Class 11 – Page 2 – PSEB Solutions

PSEB 11th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 21 Directive Principles of State Policy

December 9, 2024December 8, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 21 Directive Principles of State Policy Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 21 Directive Principles of State Policy

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Enumerate the Directive Principles given in the constitution.
Or
Explain the Directive Principles as embodied in the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
The inclusion of the Directive Principles of State Policy in Part IV (Arts. 36-51) of the Constitution is one of the significant features of the Indian Constitution. Dr. Ambedkar described them as a ‘novel feature’ of the Constitution of India. The makers of the Indian constitution were influenced by the provisions of the Irish Constitution of 1937.

The principles embodied in Part IV are in the nature of directions, instructions or recommendations to the various governments, and government agencies (including even village panchayats) to be followed as fundamental in the governance of the country. “It shall be the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws.”

These principles guide the path which will lead the people of India to achieve the noble ideals which the Preamble of the Constitution proclaims : “Justice, social, economic and political; Liberty, Equality and Fraternity.” It should be noted that these principles are not justiciable though they have been declared fundamental in the governance of the country.

Directive Principles can be divided into four categories:
1. Socialistic and Economic Principles,
2. Gandhian Principles,
3. Liberal Principles and
4. Principles Relating to International Peace and Security.

1. Socialistic and Economic Principles:
The bulk of the directive principles aim at the establishment of a service State as opposed to a merely policy State. The principles aiming at the establishment of a Welfare State in India are as under:
(1) Article 38 provides that the State shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting a social order in which justice, social, economic and political shall inform all the institutions of national life.

(2) Article 39 calls upon the State to direct its policy towards securing:

that the citizens, men and women equally have the right to an adequate means of livelihood.
that there is equal pay for equal work for both men and women.
that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as to subserve the common good.
that the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment.
that the health and strength of workers, men and women and the tender age of children are not abused and that citizens are not forced to enter vocations unsuitable to their age.
that the childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and moral and material abandonment.

(3) Articles 41 and 42 provide that the State shall made effective provision for securing the right to work, to education and the public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness, disablement and of undeserved want and to provide just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief.

(4) Article 43 provides that the State shall endeavour to secure a living wage and decent conditions of work so as to ensure to the workers sufficient leisure and enjoyment of social and cultural opportunities.

2. Gandhian Principles:
Some of the Directive Principles are in accordance with Gandhian way of life. They are:

The State shall organise village panahayats and endow them with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as units of self-government.
The State shall endeavour to promote cottage industries on individual and co-operative basis in small areas.
The State shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people and Scheduled Tribes in order to protect them form social injustice and forms of exploitation.
The State shall take steps to secure the improvement of public health and to bring about prohibition of the consumption except for medical purposes, of intoxicating drinks and of drugs which are injurious to health.
The State shall take steps to organise agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines.
The State shall take steps for preserving and improving the needs and for prohibition and protection from slaughter of cows and other milch cattle.

3. Liberal Principles:
In this category are included those principles which are of a general and of liberal character. These include:

A uniform civil code throughout the territory of India.
To bring abut the separation of judiciary from the executive.
To provide, within ten years from the commencement of the Constitution, free and compulsory education to all children up to the age of 14 years.
To raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living of the people and the improvement of the public health.
The state shall protect every monument or place or object of artistic or historic interest, declared by Parliament by law to be of national importance, from spoliation, disfigurement, destruction, removal, disposal or export, as the case may be.

4. Principles Relating to International Peace and Security:
Article 51 raises the obligations of the state to a still higher level, from the national to the international.

The state shall endeavour to promote international peace and security.
The state will maintain just and honourable relations between nations.
The state will foster respect for international law and treaty obligation.
The state will encourage settlement of international disputes byarbitration. The state is, thus, expected by the framers of the Constitution not only to take the form of a welfare state, but also to play a certain kind of role in world affairs, a role based on the quest for peace, justice, harmony and amity.

42nd Amendment Act and Directive Principles:
By 42nd amendment following principles are inserted in the Directive Principles of State Policy.
(i) The State shall ensure that children are given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity and that childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and against moral abandonment.

(ii) The state shall ensure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice, on the basis of equal opportunity, and shall, in particular, provide free legal aid by suitable legislation or schemes or in any other way, to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic and other disabilities.

(iii) The state shall take steps, by suitable legislation or in any other way, to secure the participation of workers in the management of undertakings, establishments or other organizations engaged in any industry.

(iv) The state shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wild life in the country.

44th Amendment and Directive Principles:
Forty-fourth Amendment inserted a new directive in Article 38. It provided for removal of inequalities in income. The state shall, in particular, strive to minimise the inequalities in income and endeavour to eliminate inequalities in status, facilities and opportunities, not amongst individuals but also amongst groups of people residing on different areas or engaged in different vocations.

Question 2.
Discuss in brief the objects of Directive Principles.
Answer:
Part IV of the Constitution can rightly be called an essay written on the Preamble to the Constitution of India.
1. The Directive Principles aim at the realisation of social and economic freedom without which political freedom has no meaning at all. The principles, to quote Joshi, ‘constitute a very comprehensive’ political, social and economic programme for a modern democratic state.

2. Article 38 declares that the state shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting as effectively as it may a social order in which justice, social, economic and political shall inform all the institutions of the national life.

3. Art, 37 declares these principles to be ‘fundamental in the governance of the country’ and it shall be the duty of the state to apply these principles in making laws.

4. Speaking about the purpose of this Chapter Ambedkar said : “In enacting this part of the Constitution, the Assembly is giving certain directions to the future legislature and the future executive to show in what maiu °r they are to exercise the legislative and the executive power they will have. Surely it is not the intention to introduce in this part these principles as mere pious declarations.

It is the intention of this Assembly that in future both the legislature and the executive should not merely pay lip-service to these principles but that they should be made the basis of all legislative and executive action that may be taken thereafter in the matter of the governance of the country. The principles set forth the humanitarian socialist precepts that were and are the aims of the Indian social revolution.” In short, the principles recognize the ideal of service state in place of the regulatory state.

5. According to Dr. A. C. Kapoor, ‘These directive principles are intended to lay down in general terms the object which the framers of the constitution desired, the government at the Centre and in the states, should pursue in guiding the destiny of the nation. They are in the nature of affirmative instructions of government to direct their activities to do certain things and thereby promote the realizations of the high ideals set forth in the Preamble to Constitution.”

In the words of former Chief Justice K. Subba Rao, “In Part IV of the Constitution the Directive Principles of the state policy are laid down. It enjoins it to bring about a social order in which justice-social, economic and political shall inform all the institutions of national life. It directs it to work for an egalitarian society where there is no concentration of wealth, where there is plenty, where there is equal opportunity for all to education, to work, to livelihood and where there is social Justice.”

According to Dr. J.C. Joshi, “While Part III of Fundamental Rights lays down the foundations of political democracy in the country, Part IV contains a set of positive directions spelling out the charter of social and economic democracy.” Prof. B. K. Gokhale has rightly said that, “In brief they aim at the establishment of a welfare state in which justice, liberty and equality prevail and people are happy and prosperous.” The principles serve the purpose of a manifesto for political parties of India. Whichever party may come into power, it must follow the path shown in Part IV of the Constitution.

Question 3.
Explain briefly the grounds on which Directive Principles are criticised.
Or
The Directive Principles of State Policy do not matter. (Jennings). Discuss critically.
Answer:
The Directive Principles have been attacked from several quarters as the most misleading and superfluous features of the Indian Constitution. Commenting upon the futility of the Principles, Prof. K. T. Shah said, ‘The Directive Principles of State Policy are like a cheque payable by the bank at its convenience.” Mr. Nassiruddin, a member of the Constituent Assembly, thought that “the principles are no better than the new year’s resolutions which are broken on the second of January.” In short, the critics consider this Chapter the sleeping beauty of the Constitution. The chapter has been criticised on the basis of the following points :

1. Lack of Legal Force:
The Chapter on the Directive Principles has been criticised by the critics mainly on the ground that there is no legal force behind it. What cannot be made legally binding should not have been contained in the Constitution.

The government can very conveniently ignore them. None can compel the government to implement them. The people cannot seek the help of the Court to direct the state to enforce them as it obtains in the case of fundamental rights. As one writer has said : “Non justiciable and abstract directive principles which may be safely ignored by the legislatures do not enchance the true prestige of a written Constitution but these principles are declared fundamental in the governance of the country in spite of the fact they cannot be enforced by any court.”

2. Vague and Indefinite:
Most of the principles are vague and indefinite. The wisdom of some of these principles is open to serious doubt. It should be remembered that Directive Principles are not eternal and that they change from time to time. Man is a changing animal, so should the Principles be. Then, though the purpose of the inclusion of these Principles in the Constitution has been the establishment of a Welfare State in India, some important matters have been completely left out. For example, no Principle lays down in clear terms as to what should be the relationship between the workers and the capitalists.

3. Retard the Progressive Character of the Constitution:
By making these Principles eternal truths, immutable for all times to come, the Constitution has put the legislature in a very embarrassing position. It is not essential that these principles will provide a panacea for all the social and economic ills of the society. Every generation has its own problems and every problem needs a relative solution. In this age of atomic and hydrogen era, nothing can be taken for granted. It will be very harmful to fetter the progressive character of the Constitution.

4. Self-imposed Directions are Meaningless:
Directions are given by a superior to an inferior. But it looks funny and meaningless that a sovereign nation should issue directions to itself.

5. Constitutional Conflict:
Mr. K. Santhanam says that these principles may lead to conflict between President and the Prime Minister. He says, what happens if the P. M. of India ignores these instructions. The President may impose penal dissolution on the ground that since these are fundamental in the governance of the country, the P. M. or his ministry has got no right to ignore them. As such these principles may lead to conflict between the P. M. and the President.

6. Brake on the wheels of National Progress:
Dr. Jennings said that the ideals embodied in the chapter may not simply become outmoded and antiquated in the next century. They might act as citadels of reactions as well and thus clog national progress.

7. Means to implement Directive Principles not mentioned:
Directive Principles are like an end but to achieve the end no reference is made to the means. Means are not mentioned through which the Directive Principles have to be implemented.

8. Unrealistic and Impracticable Principles:
Most of the Directive Principles are unreaslistic and impracticable. For example, the enforcement of Prohibition and the maintenance of just and honourable relations with other countries of the world are impracticable principles.

9. Moral Principles: The Directive Principles are nothing more than mere moral principles.

Question 4.
What is the importance of the chapter on Directive Principles of State Policy in our constitution?
Or
Give a brief account of those Directive Principles of State Policy which reflect the country’s economic policies.
Or
Examine the importance of Directive Principles of State Policy.
Answer:
Despite the hostile criticism levelled against the Principles, the Chapter remains “one of the most cardinal, important and creative Chapters of this Constitution.” They don’t lose value by the fact that they lack legal force. By not making these Principles Justiciable, the makers of the Constitution did the right thing. Had they done so, they would have made the Principles rigid. It was not desirable for a living, vital and progressive nation. After all there can be honest difference of opinion to achieve the ideals set forth in the Constituent Assembly.

Dr. Ambedkar said : “We have left enough room for the people of different ways to persuade the electorate that it is the best way of searching economic democracy : the fullest opportunity to act in the way in which they want to act.” There is, thus, scope for flexibility for the realisation of these ideals. If they provide impetus for the conservatives, they equally restrain the radicals. They thus keep the Constitution on an even keel. .

1. Guidelines for the Government:
These principles guide each government regarding the internal and external policy of the state. Whatsoever government comes to power, it must act according to the guidelines provided by these principles. Any party may form the government, it is not to bother about the aims and objects of its administration because Directive Principles place before the government clear cut aims and ideals. By following these lines India can attain the required end.

2. Declaration of Ideal of the Welfare State:
The Directive Principles stand for a welfare state. These principles help in the realisation of the ideals of social justice and economic democracy. When the state translates these principles into reality, India can justly claim to be a welfare state.

3. Barometer for assessing the achievements of the government:
The directive principles are an important instrument in the hands of the people to judge the achievements of the government. In democracy the people govern through their representatives. They elect their representatives and they speak and act on behalf of the public. The representatives of the people try to promote the welfare of the people.

The people keep a strict watch over the activities of the government and keep on reminding the government abput its aims and objects. These directive principles serve as the measuring rod of attainments of the government. If the government acts on the lines provided by these principles, it is considered as a good government and if the government flouts these principles, it is considered a bad government.

4. Support of Public Opinion:
There is no legal force behind the directive principles of state policy. But there is the force of public opinion behind these principles. With the help of these principles a Welfare State can be established in India. These principles can help in the promotion of social and political lot of he people. In a democracy the people want the government to make their lives happy and prosperous.

The government which does not show due regards to these principles falls in the estimation of the people and in the next election it may not be able to capture the votes of the people. The people will vote for a government which runs its administration on the lines suggested by directive principles of state policy. The government, therefore, tries its utmost to implement these principles.

5. Important Place in the World:
These principles aim at the progress of man’s life. They aim at bringing a good name to India in the world. These principles can help in the establishment of a welfare state in India. These principles stress the need of maintaining friendly relations with other countries of the world and aim at the maintenance of world peace.

For all its efforts in the field of maintenance of world peace and other fields, India is very much respected by all other countries of the world. In oct. 2010, India was elected the member of the Security Council for the Seventh time for the period of 2-years between January 2011 to December 2012. India has also stood for world peace and, therefore, these principles can be called the very basis of Indian culture.

6. Helpful in making fundamental rights a success:
Keeping in view one more thing, the Directive Principles of State Policy cannot be called meaningless. We can make the best use of fundemantal rights only when the Directive Principles of state policy are implemented. A person may be given the right to vote, but if he is not free from his economic worries he is sure to sell his vote. The fundamental rights go side by side with the directive principles. Moreover, the executive is to be separated from the judiciary if justice is to be had. The success of fundamental rights depends upon the application of Directive Principles of state policy.

7. Guideline for the Judiciary:
No doubt, the Directive Principles cannot override the provisions contained in Chapter III, yet they have been helpful to the judiciary in determining the actual scope of the Fundamental Rights. In some of the decisions, the Supreme Court has made a direct reference to these principles.

In Nashirwar Vs. State of Madhya Pradesh, the Supreme Court held there is no fundamental right to carry on the trade of liquor, because of the reasons of public morality and public interest, etc. The Supreme Court referred to the directive principles contained in Article 47. Similarly in the State of Bihar Vs. Kameshwar Singh, the Supreme Court held that the abolition of Zamindari had legitimate ‘public purposes’.

No doubt the Directive Principles of state policy have no legal force behind them but even then their inclusion in the Constitution is not meaningless. Dr. Ambedkar had remarked that these Principles would be considered fundamental in the governance of the country. Those who are called upon to govern the state, must attach due importance to these principles.

These Principles serve as the guideline for the government and no government should ignore these principles. These principles serve as a constant reminder to the politicians and the inhabitants of the country that the framers of the Constitution had placed very high moral ideals before all of them.

Question 5.
Examine the relationship between fundamental rights and directive principles.
Or
Compare the judgement of the Supreme Court on the relationship between the Directive Principles and the Fundamental Rights.
Answer:
The Indian Bill of Rights has been included in Part III of the Constitution. It lays down the foundation of political democracy in the country. But political democracy is hollow if it is not accompanied by economic democarcy. Surplus and starvation cannot go together. Part IV of the Constitution deals with the Directive Principles. The aim of the Directive Principles is the establishment of Welfare state opposed to the Police state. By passing the Karachi Resolution in 1931, the Congress Party had committed itself to a programme of social and economic changes on the advent of independence. Hence the incorporation of the Principles in Part IV of the Constitution.

Difference between Directive Principles and Fundamental Rights :
The two differ in their nature and extent.
1. Fundamental Rights are justiciable, Directive Principles are not:
Directive Principles, though declared ‘fundamental in the governance of the country’ are not justiciable. In other words, the state cannot be sued in any court of law in case they are ‘violated’ or not implemented. The right to Constitutional Remedies, as enshrined in Art. 32 of the Constitution, covers Part III and not Part IV of the Constitution. They, thus, lack legal force. They confer no legal rights and create no legal remedies.

The Fundamental Rights, on the other hand, are enforceable by the courts. They are congnizable. The judiciary has been empowered to issue orders, directions and writs for the enforcement of the fundamental rights. But no such legal status has been conferred on the Principles. The Constitution clearly lays down that the Directive Principles “shall not be enforceable by any court.”

2. Fundamental Rights are Mandatory, while Directive Principles are Optional:
It is mandatory for the government to enforce Fundamental Rights. But Directive Principles are just like optional directive principles. It is for this reason that Prof. K. T. Shah depreciated the directive principles as ‘pious wishes’ and mere window dressing for the social revolution of the country.

3. Fundamental Rights are negative to prohibit the Government from doing certain things, the Directive Principles are affirmative instructions to the Government to do certain things:
The Directive Principles are of the nature of general directions to the State to frame its policy in accordance with the spirit of these principles. The principles contain certain ideas and ideals which the new nation has put before it. The fundamental rights are of the nature of ‘don’ts’. They are intended to curb the arbitrariness of Government.

For example, the Constitution prohibits the state to discrimate one citizen against the other on the ground of caste, class, sex, creed, language, religion, etc. Similarly, the state cannot deprive any person of his property save by authority of law’. The directives, on the other hand, are intended to serve as a chart for the Governments to follow. The state ‘shall strive for’ realisation of these principles. The principles are, thus, recommendatory and not mandatory.

4. Fundamental Rights Concern the Individual, while Directive Principles the Society:
Fundamental Rights are concerned with the individual whereas Directive Principles concern the entire society in which the individual is but a component.

5. Difference in Aim:
The aim of Fundamental Rights is political democracy but that of Directive Principles is Economic Democracy.

6. Fundamental Rights have already been attained but Directive Principles are not yet fully enforced,

7. In case of Conflict which of the two will get importance ? Before the passing of 25th and 42nd Amendments, Directive Principles were subsidiary to Fundamental Rights. In case of conflict between the two, the courts had to uphold the Fundamental Rights. No doubt, the Constitution enjoins upon the state to make its laws in accordance with the Principles. But while doing so, the state cannot harm the provision contained in Part III of the Constitution.

But the 25th Amendment Act changed the relations between directive principles and fundamental rights. The 25th Amendment lays down : “Notwithstanding anything contained in Art. 13, no law given effect to the policy of the state towards securing the principles specified in clause (B) or clause (C) of Art. 39 shall be deemed to be void on the ground that it is inconsistent with or takes away or abridges any of the rights conferred by Arts. 14 and 19 or Art. 31 and no law containing a declaration that it is for giving effect to such policy shall be called in question in any Court on the ground that it does not give effect to such policy.”

But by Section 4 of the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, protection has been extended to legislation for implementation of any of the Directive enurmerated in Part IV. The effect of this amendment is far-reaching as it tends to give a primacy to the Directive Principles. It is not open now to any court to challenge any law based on Directive Principles, even though inconsistent with certain Fundamental Rights. In other words, as D.D. Basu puts it, “A law giving effect to any of the Directive shall be immune from attack of unconstitutionality on the ground of contravention of Arts. 14, 19 and 31.

Outside these three Fundamental Rights, however, the pre-1976 decisions shall continue to apply.” But on 9th May, 1980, the Supreme Court struck down section 4 of the 42nd Amendment Act amending 31 C giving primacy to Directive Principles of State Policy over fundamental rights. The Court held that Section 4 of the 42nd Amendment Act amending 31-C was beyond the amending power of Parliament and was void since it damages the basic total exclusion of challenge in Court of law on grounds that it takes away or abridges fundamental rights under Article 14 or Article 19 if the law was for giving effect to Directive Principles.

Question 6.
Explain to what exent the Directive Principles of State Policy have helped India to become a welfare state.
Answer:
The ideal of the welfare state is embodied in the Directive Principles given in the Indian Constitution. Prof. B. K. Gokhale has rightly said that, “In brief Directive Principles aim at the establishment of welfare state in which justice, liberty and equality prevail and people are happy and prosperous.” Directive Principles’ contribution to welfare state is as follows :

1. Article 38 provides that the state shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting a social order in which justice, social, economic and political, shall inform all the institutions of national life.

2. State should frame its policies in such a way as to ensure adequate means of livelihood to all. The state should ensure that health and strength of workers, men and women and the tender age of children are not abused and the citizens are not forced to enter vocation unsuitable to their age.

3. Directive Principles provided that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as to subserve the common good.

4. The state shall made effective provision for securing the right of work, to education and the public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness, disablement and of undeserved want and to provide just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief.

5. The state will create conditions for well-being and advancement of the individuals.

6. The state shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people and the Scheduled tribes in order to protect them from social injustice and forms of exploitation.

7. The state shall take steps for decentralisation of power. Judiciary will be separated from the executive.

Question 7.
Discuss the Directive Principles of State Policy laid down in our Constitution. What are the sanctions behind them ?
Answer:
Directive Principles given in the Constitution.
The inclusion of the Directive Principles of State Policy in Part IV (Arts. 36-51) of the Constitution is one of the significant features of the Indian Constitution. Dr. Ambedkar described them as a ‘novel feature’ of the Constitution of India. The makers of the Indian constitution were influenced by the provisions of the Irish Constitution of 1937.

Directive Principles can be divided into four categories :
1. Socialistic and Economic Principles,
2. Gandhian Principles,
3. Liberal Principles and
4. Principles Relating to International Peace and Secutiry.

1. Socialistic and Economic Principles:
The bulk of the directive principles aim at the establishment of a service State as opposed to a merely policy State. The principles aiming at the establishment of a Welfare State in India are as under :
(1) Article 38 provides that the State shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting a social order in which justice, social, economic and political shall inform all the institutions of national life.

(2) Article 39 calls upon the State to direct its policy towards securing:

that the citizens, men and women equally have the right to an adequate means of livelihood.
that there is equal pay for equal work for both men and women.
that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as to subserve the common good.
that the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment.
that the health and strength of workers, men and women and the tender age of children are not abused and that citizens are not forced to enter vocations unsuitable to their age.
that the childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and moral and material abandonment.

2. Gandhian Principles:
Some of the Directive Principles are in accordance with Gandhian way of life. They are:

The State shall organise village panahayats and endow them with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as units of self-government.
The State shall endeavour to promote cottage industries on individual and co-operative basis in small areas.
The State shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people and Scheduled Tribes in order to protect them form social injustice and forms of exploitation.
The State shall take steps to secure the improvement of public health and to bring about prohibition of the consumption except for medical purposes, of intoxicating drinks and of drugs which are injurious to health.
The State shall take steps to organise agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines.
The State shall take steps for preserving and improving the needs and for prohibition and protection from slaughter of cows and other milch cattle.

3. Liberal Principles:
In this category are included those principles which are of a general and of liberal character. These include :

A uniform civil code throughout the territory of India.
To bring abut the separation of judiciary from the executive.
To provide, within ten years from the commencement of the Constitution, free and compulsory education to all children up to the age of 14 years.
To raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living of the people and the improvement of the public health.
The state shall protect every monument or place or object of artistic or historic interest, declared by Parliament by law to be of national importance, from spoliation, disfigurement, destruction, removal, disposal or export, as the case may be.

4. Principles Relating to International Peace and Security:
Article 51 raises the obligations of the state to a still higher level, from the national to the international.

The state shall endeavour to promote international peace and security.
The state will maintain just and honourable relations between nations.
The state will foster respect for international law and treaty obligation.
The state will encourage settlement of international disputes byarbitration. The state is, thus, expected by the framers of the Constitution not only to take the form of a welfare state, but also to play a certain kind of role in world affairs, a role based on the quest for peace, justice, harmony and amity.

42nd Amendment Act and Directive Principles:
By 42nd amendment following principles are inserted in the Directive Principles of State Policy.

(i) The State shall ensure that children are given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity and that childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and against moral abandonment.

(iv) The state shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wild life in the country.

Sanctions behind the Directive Principles of State Policy. Although there is no sanction of law behind these Principles, ‘yet they have to be obeyed because behind them is the authority of public opinion, “a bigger and more powerful tribunal.” In the last analysis, a real sanction behind all laws is the public opinion, Same is true of the Directive Principles.

Like the conventions of the English Constitution they are the code of honour, the conscience of the nation. The masses are in favour of these Principles because they stand for the establishment of a Welfare State. In the words of Justice Kania, ‘The Directive Principles represent not the temporary will of a majority but the deliberate wisdom of nation exercised while setting the paramount and permanent law of the country.

In democracy, the rulers rule by suffrance i.e. authority is a trust. And any abuse of this authority on the part of the Government will make the public opinion hostile. The Government will certainly forfeit the confidence of the people if it deviates from Part IV of the Constitution. There shall be no hope of its coming into power if it fails to implement these Principles. None can discount the force of public opinion in democracy.

It is the active, propelling factor. The distinguishing feature of democracy is that government authority is built, controlled and conditioned by the force of an active public opinion. No government responsible to the people can afford to pay lip-service to these principles. “A little shift in public opinion may convert the majority of today into the minority of tomorrow.” All governments, even the most despotic one, ultimately rest on the consent of the people.

Question 8.
How far and in what manner the Directive Principles have been implemented in India ? Discuss.
Answer:
Opinions differ on how far the Directive Principles of State Policy have been implemented in actual practice. But it is absurd to claim that all these principles have been completely translated into action. On the contrary, it is equally wrong to allege, as was done by a Communist member of the Lok Sabha in 1958 that “these solemn declarations were not ‘directives’ but only ‘decoratives in the Constitution’.

The main objective of the Five-Year Plans has been to achieve a balanced economic development and to raise living standards. The plans are so designed as to result “not only in appreciable increase in national income and employment, but also in greater equality in incomes and wealth.”
Following steps have been taken to implement the Directive Principles as far as possible under existing conditions.

Zamindari system has been abolished in almost all the states.
Most states have passed laws prohibiting cow slaughter.
Exploitation has been prohibited.
In majority of the states Judiciary is separated from the executive.
Various measures have been taken to promote the welfare of Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes and to advance the educational and economic interests of weaker and backward sections of tlte people.
Various steps have been taken to raise the standard of living of the people.
Means of production are no longer completely in the hands of private sector. Key industries have been nationalised.
New and mechanised means of agriculture are being adopted.
Various measures have been adopted to promote small scale and cottage industries.
Panchayati Raj is established in almost in all the states.
Community Projects have been started to develop villages.
Steps have been taken for prohibition.
Women are given equal rights with men.
The enactment of the Hindu Marriage Act (1955) and the Hindu Succession Act (1956) are important landmarks on the road to the development of a Uniform Civil Code.
Main aim of the 25th Amendment is the implementation of the Directive Principles.
Free and compulsory education has been introduced in many States.
Indian government has tried to establish friendly relations with neighbouring states.
India has followed the policy of non-alignment and has played a very important role in maintaining world peace.
Prime Minister Sh. Narender Modi has adopted many measures to implement the Directive Principles.
In Jan 2019, the central government givens 10% Reservation for Economically weaker sections in upper caste.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the nature of Directive Principles of State Policy as mentioned in the Constitution of’India.
Answer:
Article-37 exhibits the nature of directive principles. Article-37 of the Constitution clearly lays down that the directive principles are not justiciable, yet these principles are nevertheless fundamental in the governance of the country. It shall be the duty of the State to implement directive principles. Thus, it is clear that the directive principles are not enforceable, yet they are to be regarded as fundamental principles in the governance of the country.

Another words, directive principles guide the government in the formulation of policies. The directive principles are intended to be kept in mind both by the legislature in enacting laws and by the executive in enforcing the law. These are unenforceable directives through which the constituent assembly tried as Dr. Ambedkar put it. ‘To give certain direction to the future legislature and the future executive to show in what manner.

They are to exercise the power they will have.” These directive principles are mostly in the nature of moral precepts and economic maxims, having no legal force. The directive principles specify the aims and objectives of the Constitution of India which are to be seemed by the state through future policy making and legislation.

Question 2.
What are the main aims of the Directive Principles?
Answer:

Most important aim of the Directive Principles is to establish social and economic democracy. They aim at the realisation df social and economic freedom without which political freedom has no meaning at all.
Directive Principles guide the state legislature and executive in the governance of the country.
These Principles aim at the establishment of a welfare state in which justice, liberty and equality prevail and people are happy and prosperous.
These principles serve the purpose of a manifesto for all the political parties of India. Whichever party may come into power, it must freed the path shown by Directive Principles.

Question 3.
Mention any five directive principles given in the Constitution.
Answer:

The state shall strive to promote the welfare of the people.
The state shall endeavour to secure a living wage and decent conditions of work.
The state shall take steps to establish a uniform Civil Code throughout the country.
The state shall endeavour to promote international peace and security.
The state shall take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive.

Question 4.
State any four Directive Principles of State Policy which lay down the foundation of a Socialist Society in India.
Answer:
The bulk of the directive principle aims at the establishment of a Socialist Society in India. Most of the socialistic principles are contained in Article 38, 39, 41, 42 and 43.

The State shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting a social order in which justice-4 social, economic and political shall inform all the institution of national life.
The State shall provide adequate means of livelihood to all citizens, men as well as women.
The State shall try to secure equitable distribution of material resources of the community with a view to ensure common good.
The State shall endeavour to secure a living wage and decent conditions of work so as to ensure to the workers sufficient leisure and enjoyment of social-cultural opportunities.

Question 5.
Explain in brief the Gandhian principles as provided in the Directive Principles of the State Policy.
Answer:
Some of the Directive Principles are in accordance with Gandhian Ideology. They are as follows:

The State shall organise village panchayats to enable them to function as units of Self-governments.
The State shall endeavour to promote cottage industries on individual and co¬operative basis in small areas.
The State shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people and Scheduled Tribes in order to protect them from social injustice and forms of exploitation.
The State shall take steps to secure the improvement of public health and to bring about prohibition of the consumption except for medical purposes, of intoxicating drinks and of drugs which are injurious to health.

Question 6.
Describe four Directive Principles relating to International peace and security.
Answer:
Article 51 raises the obligations of the state to a still higher level, from the national to the international.

The state shall endeavour to promote international peace and security.
The state will maintain just and honourable relations between nations.
The State will foster respect for international law and treaty obligation.
The state will encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.

Question 7.
Describe any four Liberal Principles as provided in the Directive Principles of State Policy.
Answer:
In this category are included those principles which are of a general and of liberal character. These include:

A uniform civil code throughout the territory of India.
To bring about the separation of judiciary from the executive.
To provide, within ten years from the commencement of the Constitution, free and Compulsory education to all children up to the age of 14 years.
To raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living of the people and the improvement of the public health.

Question 8.
What do you understand by the statement that Directive Principles are non-justiciable?
Answer:
Directive Principles, though declared ‘fundamental in the governance of the country’ are not justiciable. It means that the State cannot be sued in any court of law in case directive principles are violated or not implemented. The right to Constitutional remedies, as enshrined in Article-32 of the Constitution covers fundamental rights and not directive principles. .Thus, directive principles lack legal force. They confer no legal rights and create no legal remedies. They are not enforceable by the courts.

Question 9.
Justify that Directive Principles have gone a long way in establishing a Welfare State in India.
Or
How do the Directive Principles of State Policy help in the establishment of a Welfare State?
Answer:
The purpose of incorporating directive principles of State Policy in the Constitution is to make India a Welfare State. Prof. B.K. Gokhale has rightly said that “In brief they aim at the establishment of a Welfare State ” The directive principles which render welfare character to the Indian state may be summed up as under:

The State shall try to secure the welfare of the people by securing and protecting a social order.
The State shall provide adequate means of livelihood to all citizen men as well as wopien.
The State shall provide equal pay for equal work for both men and women.
The State shall secure right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness, etc.

Question 10.
Write any four Directive Principles of State Policy that have been implemented.
Answer:
The Directive Principles are not just pious wishes. Many of these principles have already been implemented. For instance:

Untouchability, the age-old curse of the Indian society, has been made an offence punishable by law and a number of laws have been enacted for this purpose.
Panchayats have been established in the remotest villages of our country and they have been vested with adequate powers to ensure their functioning as units of self-government.
For the promotion of cottage industries the Government has established several boards, viz., All India
Handloom Board, All India Khadi and Village Industries Board, etc.
Steps like reservation of seats in educational institutions and posts in services have been taken to promote the interest of Scheduled castes and Scheduled tribes.

Question 11.
State any four points of difference between the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles.
Answer:
The following are the four main points of different between the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles:
1. Fundamental rights are like negative injunctions asking the state not do this or that, but the directive principles are like positive directions that the state should follow in order to establish the desired social and economic order.

2. The fundamental rights are justiciable, but the directives are not enforceable by courts.

3. The underlying object of the fundamental rights is to establish political democracy in India, while the purpose of directive principles is the establishment of economic democracy in our country.

4. The directive principles are in many cases of a wider scope than the fundamental, rights. The directive principles contained in Article 39 (b) and (c) enjoy precedence over the fundamental rights contained in Articles 14 and 19. The fundamental rights contained in other Articles enjoy primary over all the directive principles.

Question 12.
Explain briefly four main grounds on which Directive Principles are criticised.
Answer:
The Directive Principles have been attacked from several quarters as the most misleading and superfluous features of the Indian Constitution.

1.Lack of Legal Force. The Chapter of the Directive Principles has been carried down by the critics mainly on the ground that there is no legal force behind it. What cannot, be made legal binding should not have been contained in the Constitution.

2. Vague and Indefinite. Most of the Principles are vague and indefinite. The wisdom of some of these principles is open to serious doubt.

3. Self-imposed Directions are Meaningless. Directions are given by a superior to an inferior. But it looks funny and meaningless that a sovereign nation should issue directions to itself.

4. Means to implement Directive Principles not mentioned. Directive principles are like an end but to achieve the end no reference is made to the means. Means are not mentioned through which the Directive Principles have to be implemented.

Question 13.
Describe in brief the importance of Directive Principles.
Answer:
1. Guidelines for the Government. These principles guide each government regarding the internal and external policy of the state.

2. Declaration of Ideal of the Welfare State. The Directive Principles stand for a welfare state. These principles help in the relation of the ideals of social justice and economic democracy. When the state translates these principles into reality, India can justly claim to be a welfare state.

3. Barometer for Assessing the achievements of the Government, The directive principles are an important instrument in the hands of the people to judge the achievements of the government.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the main aims of the Directive Principles?
Answer:

Most important aim of the Directive Principles is to establish social and economic democracy. They aim at the realisation of social and economic freedom without which political freedom has no meaning at all.
Directive Principles guide the state legislature and executive in the governance of the country.

Question 2.
Discuss any two directive principles given in the Constitution.
Answer:

The state shall strive to promote the welfare of the people.
The state shall endeavour to secure a living wage and decent conditions of work.

Question 3.
State any two Directive Principles of State Policy which lay down the foundation of a Socialist Society in India.
Answer:

The State shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting a social order in which justice-4social, economic and political shall inform all the institution of national life.
The State shall provide adequate means of livelihood to all citizens, men as well as women.

Question 4.
Explain any two Gandhian principles as provided in the Directive Principles of the State Policy.
Answer:

The State shall organise village panchayats to enable them to function as units of Self-governments.
The State shall endeavour to promote cottage industries on individual and co-operative basis in small areas.

Question 5.
Explain any two Directive Principles relating to International peace and security.
Answer:
Article 51 raises the obligations of the state to a still higher level, from the national to the international.

The state shall endeavour to promote international peace and security.
The state will maintain just and honourable relations between nations.

Question 6.
Describe any two Liberal Principles as provided in the Directive Principles of State Policy.
Answer:
In this category are included those principles which are of a general and of liberal character. These include:

A uniform civil code throughout the territory of India.
To bring about the separation of judiciary from the executive.

Question 7.
What do you understand by the statement that Directive Principles are non-justiciable?
Answer:
Directive Principles, though declared ‘fundamental in the governance of the country’ are not justiciable. It means that the State cannot be sued in any court of law in case directive principles are violated or not implemented.

Question 8.
How do the Directive Principles of State Policy help in the establishment of a Welfare State?
Answer:
The directive principles which render welfare character to the Indian state may be summed up as under:

The State shall try to secure the welfare of the people by securing and protecting a social order.
The State shall provide adequate means of livelihood to all citizen men as well as women.

Question 9.
Write any two Directive Principles of State Policy that have been implemented.
Answer:
The Directive Principles are not just pious wishes. Many of these principles have already been implemented. For instance:

Untouchability, the age-old curse of the Indian society, has been made an offence punishable by law and a number of laws have been enacted for this purpose.
Panchayats have been established in the remotest villages of our country and they have been vested with adequate powers to ensure their functioning as units of self-government.

Question 10.
Explain any two points of difference between the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles.
Answer:
The following are the four main points of different between the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles: .Fundamental rights are like negative injunctions asking the state not do this or that, but the directive principles are like positive directions that the state should follow in order to establish the desired social and economic order.

The fundamental rights are justiciable, but the directives are not enforceable by courts.

Question 11.
Explain briefly two main grounds on which Directive Principles are criticised.
Answer:

Lack of legal force:
The Chapter of the Directive Principles has been carried down by the critics mainly on the ground that there is no legal force behind it. What cannot be made legal binding should not have been contained in the Constitution.

Vague and Indefinite: Most of the Principles are vague and indefinite. The wisdom of some of these principles is open to serious doubt.

Question 12.
Describe in brief the importance of Directive Principles.
Answer:

Guidelines for the government. These principles guide each government regarding the internal and external policy of the state.
Declaration of Ideal of the Welfare State. The Directive Principles stand for a welfare state. These principles help in the relation of the ideals of social justice and economic democracy.

One Word to One Sentence Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Mention any one Directive Principle concerning the welfare of children.
Answer:
Within ten years from the enforcement of the constitution, the state will make provision for free and compulsory education for children up-to fourteen years of age.

Question 2.
In which part of the Indian Constitution and in which Articles, the Directive Principles of State Policy have been mentioned?
Answer:
Directive Principles of State Policy have been mentioned in the With part of the Indian Constitution from Art. 36 to Art 51.

Question 3.
Mention any one Socialistic Directive Principle.
Answer:
The state will provide the means of livelihood to all

Question 4.
Mention any one directive principle concerning social welfare.
Answer:
The state will create such a social order in which all the citizens will get social, economic and political rights in every sphere of national life.

Question 5.
Mention any one economic Directive Principle.
Answer:
The state will create such a social system in which the ownership and distribution of the physical and material resources of the country will be such as to achieve the interest of the common people.

Question 6.
Mention the one Directive Principle of State Policy which was incorporated in the Indian Constitution through the 42nd Amendment.
Answer:
By a proper law or any other method, the state will try for the objective that labourers get opportunities to participate in any business concerning industries and other such institutions.

Question 7.
Directive Principles are not justiciable. What do you mean by this statement?
Answer:
There is no legal sanction behind the Directive Principles.

Question 8.
Discuss the source of Directive Principles.
Answer:
The Irish Constitution.

Question 9.
What is the relevance of the Directive Principles of State Policy?
Answer:
Directive Principles are torch-bearer for the ruling party.

Question 10.
Write down any one Directive Principle concerning welfare of women.
Answer:
Men and women should get an equal salary.

Fill in the blanks

1. The Directive Principles of State Policy are enumerated in …………… of the Indian Constitution, under Article 36 to 51.
Answer:
Part-IV

2. The Constitution makes borrowed the idea of Directive Principles from the …………… Constitution.
Answer:
Irish

3. By …………… Amendment some New Directive Principles are also included in the Constitution.
Answer:
42nd

4. Directive Principles are fundamental in the …………… of the country.
Answer:
Governance

5. Fundamental Rights are justiciable while …………… of state policy are non-justiciable.
Answer:
Directive Principle.

True or False Statement

1. Dr. Ambedkar described Directive Principles as a novel feature’ of the Constitution
Answer:
True

2. A uniform civil code throughout the territory of India as regarded the Gandhian principles.
Answer:
False.

3. The main object of the Directive principles is the establishment of welfare Gate.
Answer:
True

4. Directive Principles did not sepre the purpose of manifesto for political parties of India.
Answer:
False.

5. There is a legal force behind the Directive Principles.
Answer:
False.

Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1.
Who said, “The Directive Principles of State Policy are like a cheque payable by the Bank at its convenience”?
(A) M.C. Chagla
(B) Nassirudin
(C) J.C. John
(D) KT. Shah.
Answer:
(B) Nassirudin

Question 2.
Framers of the Indian Costitution borrowed the idea of Directive Principles of the State from the Constitution of:
(A) England
(B) U.S. A.
(C) Ireland
(D) France.
Answer:
(C) Ireland

Question 3.
The purpose of Inclusion of Directive Principles in the Constitution is:
(A) To establish Political Democracy
(B) To establish Social Democracy
(C) To establish Social and Economic Democracy
(D) None of these.
Answer:
(C) To establish Social and Economic Democracy

Question 4.
Directive Principles of State Policy are mentioned under Articles:
(A) 14 to 32
(B) 19 to 22 .
(C) 12 to 34
(D) 36 to 51.
Answer:
(D) 36 to 51.

Question 5.
The nature of Directive Principles of State Policy is:
(A) Negative
(B) Positive
(C) Both Negative and Positive
(D) Neither Negative nor Positive.
Answer:
(B) Positive

PSEB 11th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 20 Fundamental Duties

December 9, 2024December 8, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 20 Fundamental Duties Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 20 Fundamental Duties

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Critically evaluate the Fundamental duties given in the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
By 42nd amendment after Part IV of the Constitution, Part IV-A is inserted in the Constitution which lays down fundamental duties of the Citizens. The fundamental duties are intended to serve as a constant reminder to every citizen that while the Constitution specially conferred upon him certain fundamental rights, equally the citizens are also required to observe certain basic norms of democratic conduct and democratic behaviour.

For the first time a set of 10 Fundamental Duties of citizens has been enumerated. One more fundamental duty was incorporated in Part 4 A of 51 A by the 86th Amendment made in Dec, 2002. Part IV A of 11 Fundamental Duties is by far the most fundamental and very important for every generation, present as well as future:

It is the duty of every citizen to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem.
It is the duty of every citizen to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom.
It is the duty of every citizen to uphold and protect sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.
It is the duty of every citizen to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so.
It is the duty of every citizen to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.
It is the duty of every citizen to value and preserve the rich heritage of its composite culture.
It is the duty of every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life and to have compassion for living creatures.
It is the duty of every citizen to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform.
It is the duty of every citizen to safeguard public property and to abjure violence.
It is the duty of every citizen to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievements.
To provide facilities of education to children by their parents.

Evaluation of Fundamental Duties. Inclusion of Fundamental Duties in the Constitution is a progressive step:
By inserting Fundamental Duties, 42nd Amendment has removed one of the biggest drawbacks of the Constitution. No country can develop unless its citizens pay more attention towards duties rather than towards rights. Mahatma Gandhi defined right “as duty well performed”.

The new chapter on Fundamental Duties, according to H.R. Gokhale, the then Law Minister of India, is the palm embodying noble ideals, rhythm, harmony with the impress of the hand of Prime Minister.” Addressing a seminar attended by the teachers on Sept. 5, 1976, the then Prime Minister Mrs. Gandhi said, “The inclusion of the chapter on Fundamental Duties in the Constitution will ultimately bring a change in the outlook and psychology of the people. So a peaceful revolution can be brought in the country with the performance of these duties by heart.”

But on the other hand, fundamental duties have been criticised and healthy criticism is made by Mr. Bhupesh Gupta in a Communist Party Publication. According to him, the Committee (Swarn Singh Committee) has not critically examined as to why the duties are implied or arise from the Constitution and existing statutory laws including the duties of the government have not been duly observed.

Why, for instance, the monopolists could get away with their calculated defiance of the duty not to indulge in economic activities and other business practices that lead to the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment? The implied duty under Article 39 (c) of the Constitution has been most cynically flouted. Or, how could the landlords escape their duty to respect the land ceiling laws? Why again despite many laws in favour of secularism and against communalism, the communal forces could grow so menacingly strong?

Some Duties are Vague. Another point of criticism is that some fundamental duties are vague and it is not possible for an average man to understand them. For example, the duties pertaining to upholding the noble ideals of the freedom struggle or the development of a “scientific temper and humanism and spirit of enquiry and reform” are not understood by ordinary citizens.

Lack of Legal Force. Another drawback of fundamental duties lies in their incorporation in Part IV of the Constitution. Without appropriate legal sanctions fundamental duties are mere pious wishes.

We conclude with the remarks of Bhupesh Gupta that the rights and duties of the citizens, fundamental or otherwise, must necessarily be such as would constantly strengthen the position of the toiling masses against the vested interests and reactions as well as their struggle for a better life and social progress. Whether the issue is one of rights or of duties, the correct answer can be found only from this popular and democratic approach.

Question 2.
Explain why the Fundamental Duties have been given an important place in the Indian Constitution?
Or
Assess the importance of Fundamental Duties in Indian Constitution. Is the status of Fundamental Duties the same as that of Fundamental Rights?
Answer:
The Indian Constitution in its original form did not contain fundamental duties of citizens. The fundamental duties were added in the Indian Constitution in 1976 through Forty-second Consitution Amendment Act. This forty second amendment added Article 51-A in the Consitution which contains ten fundamental duties for the Indian citizen.

The inclusion of fundamental duties in the Consitution itself bears testimony of the fact that fundamental duties have been given an important place in the Indian Consitution. The reasons there of are given below.
1. Inclusion of fundamental duties in the Constitution is a progressive step:
By inserting fundamental duties, 42nd Amendment has removed one of the biggest drawbacks of the Constitution. No country can develop unless its citizens pay more attention towards duties rather than towards rights. The proponents of the 42nd Amendment wanted to emphasise the dictum of Dharmashastras that ‘Your duty is your right’.

2. The fundamental duties are incorporated in the Constitution to develop a sense of nationalism and patriotic feelings among the citizens.

3. The fundamental duties help the citizens to follow a code of conduct that would strengthen the nation, protect its sovereignty and integrity.

4. The fundamental duties help the state in performing its diverse duties.

5. The fundamental duties promote ideals of harmony, unity, common brotherhood and religious tolerance.

6. The fundamental duties strive for excellence in individual and collective activities.

7. The fundamental duties have been given an important place in the Constitution because they inculcate a sense of social responsibility
among the citizens.

In brief, we can say that the purpose of giving to the fundamental duties an important place in the Consititution is to make the Indian citizens conscious of their individual and national reponsibilties. The status of fundamental duties is not the same as that of fundamental rights. Fundamental rights are justiciable whereas fundamental duties are not.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Mention any four fundamental duties of the Indian citizen.
Answer:

It is a fundamental duty of every citizen to abide by the constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and National Anthem.
It is a duty of every citizen to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.
It is a duty of every citizen to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so.
It is a fundamental duty of every citizen to safeguard public property and to abjure violence.

Question 2.
Why the Fundamental Duties have been given an important place in the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
By 42nd amendment Part IV A is inserted in the Constitution which lays down fundamental duties of the citizens. Fundamental duties have been given an important place in the Indian Constitution due to following reasons:

1. Inclusion of fundamental duties in the Constitution is a progressive step. By inserting fundamental duties, 42nd Amendment has removed one of the biggest drawbacks of the Constitution. No country can develop unless its citizens pay more attention towards duties rather than towards rights. The proponents of the 42nd Amendment wanted to emphasise the dictum of Dharmashastras that ‘your duty is your right.

2. The fundamental duties are incorporated in the Constitution to develop a sense of nationalism and patriotic feelings among the citizens.

3. The fundamental duties help the citizens to follow a code of conduct that would strengthen the nation, protect its sovereignty and integrity.

4. The fundamental duties help the state in performing its diverse duties.

Question 3.
Explain briefly the significance of fundamental duties.
Answer:
1. In the original constitution fundamental duties were not mentioned in the Constitution. Hence the citizens were conscious about their fundamental rights and not about their duties. Thus, by inserting fundamental duties in the constitution an important defect of the constitution is removed.

2. Inclusion of fundamental duties in the Constitution is in accordance with the modern view. According to modern view, rights and duties go side by side.

3. Fundamental duties included in the Constitution are not controversial. These duties are in accordance with the Indian culture.

4. Fundamental duties are having moral value.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Point out any two fundamental duties of the Indian citizen.
Answer:

It is a fundamental duty of every citizen to abide by the constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and National Anthem.
It is a duty of every citizen to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.

Question 2.
What is our duty towards the ideals and institutions, National Flag and National Anthem?
Answer:
It is the duty of every citizen of India to obey the supreme law of the land as enshrined in the constitution. It is our duty to have respect towards national ideals and institutions and the symbols of national sovereignty and unity. Every citizen of the country should respect the National Flag and National Anthem.

2. Inclusion of fundamental duties in the Constitution is in accordance with the modem view. According to modern view, rights and duties go side by side.

One Word to One Sentence Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by Fundamental Duties?
Answer:
The duties of citizens, which have been mentioned in the constitution, are called Fundamental Duties,

Question 2.
Mention any one Fundamental Duty included in the constitution.
Answer:
To honour the constitution, national flag and national song.

Question 3.
Mention any one drawback of Fundamental Duty incorporated in the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
No provision has been made to enforce Fundamental Duties.

Question 4.
How many Fundamental Duties were incluued earlier in the con¬stitution?
Answer:
10 Fundamental Duties were included earlier (in 1976) in the constitution.

Question 5.
At present, how many Fundamental Duties are mentioned in the Indian Constitution?
Answer:
At present, 11 Fundamental Duties are mentioned in the Indian Constitution.

Fill in the blanks

1. Fundamental duties have been added in the Constitution by …………… amendment.
Answer:
42nd

2. …………… is inserted in the Constitution which lays down eleven Fundamental Duties.
Answer:
Part IV-A

3. The Indian …………… in its original form did not contain Fundamental Duties of citizens.
Answer:
Constitution

4. There is no …………… sanction behind Fundamental Duties.
Answer:
Legal

5. One duty is added by …………… amendment of the Constitution.
Answer:
86th.

True or False statement

1. There are 11 Fundamental Duties incorporated in the Constitution.
Answer:
True

2. One of the Fundamental duties is that it is the duty of every citizen to safeguard public property and to adjure violence.
Answer:
True

3. Inclusion of fundamental duties in the Constitution is not a progressive step.
Answer:
False

4. Critic said that some fundamental duties are vague.
Answer:
True

Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1. Fundamental duties of the citizens were added in the Constitution by the following amendment:
(A) 42nd
(B) 44th
(C) 45th
(D) 73rd.
Answer:
(A) 42nd

Question 2.
Fundamental duties are contained in the following part of the constitution:
(A) Part-I
(B) Part-IV
(C) Part-IV-A
(D) Part-VI.
Answer:
(C) Part-IV-A

Question 3.
In Indian Constitution, there are:
(A) 9 Fundamental Duties
(B) 10 Fundamental Duties
(C) 11 Fundamental Duties
(D) None of these.
Answer:
(C) 11 Fundamental Duties

Question 4.
In Part IV-A of the Constitution, how many Fundamental Duties are mentioned?
(A) Eleven
(B) Nine
(C) Seven
(D) Six.
Answer:
(A) Eleven

Question 5.
Fundamental Duties were incorporated in the Indian Constitution in the year:
(A) 1976
(B) 1977
(C) 1978
(D) 1979.
Answer:
(A) 1976

PSEB 11th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 19 Fundamental Rights

December 9, 2024December 8, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 19 Fundamental Rights Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 19 Fundamental Rights

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Discuss the Nature of Fundamental Rights as mentioned in our Constitution.
Answer:
Part III (Arts. 14 to 32) of the Indian Constitution contains the list of fundamental rights. These fundamental rights can broadly be divided into three categories. First, rights granted exclusively to the citizens of India; Second rights granted to all persons residing in India irrespective of the fact whether they are the citizens of India or not; Third, rights granted to a group of citizens.

The Constitution of India does not merely contain the bill of rights, they are not simply paper rights. These rights have been made justifiable . i. e. there is force of law behind them. The courts have been entrusted with responsibility to enforce them when and where they have been violated. They are thus the props of the Indian democracy.

Features or Nature of Fundamental Rights:
The following are the salient features of the Fundamental Rights contained in the Indian Constitution :
1. All Citizens are equally entitled to the Fundamental Rights:
The Constitution unequivocally declares that rights contained in Part III of the Constitution are to be enjoyed by all the citizens of India.These rights are not meant for any particular caste, class, religion or the residents of a province. There can be no discrimination.

2. Fundamental Rights are not absolute:
Another significant feature of these rights is that they are not absolute. The Constitution of India imposes direct restrictions on these rights. It also empowers the Government to impose reasonable restriction’s on the enjoyment of these rights. Thus the Constitution empowers the government to put reasonable restrictions on the fundamental rights in the interest of the sovereignty and integrity of India, security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, decency or morality. Reasonable restrictions can also be put on the fundamental rights in the interest of the general public or for the protection of the interests of any Scheduled Tribes.

3. Fundamental Rights place certain limitations on the State also:
The theory of fundamental rights implies limited government. Accordingly, fundamental rights impose restrictions on the State as well. For example, the State cannot discriminate against citizens on ground of caste, class, race, sex, religion, place of birth, place of residence, etc. Similarly, citizens cannot be deprived of the right to equality before law. Again, there is the right to equality of opportunity in public employment to all the citizens.

4. Fundamental Rights can be suspended:
Another significant feature about the fundamental rights is that they can be restricted or suspended as the circumstances demand.

5. Fundamental Rights are Justifiably:
The judiciary has been vested with the responsibility to act as the guardian of these rights. The right to move the Supreme Court for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights is itself a guaranteed right as provided for in Art. 32 of the Constitution. Thus, whenever the State (as defined in Part III of the Constitution) or any other authority encroaches upon the rights of a person, the latter can move the Supreme Court and the High Courts for the enforcement of his rights.

The Supreme Court and the High Courts are empowered to issue “Directions or order or writs whichever may be appropriate” for the enforcement of the rights. The Judiciary is thus the protector and the guarantor of Fundamental Rights.

6. No Natural and Unenumerated Rights in the Indian Constitution:
The Indian Bill of Rights is not based on the theory of natural rights. The theory of natural rights insists that there are certain rights of man which he possessed even before the State itself came into existence. The Constitution of India does not recognize such a proposition. Our fundamental rights have been specified in Part III of the Constitution. A right which has not been enumerated in Part III is not a fundamental right.

7. They can be amended:
Fundamental Rights can be amended by the procedure given in Art. 368. According to this Article, only Parliament is competent to amend the provisions of the fundamental rights with two-third majority of the total membership of the Parliament.

8. Special Constitutional Provision for the Enforcement of Fundamental Rights:
Another important feature of Fundamental Rights in India is that there is a special constitutional provision for their enforcement. The right to move the Supreme Court for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights is provided in Article 32 of the Constitution.

Question 2.
Explain briefly the scheme of Fundamental Rights as contained in the Indian Constitution.
Or
Explain in brief the fundamental rights enshrined in the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
The fundamental rights enumerated in the Indian Constitution are the most elaborate in the world. The Constitution of India provides for Fundamental Rights by developing a complete and separate Part (Part III) and classifies them under six categories. Six Fundamental Rights are as follows:

1. Right to Equality Arts. 14-18.
2. Right to Liberty, Arts. 19-22.
3. Right against Exploitation, Arts. 23-24.
4. Right to Freedom of Religion, Arts. 25-28.
5. Cultural and Educational Rights, Arts. 29-30.
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies. Arts. 32.

1. Right to Equality (Articles 14 to 18):
The Constitution declares all the citizens of India to be equal in the eyes of law. Law provides equal protection to all. Right to equality does not mean absolute equality. Nor does it imply that all should be entitled to identity of treatment and income. The positive concept of equality is that special privileges of all kinds should be abolished. There should be no difference between a man and a man on the ground of birth, wealth, caste, class, creed, religion, language, etc. Right to equality is the cornerstone of domocracy.

2. Right to Freedom (Articles 19 to 22):
Articles 19-22 of the Constitution gurantee to the the citizens Rights to Freedom. Article 19 guarantees six freedoms viz. (1) Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression ; (2) Right to Assemble peacefully and without arms ; (3) Right to form Associations ; (4) Right to move freely throughout the territory of India ; (5) Right to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India, and (6) Right to practise any profession. Articles 20 to 22 guarantee personal liberty.

3. Right against Exploitation (Articles 23-24):
The Constitution of India recognises the dignity of the individual and protects him against any form of exploitation either by the State or by the privileged classes in the society. Art. 23 provides that traffic in human beings and begaar (forced labour) and similar other forms of forced labour are prohibited.

Art. 24 prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 in any factory, mine or any other hazardous (dangerous) employment.

4. Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25-28):
Articles 25-28 deal with the right to freedom of religion, Right to freedom of religion has been guaranteed to all persons, residing in India. Art. 25 provides that subject to public order, morality and health, all persons are equally entitled to freedom of concience and the right to profess, practise and propagate religion.

Art 28. prohibits imparting of religious instruction in any educational institution wholly maintained out of State funds.

5. Cultural and Educational Rights. (Articles 29 and 30):
Under Articles 29 and 30, the Constitution guarantees certain cultrual and educational rights. No citizen shall be denied admission into any educational institution maintained by the State receiving aid out of State funds on grounds only of religion, race, caste, language or any of them.

Art. 29 protects the interests of the minorities in India.

Art. 30 provides that all minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.

6. Right to Constitutional Remedies. (Article 32):
Art. 32 guarantees the right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of the rights conferred by part III of the Constitution. Under Art. 226, the High Courts have also been empowered to issue order, directions and writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights. The. judiciary can set aside laws and executive orders if they are violative of the fundamental rights.

Question 3.
Discuss the right to equality as given in the Constitution.
Or
Discuss the provisions relating to the Right to Equality as mentioned in the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
The Constitution declares all the citizens of India to be equal in the eyes of law. Law provides equal protection to all. Right to equality does not mean absolute equality. Nor does it imply that all should be entitled to indentity of treatment and income. The positive concept of equality is that special privileges of all kinds should be abolished. There should be no difference between a man and a man on the grounds of birth, wealth, caste, class, creed, religion, language, etc. Right to equality is the cornerstone of democracy. The right to equality is covered mainly by Articles 14-18. The right to equality means:

1. Equality Before Law:
Article 14 of the Constitution guarantees all persons equality before the law and equal protection of law within the territory of India. There can be no discrimination between one citizen and another on the basis of caste, class, creed, sex or any of them. This ensures the Rule of Law in the country.

2. No Discrimination:
Art. 15 provides that the State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them. The same Article provides that all the citizens shall have access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment, the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads, etc. However, nothing in this Article shall prevent the State from making any special provisions for women and children.

3. Equality of Opportunity:
Art. 16 guarantees equality of opportunties for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State. No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence or any of them, be ineligible for, or discriminated against, in respect of any employment or office under the State. It means appointments shall be made on the basis of merit and not on extraneous considerations. The State has, however, the authority to make reservation of posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which is not adequately represented in the public services.

4. Abolition of Untouchability:
Untouchability has been a bane of the Indian society. Social justice is impossible to achieve where untouchability is practised in any form. Article 17 abolishes untouchability and its practice in any form is forbidden. All the citizens of India, irrespective of their caste and creed, have an equal access to public places, like parks, hotels, places of entertainment, roads and the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, etc.

5. Abolition of Titles:
Art. 18 provides that no title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by the State. Clause (2) of the Article prohibits citizens of India from accepting any title from any Foreign State. Clause (3) of the Article forbids aliens who hold any office of profit or trust under the State, from accepting without the consent of the President any title from any foreign State. They can, however, accept title from any foreign State relinquishing the posts they held under the State.

Question 4.
Discuss right to Freedom as given in the Constitution.
Or
Explain the Right to Freedom..How can it be suspended?
Or
Mention the six freedoms guaranteed under Article 19 of Indian Constitution. Discuss any one of them.
Answer:
Articles 19-22 of the Constitution guarantee to the citizen Right to Freedom. Article 19 is the most important as it guarantees seven freedoms, viz.

Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression:
Right to Assemble peacefully and without arms:
Right to form Associations or Unions:
Right to move freely throughout the territory of India:
Right to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India:
Right to acquire, hold and dispose of property.
Right to practise any profession or to carry on any occupation trade or business. But 44th amendment omitted sub-clause (f) of clause (1) of Article 19 which guarantees to citizens the right to acquire, hold and dispose of property. Hence there are six freedoms guaranteed by Article 19.

Let it be repeated that none of these rights is absolute. Art. 19 can be divided into two parts. Clause (1) deals with the six freedoms guaranteed to the citizens and Clauses (2) to (61 refer to restrictions which can be put by the State. The makers of the Constitution did not like the idea of giving powers to the Supreme Court to determine the scope of these freedoms. Hence, the Constitution places direct restrictions on the enjoyment of these freedoms.

The Constitution also empowers the State to put restrictions on these freedoms. The restrictions should be reasonable and should be in public interest. The Constitution guarantees the freedom of speech and expression. But the State can put restrictions on the use of this right in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality or incitement to offense.

The citizens have the Constitutional right to organise meetings, but such meetings have not only’ to be peaceable and without arms but the State has been given the power of operating any law or making a new law imposing it in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India or public order. In other words, if the state has a reasonable fear that a particular assembly might lead to a breach of peace or be prejudicial to the sovereignty or integrity of India, it can prohibit it. The citizens have the right to form associations or Unions but the state has the right to impose reasonable restrictions on them in the interest of the soverigntv or integrity of India or public order.

Similarly, right to move freely throughout the territory of India can be restricted in public interest. The Constitution guarantees the right to practise any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business. But the State can prescribe professional or technical qualifications. It is lawful to carry on, by a corporation owned or controlled by the State, any trade, business industry or service to the exclusion, complete or partial, of citizens or otherwise. It is under this provision that the net of public sector is ever spreading.

Personal Liberty. Articles 20-22 aim at protecting the individual’s life and personal liberty. Art. 20 lays down:

(i) No person shall be convicted of any offense except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the act charged as offense;

(ii) No person shall be subjected to a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of the commission of the offense;

(iii) No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offense more than once;

(iv) No person accused of any offense shall be compelled to be a witness against himself;

(v) Art. 21. provides that no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law. It means a person cannot be deprived of his life or personal liberty in an arbitrary manner. The procedure is to be established by law;

(vi) The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India; and

(vii) No person can be arrested in any arbitrary manner, nor can he be detained for an indefinite period. Art. 22 provides that whenever a person has been detained, he must be informed, as soon as may be, of the grounds for such arrest, Secondly, the detained person shall have the right to consult and be defended by a lawyer of his own choice. Thirdly, he must be produced before the nearest magistrate within a period of 24 hours of such arrest.

Right to Education:
In Dec, 2002 the 86th Amendment was passed. According to this Amendment free and compulsory education became the Fundamental Right. According to this Amendment, the state shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such manner as the state may, by law, determine.

Preventive Detention:
Right to life or personal liberty is very important, no doubt. But Art. 22 provides for Preventive Detention also. Art. 22 (2) provides that every person who is arrested and detained in custody shall be produced before the nearest magistrate within a period of 24 hours of such arrest. However, according to Art. 23 (3) this provision shall not be applicable on (a) enemy aliens and (b) persons held in custody under a law providing for preventive detention.

Both the Centre as well as the States can make such laws. The Union Parliament has the exclusive authority to enact laws providing for preventive detention for reasons connected with defence, foreign affairs or the security of the Union. A State Legislature can also pass laws providing for preventive detention for reasons connected with the security of the state; the maintenance of public order or the supplies and services essential to the community.

Least the Government should abuse its power, the Constitution provides some safeguards to persons arrested under the Preventive Detention law. The safeguards are:
1. Normally no person can be held under preventive detention for more than three months;

2. A person detained under preventive detention shall, as soon as possible, be informed of the grounds of the detention. However, the detaining authority can decline to disclose the facts in public interests;

3. The detained person shall have the right to defend himself by a counsel of his own choice;

4. The detained person can be held for more than three months only if an Advisory Board, consisting of persons who have been or are qualified to be appointed as judges of a High Court, after reviewing the case, is satisfied that there is sufficient reason for his detention beyond three months.

5. If the Advisory Board does not find any valid reason for the arrest the Government is bound to release the detenu. In England, it is not so. The Home Secretary is not bound by the recommendation of the Advisory Board.

In 1950 the Parliament passed the Preventive Detention Act. Originally this Act was passed for one year but was extended year after year till 1969. In 1971 the Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA) was enacted more or less on the same lines. In December, 1980, the Parliament passed the National Security Act providing for preventive detentions.

Question 5.
Discuss Right to Freedom of Religion.
Or
Describe the provisions made in the Indian Constitution to ensure the freedom of religion and establishment of Secular State in India.
Answer:
Articles 25-28 deal with the right to freedom of religion. Right to freedom of religion has been guaranteed to all persons residing in India. Art. 25 provides that subject to public order, morality and health, all persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right to profess, practise and propagate religion. In the words of Pylee, “The word propagate does not find a place in any other Constitution where it deals with religious freedom.”

One thing, however, must be noted. The Indian Constitution uses the word ‘propagate’ and not ‘convert’. Art. 25 permits the State to regulate economic, financial or other secular activities which may be associated with religious practice. The State may also provide for social welfare and reform or the throwing open of Hindu religious institutions of a public character to all classes and sections of Hindus. The Sikhs have been allowed to wear turban and carry kirpans.

Article 26 provides that subject to public order, morality and health, every religious demonination shall have the right
(i) to establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes;

(ii) to manage its own affairs in matters of religion;

(iii) to own and acquire movable and immovable properpty; and

(iv) to administer such property in accordance with law. Art. 27 provides that no person shall be compelled to pay taxes the proceeds of which are specifically appropriated in payment of expenses for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion or religious denomination.

Art. 28 prohibits imparting of religious instruction in any educational institution wholly maintained out of State funds. But this prohibition shall not apply to any educational institution which is established under any endowment or trust which requires that religious instruction should be imparted in such institution, even if that educational institution happens to be administered by the States.

The provision relating to the religious freedom clearly shows that ours is a Secular i State. The State has no religion of its own. The State is neither religious, nor irreligious, nor anti- religious. The State observes complete neutrality in religious matters. It is ‘ clearly laid down that the State shall not, in granting aid to educational institutions, discriminate against any educational institution on the ground of religion, Similarly for getting employment under the State, the State is not to bother about the religion of the candidate.

Question 6.
How are the Fundamental Rights protected by the Right to Constitutional Remedies?
Or
Describe the Right to Constitutional Remedies. Examine its importance.
Or
Discuss the Fundamental Right to Constitutional Remedies.
Answer:
The Constitution of India does not merely declare a list of rights. A mere declaration of fundamental rights is meaningless unless there is an effective machinery for their enforcement. Art. 32, “the very soul of the Constitution and the very heart of it” guarantees the right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the v enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III of the Constitution.

The Supreme Court has been vested with the special jurisdiction and responsibility in the matter of the enforcement of Fundamental Rights. In the exercise of this jurisdiction, the Supreme Court is empowered to issue orders, directions and writs in the nature of Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo Warranto and Certiorari, whichever may be appropriate. This power of the Supreme Court is not exclusive but is concurrent with that of the High Courts. Under Art. 226, the High Courts have also been empowered to issue orders, directions and writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights.

The judiciary can set aside laws and executive orders if they are violative of the fundamental rights. It is the duty of the judiciary to enforce the rights of the individual. Articles 13, 22 and 225 are the props of the Indian democracy. It is with the help of these Articles that rights of the individual are guaranteed. It should be noted that the Supreme Court will not entertain any application under Art. 32 unless the matter falls within the scope of any of the fundemantal rights guaranteed in Part III of the Constitution.

For the enforcement of fundamental rights, the Supreme Court can issue the following directions or orders or writs.
1. The Writ of Habeas Corpus:
Writ of Habeas Corpus is the most valuable writ for personal liberty. ‘Habeas Corpus’ means ‘Let us have the body’. A person when arrested moves the Court for the issue or writ of Habeas Corpus. It is an order by a Court to the detaining authority to produce the arrested person before it so that it may examine whether the person has been lawfully detained or not. If the Court is convinced that the person is illegally detained, it can issue orders for his release.

2. The Writ of Mandamus:
‘Mandamus’ is a Latin word which means ‘We command’. Mandamus is an order from a superior court to a lower court or tribunal or public authority to perform an act, which falls within its duty. It is issued to secure the performance of public duties and to enforce private rights withheld by public authorities. In short, it is a writ issued to a public official to do a thing which is a part of his official duty but which he has so far failed to do. This writ cannot be claimed as a matter of right. It is the discretionary power of the court to issue such writs.

3. The Writ of Quo-Warranto:
The word ‘Quo-Warranto’ literally means ‘by what warrants’. It is a writ issued with a view to restraining a person from acting in a public office to which he is not entitled. The writ of quo-warranto is used to prevent illegal assumption of any public office or usurpation of any public office by anybody. For example, a person of 60 years is appointed to fill a public office whereas the retirement age is 55. Now the appropriate High Court has a right to issue a writ of quo-warranto against that person and declare the office vacant.

4. The Writ of Prohibition:
Writ of Prohibition means to forbid or to stop and it is popularly known as ‘Stay Orders’. This writ is issued when a lower court or body tries to transgrees the limits of powers vested in it. It is a writ issued by a superior Court to a lower Court or a tribunal forbidding it to perform an act outside its jurisdiction. After the issue of this writ proceedings in the lower Court come to stay.

5. The Writ of Certiorari:
Literally, Certiorari means to be Certified. The writ of certiorari is issued by the Superior Court to some inferior court or tribunal to transfer the matter to it or to some other superior authority for proper consideration.

Question 7.
Explain why are the fundamental rights essential for the growth and development of the citizens.
Answer:
There is a great importance of the fundamental rights given in the Indian Constitution. The importance of Fundamental Rights may be summed up as under.

1. Greats conditions for better life:
The Fundamental Rights provide conditions for a better life of the individual. It is wrong to think that the restrictions put on fundamental rights have made them meaningless or valueless. These restrictions ensure a climate wherein all can develop their personality according to their genius. The fundamental rights ensure the fullest physical mental and moral development of every citizen and provide those basic freedoms and conditions which alone can make life worth living.

2. Check on the arbitrariness of the Govt:
The fundamental rights safeguard the individuals against any excesses of the state authority. They ensure the liberty of individual by putting restrictions on the arbitrariness of the Government. The jurisdiction of executive and legislature has been clearly laid down in the Constitution. The judiciary has been vested with the responsibility to act the protector and the guardian of the rights of the people. While deciding the famous Golak Nath Case, the Supreme Court observed that these rights are immutable and transcendental in character. They cannot be abridged or abrogated. Dr. Ambedkar said that the fundamental rights are the “heart and soul of Constitution”.

3. Protect the Interests of the Minorities:
The Fundamental Rights protect the interests of the minorities. The Fundamental Rights protect the language, script, culture and educational institutions of the minorities. Minorities have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.

4. Source and Inspiration of Reform:
According to K.M. Pannikar, the Fundamental Rights in India have been the source and inspiration of the Reform Legislation as under the aegis ‘The Indian Parliament has been active in the matter of social legislation whether it be called by the Hindu code or by another name.” The other Constitutions also contain impressive bill of rights but in no other Constitutions “the expression positive or negative rights has provided so much impetus towards charging and rebuilding society for the common good.”

5. Create conditions for the development of the personality of the individual:
The fundamental rights motivate the individuals to develop their potential to the fullest extent. The fundamental rights ensure the welfare and enrichment of the individual personality.

6. Establishment of secular State:
The Constitution of India has made India a Secular State. Right to Freedom of religion ensures the positive aspect of secularism and it gives to the people the right to freely adopt and propagate any religion.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by the term ‘Fundamental Rights’?
Answer:
Legal rights mentioned in the Constitution are called Fundamental Rights. Such rights are beyond the Parliament’s power of amendment. In India, Japan, U.S.A., France, etc. citizens enjoy Funadmental Rights. Part III of the Indian Constitution embodies Fundamental Rights. Fundamental Rights are justiciable.

Question 2.
Mention any four salient features of the Fundamental Rights contained in the Indian Constitution.
Answer:

All citizens are equally entitled to the Fundamental Rights. These rights are not meant for any particular caste, class, religion or the residents of a province.
Fundamental Rights are not absolute. The Constitution of India imposes direct restrictions on these rights.
Fundamental Rights place certain limitations on the state also.
Fundamental Rights can be restricted or suspended as the circumstances demand.

Question 3.
Describe the four Fundamental Rights of Indian citizens.
Answer:
Fundamental rights of citizens are described in the third part of the Indian Constitution. The citizens enjoyed seven Fundamental Rights before 44th Amendment, but now six rights exist.
1. Right to Equality:
The Indian citizens enjoy the right to equality. No citizen can be discriminated against the other in the name of religion, caste, colour, creed and sex. All the citizens are euqal before law.

2. Rights to Freedom:
The citizens are given the right to freedom of speech, freedom of expression, freedom to assemble peacefully to consider some problem freedom to adopt any profession and right to personal liberty.

3. Right to Freedom of Religion:
The citizens enjoy the right to freedom of religion. Each individual is free to believe in any religion and worship any God.

4. Right to Freedom of Culture and Education:
The Constitution provides the right to freedom of cultural and education. Every race and community enjoy the right to have their own language, script, culture and literature. People are free to develop and expand them.

Question 4.
Briefly explain ‘Right to Equality’ as given in the Constitution.
Answer:
The right to equality is covered mainly by Articles 14-18.

Article-14 of the Constitution guarantees all persons equality before the law and equal protection of law within the territory of India.
Art.-15 provides that the state shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.
Art.-16 guarantees equality of opportunities for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the state.
Art.-17 abolishes untouchability and its practice in any form is forbidden.
Art.-18 provides that no title, not being a military or academic distinction shall be conferred by the state.

Question 5.
What do you mean by ‘Equality of Opportunity’?
Answer:
Art. 16 guarantees equality of opportunities for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State. No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence or any of them, be ineligible for, or discriminated against, in respect of any employment or office under the State.

It means appointments shall be made on the basis of merit and not on extraneous considerations. The State, has however, the authority to make reservation of posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which is not adequately represented in the public services.

Question 6.
Mention the rights regarding freedom granted in Article-19 of our Constitution. Which of the rights has been taken away from this Article.
Answer:
Article 19-22 to the Constitution guarantee to the citizens right to freedom. Article-19 guarantees six freedoms viz.

The freedom to speech and expression.
The freedom to assemble peacefully and without arms.
The freedom to form associations.
The. freedom to move anywhere in the country.
The freedom to reside and settle down.
The freedom to adopt any profession or occupation.

None of these rights is absolute. It may be pointed out that the original constitution provided for right to aquire, hold and dispose of property, but this right was deleted by 44 Amendment. Thus from June, 1979 the right to property ceased to exit to be a fundamental right.

Question 7.
Explain the right to personal liberty.
Answer:
Article-20 to 22 aims at protecting the individual’s life and personal liberty. Article-20 lays down:

No person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the act charged as offence.
No person shall be subjected to a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted under the law in
force at the time of the commission of the offence.
No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once;
No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself;
Article-21 provides that no person shall be deprived of his personal liberty except procedure established by law.
No person can be arrested in an arbitrary manner. Nor can he be detained for an indefinite period.

Question 8.
What do you understand by Right against Exploitation?
Answer:
The Constitution of India recognises the dignity of the individual and protect him against any form of exploitation either by the State or by the privileged classes in the society. Act 23 provides that traffic in human beings and begaar (forced labour) and similar other form of forced labour are prohibited. This article prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 in factory, mine or other hazardous employment.

Question 9.
What do you understand by Right to Freedom of Religion?
Answer:
Article 25-28 deal with the right to freedom of religion. Right to freedom of religion has been guaranteed to all persons residing in India.

Art. 25 provides that subject ot public order, morality and health, all persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right to profess, practise and propagate religion.

Article. 26 provides that subject to public order, morality and health, every religious denomination shall have the right

to establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes;
to manage its own affairs in matters of religion;
to own and acquire movable and immovable property; and
to administer such property in accordance with law.

Art. 27 provides that no person shall be compelled to pay taxes the proceeds of which are specifically appropriated in payment of expenses for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion or religious domination. Art. 28 prohibits imparting of religious instruction in any educational institution wholly maintained out of state funds.

Question 10.
What do you understand by Cultural and Educational Rights?
Or
Mention any two Fundamental Rights which Constitution confers on minorities.
Answer:
Article-29 and 30 guarantees certain cultural and educational rights to the minorities:
1. Article-29 provides that any section of the citizens presiding in the territory of India or any part thereof having a distinct language, script or culture of its own shall have the right to conserve the same.

2. Article-30 provides that all minorities, whether based on religion or languages shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice. The State shall not in granting aid to educational institutions, discriminate against any educational institution on the ground that it is under the management of a minority.

Question 11.
Explain briefly the Right to Property.
Answer:
The Constitution originally provided for right to property in its Articles 19 and 31. Article 19 guarantees to every citizen the right to acquire, hold and dispose of property subject to reasonable restrictions. Article 31 guarantees the right of private property and the right to enjoy and dispose of property. But 44th Amendment omitted right to property from the category of fundamental rights and made the same right a legal right.

Right to property was deleted from the fundamental rights because the right to property created obstacle in the goal of the achievement of socialist pattern of society. The word ‘Compensation’ was a great stumbling block. The Supreme Court struck down the Anti- Zamindari Laws. Hence by 44th Amendment, Right to Property was deleted.

Question 12.
Identify any two situations in which the fundamental rights can be restricted.
Answer:
Following are the two situations in which the fundamental rights can be restricted.
1. Suspension of Fundamental Rights:
When the President declares emergency under Article-352, Fundamental Rights given under Article-19 (Six freedoms) are automatically suspended throughout the country. These suspensions of fundamental rights continuous until the proclamation of emergency ends. By another order President can suspend any or all the rights conferred by Part-Ill.

2. Suspension of the Right to Move the Court:
During the proclamation of emergency under Article-352, the President can suspend the right to move the courts to enforce any other fundamental rights. All proceedings pending in any court for the enforcement of the rights may remain suspended for the period during which proclamation is enforced or for such short period as may be specified in the order. But the right to move the court for the enforcement of the right to life and personal liberty under Article-20 and 21 cannot be suspended.

Question 13.
What do you understand by Right to Constitutional Remedies?
Answer:
Right to Constitutional remedies is a protector right of the fundamental rights of the citizens. Article 32 guarantees the right to move the Supreme Court for the enforcement of fundamental rights. The Supreme Court has been vested with the special jurisdiction and responsibility in the matter of the enforcement of fundamental rights.

In the exercise of this Jurisdiction, the Supreme Court is empowered to issue orders, directions and writs in the nature of Habeas Corps, Mandamus etc. Under Art. 226 the High Courts have also been empowered to issue orders, directions and writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights.

Question 14.
What is meant by a Writ of Habeas Corpus.
Answer:
Writ of Habeas Corpus is the most valuable writ for personal liberty, ‘Habeas Corpus means ‘Let us have the body’. A person when arrested moves the Court for the issue of writ of Habeas Corpus. It is an order by a Court to the detaining authority to produce the arrested person before it so that it may examine whether the person has been lawfully detained or not. If the Court is convinced that the person is illegally detained, it can issue orders for release.

Question 15.
What is meant by a Writ of Mandamus?
Answer:
“Mandamus’ is a Latin word which means “We command’. Mandamus is an order from a superior court to lower court or tribunal or public authority to perform an act, which falls within its duty. It is issued to secure the performance of public duties and to enforce private rights withheld by public authorities. The Supreme Court and the High Courts are empowered to issue writ of Mandamus.

Question 16.
Explain the meaning of Writ of Quo-warranto.
Answer:
The writ of quo-warranto is used to prevent illegal assumption of any public office or usurpation of any public office by anybody. For example, a person of 60 years is appointed to fill a pubbc office whereas the retirement age is 55. Now the appropriate High Court has a right to issue a writ of quo-warranto against that person and declare that office vacant.

Question 17.
Explain the term Writ of Prohibition.
Answer:
Writ of Prohibition means to forbid or to stop and it is popularly known as ‘Stay order’. This writ is issued when a lower court or body tires to transgress the limits of powers vested in it. It is a writ issued by a superior court to a lower court or a tribunal forbidding it to perform an act outside its jurisdiction. After the issue of this writ proceedings in the lower court come to stay.

Question 18.
Mention any four points against Fundamental Rights.
Answer:
Fundamental Rights are criticised on following grounds:

There are too much limitations on Fundamental Rights.
Preventive Detention prohibits personal liberty.
Language of Fundamental Rights is difficult and not clear.
Rights can be suspended during emergency.

Question 19.
Discuss the importance of Fundamental Rights.
Or
Mention any four points in favour of Fundamental Rights.
Answer:

Fundamental Rights create necessary condition for the development of personality of citizens.
Fundamental Rights check the despotism of the government.
Fundamental Rights establish social equality.
Fundamental Rights are the foundation stones of Indian democracy.

Question 20.
Write a short note on the importance of Fundamental Rights.
Answer:
There is a great importance of the fundamental rights given in the Indian Constitution. It is wrong to think that the restrictions put on fundamental rights have made them meaningless or valueless. These restrictions ensure a climate wherein all can develop their personality according to their genius. The fundamental rights ensure the fullest physical, mental and moral development of every citizen and provide those basic freedoms and conditions which alone can make life worth living.

The fundamental rights safeguard the individuals against any excesses of the state authority. They ensure the liberty of individual by putting restrictions on the arbitrariness of the Government. The jurisdiction of executive and legislature has been clearly laid down in the Constitution. The judiciary has been vested with the responsibility to act the protector and the guardian of the rights of the people.

Question 21.
Write a note on “Right to Education”.
Answer:
Right to education is a Funadmental Right. In Dec. 2002 the 86th Amendment was passed. According to this Amendment free and compulsory education become Fundamental Rights. According to this Amendment ‘The state shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such manner as the state may, by law, determine.

Question 22.
Write down the various limits on Right to Liberty.
Answer:
Right to Liberty can be limited on accounts of the following:

Sovereignty and national integrity of India.
Security of the country.
Contempt of courts.
To maintain law and order.
Encouragement to violence and crime.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by ‘Fundamental Rights’?
Answer:
Legal rights mentioned in the Constitution are called Fundamental Rights. Such rights are beyond the Parliament’s power of amendment. In India, Japan, U.S.A., France, etc. citizens enjoy Fundamental Rights.

Question 2.
Discuss any two salient features of the Fundamental Rights contained;in the Indian Constitution.
Answer:

All citizens are equally entitled to the Fundamental Rights. These rights are not meant for any particular caste, class, religion or the residents of a province.
Fundamental Rights are not absolute. The Constitution of India imposes direct restrictions on these rights.

Question 3.
Describe the two Fundamental Rights of Indian citizens.
Answer:

Right to Equality: The Indian citizens enjoy the right to equality. No citizen can be discriminated against the other in the name of religion, caste, colour, creed and sex. All the citizens are euqal before law.
Rights to Freedom: The citizens are given the right to freedom of speech, , freedom of expression, freedom to assemble peacefully to consider some problem, freedom to adopt any profession and right to personal liberty.

Question 4.
What do you understand by Right against Exploitation?
Answer:
Act 23 provides that traffic in human beings and begaar (forced labour) and; sirtiilar other form of forced labour are prohibited. This article prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 in factory, mine or other hazardous employment.

Question 5.
What do you understand by Right to Freedom of Religion?
Answer:
Article 25-28 deal with the right to freedom of religion. Right to freedom of religion has been guaranteed to all persons residing in India.

Question 6.
What do you understand by Cultural and Educational Rights?
Answer:
Article-29 and 30 guarantees certain cultural and educational rights to the minorities:

Article-29 provides that any section of the citizens presiding in the territory of, India or any part thereof having a distinct language, script or culture of its own i shall have the right to conserve the same.
Article-30 provides that all minorities, whether based on religion or languages shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.

Question 7.
What do you understand by Right to Constitutional Remedies?
Answer:
Right to Constitutional remedies is a protector right of the fundamental rights of the citizens. Article 32 guarantees the right to move the Supreme Court for the enforcement of fundamental rights. The Supreme Court has been vested with the special jurisdiction and responsibility in the matter of the enforcement of fundamental rights.

Question 8.
Explain any two points against Fundamental Rights.
Answer:
Fundamental Rights are criticised on following grounds:

There are too much limitations on Fundamental Rights.
Preventive Detention prohibits personal liberty.

Question 9.
Mention any two points in favour of Fundamental Rights.
Answer:

Fundamental Rights creat necessary condition for the development of personality of citizens.
Fundamental Rights check the despotism of the government.

Question 10.
Write a note on “Right to Education”.
Answer:
Right to education is a Funadmental Right. In Dec. 2002 the 86th Amendment was passed. According to this Amendment ‘The state shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such manner as the state may, by law, determine.

One Word to One Sentence Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by Fundamental Rights?
Answer:
Those legal rights which are mentioned in the Constitution are called as Fundamental Rights.

Question 2.
In which part of the Constitution have the Fundamental Rights been described?
Answer:
The Fundamental Rights have been described in the third chapter of the Indian Constitution.

Question 3.
Write down any one feature of the Fundamental Rights given in the Indian constitution.
Answer:
Fundamental Rights are for all the citizens.

Question 4.
Why have the Fundamental Rights been mentioned in the Constitution?
Answer:
The Fundamental Rights of the citizens have been mentioned in the Indian constitution so that they may be guaranteed to all the citizens without any kind of discrimination.

Question 5.
How many Fundamental Rights are mentioned in Constitution in these days?
Answer:
These days the citizens are given six kinds of Fundamental Rights.

Question 6.
Mention any one right given under the Right to Equality.
Answer:
In Art. 14 of the Constitution, the words like “Equality before Law” and “Equal Protection of Law” have been used side by side.

Question 7.
Mention any one fundamental right given by the Constitution to minorities.
Answer:
According to Art. 30, all minorities whether religious ’ linguistic, have the right to establish and manage educational institution as they wish.

Question 8.
Explain the principle, ‘Equality before law.
Answer:
Equality before law means that all are equal before law and no one enjoys any privilege.

Fill in The Blanks

1. Right granted by the Constitution are called …………………. Right.
Answer:
Fundamental

2. …………………. of the Indian Constitution deals with the fundamental rights.
Answer:
Part-III

3. All …………………. are equally entitled to Fundamental Rights.
Answer:
Citizens

4. Fundamental Rights are of …………………. and negative nature both.
Answer:
Positive

5. Article …………………. deals with the Fundamental Rights.
Answer:
12 to 35.

True or False statement

1. Fundamental Rights are the integral part of the Constitution.
Answer:
True

2. Fundamental Rights are absolute.
Answer:
False.

3. Fundamental Rights are not justiciable
Answer:
False.

4. Fundamental Rights can be amended.
Answer:
True

5. Article 14 to 18 are related to Right to freedom.
Answer:
False.

Choose the correct Answer

Question 1.
At present there are:
(A) 8 Fundamental Rights
(B) 5 Fundamental Rights
(C) 7 Fundamental Rights
(D) 6 Fundamental Rights.
Answer:
(D) 6 Fundamental Rights.

Question 2.
Article 19 guarantees:
(A) Six Freedoms
(B) Seven Freedoms
(C) Five Freedoms
(D) Four Freedoms.
Answer:
(A) Six Freedoms

Question 3.
Right to Property has been taken out of list of Fundamental Rights by:
(A) 42nd Amendment
(B) 45th Amendment
(C) 44th Amendment
(D) 43rd Amendment
Answer:
(C) 44th Amendment

Question 4.
Which of the following is not a Fundamental Rights?
(A) Right to Equality
(B) Right to Property
(C) Right to Freedom
(D) Right against Exploitation.
Answer:
(B) Right to Property

Question 5.
By which amendment, Fundamental Duties were included In the Constitution?
(A) 44th Amendment
(B) 43rd Amendment
(C) 42nd Amendment
(D) 45th Amendment.
Answer:
(C) 42nd Amendment

PSEB 11th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 12 Form of Governments: Parliamentary and Presidential

December 7, 2024December 6, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 12 Form of Governments: Parliamentary and Presidential Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 12 Form of Governments: Parliamentary and Presidential

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a Parliamentary System? Discuss its essential features.
Answer:
What is a Parliamentary form of government? Parliamentary type of government is also called Cabinet government or Responsible government. In this form of government there is a nominal head of the State and all executive powers are exercised by a Cabinet or ministers. These ministers are usually members of the legislature. They are individually and collectively responsible to the legislature for their action and policies.

They attend the meetings of the legislature and answer the questions put to them by the members of the legislature. If the legislature passes a vote of no-confidence against them, they resign their offices. Other members who possess the confidence of the legislature are then appointed as ministers. The members of the Cabinet are usually selected from among the legislators or the party or parties which command a majority in the legislature.

Each minister is incharge of one or more, departments. Garner observes, “Cabinet government is that system in which the real executive the Cabinet or Ministry is immediately and legally responsible to the legislature or one branch of it. (usually the more popular chamber) for its legislative and administrative act and ultimately or politically responsible to the electorate, while the titular or nominal executive the chief of the State-occupies a position of irresponsibility.

Parliamentary system had its origin in Britain and now most of the countries have adopted it. India, England, Canada, Denmark, Australia, Belgium, Japan, Bangla Desh and so many other countries have adopted parliamentary form of government.

Features Of Parliamentary Government:
The important features of Parliamentary government are as follows:
1. Head of the State is a Nominal Executive:
There is a titular executive head of the state either elected for a definite time or a hereditary monarch. Almost all the executive powers of the government are vested with the head of the State but it is only in theory and in practice all these powers are exercised by the real executive.

The nominal head of the State always acts on the advice of the council of ministers. The head of the State cannot do anything at his own initiative. In fact it is the council of ministers which exercises the power of the head of the State. The head of the State cannot do anything without taking the council of ministers into confidence.

2. Close Relationship between Executive and Legislature:
There exists a close relationship between the Cabinet and the Legislature. All the members of the cabinet are the members of the legislatures. They attend the meetings of the legislature and answer questions put to them by the members of the legislature. If an outsider is oppointed a minister he must become the member of the legislature within a definite period otherwise he ceases to be the member of the council of ministers. The ministers pilot the bills and see that they are passed. They are legislators as well as administrators.

3. Responsibility of the Cabinet:
The responsibility of the Cabinet means that so long as it enjoys the confidence of the legislature, it remains in power. Whenever the majority party is turned into minority or a vote of no-confidence or a vote of censure is passed against the government, it must go out and give place to the party which can then command majority. The council of ministers always acts in accordance with the wishes of the legislature.

4. Tenure of the Cabinet is not Fixed:
The tenure of the council of ministers is not definite. They can remain in office till the legislature wishes them to remain in office. The legislature can remove the members of the council of ministers from their office. If the majority of the members of the legislature passes a vote of no-confidence against the cabinet, then cabinet will have to resign.

5. Leadership of the Prime Minister:
In parliamentary system, Cabinet works under the leadership of the Prime Minister. Leader of the majority party in the Lower Chamber is appointed as the Prime Minister of the country and all other ministers are appointed by him. The head of the State neither appoints ministers of his own accord nor he can ask them to quit the office.

The Prime Minister selects his colleagues from among the members of his party and the President approves them. He forms the Cabinet, he can alter it, he can destroy it altogether. If he resigns, the whole Council of Ministers goes out of office. He summons the meetings of the Cabinet and presides over them. He can ask any minister to resign.

6. Political Homogeneity:
Cabinet works as a unit. But it can work as a unit only when all ministers in the Council of Ministers are taken from the single political party. The Prime Minister includes all the “big guns’ of his party in the Council of Ministers.

7. Secrecy:
Proceedings of the Cabinet are confidential. No minister can give publicity to the proceedings of the Cabinet. The decision of the Cabinet can be disclosed only by a minister authorised by the Prime Minister. At the time of the assumption of the office, every minister takes the oath of secrecy.

8. Dissolution of the Lower House:
One of the important feature of the Indian and British parliamentary government is the right of the council of ministers to dissolve the Lower House of the Parliament. On 26th April, 1999 President K. R. Narayanan dissolved Lok Sabha on the advice of Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee.

Question 2.
Discuss the merits and demerits of Parliamentary government.
Answer:
Merits of Parliamentary Govt. Following are the merits of Parliamentary government:
1. It is more Democratic:
The great merit of the parliamentary government is that the people have share in this type of government and the representatives of the people exercise real authority. The members of the Cabinet are the real executive and they are selected from among the members of the legislature and are responsible to the legislature for all their actions and policies. In short, the representatives of the people are the rulers and they are responsible to other representatives. The ministers are to run the administration of the State in accordance with the wishes of the people.

2. Harmony between Executive and Legislature:
There is harmony between the executive and the legislature in a parliamentary type of government. All the laws introducted by the Cabinet are bound to be passed because they possess a majority in the legislature. On the other hand, the Cabinet works in accordance with the desires of the legislature because it can be removed from the office by a vote of no-confidence, passed in the legislature. In short, under this system there is no difference between the law-makers and Cabinet ministers who enforce the laws because both are inter-dependent on each other and work in harmony.

3. Responsible Government:
The Cabinet government is a responsible one and it cannot behave dictatorially. The members of the legislature ask questions and supplementary questions to the members of the Cabinet. They criticise the working of different departments on the floor of the House. In case the legislature indicates a loss of confidence over the Council of Ministers, the ministers are to resign. It is why the ministers always act in accordance with the wishes of the people. They cannot afford to go against public opinion. The government in this system always remains responsible to the legislature which is directly elected by the people.

4. Strong Government:
In a Cabinet government there is a strong administration. The government can enforce its policies strongly and vigorously. It is an age of political parties and the leader of the majority party is appointed the Prime Minister of the country. The Prime Minister selects other ministers from among the members of his party in the legislature. As the Cabinet is confident of its majority in the legislature, so it can act effectively. It has the support of the majority of the members in the legislature.

5. Timely Change in Government:
It is a great merit of parliamentary government that it changes when the time demands it so. The Cabinet is changed when the change is inevitable. During the .general elections the people get an opportunity to seek a change in the Cabinet. The change of Cabinet can be sought by passing a vote of no-confidence over it by the legislature. During the Second World War it was the Conservative Party which ruled Britain, and it conducted the war very successfully.

But after the war was over the people of Britain voted the Labour Party in power and not the Conservative Party. The parliamentary system is flexible in nature. Under this system the government can be changed and moulded in accordance with the desire of the country. Moreover, under this system in war times the election can be easily postponed for some time in national interest.

6. It is more Responsive to the Public Opinion:
Parliamentary government is more responsive to public opinion. The reason for this is that the administration under this system of government comes under terrible criticism. The majority party forms the government and the minority parties or opposition parties keep a strict watch on it.

They criticise the wrong actions of the government. The opposition parties bring the weakness of the government to light and try to win public opinion to their side. The ministers are always afraid of the criticism by opposition parties and hence they do not do any such thing which is not liked by the people.

7. It is more Educative:
Under the parliamentary system of government the masses get more political education than under the Presidential system. Under this system the people are always interested and take active part in the affairs of the government because they think that their criticism has an effect on the policy of the government.

It is the majority party which gets an opportunity to form the government. During elections each political party strives hard to get the maximum votes of the people in order to have a majority in the legislature. Each party tries to attract voters by advocating its view-point on the various problems of the State. In criticises the policies of the government and brings to light the wrongs committed by the government. It offers solutions to the problems facing the country.

No individual can keep himself aloof from the happenings in the country. Even after elections each political party from time to time discusses national or local problems with the people. All these things provide political education to the people.

8. Government of able Statesmen:
Parliamentary government is called the aristocratic government of modern age. In this system of government the authority remains in the hands of capable men. The leader of the majority party is appointed the Prime Minister and all other ministers are selected by him. It is essential that the Prime Minister should be equipped with all the qualities which are required to run the administration of the State quite successfully.

The ministers are taken from among the members of the legislature. Only the capable and experienced persons are selected to be appointed as ministers. If inexperienced and incapable persons are selected as ministers, they cannot run the administration efficiently. People elect only those people who are popular and are capable to participate in the proceedings of the legislature.

Demerits Of Parliamentary Government:
Following are the demerits of Parliamentary government:
1. It is against the theory of separation of powers:
The theory of separation of powers lays emphasis on the point that concentration of powers in the same hands is harmful. But in the parliamentary government the executive and legislative powers are concentrated in the same hands.

The members of the council of ministers make laws as well as run the administration of the State. There is always a danger that ministers may not frame laws which are not in the interests of the people. As the ministers belong to the majority party in the legislature, with its support in the legislature they may not assume dictatorial powers.

2. Dictatorship of the Cabinet:
Under certain circumstances, a Cabinet government may develop dictatorial tendencies. The fear of a new type of despotism arising in the Cabinet system cannot be ruled out. This may happen when the Cabinet belongs to a party which has an overriding majority in the legislature and opposition parties in the legislature are weak and divided.

In such a situation, the Cabinet exercises immense powers being supported in all its policies by members of its own party, the members of which do not try to evaluate these measures on merit. Further the power of the leader ‘of the Cabinet to propose a dissolution of the legislature, very often compels the legislature to support legislation which otherwise they would not favour. Cabinet rule is thus likely to result in a new despotism, a tyranny of the majority party.

3. Unstable Government:
The Government is always unstable in this form of government. This is simply because the Cabinet is responsible to the legislature and it can be removed by a vote of no-confidence passed by the legislature against it. Due to this instability, the government cannot make long term plans for the welfare of the masses.

In practice it has been estimated that the average life of the Cabinet in France is only eight months and in England nearly three years. The stability of the executive is very much threatened especially when no political party can command a majority in the legislature. The whims and fancies of the legislature may throw out an otherwise efficient and competent Cabinet.

4. It lacks Efficiency:
The great defect of this form of government is that it lacks efficiency. The rulers are always over-burdened with work and they cannot do it efficiently. The ministers are to perform various functions. They are to supervise the working of their own department and are to run the administration. They are to attend the meetings of the legislature and are to answer questions put to them by the members of legislature.

They are to pilot the bills and see them through. They answer the criticism of the legislators. They are to remain in touch with the people, because in the next election they are to seek their votes. They are so much over-burdened with work that they cannot attend to the governmental work properly.

5. Weak in time of Emergency:
The parliamentary government is very weak in times of great emergenices like the war or foreign attack or internal disturbance. This is simply because under this system, the Cabinet will have to get the consent of Parliament, or legislature before taking any strong action against the aggressors.

The long discussion of the ministers or of the legislature may ruin the country. Sometimes the ministers differ among themselves on the solution to certain serious problems. Sometimes the members of the Cabinet fail to reach a decision and the fate of the country hangs in the balance. Under these circumstances the country fails to meet the emergency successfully.

6. It is a Party Government:
The parliamentary government is essentially a party government. The party which gains majority in the legislature forms its own government. Therefore all the political parties organise themselves politically and if a member violates the discipline of the party, disciplinary action is taken against him.

As the political parties are well-organized, so the individual members lose their individual liberty and they cannot express their opinions freely. The political parties want all the members to remain loyal to the party. This way the people are always divided into various groups and factions.

Conclusion:
The parliamentary from of government has its merits and demerits. Some of the demerits of this form of government are most undesirable. The ministers sometimes are incapable and this government is weak in emergencies. The political parties do have some evil influence upon the people, but a democratic government cannot be run without the existence of political parties. In this system of government the administration is responsible and always respects public opinion. Most of the countries have adopted this form of government.

Question 3.
What is a Presidential System? Discuss its essential features.
Answer:
As against the parliamentary system there is a Presidential type of government which exists in U. S. A. By this government we mean that type of government in which the executive is not responsible to the legislature. Under this government the head of the State appoints his own advisers for the performance of his functions. Neither the President nor his secretaries are the members of the legislature.

They never attend the meetings of the legislature and are not responsible to it for their actions and policies. The President is appointed for a fixed term. He is boss of his secretaries and they are his servants. In fact there is a complete divorce between the executive and the legislature.

1. According to Dr. Gamer, “Presidential government is that system in which executive (including both head of state and his ministers) is constitutionally independent of legislature in respect to the duration of his or their tenure and, to large extent, as to his policies and acts. In such a system the Chief of a state is not merely the titulor executive but he is the real executive and actually exercises his power which the Constitution and laws confer on him.”

2. According to D. V. Verney, “The term Presidential has been chosen because in this system the office of the Head of Government and Head of the State are combined in the President.”

3. According to E. Asirvatham, “The Presidential system of government is that in which the executive is constitutionally independent of the legislature in respect of the duration of its tenure and irresponsible to it for its Political Policies.”

4. According to Gettel, “Presidential Government is that form in which the chief executive is independent of the legislature as to his tenure and to a large extent as to his policies and acts.” Presidential Govt, exists in U. S. A., France, Sri Lanka, etc.

Features Of The Presidential Government:
The important features of Presidential type of government are as follows:
1. Real Executive:
The head of the State in a Presidential type of government is the real executive and not a nominal one. He is the effective executive head of the State. Whatever are allotted to the head of the State, he exercises them effectively.

2. Cabinet is only an Advisory Body:
In a Presidential form of government cabinet is merely an advisory body. President is not bound to accept the advice of the cabinet. His secretaries and can rule in accordance with his own wishes. It is entirely his sweet will whether to consult his secretaries or not on a certain issue.

3. Separation of Executive and Legislature:
Under Presidential type of government, the executive is not dependent upon the legislature. It means that there is complete divorce between the executive and the legislature. If the legislature does not approve the action of the executive, it cannot remove the executive by a vote of no-confidence passed by the members. Neither the President nor his secretaries are the members of the Congress in U. S. A. The secretaries do not attend the meeting of the legislature and so do not participate in the proceedings of the House.

4. Irresponsibility of the Executive:
In a Presidential type of government the executive is not responsible to the legislature. The legislature in any way does not control the executive. The legislature cannot compel the executive to do particular thing. In other words, the legislature cannot dictate terms to the executive. The members of the legislature can ask questions to the executive only in writing. The ministers may or may not answer the questions, it entirely depends upon their sweet will.

5. Tenure of the Executive is Fixed:
In a Presidential type of government the tenure of the executive is fixed and the legislature cannot remove it from office. The secretaries are appointed by the President and for their actions and policies, they are responsible to the President. It is the President who can remove his secretaries from office.

6. President cannot dissolve the Parliament:
Presidential government is based on the theory of separation of powers. Hence the President has no power to dissolve any house of the legislature. The tenure of the legislature is fixed and it cannot be dissolved before the expiry of the term.

7. Political Homogeneity is Unncessary:
In a Presidential form of government it is not essential that all ministers should be taken from one party. It is because ministers are individually responsible to the President and there is no principle of collective responsibility.

Question 4.
Discuss the merits and demerits of presidential government.
Answer:
Merits Of Presidential Government:
Following are the merits of Presidential form of government:
1. Stable Government:
The government is stable in a Presidential type of government and it does not change frequently. The President exercises his authority himself and appoints a few secretaries for his assistance. The government is always stable because the term of office of the President is fixed by the Constitution. For instance, the President holds the office for a period of 4 years in America. The stability of government brings some definiteness and certainty in policy for running the administration of the country honestly and efficiently.

2. Efficiency in Administration:
The Presidential form of government is based on the theory of separation of powers. The secretaries neither contest elections nor they participate in the deliberations of the legislature. Their main function is to run the administration of the State. They run the administration neither under the dictation of the legislature and nor according to the dictates of the people. They run the administration quite independently. It is but natural that under such conditions the administration would be quite efficient.

3. Administration by able Statesman:
In this form of government the ministers are not the members of legislature. The President appoints only those persons as his secretaries who are experienced persons and can prove able administrators. He only makes appointments of so many federal officers and only those persons are appointed to these posts who can run the administration quite efficiently and smoothly.

In this system of government the secretaries can be taken from all the political parties. These secretaries run the administration quite independently and bother a little about the criticism of the legislature. Almost all the time the secretaries are busy in the work of the government. .

4. Suitable in time of Emergency:
The Presidential from of government suits the best at the time of emergency, because all the powers are concentrated in the hands of the President and he can use them quite effectively. The President can use his authority in whatever way he likes. He is not required to consult the legislature. The legislature may or may not like the action taken by the President to meet the emergency, the President can have his own way. The decisions are taken very promptly and the decisions are carried out very effectively. In a parliamentary type of government it takes time to take a decision.

5. Less Possibilites of Bad Effects of Party Politics:
In the Presidential form of government there is no such party split. The only function of the executive is to run the administration for the best interests of the society. The parties in the legislature do not have much conflict because they cannot change the government by passing a vote of no-confidence. Thus under a Presidential system the legislature also passes those laws which promote national welfare. In fact the Presidential system can be regarded as above party politics.

6. It is based on the Theory of Separation of Powers:
The Presidential form of government is based on the theory of separation of powers. The legislature is not controlled by the executive. Both the executive and the legislature are quite independent in their own sphere. .

7. Suitable for a Multi-Party System:
In a country where no party gains absolute majority and each party has captured some seats in the legislature, this system of government is very successful. If there is a multiple-party system, the parliamentary government cannot be a success because the government changes frequently. In a Presidential form of government, it is only during Presidential elections that the parties are active, and afterwards they become passive and hence the government does not change hands so frequently.

Demerits Of Presidential Government:
Following are the demerits of Presidential form of government:
1. Autocratic and Irresponsible Government:
In a Presidential type of government, neither the President nor his secretaries are the members of the legislature. They do not attend the meeting of the legislature. They are not to answer the questions on the floor of the House. They are not responsible to the legislature for their actions and policies. The President is their boss and they are his servants. The secretaries are responsible to him for all their actions and policies.

Under the Presidential system, the secretaries can become dictators in the exercise of their powers. This is simply because the secretaries cannot be removed from their offices by the legislature after passing a vote of no-confidence against them. The absence of this responsibility makes the executive officers at a superior position as a result of which they can become dictators for the administration of government, though for a limited period.

2. It does not Change according to Time:
Presidential system is rigid because the tenure of the President is fixed by the Constitution. This system is defective because the people will have to tolerate the Head of the State whether he is good or bad and they cannot change him before the fixed period.

It is due to the rigidity of the Presidential system that the elections could not be postponed in U.S.A. during Second World War. If instead of President Roosevelt, another man had come to power, America would have suffered great loss. The Presidential system is defective because it cannot adjust itself in accordance with the changing requirements of the country.

3. Possibility of Deadlock of the Government:
This form of government is based on the theory of separation of powers. The executive and legislative organs of the government are separated from each other and there is no close relationship between the two. This separation between the executive and the legislature leads to disputes and deadlocks.

The possibility of deadlocks increases when the President belongs to one party and the legislature has the majority of the members of another party. Under these circumstances the policy of the executive and the policy of the legislature differ widely. But the legislature and the executive will work independently. The national interest is bound to suffer if the deadlocks and disputes arise so often.

4. No Possibility of Good Laws:
There is no possibility of goods laws and hence the administration cannot be run smoothly. Good laws can be made only when the legislature and the executive work in close cooperation with each other. If the laws are not enforced with the same spirit with which they were framed, they cannot prove useful. Similarly if the laws are not framed according to the needs of government, the administration cannot be run efficiently. The peace and order cannot be maintained in the State properly under such circumstances.

5. Weak in Conduct of Foreign Relations:
The government cannot establish sound relations with foreign countries under this form of government. The reason for this is the legislature which has the power of declaring war and concluding peace. Moreover, all the treaties made with foreign countries by the executive are to be ratified by the legislature. The President is never sure about the the fact whether the legislature will ratify a particular treaty or not. Even if the approval of legislature for the treaties entered into with foreign countries is not essential, the laws are required for enforcing these treaties and they are to be passed by the legislature.

6. Rigid Constitution:
Due to rigidity of the Constitution presidential government is not changeable according to needs and circumstances. Everything happens in accordance with the provisions elaborately prescribed by the Constitution. No danger, no crisis can melt the inflexible Constitutional rules.

7. Public Opinion Neglected:
In a Presidential government chances of neglecting the public opinion is more because President and ministers are not responsible to the legislature.

8. Separation of Powers is not Practicable:
Presidential form of government is mainly based on the idea of separation of powers among the organ of the government. But practically separation is neither possible, nor practicable nor desirable. In fact the strict separation of powers is not found in any country of the world.

Question 5.
Distinguish between Parliamentary and Presidential forms of Government.
Answer:
The Parliamentary and Presidential governments differ from each other in a number of important respects. In India and Britain Parliamentary forms of government have been adopted and U.S.A. had adopted Presidential form of government. Both the forms of governments differ on the points given ahead:
(a) Position of the Executive
(b) Relations between the Executive and the Legislature.
(c) Responsibility and Tenure of the Executive.
Following are the points of difference between the Parliamentary and Presidential forms of government:
(a) Position of the Executive

Parliamentary Government	Presidential Government
Head of the State is a Nominal Executive	Head of the State is Real Executive
1. The head of the State is a nominal one and the powers conferred on him by the Constitution are not exercised by him according to his own sweet will. In England, the head of the state is queen and in India the head of the State is President. Neither of the two exercise his/her authority according to his/her will.	1. The head of the State is not the nominal executive but the real effective executive head of the State. He exercises his powers according to his sweet will. In U.S.A., the head of the State is President and he can exercise his authority according to his will. He selects ministers of his own sweet will. His tenure of office is fixed.
2. There is a council of ministers to aid and advise the President. In fact all the powers of the head of the State are exercised by the council of ministers. The head of the State can do nothing without the advice of his council of ministers.	2. There is a council of ministers to aid and advise the President. But the President is not bound to act on the advice of the council of ministers. He can do anything without consulting his ministers or even he can go against their advice. His ministers are merely his advisers.
3. The President does not have a free hand in the case of the appointment of his ministers. The leader of the majority party is to be appointed Prime Minister by the head of the state and other Ministers are appointed on the recommendations of the Prime Minister. The head of the State cannot remove the ministers from office.	3. The President has a free hand in the appointmentof his ministers. He can appoint any one as his minister and can remove any minister whenever he likes. He is not required to seek the advice of anybody in the case of appointment and removal of his ministers.
4. The head of the council of ministers is the Prime Minister and not the President.	4. The head of the State is also the head of the council of ministers.

(b) Relations between the Executive and the Legislature.

Parliamentary Government	Presidential Government
Close relations between the Executive and the Legislature	Separation of the Executive and the Legislature.
The members of the council of ministers are taken from the legislature.	1.The members of the council of ministers are not taken from amongst the members of the legislature.
2.The ministers participate in the meetings of the legislature. They introduce bills, participate in discussions of the House and support their measures. They participate in voting on bills.	2.The ministers do not attend the meetings of the legislature. They neither introduce bills nor deliver speeches in the house. They do not participate in voting on bills in the House.
3. The head of the State calls the meeting of the legislature in accordance with the wishes of the ministry.	3. The head of the State does not convene the meetings of the legislature.
4. The executive can at any time seek the dissolution of the legislature and can order fresh elections. The council of ministers can advise the head of the State to do so.	4. The executive cannot dissolve the legislature. The Lower Chamber continues to exist for a fixed and definite period.

Parliamentary Government	Presidential Government
Responsibility and Unfixed Tenure	Irresponsibility and Fixed Tenure
1. The ministers are responsible for their actions to the legislature.	1.The executive is not responsible for its actions and policies to the legislature.
2. The members of the legislature can ask the ministers questions and they have to answer them.	2. The members of the legislature can ask questions from the ministers, but they may or may not answer their questions.
3. The tenure of the executive is not fixed. If the legislature loses confidence in the ministers they have to resign from office.	3. The tenure of the executive is fixed. The legislature cannot remove the ministers from office. The head of the State appoints them and removes them from office.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a Parliamentary form of Government?
Answer:
Parliamentary type of government is also called Cabinet government or responsible government. In this form of government there is a nominal head of the state and all executive powers are exercised by a Cabinet of Ministers. These ministers are usually members of the legislature. They are individually and collectively responsible to the legislature for the their action and policies. They attend the meetings of the legislature and answer the questions put to them by the members of the legislature. If the legislature passes a vote of no-confidence against them, they resign their offices.

Question 2.
What are the merits of Parliamentary Government?
Answer:

The great merit of the parliamentary government is that the people have share in this type of govt, and the representatives of the people exercise real authority.
There is harmony between the executive and the legislature in a parliamentary type of govt.
In a Cabinet government there is a strong administration.
Parliamentary government is more responsible to public opinion.

Question 3.
What are the demerits of Parliamentary Government?
Answer:

It is against the theory of separation of powers.
Under certain circumstances, a Cabinet government may develop dictatorial tendencies.
The government is always unstable in this form of government.
The Parliamentary govt, is very weak in times of great emergencies like war or foreign attack or internal disturbance.

Question 4.
What are the merits of Presidential Government?
Answer:

The government is stable in Presidential type of government and it does not change frequently.
The Presidential form of govt, suits the best at the time of emergency.
The Presidential government is based on the theory of separtion of powers.
In a country where no party gains absolute majority, this system is very successful.

Question 5.
What are the demerits of Presidential Government?
Answer:

Presidential system is rigid because the office of the President is defined by the Constitution. Therefore, it does not change according to time.
In a Presidential government chances of neglecting the public opinion are more because President and ministers are not responsible to the legislature.
There is no possiblity of goods laws and hence the administration cannot be run smoothly.
The separation of powers leads to disputes and deadlocks.

Question 6.
What is Presidential Government?
Answer:
Presidential form of government is that government in which the head of the state and the ministers are constitutionally free from the legislature for their tenure. They are not responsible to the legislature for their policies. Thus the head of the state in a Presidential type of government is the real executive and not a nominal one. Whatever powers are allotted to the head of the state by the constitution, he exercises them effectively.

Question 7.
Mention the various features of parliamentary form of Government.
Answer:
Following are the features of parliamentary government:

Head of the state is a nominal executive.
Difference between re.al executive and nominal executive.
Close relationship between executive and legislature. All the members of the cabinet are the members of the legislature and they attend meetings of the legislature.
Cabinet is colloectiv.ely responsible to the legislature. So long it enjoys the confidence of the legislature, it remains in power.

Question 8.
Mention the various features of presidential form of government.
Answer:
Following are the features of presidential form of government:

The head of the state is the real executive and not a nominal one.
Cabinet is only an advisory body. President is not bound to accept the advice of the cabinet.
Separation of executive and legislature, neither the President nor cabinet members are the members of the legislature.
The executive is not responsible to the legislature.

Question 9.
What is the difference between Parliamentary Govt, and Presidential Government?
Answer:

In Parliamentary Govt, the head of the State is a nominal one whereas the head of the state is real executive in residential Government.
The head of the Council of Ministers is the Prime Minister not President in parliamentary government whereas the head of the state is also the head of the Council of Ministers in Presidential govt.
In Parliamentary govt., the members of the council of ministers are taken from the legislature whereas the member of the council of ministers are not the members of legislature in Presidential govt.
The head of the state calls the meetings of the legislature in accordance with the wishes of the ministry in the
Parliamentary system whereas the head of State does not convene the meetings of the legislature in Presidential system.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a Parliamentary form of government?
Answer:
In Parliamentary type of government there is a nominal head of the state and all executive powers are exercised by a Cabinet of Ministers. These, ministers are usually members of the legislature. They are individually and collectively responsible to the legislature for the their action and policies. They attend the meetings of the legislature and answer the questions put to them by the members of the legislature.

Question 2.
Explain the merits of Parliamentary Government?
Answer:

The great merit of the parliamentary government is that the people have share in this type of govt, and the respresentatives of the people exercise . real authority.
There is harmony between the executive and the legislature in a parliamentary type of govt.

Question 3.
Explain the demerits of Parliamentary Government?
Answer:

It is against the theory of separation of powers.
Under certain circumstances, a Cabinet government may develop dictatorial tendencies. .

Question 4.
What are the merits of Presidential Government?
Answer:

The government is stable in Presidential type of government and it does not change frequently.
The Presidential form of govt, suits the best at the time of emergency.

Question 5.
Discuss the demerits of Presidential Government?
Answer:

Presidential system is rigid because the office of the President is defined by the Constitution. Therefore, it does not change according to time.
In a Presidential government chances of neglecting the public opinion are more because President and ministers are not responsible to the legislature.

Question 6.
What is Presidential Government?
Answer:
Presidential form of government is that government in which the head of the state and the ministers are constitutionally free from the legislature for their tenure. Thus the head of the state in a Presidential type of government is the real executive and not a nominal one.

Question 7.
Explain the various features of parliamentary form of Government.
Answer:
Following are the features of parliamentary government:

Head of the state, is a nominal executive.
Difference between real executive and nominal executive.

Question 8.
Explain the various features of presidential form of government.
Answer:
Following are the features of presidential form of government:

The head of the state is the real executive and not a nominal one.
Cabinet is only an advisory body. President is not bound to accept the advice of the cabinet.

Question 9.
What is the difference between Parliamentary Govt, and Presidential Government?
Answer:

In Parliamentary Govt, the head of the State is a nominal one whereas the head of the state is real executive in Pesidential Government.
The head of the Council of Ministers is the Prime Minister not President in parliamentary government whereas the head of the state is also the head of the Council of Ministers in Presidential govt.

One Word to One Sentence Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Mention one feature of Parliamentary government.
Answer:
In a Parliamentary government head of the state is a constitutional head.

Question 2.
Write down any one demerit of Parliamentary government.
Answer:
The government is always unstable in Parliamentary form of governments.

Question 3.
Write down any one feature of Presidential form of government.
Answer:
The head of the state is real executive in Presidential form of government.

Question 4.
Write down any one demerit of Presidential form of government.
Answer:
Presidential form of government does not change according to time.

Fill in the blanks

1. There is a close relationship between the Cabinet and the……………….. in Parliamentary form of government.
Answer:
Legislature

2. In the Parliamentary System, cabinet works under the leadership of the ……………….. .
Answer:
Prime Minister

True or False statement:

1. In Presidential form of Government the administration is run quite independently.
Answer:
True

2. Parliamentary form of Government is not a democratic.
Answer:
False

Choose the Correct Answer

Question 1.
In Parliamentary government Cabinet is collectively responsible to the:
(A) Legislature
(B) Prime Minister
(C) President
(D) People.
Answer
(A) Legislature

Question 2.
In which of the country leader of the majority party is appointed Prime Minister?
(A) U.S.A.
(B) India
(C) Iraq
(D) China.
Answer
(B) India

Question 3.
Presidential government is that form of government in which:
(A) Head of the state is a nominal executive
(B) Executive is free from the Legislature
(C) The office of the President is hereditary
(D) None of the above.
Answer:
(B) Executive is free from the Legislature

PSEB 11th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 11 Form of Governments: Democratic and Authoritarian (Dictatorial)

December 7, 2024December 6, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 11 Form of Governments: Democratic and Authoritarian (Dictatorial) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 11 Form of Governments: Democratic and Authoritarian (Dictatorial)

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you understand by the term democracy? Discuss with one illustration each, six of its characteristic features.
Answer:
Modem age is an age of democracy. In majority of the countries of the world, democracy is adopted. The term ‘Democracy’ is derived from the Greek words demos and krates, the former meaning the people and the latter ‘power’. Democracy thus mean ‘power of the people’ or ‘rule of the multitude.’

Democracy means that the Govemmentof the State is to be run by the people. People will have a share in the administration of the State. Aristotle has called this type of Government as polity and in his view this is the best type of Government.

According to Dicey,” Democracy is a Government in which the governing body is comparatively a large fraction of entire nation.”
According to Prof. Seeley “Democracy is a Government in which everyone has a share.”
According to Lord Bryce, The word democracy, ever since the time of Herodotus has been used to denote that form of government in which the ruling power of State is legally vested not in a particular elass but in the members of the community as a whole.”
According to Abraham Lincoln, Democracy is a Government of the people, by the people, and for the people.” Of all the definitions of democracy, the one given by Lincoln is considered to be the best.

In Democracy the sovereignty resides in the people and the people either directly or indirectly govern over themselves. The administration is run to promote public welfare.

Characteristics Of Democracy:
The characteristics or fundamental principles of the democracy are as follows:
1. Sovereignty of People:
Sovereignty resides in the people and the administration is run in accordance with the wishes of the people.

According to Austin Renney, The principle of popular sovereignty requires the basis of governmental decision making power to be vested in all the members of the community and not any particular person or ruling class.”

2. Rule of People: The administration is run by the people either directly or indirectly.

3. Interest of People: The administration is run in the best interests of the people.

4. Right of Participation: Democracy has its fundamental principle that every citizen has the right to take part in day to day affairs of the state.

5. A Majority Rule:
The significant principle of democracy is that it is a majority rule and decisions are taken by majority of votes. The party which gets file majority is allowed to rule. In the parliament all decisions are taken by majority of votes.

6. Universal Franchise: Another principle of democracy is that every citizen is given the right to vote without any discrimination.

7. Right to Criticise the Govermnefat:
One of the important principle of democracy is that the people are given the right to criticise the Government.

8. Share in the Administration: Everybody has a share in the administration.

9. Equality: Everybody enjoys the right of equality and liberty. All the people are equal in the eyes of law.

10. Fraternity: It is another fundamental assumption of democracy. It deals with dignity of the individual.

11. Rule of Law: Nobody is above the laws of the State.

12. Fundamental Rights: In a democracy citizens enjoy Fundamental Rights which are protected by the Judiciary.

13. Justice: Everybody gets impartial justice.

14. Change in Government according to Time:
Democracy provides for a change in Government according to constitutional principles, and it is against any change by violent or revolutionary means.

15. Freedom of Thought, Speech and Expression:
Democracy is characterised by freedom of thought and expression. In democracy, every one is free to think and express his views.

16. Independent and Healthy Public Opinion: The democratic government functions on the principle of independent and healthy public opinion.

Question 2.
Define Democracy? What are its merits and demerits?
Or .
Discuss the merits of a democratic form of government.
Answer:
Definitions of Democracy:

Modem age is an age of democracy. In majority of the countries of the world, democracy is adopted. The term ‘Democracy’ is derived from the Greek words demos and krates, the former meaning the people and the latter ‘power’. Democracy thus mean ‘power of the people’ or ‘rule of the multitude.’

According to Dicey,” Democracy is a Government in which the governing body is comparatively a large fraction of entire nation.”
According to Prof. Seeley “Democracy is a Government in which everyone has a share.”
According to Lord Bryce, The word democracy, ever since the time of Herodotus has been used to denote that form of government in which the ruling power of State is legally vested not in a particular elass but in the members of the community as a whole.”
According to Abraham Lincoln, Democracy is a Government of the people, by the people, and for the people.” Of all the definitions of democracy, the one given by Lincoln is considered to be the best.