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This PSEB 7th Class Science Notes Chapter 1 Nutrition in Plants will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 7th Class Science Notes Chapter 1 Nutrition in Plants

→ For all living things such as plants, animals, human beings food is necessary.

→ The main components of food are carbohydrates, fats, protein, vitamins, and minerals which are important for the building and growth of the human body.

→ The process of taking in food and using it for growth and development is called nutrition.

→ Different organisms require different types of nutrition.

→ On the basis of habits of intake of nutrients, nutrition can be divided into two types:

• Autotrophic nutrition
• Heterotrophic nutrition

→ Organisms that use simple inorganic matters and prepare their food on their own are called Autotrophs and the nutrition produced by them is called autotrophic nutrition.

→ All green plants and bacteria are Autotrophs.

→ Organisms that depend upon other organisms for food to survive are called Heterotrophs.

→ All animals, humans, and certain types of fungi are heterotrophs.

→ Euglena is a type of organism which produces both autotrophic nutrition as well as heterotrophic nutrition.

→ Leaves are called the food factory of plants.

→ Leaves produce their food by photosynthesis. During photosynthesis in green plants, the green coloured pigments (chlorophylls) are capable of trapping sunlight and taking carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the air in the presence of water to produce food in the form of carbohydrates.

→ The leaves of the plants have tiny pores on their top layer, through which the carbon dioxide (taken in) and oxygen (given out) are exchanged and these exchange pores are called stomata.

→ Stomata are surrounded by the guard cells.

→ Soil provides water and minerals to plants, which are absorbed by the roots of the plants through Xylem tissues present in roots and further sent to other parts of the plant.

→ Sun is the main source of energy for all living organisms.

→ In the photosynthesis process, the energy of the sun is converted into chemical energy.

→ The leaves of some plants are not green in colour but of some other colour as for example red leaves of coleus, red cabbage has violet leaves.

→ Such leaves also show photosynthesis because they also contain chlorophylls but are lesser in amount than green plants.

→ The basic products of photosynthesis are oxygen and glucose.

→ Heterotrophs are divided into four types:

• Decomposers
• Parasites
• Insect eaters
• Symbiotic

→ The organisms that get nourishment from the body of other living beings are called parasites.

→ Organisms that depend on dead bodies and rotten substances for their nourishment are called decomposers.

→ In a symbiotic relationship, two types of organisms depend on each other for food, from which both the organisms are benefited.

→ Dead and decaying plants and animals are decomposed by the decomposers which provide essential nutrients to the soil.

→ Nutrients: The main components of food such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals that help in the growth and development of the body are called nutrients.

→ Self-nutrition: Organisms that make their own food from simple substances are called self-nourishment. This type of nutrition is called autotrophic nutrition.

→ Heterotrophic nutrition: Organisms that can’t prepare their own food but depend on other organisms are called Heterotrophs and this type of nutrition is called heterotrophic nutrition.

→ Dead food: A diet in which dead creatures or rotten substances are providing food to other organisms.

→ Parasites: Organisms that depend on other plants and organisms for food are called parasites.

→ Photosynthesis: This is an activity in which the leaves of a plant contain green colour pigment-chlorophyll, carbon dioxide of the air, and water in the presence of sunlight prepare food in the form of carbohydrates. Here solar energy is converted into chemical energy.

→ Chlorophyll: This is a green pigment that is present in plants. This is important for plants to prepare their own food.

→ Carbohydrates: A type of micronutrient that is present in many foods such as sugar, starch, and fiber. Our body needs these micronutrients to stay healthy.

→ Stomata: Stomata are found on the outer surface of the aerial parts of the plant. The maximum amount of stomata is found on leaves. Gases are exchanged through Stomata (holes).

→ Host: The plants or organisms on which the parasite depends for its food are called the host.

→ Chemical Fertilizer: This is a factory-made chemical (a mixture of inorganic salts). It contains a lot of nutrients for plants. It fulfills the deficiency in the soil so that the soil remains fertile.

→ Rhizobium: A Bacterium found in the roots and buds of leguminous plants. It makes the nitrogen in the air usable, which is used by plants, and in return, plants provide shelter and food to this bacteria.

This PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 8 Organic Farming will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 8 Organic Farming

→ Organic farming helps in maintaining natural balance and also in conserving natural resources.

→ Inorganic farming we do not use chemical fertilizers, herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides, etc.

→ Organic farming is based on the concept that feeds the soil and not the plants.

→ Advantages of organic farming are fertility of the soil is increased, lower production cost, good income from organic produce, availability of pesticide residue-free food, etc.

→ Excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides, burning of rice and wheat straw, etc. have deteriorated greatly the soil health and the environment.

→ Due to the adoption of the Rice-Wheat cropping system for many years, it has reduced the area under the traditional pulse and oilseed crops.

→ There is a huge demand for tea, basmati rice, vegetables, fruits, pulses, etc. which are grown by adopting organic farming practices, in the world organic food market.

→ The government of India has established a National Centre for Organic Fanning (NCOF) at Ghaziabad to promote organic farming. Its Regional centre in North India is situated at Panchkula, Haryana.

→ In the year 2004 India has formulated certain organic standards which are also acceptable in other countries.

→ Agricultural practices followed in organic farming are the same as that of conventional farming e.g. seeds, sowing method, varieties, etc.

→ Nutritional requirements of crops are met by using compost, vermicompost, farmyard manure, bio-fertilizers, non-edible cakes like castor cakes, etc.

→ Protection of crops from pests and insects is done by using beneficial insects, birds, etc.

→ Extract of neem is also used against pests and insects etc.

→ Organic certification guarantees that organic products are produced as per the organic set standards.

→ Information about organic standards can be obtained from site www.apeda.gov.in.

This PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 7 Crop Diversification will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 7 Crop Diversification

→ Crop diversification is also known as multiple cropping.

→ Crop diversification is to reduce some area under rice-wheat crops and to increase the area under alternate crops like maize, pulses, oilseeds, sugarcane, potato, etc.

→ Crop diversification helps in natural resource sustainability.

→ Maincrop rotation in Punjab is wheat-rice.

→ There is a consumption of 215 cm water for the wheat-rice cycle in Punjab in a year, but 80% of this water is consumed by rice alone.

→ Punjab is divided into three agroclimatic zones-sub mountainous zones, central zone, and southwestern zone.

→ Kandi belt is included in the sub-mountainous zone.

→ The sub-mountainous zone receives heavy rainfall and there persist problem of soil erosion in this zone.

→ Crops cultivated in, sub-mountainous zones are wheat, maize, paddy, basmati, potato, oilseed, etc.

→ The crop cycle in the central zone of Punjab is wheat-paddy rotation.

→ The crop cycle in the southwestern zone is cotton-wheat rotation.

→ An intensive cropping system means growing more than two crops in a year.

→ Green manuring must be done before cultivating Kharif crops like basmati rice and maize.

→ Maize-based cropping cycle is maize-potato-Summer Moong. or sunflower, maize-potato or Toria-sunflower, etc.

→ The soybean-based cropping system is soybean-wheat-cowpea. This cycle helps in maintaining soil fertility.

→ Groundnut-based cropping system is groundnut-potato or toriya or pea or wheat, groundnut-potato-bajra (fodder), groundnut- toria, or gobhi sarson.

→ Fodder-based cropping system is maize-berseem-bajra, maize-berseem-maize, or cowpea (rawanh).

→ Vegetable-based cropping system: potato-onion-green manure-potato-ladyfinger-early cauliflower, potato (seed)- radish or carrot (seed)-ladyfinger (seed).

This PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 6 BeeKeeping will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 6 BeeKeeping

→ Earlier, beekeeping was practiced mainly in hilly and southern states of India and the reared bee species was the Indian honey bee Apis cerana.

→ PAU, Ludhiana successfully introduced the Italian honey bee in 1965.

→ We may get 20 kg of honey per colony per year from stationary beekeeping and 60 kg of honey per colony per year from migratory beekeeping.

→ Products that are obtained from beekeeping are bee wax, propolis, bee venom, pollen, royal jelly, etc.

→ The body of honey can be considered divided into three parts – head, thorax, and abdomen.

→ There are mainly four species of honey bee Apis dorsata (rock bee), Apis florea (little bee), Apis cerana (Indian bee), and Apis mellifera (European/Italian bee)

→ A honeybee can lay nearly 2000 eggs in a day.

→ Rock bees and little bees are wild species.

→ Indian bee and Italian bee are hive bees.

→ Rock bee is very aggressive.

→ Italian and Indian bees are reared in boxes.

→ There are three castes of honey bees-queen, drones, and worker bees.

→ The life cycle of honey bees has four stages – egg, larva, pupa, and adult.

→ The life cycle of the queen bee completes in 16 days that of a worker in 21 and of drone in 24 days.

→ A colony has nearly 8000 to 80,000 worker bees.

→ Good sources of nectar and pollen for bees are berseem, toria, Sarson, arhar, eucalyptus, Sheesham, pear, etc.

→ The suitable season for starting beekeeping is February-March and November.

→ Honey bees seal the ripe honey with a layer of beeswax.

→ We should not extract unripe honey.

This PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 5 Mushroom Cultivation will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 5 Mushroom Cultivation

→ There are 400 mushroom-growing places in Punjab.

→ Annual production of mushrooms is about 45000-48000 tonnes.

→ Nutrients found in mushrooms are Protein, Calcium, Phosphorus, Iron, Potash, Minerals, and Vitamin-C.

→ It contains low amounts of fats and carbohydrates. Mushrooms are good for patients with blood pressure and sugar.

→ According to the environment of Punjab, there are five varieties of mushrooms-Button mushrooms, shiitake mushrooms, Chinese mushrooms, Milky, Oyster mushrooms.

→ In winter two crops of Button, mushrooms can be taken from September to March.

→ Three crops of oyster mushrooms can be taken from October to March and one crop of shiitake can be taken from September to March.

→ Turn the stack after every fourth day and add molasses, gypsum, Lindane, and furadan respectively at first, third, fifth, sixth, and seventh turning.

→ The seed rate is 300-gram spawn per square meter.

→ In summer four crops of paddy straw mushroom are taken from April to August and of milky mushroom three crops are taken from April to October.

→ Mix FYM and garden soil in the ratio of 4 : 1 or spent compost and FYM in the ratio of 1 : 1 to get casing mixture.

→ Use 4-5% formalin for disinfecting casing mixture.

→ Use dichlorvos as a preventive measure against mushroom flies and do not harvest up to 48 hours after spraying.

→ Mushroom seeds are known as spawn.

→ Within 2-3 weeks 80-100% of trays are filled with mycelium which is white like cotton.

→ The mushroom yield obtained is 8-12 kg per sq metre.

→ 200 grams of fresh mushrooms are packed in poly bags having small holes in them.

This PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 4 Solar Energy will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 4 Solar Energy

→ The sources of energy in nature are of two types conventional (non-renewable) and non-conventional (renewable).

→ Conventional sources of energy are limited. These are coal, electricity, petroleum etc.

→ Non-conventional sources of energy are Biogas solar energy, chemical energy, etc.

→ The solar cell can be used to produce electricity using solar cells.

→ The solar dryer is used for drying vegetables, fruits, etc.

→ Solar dryers are of two types domestic solar dryers, multi-product solar dryers.

→ The solar cooker is used for cooking food using solar energy.

→ The solar water heater is used to heat water using solar energy.

→ Solar water heaters are of two types thermosiphon solar water heater, storage cum collector solar water heater.

→ A solar lantern is an emergency light. It is charged using solar energy and it can be used for 3-4 hours.

→ Solar energy is also used to light street lights and house lights.

→ The solar water pump is used to lift water from a depth of 35-40 feet.

This PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 3 Land Measurement and Documentation of Land Records will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 3 Land Measurement and Documentation of Land Records

→ In India, the measurement of land started in the reign of Mughal Emperor Akbar and Todarmal played an important role in this work.

→ Emperor Akbar started receiving taxes in cash in 1580 A.D.

→ Land measurement improved after independence and the Land consolidation act (Murababandhi act) was one of such reforms.

→ Zagreb is a chain made up of iron rings and is used to measure land.

→ The land is measured in acres, Kanal, maria, etc.

→ Zareeb is 10 Karms Jong or 5.5 feet long.

→ Shijra/Latha is a piece of cloth on which a map of the village is carved, Khasra numbers of all land are printed on it.

→ According to the Land consolidation act, the whole land was divided into pieces each of 25 acres in measurement.

→ The total of all cultivated crops in the form of a table is called Goshwara.

→ Transfer of ownership rights from one owner of land to another owner is called Intkaal.

→ Jammabandi or Fard is an important document of the Punjab Land Revenue Act regarding ownership of land.

→ Earlier, Jammabandi was carried out after every four years and now it is carried out after every five years.

→ There are 1-12 columns in Jammabandi Fard.

→ Girdawary or Gardaury is a survey of land and of cultivated land.

→ We can check the records online from the website: www.plrs.org.in.

→ 1 foot = 12 inch, 1 yard = 3 feet.

→ 1 Marla = 9 Sarsahian = 272 square feet.

→ 1 Kanal = 20 Marla.

→ 1 Acre = 8 Kanal.

→ Hectare = 2.5 acre = 20 Kanal.

This PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 2 Nursery Raising will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 2 Nursery Raising

→ A small land piece is required for nursery raising. It is a remunerative occupation.

→ One can get more income from the nursery raising of vegetables, flowers, and fruits.

→ Seeds are expensive and can be used efficiently through nursery raising.

→ Farmers having less land can gain more by nursery raising than by the cultivation of vegetable crops.

→ Nursery of those vegetables can be raised successfully which can tolerate the. transplanting shock.

→ Land in which the nursery is raised should get at least 8 hours of sunshine.

→ The seedbed for nursery raising should be 15 cm higher than ground level.

→ Treat the soil with formalin before sowing the seed.

→ Treat the seed with captain or thiram before sowing.

→ Transplant the seedlings in the main field after 4-6 weeks of sowing in the nursery.

→ Flowers are grown in the summer season are Sunflower, Zinnia, Kochia, etc.

→ Flowers grown in the winter season are Marigold, Gulashrafi, Ice plant, Garden pea, Phlox, etc.

→ Nursery for seasonal flowers is ready in 30-40 days.

→ Important agroforestry trees are Poplar, Eucalyptus, Drake, Sisham.

→ Drake nursery is propagated from seeds.

→ Sisham is the state tree of Punjab.

→ Treat the cuttings by chlorpyriphos and Remi san against white ants (termite) and diseases.