Bhagya

This PSEB 10th Class Welcome Life Notes Chapter 2 Critical Thinking will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Welcome Life Notes Chapter 2 Critical Thinking

→ For centuries, there has been discrimination between boys and girls in our society.

→ Boys are considered superior to girls and the major reason for this is the male-dominated society.

→ In modem times, science and technology have largely eliminated this gender discrimination.

→ Although this discrimination is reduced still this discrimination still prevails in many areas.

→ We have many examples in history which show that when required, females have shown great courage.

→ This also shows us certain qualities in females such as courage, helping others, etc.

→ While living in a society, we must oppose every type of discrimination and try to bring equality in society.

→ We must use time wisely and not misuse it.

→ If we do not value time today, tomorrow will not value us.

→ It is a must for us to make a timetable and live life according to it.

→ It will bring discipline into our lives and we will be able to do everything at the right time.

→ We must use social media in a better way.

→ We must get good knowledge and only devote that much time to social media which is required.

→ For entertainment, we can use other means as well except social media.

→ We must use mobile, the internet, and other means of communication in a constructive way.

→ They provide us with very good material to study.

→ By using them in a proper way, we can create a better personality.

→ It is a must for every student to use them in a constructive way.

→ There is a lot of negativity spread around us.

→ We must avoid any kind of negativity and must try to adapt and spread positivity.

→ At the same time, we must avoid the misconceptions that exist in society.

→ We must use our discretion and mind to avoid misconceptions and try to remove them from society.

This PSEB 10th Class Welcome Life Notes Chapter 1 Self-Awareness and Self Discipline will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Welcome Life Notes Chapter 1 Self-Awareness and Self Discipline

→ Every individual is having some talent and this talent can be of any type.

→ There is definitely a need to polish the talent which an individual possesses and it can be polished through repeated practice.

→ To become a master of any work, repeated practice is a must.

→ Without practice, no one can do any work in a proper way.

→ That’s why practice is one of the means to polish someone’s talent.

→ Humans and their nature, both are changeable.

→ The way in which change comes in nature, in the same way, the nature of an individual also changes with time.

→ An individual must be of flexible attitude and must welcome every change.

→ A person with a rigid attitude cannot remain happy and make others unhappy as well.

→ A person with a rigid attitude cannot handle his relationships well.

→ He cannot hear his criticism. An individual must develop quality within himself of listening to his criticism and must change that aspect of his life for which he is being criticized.

→ An open-minded individual accepts every change with an open heart and does progress in life.

→ Open-minded person adapts himself according to the changed situation and does progress.

→ If we have adopted modem technology, it is because of our open-mindedness.

→ An individual must not be of rigid attitude.

→ Instead, he must be of flexible nature.

→ If something is going wrong around us, we must try to improve it so that our future generations do not have that problem.

→ Everyone must work to become responsible citizenship and must accept everything that comes in his way.

→ The most important thing is for the person to see his tendency.

→ A person should work in the same field in which he is inclined otherwise he will not be able to do any work properly.

→ After seeing the trends, he should work hard in that field.

→ In this way, he will become aware of the career to come.

This PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 5 Indian Foreign Policy and United Nations will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 5 Indian Foreign Policy and United Nations

Aims and objective of the Foreign Policy:

• Foreign Policy means the policy which a country adopts towards other countries to solve international problems.
• Its main aim is to maintain the country’s security and world peace.

Basis of Foreign Policy of India:

• The main aim of the foreign policy of India is Non-alignment.
• This means that India remains aloof from military alliances or power blocs.
• The basic principle of our foreign policy is to cooperate with the U.N.O. and to have friendly relations with neighbouring countries.

Non-Alignment movement:

• It is the basic principle of India’s foreign policy.
• India was the first country that initiates the policy of Non-alignment.
• The founder members of this movement were India, Yugoslavia, and Egypt.
• The membership of this movement has considerably increased.
• Now, this movement is called Third World.

India and its neighbours:

• Pakistan, China, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, Bhutan Myainmare are our neighbouring countries.
• India aims at having good relations with these countries and our country has solved disputes with some countries.

India and Pakistan:
Pakistan has been claiming Kashmir since independence whereas it is an integral part of India.

India and China:

• August 1962 invasion of India by China had created a rift between India and China.
• But now there is some improvement in relations between the two countries as a result of meetings between the prominent leaders of India and China.

Relations with Bangla Desh:

• The causes of disputes between the two countries were the boundary disputes, Farakha barrage, and migration of Bangladeshis to India.
• The boundary disputes between the two countries have been solved by present governments.

Panchsheel:
On April 29, 1954, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, the then Prime Minister of India and P.M. of China, Chou-en-Lai formulated five principles of Panchsheel of co-existence for the nations of the world.

India’s relations with the U.S.A.:

• India’s relations with the U.S.A. have been changing from time to time.
• The main cause of tension was India’s refusal to sign a Non-proliferation treaty because this treaty is biased.
• But now India has friendly relations with the U.S.A. Now both countries are fighting to eradicate Islamic terrorism.

India’s relations with Russia:

• India has very good relations with Russia.
• Russia has supported India on every issue.
• Russia has contributed a lot to the improvement of India’s economy.

United Nations Organisation:

• UNO was established on 24 October 1945 to stop wars and establish world peace.
• It has six organs and many specialized agencies.
• They have contributed to the development and progress of backward countries.

India and UNO:

• India has full faith in the aims and principles of the UNO.
• So the aim of the foreign policy of India is to support UNO in the establishment of world peace and solving international disputes through peaceful methods.

This PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 4 Indian Democracy at Work will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 4 Indian Democracy at Work

Types of Democracy:

• Democracy can be either Direct or Indirect.
• In a direct democracy, the people run the government directly but in indirect democracy, the government is run by the representatives of the people.
• For the success of democracy, it is essential that public opinion plays an important role.
• Healthy public opinion is a check on the political parties.
• In the formation of public opinion, many constituents such as newspapers, electronic media, political parties, and many social service groups play a very important role.

Expression of Public Opinion:

• In the formation of public opinion, its means are also considered.
• The political parties indicate the opinion of the people.

Modern Public Opinion:
Modem age is the age of indirect public opinion because the modem states have large areas and have big populations.

Right to Vote:

• The right to vote means that, the citizens have the right to elect their representatives.
• In India, the basis of voting is one person one vote.

Secret ballot:

• In most democratic countries, the method of the secret ballot has been adopted.
• It means that in the elections, the citizens can vote for a candidate of their choice.
• Any voter cannot be compelled to vote for any particular candidate.
• He cannot be told for whom he has to cast his vote.

Election Process:

• The Election Commission conducts the elections by a particular process.
• This process has different stages:
  • To fix the date of the election
  • Nomination of candidates
  • Scrutiny of nomination papers
  • The date of withdrawal
  • Election campaign
  • Voting
  • Counting of votes
  • Declaration of results.

The Election Symbols:

• Every political party has its own symbol. Independent candidates are given different symbols.
• The allocation of symbols to the candidates makes it easy for the voters to vote for the candidate of their choice.

Election Propaganda:
With the announcement of the election, political parties and independent candidates start election propaganda and try to influence the voters.

Election Manifesto:
An election manifesto is an important document of a political party in which each political party declares its aims, objectives, and programmes.

Role of Political Parties:
Political parties help to create public interest without which there can be no public opinion.

Party Systems:
The single-party system, bi-party system, and multiple-party system.

Names of National Political Parties:
Indian National Congress, Bhartiya Janata Party, Communist Party of India (Marxist), CPI, National Congress, and Trinamool Congress.

India’s important Regional Parties:
AIDMK in Tamilnadu, Telgu Desham in Andhra Pradesh, Akali Dal in Punjab, National Conference in J&K, etc.

Role of Opposition:

• The opposition not in power criticizes the government.
• It serves as a check on the government.

This PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 3 The State Government will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 3 The State Government

State Legislature:

• There are two Houses-State Legislatures of some states have two Houses while in others there is only one House.
• The Lower House is called Legislative Assembly and the Upper House is called Legislative Council.
• In the states where there is one House, it is called Legislative Assembly.

Legislative Assembly:

• The maximum number of members of the Legislative Assembly is 500 and the minimum number is 60.
• The minimum qualification of membership for the Legislative Assembly is 25 years or more.
• He should not be holding any office of profit.
• Its term is 5 years.

Legislative Council:

• Legislative Council is a permanent House.
• One-third of its members retire every two years.
• The term of a member is six years.
• One-third of the members of this House are elected by Legislative Assembly, one more by Municipal Corporations and
• Councils, one-twelfth by men of graduates, and the other one-twelfth by the teachers of schools, colleges, and universities.
• The rest of the members are nominated by Governors.

State Executives:
Governors, Chief Ministers, and Council of Ministers.

Governor:

• The Governor is appointed by the President for five years.
• All the executive actions of the state are taken in his name.
• But in actual practice, these powers are exercised by the Chief Minister.
• All important decisions are taken in the name of the Governor.
• Any bill passed by State Legislature becomes law only after it has been signed by the Governor.
• He can also issue ordinances in the absence of Legislature.
• He also enjoys some executive powers.

President Rule:

• On the recommendation of the Governor, the President can declare an emergency in the state.
• In the time of Emergency in the state, the Governor can exercise all the executive powers at his discretion.

Chief Minister and Council of Ministers:

• The Governor appoints the leader of the majority party as the Chief Minister.
• He appoints other Ministers on his recommendation.
• The Council of Ministers is jointly responsible to the Legislature.

High Court:

• In every state, there is one High Court.
• Sometimes two or more two states can have jointly one High Court.

Jurisdiction of High Court:
Original, appellate, and administrative jurisdiction.

Original Jurisdiction:
Any case regarding the fundamental rights can be brought directly to the High Court.

Appellate Jurisdiction:
High Court hears appeals against the decision of the lower court in most of the revenue and criminal cases.

Administrative Jurisdiction:
The High Court has the power to supervise and control the Lower House in its jurisdiction.

Subordinate Courts:

• Subordinate courts are supervised by the High Court.
• These include District and Sessions Courts and Lower Courts.

Lok Adalat:
The Lok Adalats have been set up in the states with a view to providing speedy and cheap justice to the poor.

This PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 2 The Central Government will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 2 The Central Government

Indian Parliament:

• The Union Legislative of India is called the Parliament.
• Constitutionally Parliament consists of President and two Houses: Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
• The Parliament can make laws on all the subjects of national importance.
• It is the supreme law-making body.

Speaker of the Lok Sabha and the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha:

• The Head of Lok Sabha is called the Speaker.
• He is elected, by the members of Lok Sabha.
• He conducts the business of the Lok Sabha and maintains the discipline in the House.
• The Vice-President is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.

Election Process:

• A bill has to pass through different stages before it becomes a law.
  • Presentation of the bill in the House
  • First reading
  • Second reading
  • Third reading
  • The signing of the President
• A money bill can only be presented in the Lok Sabha only by a minister.

Qualifications for the office of President and the method of his election:

• Only that person can contest the election of President who fulfills the qualification for the election of a member of Lok Sabha.
• He must be of 35 years of age.
• He must not hold any office of profit in the govt.
• The President is elected by an electoral college.
• The President can be removed from his office even before the completion of his term by impeachment.

Executive Powers of the President:

• The President appoints the Prime Minister and appoints other ministers on his advice.
• He appoints Governors of states, Chief Justice of India, Chief Election Commissioner, Comptroller and Auditor General of
• India, the Chairman of Public Service Commission, and Ambassadors of India.

Judicial Powers of the President:

• The President appoints the Chief Justice of India and other judges on his recommendation.
• He also appoints the Chief Justice of High Courts.
• He can remit sentences.

Emergency Powers:

• President can declare an external emergency (Art. 352), Emergency in the states (Art. 356), Financial Emergency (Art. 360).
• In the absence of the President, his powers are exercised by the Vice-President.

Position of Prime Minister in India:

• Although the Constitution provides important powers to President actually they are exercised by the Prime Minister.
• So the President is the Nominal Head of the state.

Vice-President:

• He is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
• His term is five years.

Prime Minister and the Cabinet:

• The President appoints the leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha as the Prime Minister of India.
• The Cabinet is responsible to the Lok Sabha.

Supreme Court:

• The Constitution provides for the appointment of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
• Supreme Court has one Chief Justice and other judges.
• Besides the original jurisdiction, the Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction and advisory functions.

This PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 1 Features of the Indian Constitution will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 1 Features of the Indian Constitution

→ Constitution (Meaning): A Constitution is a document of basic laws according to which the government of a country functions. The new Constitution of India came into force on 26th January 1950.

→ The preamble of the Indian Constitution. India is a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, and Democratic Republic.

→ Features of the Constitution:

• Written
• Long and detailed
• Fundamental Rights
• Fundamental Duties
• Distribution of powers between the centre and states
• Directive Principles
• Parliamentary form of government.

→ Federal Features: According to it, powers’ are divided between Union and the States.

→ Important Fundamental Rights:

• Right to Equality
• Right to Freedom
• Right against Exploitation
• Right to Constitutional Remedies.

→ Federal in form hut unitary in spirit: Federal having two sets of government

• Central and states governments.
• Written Constitution
• Unitary India is the Union of States
• Single citizenship
• Centre can proclaim an emergency and can assume all powers of states.

→ National Unity and Integrity: It means feelings of oneness in all the people of the country. Integrity means one nation and all states are its integral parts.

→ Parliamentary form of government: The Prime Minister is the real head of the country. The President is the nominal head.

→ A Welfare State: It takes measures to improve the standard of living of the people. The directive principles aim to achieve this object.

This PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 9 Punjab’s Contribution towards Struggle for Freedom will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 9 Punjab’s Contribution towards Struggle for Freedom

Centres of the Revolt of 1857 in the Punjab:

• Lahore, Ferozepur, Peshawar, and Ambala were the main centres of the revolt of 1857 in Punjab.
• Sardar Ahmed Khan Kharal took an active part in this revolt.

Namdhari or Kuka Movement:

• The founder of the Namdhari movement was Baba Balak Singh.
• But the movement became very powerful under Baba Ram Singh.
• The Kukas attacked the cow-slaughterers and killed them.

Arya Samaj:

• Swami Dayanand Saraswati was the founder of the Arya Samaj.
• It was founded by him in 1875 A. D. at Bombay.
• The Arya Samaj played an important role in the social and religious fields.
• It also played a remarkable role in the freedom movement.

Ghadar Movement:

• The Ghadar Movement was a revolutionary movement.
• The main aim of this movement was to overthrow British rule in India.
• The Ghadar Party was established in 1913 A.D. in San Francisco.
• Baba Sohan Singh Bhakna was its president.
• Under the command of Ras Bihari Bose and Kartar Singh Sarabha, the Ghadar revolutionaries wanted to throw the English out of India through aA armed revolution.

Naujawan Sabha:

• Sardar Bhagat Singh founded the Naujawan Sabha in 1925-26.
• Its aim was to arouse the spirit of sacrifice, patriotism, and revolution among the youth.

Akali Movement and Gurudwara Reform Movement:

• During British rule, the management of the Sikh Gurudwaras was in the hands of the corrupt Mahants.
• The Sikhs wanted to free their religious places from the Mahants.
• So they started the Gurudwara Reform Movement.

Babbar Akali Movement:

• Many Sikh leaders wanted to turn the Gurudwara Reform Movement violent.
• The policy of the Babbar Akalis was to kill the enemies of their religion and frighten them.
• Havaldar Kishan Singh was the founder of this movement.

Khilafat Movement:

• The Khilafat Movement was started against the English because of their policy towards Turkey.
• The names of two brothers who started it in India were Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.

Rowlatt Act:

• The Rowlatt Act was passed to crush the national movement. People called it Black Act.
• According to this Act, any person could be arrested and imprisoned without any trial.

Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy:

• The Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy occurred on April 13, 1919.
• On that day, the people of Amritsar were holding a meeting in Jallianwala Bagh.
• General Dyer ordered firing on this peaceful meeting without any warning.
• Hundreds of innocent people were killed and injured.

Resolution of Complete Independence:

• Resolution of Complete Independence was passed in the Lahore Session of the Congress which was held in December 1929.
• It was presided over by Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru.