercial – business. Approaching – coming near. Banned – forbidden.

7. Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper criticising the evil of drinking.

202, Urban Estate,
Phagwara.
January 22, 20 …………

To
The Editor,
The Indian Express,
Chandigarh.
Sir,

Through your correspondence columns I like to draw the attention of the public towards a great social evil. This is the evil of drinking. It has become very common these days. The number of wine addicts is on the increase. People begin drinking in small doses. In course of time, they become hardened drunkards.

Drinking wine is harmful for the mental and physical growth of a person. In some cases, it leads to the financial ruin of the drunkard. Under the influence of wine, men begin to behave like beasts and animals. Wine leads to crime. Robberies, rapes and murders are often committed under the influence of drink. Excessive drinking ruins a mans health.

A drunkard begins to spend too much money on wine. The family depending on a drunkard begins to suffer. A drunkard cannot give proper education to his children for lack of money. The members of his family have to go without basic facilities of a comfortable life. Thus wine drinking weakens a society financially and morally. We should try to discourage the use of wine from our society.

Yours truly,
Subhash Kapoor

8. Write a letter to the editor of a daily newspaper complaining of open manholes near a children school.

12/3, Hari Nagar,
Hoshiarpur.
December 15, 20……

To
The Editor,
The Tribune,
Chandigarh.
Sir,

Recently we have had a series of accidents in our locality due to the manholes. In the nights and during the rainy season, when visibility is poor, there have been many cases of elderly people stumbling over these manholes. The other day, a lady did stumble over a manhole but luckily escaped from getting seriously hurt. As there is a children’s school nearby, we are in constant fear that a child may slip and fall into a manhole. When it rains, the road is flooded, as is the case with the other roads, and the open manholes are a death trap to the unwary and the playful children.

The streets are not well-lit and often the manhole covers are stolen. The hazards caused by open manholes are too dangerous for any citizen to keep quiet in the matter.

Will the authorities concerned either devise manhole covers which do not attract thieves or pay prompt attention by sending the officials concerned regularly to check and ensure ‘ that these death traps are promptly covered ? Otherwise, it will be only a question of time before serious accidents occur involving loss of lives of innocent children.

Yours faithfully,
Ravinder

9. Write a letter to a daily newspaper complaining of eve-teasing near the bus-stops.

11-B,
Harbans Nagar,
Jalandhar.
April 15, 20…….

To
The Editor,
The Tribune,
Chandigarh.
Sir,

I shall be thankful if you kindly allow me the hospitality of your esteemed columns to air my views on eve-teasing near the bus-stops.

I am at pains to report the irresponsible behaviour of youths and even some middle-aged gentlemen, near our bus-stops. Not only do we have to put up with obscene posters, but also have to see our young women harassed and teased while they wait for a bus.

The other day, two young ladies were standing at a distance from the bus-stop, obviously to avoid these roadside Romeos. As soon as the bus came, they started running to get into the already over-crowded bus. These ’Romeos’ who were standing nearby, made such vulgar comments about them, that I, a sixty-five year old man, had to blush and close my ears.

These incidents have become quite common. I wish to suggest that the Mahila Samaj should post a voluntary welfare worker near these bus-stops during the rush-hours and, if necessary, take the help of the women police also. Unless this menace is curbed, our young girls and women coming from sheltered background, will get intimidated and might, in due course, refuse to do even their ordinary daily shopping. Instead of helping the cause of emancipation of women, we seem to be going back to the Dark Ages by tolerating the unseemly behaviour of these men and their like who indulge in eve-teasing.

Kindly take such steps as are possible to put an end to such acts of intimidation of women, which alone can help preserve our rich traditions and culture which have always held our women in deep reverence.

Yours faithfully,
Raman Kapoor

10. Write a letter to the Editor of a daily newspaper expressing your views criticising some of the unhygienic habits of Indians such as urinating and spitting at the public places.

141, Civil Lines,
Ludhiana.
June 24, 20 ……..

To
The Editor,
The Indian Express,
Chandigarh.
Sir,

I shall be thankful if you kindly let me express my views about some of the unhygienic habits of our countrymen at all the public places.

People in our country keep on spitting afid urinating at all the public places. Spitting in public places is not just disgusting, it is extremely damaging for the public health. Diseases like tuberculosis (TB) are likely to spread in a society that tolerates them than in those that do not. India is the country with the largest number of TB cases in the world. We should take our cue from the Mumbai Municipal Corporation which has started imposing fines on those individuals who spit at the public places. Tuberculosis which is spread by spitting coughing, caused nearly 10,000 deaths in Mumbai last year.

There are various cleanliness and sanitation bylaws. Under these we can find defaulters/ offenders. Spitting in public calls for a rupee 50 fine, as also urinating. Sometimes people are seen defecating in parks and gardens. Another unhygienic habit of Indians is the habit of chewing pan, tobacco or pan masala, all of which requires spitting.

This leads to spraying of saliva in the public places. Sometimes rich people spit out a huge gob of pan by rolling down the windows of their cars. Some cleanliness drive must be launched in cities and towns and people should be warned against spitting and urinating in public places.

Yours trully,
Neeru Bajwa

11. Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper pointing out the growing incidence of drug menace in India.

72, Canal Park,
Dhariwal.
April 22, 20 ………

To
The Editor,
The Indian Express,
Chandigarh.
Sir,

Kindly allow me to express through columns of your esteemed paper my views about the growing incidence of drug menace in the country.

Drug addiction is a major social evil of modern times. Drugs are used by certain persons, to experience a floating sensation, feeling ease and relaxation. The use of drugs means physical dependence upon a drug. This includes the development of tolerance and withdrawal. An addict who develops tolerance requires more and more of the drug to take him to the world of fantasies. The habit of drug taking occurs at school, college and university or at a trip or at some social gatherings.

Youngsters who are very very shy, have emotional problems, inferiority complex and lack of strength and stamina. They fall easy victims to this habit. Lack of parental care and supervision, lack of religious and moral education, media and pop culture, hatred for authority, broken homes and truancy lead to the use of drugs. Drug addicts use narcotics such as heroin, smack, morphine and stimulants like cocaine and depressants.

Addiction to drugs is looming large as a social problem evading all solutions. In India, drug addiction is increasing. Intoxicating drugs are very harmful for health. The government has taken a number of steps to check the growing menace. The basic factor responsible for proneness to drugs is the sickening, emotional and psychological surroundings that leave the victim with no other option than to seek momentary escape from the mental tension. If the young ones are assured of proper love and care, these problems will not arise.

Yours truly,
Kulbhushan

12. Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper expressing your views against drunken driving.

15, The Mall,
Hoshiarpur.
March 20, 20……..

To
The Editor,
The Tribune,
Chandigarh.
Sir,

Kindly permit me to express my views about drunken driving on our roads in the columns of your newspaper.

We often hear it said that we should not drink and drive. But not many drivers or people on the wheels follow this advice. It is reported that more than 86,000 drunken driving accidents occur everyday across India. The absence of a compulsory alcohol test makes it difficult to get an exact figure. The number of such accidents is increasing. There is no law against drunken driving in the country. Under the old act of 1856, a drunken driver is charged with only a fine of Rs 2000 or imprisonment for six months and Rs 3000 or imprisonment for two years if found guilty a second time.

Laws against drunken driving should be made more stringent. Parties of drunken youngsters should be checked. They should be sent to jail for at least two weeks as measure to deter others from drunken driving. In Canada, a person driving under the influence of alcohol is barred from the roads and is also jailed. Stiffer penalties and fine should be imposed on those who are found guilty of drunken driving. Laws have to be made stiffer to act as a deterrent. The rich people should not be let off mildly if they are found guilty of drunken driving.

Yours truly,
Neeru Bajwa

13. Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper expressing your views about underage driving of cars on the roads of Punjab cities.

25, Model Town,
Ludhiana.
October 22, 20 ………

To
The Editor,
The Tribune,
Chandigarh.
Sir,

Kindly allow me to express my views against the underage driving in the readers’ columns of your newspaper.

There are many vehicles on the roads nowadays. Fond parents indulge their underage or minor children to drive the cars. They take pride in seeing their minor children driving their cars. They are generally the kids of rich people driving cars without licences. According to reports published in newspapers, about 2097 minors were prosecuted in 2011. The number of challans issued last year registered a 16% increase over 2014. With the rise in the number of vehicles and an increased exposure to the outside world, it is feared that more and more children will want to drive. Principals of schools should advise children not to drive vehicles belonging to their parents when they are below eighteen. It might be a good idea for Principals to talk to parents.

A minor driving should be made to pay a fine of Rs 1000/- and Rs 500/- in case of motor-bike or scooter. The owner of the car whose car is driven by a minor should be made to pay Rs 1500/- as fine and he should be kept in jail for three days. Such a measure must be implemented because minors are often responsible for rash driving and accidents.

Yours truly,
Kamini Bajwa

14. Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper expressing your views about lavish spending on marriages and other social events.

113, Tagore Nagar,
Hoshiarpur.
April 24, 20 ……….

To
The Editor,
The Indian Express,
Chandigarh.
Sir,

I shall be thankful if you kindly allow me to express my views regarding lavish and wasteful spending on marriages and other social events.

It is felt by most right thinking people that marriages and other social functions should be made frugal affairs. The number of dishes served at weddings should be restricted. They should not be allowed to exceed five or six. We should take our cue from Pakistan where only one dish is allowed at marriages and social gatherings. Marriages should not become event- filled as some have become. Ceremonies like mehndi, sangeet, cocktail parties and receptions should be clubbed into one or two. The number of guests or baratis should also be fixed and no violation should be tolerated.

The rich people may be able to spend a lot of money on these events. There is a lot of heart burning among those who cannot afford to spend so much on these functions. An awareness campaign should be launched by spirited social workers to advise the people to make marriages and other social functions frugal matters.

There are many people living under the poverty line in the country. By spending lavishly on marriages and other social events, we give the impression that we have no sympathy for their misery. We should try to reduce the misery of the poor people by making marriages and other social events simple affairs.

Yours truly,
Namrata Mann

15. Write a letter to the editor of a daily newspaper criticising the raising of age limit for consensual sex from 16 to 18 years.

15, Civil Lines,
Hoshiarpur.
May, 23, 20……….

To
The Editor,
The Tribune,
Chandigarh.

Kindly allow me to express my views about the raising of age limit for consensual sex from 16 to 18 years.

I understand that the worthy law-makers of our country are contemplating raising the age limit for consensual sex from 16 to 18 years for growing boys and girls. Even some of the courts and lawyers have expressed their views about this raising of age limit. They argue that with the advent of cable television, internet and rapid changes in biological factors, children are getting exposed to knowledge about sex and marital relations at an early age.

This results in boys and girls of young age being smitten with cupid at an early age before they attain majority or reach the zone of socially acceptable behaviour of responsibility. Parents are always opposed to such alliances between boys and girls. And the boys and girls in certain cases resort to elopement.

It is observed that even boys in some cases become victims as they do not understand the consequences of their actions and are sometimes lured by the girl. Such cases should act as an eye-opener for the worthy law-makers of our country. They should try to understand that gone are the days when a child of 16 to 17 years of age was ignorant about sex. Law-makers must have second thoughts before fixing the age of consensual sex.

Yours truly,
Unmukt Malhotra.

16. Write a letter to the editor of a daily newspaper pointing out some of the advantages and disadvantages of using mobile phones.

12, Basti Tankan Wali,
Ferozepur.
May 23, 20……..

To
The Editor,
The Tribune,
Chandigarh.
Sir,

Kindly allow me to express my views about the advantages and disadvantages of using mobile phones very frequently.

It is true that mobile phones have several advantages. There are disadvantages and demerits as well. It is undoubtedly correct that mobile phones are playing a vital role in every aspect of our life. Many users pass their leisure by playing games or watching songs and movies on mobile phones and having long chats with their friends. But there are some demerits as well.

Most of the economies of several countries are under depression due to several reasons and frequent use of mobile phone is one of them. Mobile phone is destroying our emerging students because of its unproductive use and this is a big drain on every economy. Teenage students spend most of their time by keeping themselves busy in messaging and music. They use mobile phones during school timings. Young students become intimate through mobile phones. They start taking pictures of each other. Then they try to blackmail each other leading to so many moral and social complications.

The mobile radiation is a health hazard. Mobile phones use electromagnetic radiation which may be harmful to human health. Recendy WH.O. confirmed that mobile phone may represent a long term health risk. It was said that mobile phone radiation is a carcinogenic health risk. Heavy users of mobile phones can have a risk of brain cancer. We should take practical steps to reduce exposure to radiation. We should reduce the number of calls. The wise approach is to follow the precautionary principle of reducing the exposure as best as we can.

Yours truly,
Narendra

17. Write a letter to the editor of a daily newspaper, emphasising the need for moral values in our curriculum (the group of subjects studied in a school, college, etc.).

To
The Editor,
The Indian Express,
Chandigarh,
Sir,

Kindly allow me to express my views in the correspondence columns of your newspaper. It is lamented by all right thinking people that the modern society is suffering from a moral vacuum. There is no place for moral values in our society. In olden days religious and moral values were highly valued. They were the basis of Indian culture. We took pride in valuing them. But the modern society has left all the moral values under the bad influence of materialism. Most of the social ills in our society are there because morality has been divorced from life. It has been thrown in the background.

There is an urgent need for re-building our society on moral values. For this purpose, we should introduce moral education as a necessary part of our syllabus in each subject. It is not that we should preach dogmatism or communalism. We should try to inject moral values in the minds of students. Students should be taught the value of truth, honesty, justice, good moral character, brotherhood and love for our fellow-men.

Corrupt practices, as are prevalent in our society, should be brought to the notice of our students. There should be lectures on moral values in all classes. Some weightage should be given to such subjects in each question paper. This could go a long way in inspiring our students to assimilate some of the moral values.

Yours truly,
Preeti Mann

18. Write a letter to the editor of a daily newspaper expressing your views about vulgarity in Punjabi songs.

212, Urban Estate,
Khanna.
July 15, 20 …….

To
The Editor,
The Indian Express,
Chandigarh.
Sir,

Kindly allow me to express my views about vulgarity in Punjabi songs through the correspondence columns of your newspaper.
All well-wishers of Punjab and Punjabi culture feel that Punjabi songs being heard in Punjab’s homes, villages, towns and public places are vulgar and lewd. They cater to a low taste. They glorify drinking, drugs and violence. They do not encourage good values of life. One feels embarrassed while listening to such songs. Punjabis say that Punjabi music became vulgar with Hey Jamah. It allowed to trigger vulgarity. It might be difficult to check the spread of vulgarity as this has become the vogue. Government should try to induct refinement and decency in the cultural fare by Punjabi singers. Song writers should be directed to give some refinement in their songs.

Yours truly,
Rani Ahuja

19. Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper expressing your views about the evil of aduleration in most of the eatables and domestic needs of daily use.

120, Jhoolna Mahal,
Gurdaspur,
May 21, 20………

To
The Editor,
The Indian Express,
Chandigarh.
Sir,

Kindly allow me to express my views about adulteration practised by sellers of food stuffs and eatables through this letter in your newspaper.
Adulteration of eatables and daily needs of people are easy targets in our country. Adulteration means making a commodity inferior in quality by mixing it with something inferior.

It enables a man to earn a fast buck. Like corruption, adulteration has come to stay because of an unholy nexus between the merchants, officials and politicians. We have a law against adulteration but it is rarely enforced. Many precious lives are lost because of the greed of adulterators. Illicit wine takes the lives of many people every year in different states of the country. There is hardly any item in the Indian market which is not adulterated. Research has shown that even fruits, vegetables and cereals, pulses sold in the market contain high levels of toxic metals like lead, nickel and chromium.

Chemicals are used to make vegetables look greener. It is shameful that our Health Ministry is sleeping. Some strong steps need to be taken so that adulterators get deterrent punishment immediately after the crime. TV tells us that day after day milk, ghee, medicines, khoya, paneer, fruits and vegetables are adulterated in one way or another. Health Ministry should recommend immediate punishment for this crime.

Yours truly,
Raj Chibber

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class English Book Solutions English Application Writing Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 12th Class English Application Writing

1. Write an application to the Secretary, Board of Secondary Education, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, asking for a duplicate copy of your marks sheet.

To
The Secretary,
Board of Secondary Education,
S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali.
Sir,

With due respect I beg to state that I passed my secondary examination in 20…. I was a regular student on the rolls of D.A.V. Senior Secondary School, Jalandhar. My roll number was 87316. I got first division by securing 66 per cent marks. Unfortunately, I have lost the original marks sheet. I am in need of a duplicate copy of marks sheet.

I am enclosing a postal order for Rs 25/- as the fee for issuance of a duplicate marks sheet. Kindly send the duplicate copy of my marks sheet at the earliest.
Date : May 14, 20 …….

Yours faithfully,
Harbans Singh
H.No. 221-A,
Kajori Mohalla,
Jalandhar.

2. The Punjab School Education Board has entered your name wrongly on your certificate. Write an application to the Secretary of the Board giving your correct name and requesting him to make necessary changes in the Board records.

333, Jhoolna Mahal,
Gurdaspur.
June 23, 20……

To
The Secretary,
The Punjab School Education Board,
S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali.
Sir,

With due respect I like to bring the following facts to your kind notice for prompt action.

I, Raminder Singh Bajwa, son of S. Krishan Singh Bajwa, resident of Gurdaspur qualified my Matriculation Examination in March 2002. I appeared under roll number 233222. I wrote my name correctly in the admission form. I regret to bring to your kind notice that my name has been wrongly registered as Rajinder Singh in place of Raminder Singh Bajwa in the certificate issued to me. This has involved me in unnecessary and unavoidable correspondence with the Board authorities. Your office clerks insist on writing my name as Rajinder Singh Bajwa as they do not like to take the trouble of correcting their own error. For this lapse and negligence of the Board clerks, I have failed to get my matriculation certificate in my correct name.

I am enclosing an affidavit affirming that I am Raminder Singh Bajwa and not Rajinder Singh Bajwa. You are requested to personally look into the matter and get the error corrected. You are also requested to arrange to issue a fresh certificate with my correct name as Raminder Singh Bajwa.
Thanking you,

Yours faithfully,
Raminder Singh Bajwa

3. Write a letter/application to D.C. of your district requesting him to open a dispensary in your town.

To
The Deputy Commissioner,
Gurdaspur.
Sir,

We, the residents of Fatehgarh Churian, Tehsil Batala, lay down the following for your kind perusal and prompt action.

Fatehgarh Churian is a small town situated at a distance of about 15 kilometres from Batala and 25 kilometres from Gurdaspur. It is a growing town and its present population is about ten thousand people. It has no government hospital or dispensary worth the name. In case of an emergency, the. residents of the town have to go to Gurdaspur or Batala for hospitalisation. It becomes very difficult to provide first aid to a needy person. Recently, five women and three children who had been suffering from cholera died for want of medical attention.

We, the residents of the town, shall be grateful to you if you kindly arrange to open a dispensary. A town-dweller who has settled in Canada has agreed to pay the price of two acres of land and the cost of the construction of the building.

Thanking you in anticipation,

Yours faithfully,
Naresh Malik
and ten others,
Fatehgarh Churian.

4. Write a letter/application to the Postmaster of your town for the change of address.

12, Model Town,
Jalandhar City.
April 18, 20….

To
The Postmaster,
Central Town,
Jalandhar.
Sir,

I want to bring to your kind notice that I have shifted my residence from K-44, Central Town to 12-Model Town.

I had to shift my belongings in a hurry. I could not inform my friends and relatives. It is possible that some of my letters might be written at the previous address. It is, therefore, requested that my letters may kindly be redirected on my new address. Thanking you,

Yours faithfully,
Rajesh Kumar

5. Write a letter to the Postmaster General for providing a post office in your village.

Village Sanghar,
P.O. Dhariwal,
District Gurdaspur.
May 15, 20 ……..

To
The Postmaster General,
Ambala.
Sir,

I, on behalf of the inhabitants of village Sanghar, would like to bring to your kind notice that there is no post office in our village which is growing everyday.

The villagers have to face many hardships because there is no post office within a radius of three kilometres. This village has a number of young men working in the defence services. Villagers have to go a long way for sending their telegrams, parcels and letters. Moreover, sometimes the most urgent messages and telegrams do not reach our village in time. The result is that villagers are put to a lot of inconvenience and hardship.

Under such circumstances, it becomes imperative to open a post office in our village. I, therefore, request you earnestly to provide a post office in our village. We are ready to donate land for the post office building.

Thanking you,

Yours faithfully,
Sarpanch,Village Sanghar,
Post Office Dhariwal,
District Gurdaspur

6. You are Ramnik Singh. Write an application to the Manager of a firm for the post of a clerk.

22, Putli Ghar,
Amritsar.
April 22, 20 ………

To
The Manager,
Bird and Company, Amritsar.
Sir,

This is in response to your advertisement in ‘The Tribune’ dated 24th March, 20…… for the post of a clerk in your office. I beg to offer myself as a candidate for the same. As regards my qualifications, they are detailed below:

I passed my B.A. I examination in 20…….. as a regular student of D.A.V. College, Jalandhar in the second division. Then I joined a commercial college where I learnt both typewriting and shorthand. I can type in English, Hindi and Punjabi. My speed in shorthand is 80 w.p.m. My speed in typewriting in three languages is 50 w.p.m. I have been working as a clerk for the last two years. I am well-conversant with other official works and can speak English, Hindi and Punjabi fluently.

I am still in the service of the same firm. I seek better prospects which my present employer, with his limited business, cannot supply. He has no objection to my seeking a better job somewhere else.

I am a hardworking young man with a sound body and good experience. I enclose a certificate from my present employer about my character, experience and ability. Should you appoint me to the post, it would be my sincerest effort to give you every satisfaction.

Yours faithfully,
Ramnik Singh

7. Imagine you are Rohan. Write a letter to the Secretary, the Punjab School Education Board, Mohali requesting him to declare your result.

22, Urban Estate,
Batala.
March 29, 20…….

To
The Secretary,
The Punjab School Education Board,
Mohali.
Sir,

With due respect I beg to say that I appeared in the 10 + 2 examination of the Punjab School Education Board in March 20 ……. with roll number 231212 as a regular student of Government College, Gurdaspur. Even after the passing of a year, my result has not been declared. In the absence of the result I could not get admission in any of the educational institutions. I have suffered because of the failure of the Board to declare my result. This is despite the fact that I wrote three registered letters on the subject.

Kindly do me the favour of declaring my result without further delay. Thanking you in anticipation,

Yours faithfully,
Rohan

8. Write a letter/application to the Postmaster General, concerning a lost money order.

15, Netaji Road,
Amritsar.
25th August, 20……

To
The Postmaster General,
Ambala.
Sir,

About a month ago, I sent a money order for Rs 200 to my brother Dr. R. L. Kapoor, 15-Park Road, Jodhpore. This should ordinarily have reached him by September 1st at the latest. But so far he has not received it. I have made enquiries several times at the local post office, where I booked the money order, but they are unable to tell me what has become of it.

I have been highly inconvenienced through what appears to be the carelessness of the postal authorities. I should be much obliged if you look into the matter immediately. The number of the money order receipt is 1221; it is dated Sept. 1, 20 …….. and stamped Amritsar, P.O.

Yours faithfully,
Gunwant Singh

9. Write a letter to the Postmaster requesting him to enquire why a parcel sent to you has not been delivered as yet.

124, Model Town,
Gurdaspur.
June 10, 20…….

To
The Postmaster,
Gurdaspur.
Sir,

I want to bring to your notice the non-delivery of a parcel of books to me.

M/s Shyam Lai and Co., New Delhi, sent me a parcel of books on 4th April. It was posted at Chanakyapuri Post Office. It was a registered parcel bearing Registration No. 01396. It was to be delivered to me by the 9th of April. But even after a lapse of almost two months the parcel has not been delivered to me. It contained some very important books which I had ordered because I am preparing for the ensuing UPSC exam. The delay has upset all my plans and will certainly affect my career badly.

I request you to trace the parcel and deliver it to me as early as possible.
Expecting an early action.

Yours faithfully,
Rakesh Puri

10. Write a letter/application to the Commissioner of Jalandhar Division requesting him to get a sports stadium built at Gurdaspur.

110, Jail Road,
Gurdaspur.
June 20, 20 ……

To
The Commissioner,
Jalandhar Division,
Jalandhar.
Sir,

I like to bring to your notice that ours is a growing town with several facilities. The only thing lacking here is a sports stadium.

The residents of this town feel that we should have a sports stadium. The reason for this is simple. The state wrestling championship has been won by a wrestler from this town. Even at the district level wrestling competition, the wrestlers of Gurdaspur have done very well. Besides, we have several district and state level athletes. Nitish Kumar and Harjinder Singh represented the state at a swimming competition. Some of the first class sportsmen have joined the Navy and the Indian army. Some of the girls have also distinguished themselves in some of the disciplines.
A rich landlord has agreed to donate three acres of land for the purpose.

I also know that you are a lover of sports. I am sure that you would leave no stone unturned to give a practical shape to this proposal.

Yours faithfully,
Makhan Singh and ten other sports lovers.

11. Write a letter to the President of the Municipal Committee of your town about the unsatisfactory position of street lighting on the streets and lanes of your town.

202, Murgai Mohalla,
Dinanagar.
July 25, 20…….

To
The President,
Municipal Committee,
Dinanagar.
Sir,

With due respect, I like to bring to your kind notice the extremely unsatisfactory position of street lighting in the narrow lanes and streets of Murgai Mohalla.

Murgai Mohalla is a neglected area so far as street lighting is concerned. As night falls, people are put to a lot of inconvenience because of absence of tubes and lights on the poles meant for that purpose. Absence of street lighting encourages anti-social people. The instances of eve-teasing are on the increase. Young women and girls who happen to return home soon after sunset are victims of molestation and groping. Rowdies take advantage of the prevailing darkness.

Petty thefts are also on the increase. On two or three occasions, two old women fractured their legs as they fell into some of the pits in the lanes. It is impossible to go out of one’s home even in an emergency because of the pitch dark streets. We brought the matter to the notice of the local Municipal Commissioner who promised to do something. Unfortunately he is lying in a hospital at Amritsar. You are requested to see the situation for yourself and get adequate tubes and bulbs fitted in the area.

Yours faithfully.
Chetan Rathore

12. Write a letter to the Director, Doordarshan Kendra, suggesting some improvements in the TV Programmes.

18, Chopra House,
Gali Khazanchian,
Kapurthala.
May 28, 20……..

To
The Director,
Doordarshan Kendra,
Jalandhar.
Sir,

I wish to draw your attention to the deteriorating quality of television programmes telecast from your Kendra. They are cheap, dull, boring and not at all entertaining or informative. They do not cater to the needs of youth and housewives.

Most of the programmes are meant for the rural people who do not have any inclination to watch such dull and boring programmes.

The Kendra should start some programmes to attract young men and women who have some artistic genius in them. They should be. given opportunities to show their talent.

Even the plays telecast from your Kendra are sub-standard. They have no originality about them. The incharge of your plays should be asked to monitor plays telecast from Pakistan Television. They are realistic and have the human element in them. The plays telecast by Jalandhar Doordarshan are of a very poor quality. They hardly have any theme. Your station.must take the cue from PTV.

There must be a programme on general awareness for the benefit of those Punjab students who want to have a career outside the state. Some quiz programmes should be telecast. Young men and women with better performance should be encouraged through prizes.

A panel of distinguished artists, singers and educationists should be asked to monitor the quality of programmes from your station. I think these measures will go a long way in improving the programmes telecast by your Kendra.

Yours faithfully,
Akanksha Chopra

13. Suppose you are Sandeep. Write a letter to the Postmaster of your town complaining against the irregular delivery of your letters.

222, Urban Estate,
Jalandhar.
July 22, 20 ………..

To
The Postmaster,
Jalandhar.
Dear Sir,

I regret to bring to your kind notice that the delivery of letters in our area is very very irregular. The postman, Mr. Joginder Singh, is not performing his duty properly. He is very careless in delivering the letters. He is irregular also. On some Saturdays he does not deliver the letters. On days before other holidays, he fails to deliver the letters.

Sometimes he hands over letters to children asking them to deliver them to the addresses. His attitude to his duty is casual and irresponsible. This careless approach to duty often leads to the loss of some important letters. If urgent letters are not delivered in time, they cannot be responded to in time. I have warned him on several occasions but he does not seem to be bothered.

He is very rude, hie does not know how to respond politely to the people. You are requested to ask for his explanation about his irresponsible and casual attitude to the delivery of letters. It would be appreciated if he is suspended or warned to mend himself.

Yours faithfully,
Sandeep

Applications for Different Jobs

14. Write an application for the post of a teacher in a school.

12, Canal Park,
Dhariwal.
April 15, 20 …….

To
The Principal,
Khalsa Higher Secondary School,
Burj Sahib (Dhariwal).
Sir,

With reference to your advertisement in the ‘Daily Tribune’ of April 14, 20……. for the post of a science teacher in your school, I beg to offer myself as a candidate for the post.

As regards my qualifications, I may state that I passed the B.Sc. (Non-medical) from the G.N.D.U. as a regular student of Baring Union Christian College, Batala in 20…. securing 65% marks in the first division. Thereafter, I did my B.Ed. training from the Janata Teachers Training College, Nakodar in first division in the year 20…. At present, I am working as a science teacher in a village high school.

I have a special aptitude for teaching. During my college days, I took keen interest in extra-curricular activities. I was a member of the College Dramatic Society and also an active member of the College Music Club.

I can teach very proficiently. A testimonial from my present Principal speaks volumes for my ability and performance. If I am given a chance to serve in your school, I promise to give a good account of myself as a science teacher.
Thanking you,

Yours faithfully,
Raj an Tandon

15. Write an application to your Principal requesting him to condone your deficiency/ shortage in lectures. Give reasons.

To
The Principal,
Baring Union Christian College,
Batala.
Sir,

With due respect I beg to state that I am a student of + 2 class of your college. During the month of November, I fell seriously ill and was admitted in a local nursing home for treatment. I had to remain in the nursing home for four weeks. So, I could not attend my classes. As a result, I have fallen short of the required percentage of lectures to be eligible to appear in the annual examination. I may add that I did very well in my September House Examination. I secured more than 65% marks in all the subjects. I am sure that I shall do very well in my final examination also. Kindly condone my shortage of lectures and enable me to appear in the final examination.
Thanking you,

Yours faithfully,
Swaroop Krishan Bhalla
Roll No : 1202
10 + 2

Dated : March 10, 20……

16. Write an application to the Principal of your school / college for remission of fine.

To
The Principal,
A.B. College,
Pathankot.
Sir,

Most respectfully I beg to state that I have been fined Rs 100 for reaching the college late on three consecutive days. I request you to remit the fine as I got late due to unavoidable circumstances.

My mother met with an accident. I had to take her to a local nursing home. For the three days on which I got late, there was none at home to take her to the nursing home. Hence it was not possible for me to neglect the treatment of my mother. To support my reason, I am enclosing a certificate from the doctor that I used to bring my mother to the clinic for treatment at 10 o’ clock in the morning for the three days in question.

I have placed the facts before you. I was late no doubt, but I was helpless. So, I request you to remit my fine. I shall be thankful to you for this act of kindness.

Yours faithfully,
Saurabh Kumar
Roll Number 1203
XII B

Dated : April 19, 20……

17. Write an application for the post of a steno-typist.

14, Civil Lines,
Jalandhar City.
August 6, 20…..

To
The Advertiser,
Post Box No. 313,
The Tribune,
Chandigarh.
Sir,

This is in response to your advertisement in “The Tribune” dated 4th August, 20….. for the post of a steno-typist in your office. I beg to offer myself as a candidate for the same. As regards my qualifications, they are detailed below:

I passed my B.A. Examination in 20….. from D.A.V. College, Jalandhar in the second division. After my graduation, I joined a commercial college where I learnt both shorthand and type-writing. My speed in shorthand is 75 w.p.m. and my speed in type-writing is 50 w.p.m. I have been working as a stenotypist with Sehgal & Co., Jalandhar for the last five years. Besides shorthand and type-writing, I am also well conversant with other official work and can speak English, Hindi and Punjabi fluently.

I am still in the service of the same firm. I am seeking better opportunities which my present employer, with his limited, business, cannot supply. He has no objection to my seeking a better job somewhere else.

I am a young man of 25 with a sound body and a good appearance. I enclose a certificate from my present employer about my character, experience and ability.

Should you appoint me to the post, it would be my sincerest effort to give you every satisfaction.

Yours faithfully,
H.M.L. Sood

18. Write a letter to your Principal for a testimonial / character certificate.

2652, Sector 37 C,
Chandigarh.
August 10, 20 …..

To
The Principal,
Government College,
Gurdaspur.
Sir,

Respectfully I request you to kindly issue me a character certificate. I am required to produce it when applying for the post of a teacher.

I was a student of the college from 2001 to 2004 and passed the B.A. examination in April, 2004 securing first division marks with distinction in Mathematics. I was a member of the Students’ Central Association and the President of the Debating and Speakers Club. I was President of the English Speech Society. Throughout my college career, I remained in the good books of my worthy teachers.

My Roll No. in BA. final was 1305 and I was under the tutorship of Prof. Akash Malhotra who will testify to the truth of the facts stated above.
Kindly issue the character-cum-merit certificate at the earliest and oblige.
Thanking you in anticipation,

Yours faithfully,
Arvind Bhandari

19. Write an application to the Principal of your school / college complaining against the poor quality of food being supplied to you at the school hostel.

To
The Principal,
Government Higher Secondary School,
Bhatinda.
Sir,

I regret to inform you that the food served in the hostel is the most unhygienic and of poor quality. Of course, the Kitchen Committee is there to monitor the quality of food served but the Mess Manager is more than a match for the Kitchen Committee.

Pure milk and curd are never served in the hostel. There is the Government dairy where pure milk is readily available but the Mess Manager buys it from Gujjars who are known for diluting milk with water.

The cooked food is no better. The vegetables that are cooked are often stale and rotten. They are cooked in sub-standard or inferior quality of edible oil. Most of the boarders suffer from cough and bad throat. The Mess Manager buys sub-standard quality of rice and wheat atta. We find small pieces of stone and some foreign matter in chapaties and cooked rice. Very often the boarders complain of dysentery and other stomach disorders.

It is high time that things are set right by improving the quality of food served in the hostel. The Mess Manager must be taken to task. He must be told that the quality of food supplied by him to the boarders is telling upon their health. He should be warned to improve things immediately otherwise he should be asked to leave.

Yours faithfully,
Rajesh Kohli
XI
Govt. School Hostel
Bhatinda.

20. Write a letter to the Superintendent of Police pointing out the increase in the incidents of thefts in your locality.

15, Garden Colony,
Patti.
February 22, 20 ……..

To
The Superintendent of Police,
Patti.
Dear Sir,

I am writing this to invite your kind attention to the rising incidence of thefts in our locality, Garden Colony. This area has become a paradise for thieves and burglars. This locality is continuing to develop. Some of the roads are deserted especially in the afternoon. Hardly a day passes without an incident of theft. The worrisome point is that these incidents occur in the broad daylight when women-folk in their homes retire for rest after their household work.

Since it is a developing colony, labourers and strangers are seen moving around in a suspicious manner. Of course, there are a couple of policemen on guard near the entrance of the colony but they rarely patrol the colony. The S.H.O of the area has been kept informed about the incidents of thefts but there is no improvement in the situation. The residents of the locality are beginning to lose faith in the junior officials. Hence your personal attention is required to the problem facing the colony.
Thanking you,

Yours faithfully,
P.K. Khanna