PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 1 Tribal Society

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 1 Tribal Society Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 1 Tribal Society

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Where do tribals live?
(a) Mountains
(b) Forests
(c) Valleys
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

2. Which of these is the other name given to the tribal people?
(a) Vanvasi
(b) Adam Jati
(c) Scheduled tribes
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

3. What name was given by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar to the tribals?
(a) Pahari
(b) Scheduled castes
(c) Adivasi
(d) Vanvasi
Answer:
(b) Scheduled castes

4. What is the percentage of the tribal population in India?
(a) 8.2%
(b) 9.2%
(c) 7.2%
(d) 10.2%
Answer:
(a) 8.2%

5. Which of these is the largest tribe in India?
(a) Santhal
(b) Naga
(c) Bhil
(d) Munda
Answer:
(a) Santhal

6. Who gave the racial classification of tribals?
(a) Majumdar
(b) Madaan
(c) Sir Herbert Risley
(d) Nadeem Hashian
Answer:
(c) Sir Herbert Risley

Fill in the Blanks:

1. Gond tribe is related with ……………. group.
Answer:
Dravid

2. Major occupation of Bhils is ……………….
Answer:
agriculture

3. The custom of bride price prevails among ……………..
Answer:
Santhals

4. Tribals are uprooted from their places due to ……………….
Answer:
Displacement

5. In ………………….. type of family, authority is in the hands of mothers.
Answer:
Matriarchal

True/False:

1. Tribal people do shifting cultivation.
Answer:
True

2. Gond tribe lives in Punjab.
Answer:
False

3. There are seven Indian tribes whose population is one lac or more.
Answer:
True

4. On the basis of authority, there are two types of family.
Answer:
True

5. On the basis of place of living, there are four types of family.
Answer:
True

One Word/One Line Questions Answers:

Question 1.
In which part of India, tribes live more in number?
Answer:
Most of the tribes live in Central and in the north-eastern part of India.

Question 2.
Where do tribals live?
Answer:
Tribals live very much away from our civilization in forests, mountains, and valleys.

Question 3.
What are the other names given to the tribal people?
Answer:
Tribals are known by different names such as Vanyajati, Vanvasi, Pahari, Aadim jati, Janjati, and Scheduled castes.

Question 4.
What name has the Indian Constitution given to the tribes?
Answer:
The Indian Constitution has given them the name of Scheduled tribes.

Question 5.
Who gave the name of Scheduled tribes?
Answer:
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

Question 6.
From where did the word ‘Tribe’ derive?
Answer:
The word ‘Tribe’ is derived from a Latin word ‘Tribuz’ which means ‘one third’.

Question 7.
In which article of the Indian Constitution, the name of Scheduled castes is mentioned?
Answer:
Article 342.

Question 8.
Where do Naga, Khasi and Toda tribes live?
Answer:
Naga tribe lives in Nagaland, Khasi tribe in Assam and Toda tribe in the Nilgiri hills of south India.

Question 9.
Which language do Gond and Bhil people speak?
Answer:
Gonds speak Gondi language and Bhils speak Bhili language.

Question 10.
Which language do Santhal and Munda tribes speak?
Answer:
Santhal tribe speaks Santhali and Munda tribe speaks Mundari language.

Question 11.
What is the percentage of tribal population in India?
Answer:
In 2011, the tribal population constituted 8.2% of the total Indian population.

Question 12.
In which Indian states there is minimum and maximum tribal population?
Answer:
Goa has minimum tribal population and Mizoram has maximum tribal population.

Question 13.
In which Indian Union Territories, there is minimum and maximum tribal population?
Answer:
Lakshdweep has maximum tribal population and Andaman and Nicobar has minimum tribal population.

Question 14.
Name the largest Indian tribe and where does it live?
Answer:
Santhal is the largst Indian tribe and it lives in West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand and Odisha.

Question 15.
What is the base of division of labour in tribal society?
Answer:
Division of labour in tribal society is based on age and gender.

Question 16.
What type of economy do tribals have?
Answer:
Tribals have subsistence economy and barter system.

Question 17.
Who divided Indian tribes on racial basis?
Answer:
Sir Herbert Risley divided Indian tribes on racial basis.

Question 18.
Give different names of Shifting Cultivation.
Answer:
This is known as Jhuming in India, Milpa in Maxico, Roca in Brazil and Ladang in Malaysia.

Question 19.
Name seven Indian tribes whose population is more than one lac.
Answer:
Gond, Bhil, Santhal, Mina, Oraon, Munda and Khond.

Question 20.
Where does Gond tribe live?
Answer:
Gond tribe lives in Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Odisha etc.

Question 21.
Name the language spoken by the Gond tribe.
Answer:
Gona tribe speaks Gondi and Chattisgarhi language.

Question 22.
Where does Bhil tribe live?
Answer:
Bhil tribe lives in Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan and Tripura.

Question 23.
Name the language spoken by Bhil tribe and which is their important festival?
Answer:
Bhil tribe speaks Bhili language and Holi is their important festival.

Question 24.
Where does Santhal tribe live?
Answer:
Santhal tribe lives in Bihar, West Bengal, Jharkhand and Odisha.

Question 25.
Name the languages spoken by the Santhals.
Answer:
Santhals speak Santhali, Oriya, Bangla and Hindi of Bihar.

Question 26.
On the basis of authority, how many types of tribes are there?
Answer:
On the basis of authority, there are two types of tribes, patriarchal and matriarchal.

Question 27.
How many types of tribes are there on the basis of place of residence?
Answer:
Four types—patrilocal, matrilocal, bilocal and neolocal.

Question 28.
How many types of tribes are there on the basis of descent?
Answer:
Three types—patrilineal, matrilineal and double descent system.

Question 29.
How many types of marriages are thefe in tribal society?
Answer:
There are nine types of marriages in tribal society.

Question 30.
Which tribes live in Central India?
Answer:
Tribes such as Gonds, Bheel, Santhal, Oraon-etc. live in Central India.

Question 31.
What name was given to the tribals by G.S. Ghurye?
Answer:
G.S. Gurye called tribals as ‘Backward Hindus’.

Question 32.
Name the largest Indian tribe and where do they live?
Answer:
Santhal is the largest Indian tribe and they live’ in West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand and Odisha.

Question 33.
Give one feature of tribal society.
Answer:
A tribe is a collection of families which live in a common area and has a common name and language.

Question 34.
Name any two Matrilineal tribes.
Answer:
Garo and Khasi are two Matrilineal tribe.

Question 35.
Give one feature of tribal economy.
Answer:
Tribal economy is small in size, subsistence nature and depends upon simple technique.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Which tribes are known as Scheduled tribes?
Answer:
There are many tribes in India which live in different parts of country. Those tribes whose names are written in the Constitution and which have maintained their separate tribal identity, are known as Scheduled tribes.

Question 2.
What is a tribe?
Answer:
Tribe is a social group which lives in a specific geographical area in natural condition, whose members have cultural similarity and have unified social organisation.

Question 3.
What names are given to tribes by different scholars?
Answer:
Normally, tribal people are called as Adivasi but G.S. Ghurye called them Backward Hindus. Mahatma Gandhi called them as Girijan, J.H. Hutton called them as Primitive tribals and in the Indian Constitution, they are referred as Scheduled castes.

Question 4.
According to Article 342 of the Constitution, what are the features of tribes?
Answer:
According to Article 342 of the Constitution, they have the following features :

• Primitive traits
• Geographical isolation
• Distinct culture
• Economically backward
• Shyness of contact with community at large.

Question 5.
Two features of tribal society.
Answer:

• Tribal society lives in a particular geographical area and we can call it as a collection of families.
• Each tribes has its own specific culture, language and religion. They never like to get interfered -by any one.

Question 6.
What is meant by Chieftainship?
Answer:
Each tribe has its own political system whose head is elected on the basis of physical strength, age or experience. Head or Chief has all despotic powers and his decision is final. His decisions are obeyed by all. Thisf system is known as Chieftainship.

Question 7.
What is Subsistence economy?
Answer:
Tribal economy is based on subsistence and their means of production are fishing, collecting, hunting and forest products. They never keep any thihg with them. Whatever they collect, consume it. But from last few decades, their economy is changing.

Question 8.
What type of division of labour is there in tribal society?
Answer:
Division of labour in tribal societies is based on age and gender. There is nothing called specialisation in these societies which exists in the present modern societies. All collectively hunt down the animals and collect the things. Females take care of the houses.

Question 9.
Tell in brief about the Dravidian tribes.
Answer:
This type of tribes are spread from the Ganga valley of West Bengal till Sri Lanka which includes Chennai, Hyderabad, Central India and the region of Chotta Nagpur. They are also known as the original inhabitants of India. They are of dark complexion with black eyes, long head and broad nose.

Question 10.
Explain the tribal classification given by B.K. Roy.
Answer:

• Those tribes which have completely, assimilated in the Hindu society system.
• Those tribes which keep positive orientation towards Hindu social order.
• Those tribes which keep negative orientation towards Hindu social order.
• Those tribe which are indifferent towards Hindu social order.

Question 11.
Patriarchal Tribe.
Answer:
It is that tribe which is controlled by father and whole family obeys his orders. Descent goes through father and son gets father’s property. Father is the head of family and monogamy is there in family. Due to the dominance of father, it is known as Patriarchal tribe.

Question 12.
Matriarchal Tribe.
Answer:
That tribe which is run by mothers and family is run according to mother’s will. Descent goes through mother’s name and property is given to daughter. Mother is head of the family. Due to mother’s dominance, it is known as matriarchal tribe.

Question 13.
Name the issues which tribal societies are facing.
Answer:
Tribal societies are facing two major issues and these are deforestation and displacement. Forests are being cut down because of which their means of livelihood are decreasing. Secondly they are displaced from their original places and are forced to settle in other areas.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Tribe.
Answer:
A tribe is that group of people which lives quite away from our civilization on mountains, forests and valleys and in ancient conditions. This group lives in a specific geographical area which has its own different language, culture and religion. These groups are endogamous groups and obey some rules from the point of views of love, occupation and industry. These people are very much different from our culture, civilization and society. Different tribes are also Vhry much different from each other on many bases like social structure, language, culture etc.

Question 2.
Tribal Society.
Answer:
Tribe is a group of people which lives away from our civilization on mountains, forests and valleys and in ancient conditions. The society which exists in these tribes is known as tribal society. Tribal society is a classless society in which there is no existence of stratification of any type. Most of the population of tribal society lives either on mountain or in forests. These societies are generally self dependent who have control on themselves and these are very much out of control of any one. Tribal society is completely different from rural and urban society from the point of view of social structure and culture.

Question 3.
Two definitions of Tribe.
Answer:

• According to Imperial Gazetteer of India, “A tribe is a collection of families bearing a common name, speaking a common dialect, occupying or professing to occupy a common territory and is not usually endogamous, though originally it might have been so.”
• According to D.N. Majumdar, “A tribe is a collection of families or group of families bearing a common name, member of which occupy the same territory, speak the same language and observe certain taboos regarding marriage, profession or occupation and have developed a well-assessed system of reciprocity and mutuality of obligation.”

Question 4.
Four characteristics of Tribal Society.
Answer:

• Tribe is a group of many families in which common production is there and they fulfill their needs from that production.
• Tribal people live in one common geographical area and due to living in one geographical area they are different from the other society.
• Every tribe has its common language and different name because of which they are very much different from each other.
• Every tribe has its own different ways of living, religion, language, taboo etc. because of which their culture is also different from each other.

Question 5.
Tribe lives in a common territory. Explain.
Answer:
People of a tribe lives in a common and definite geographical territory. They are very much different and live away from other parts of society due to this common and definite geographical territory. That’s why they are out of the reach of the rest of the society. Because they have their own different culture and they never like the interference of any one in their tribe and that’s why they never likes to keep any type of relation with rest of the society. They have their own different world. They have the community feeling because they live in a common territory.

Question 6.
Tribal Society is a Segmentary Society. How?
Answer:
Every tribal society is different from other society on many basis like ways of eating habits, language, geographical area etc. They are different from each other on many basis and never like to interfere in each other’s matters. They don’t have any type of discrimination with any one and that’s why they are known as Segmentary Societies.

Question 7.
Division of tribes on racial basis.
Answer:
According to Majumdar and Madaan Indian tribes can be divided in three parts on the basis of geographical distribution and these are :

• North Eastern Zone
• Central Zone and
• Southern Zone.

In these three geographical areas we can find the three types of racial elements yet they cannot be strictly divided. These three races are :

• Mangoloid
• Proto-Australoid
• Negrito.

Question 8.
Division of tribes on the geographical basis.
Answer:
Dr. V.S. Guha has divided Indian tribes in three geographical parts and these are :

• North and North Eastern Zone. This area is spread from Leh and up to the Lushai mountains north of Shimla in which the hilly areas of Himachal, eastern Punjab, U.P., Eastern Kashmir, Assam are included. Main tribes in this are Gaddi, Naga, Kuki, Khasi, Tharu, Bhutia etc.
• Central Zone. This area includes the area of south of Ganga and north of Krishna river in which Vindhyanchal, ancient mountains of Satpura are coming. Tribes of Munda, Bhil, Santhal, Ho, Chenchu etc. are included in it.
• Southern Zone. Whole area of south of Krishna river is included in it. Tribes of Pulyan, Malayan, Chenchu, Toda, Kota etc. come in it.

Question 9.
Division of tribes on linguistic basis.
Answer:
Language which exists in India can be divided in four main parts and these are :

• Indo European or Aryan language. Languages of Punjabi, Hindi, Bengali, Gujarati, Orria etc. are coming in it.
• Dravidian languages. Languages of Telugu, Malayalam, Tamil, Kannada etc. come in it.
• Austric languages. Bhunda, Kola etc. languages come in it.
• Tibeto Chinese languages. Many tribes of India use these languages also.

Question 10.
Division of tribes on Economic basis.
Answer:
Indian tribes can be divided in four parts on economic basis and these four parts are :

• Hunters and food gatherers
• Animal rearing tribes
• Agriculturist tribes
• Tribes related with industries.

Question 11.
Two main Matrilineal Tribes in India.
Answer:
Garo tribe and Khasi tribe are the two major matrilineal tribes of India. The meaning of materihneal tribes is by that tribe where not father but the mother have more importance anjf where descent of the family moves with the name of mother. After marriage bridegroom goes to bride’s house to live and property is given to daughter from her mother. This type of system exists in Garo and Khasi tribes.

Question 12.
Polygamy.
Answer:
When a man marries two or more females then this type of marriage is known as polygamy. This type of marriage was sanctioned by society even in ancient times. This type of marriage prevails in many tribes like Toda, Gonds, Naga, Muthuven, Poliyan etc. It is of two types. First is restricted polygamy in which the number of wives are restricted arid person cannot keep more wives than its limit. Second type is unrestricted polygamy in which there is no limit on keeping number of wives. A person can keep as many wives as he wants. There is no such restriction on it.

Question 13.
Polyandry.
Answer:
In this type of marriage one female has many husbands. For example in Mahabhartha, Dropadi had five husbands. In the tribes of Khas, Toda, Kot etc. this custom of marriage prevails. According to Kapadia, “Polyandry is a form of union in which a woman has more than one husband at a time or in. which brothers share a wife or wives in common.” It is also of two types.

• Fraternal Polyandry
• Non-fraternal polyandry.

Question 14.
Fraternal Polyandry.
Answer:
Fraternal Polyandry. According to this type of marriage, .one female has many males and they all are brothers of each other. Elder brother is considered as father of children and younger brother cannot establish relations with their wife without the permission of elder brother. This type of brothers prevails in Khas tribe. If any other brother marries with any other female then his wife is also considered as wife of other brother. If any brother takes birth after the marriage then he is also considered as her husband.

Question 15.
Non-Fraternal Polyandry.
Answer:
Non-Fraternal Polyandry. In this type of marriage all the husbands of a women are not brothers of each other but they live very much away from each other. Female goes to one husband to live for a limited period of time. During that limited period no other husband can establish contact with his wife. At the time of pregnancy, if any husband gives the gift of arrow and bow to his wife then he is considered as the father of the child.

Question 16.
Marriage by Purchase.
Answer:
Marriage by Purchase. This type of marriage exists in many tribes. In this type of marriage, value of the bride is generally given in the form of money or in the form of produce of agriculture. Though a person buys his wife in this type of marriage but it should not be considered as the means of sale and purchase. Actually a person gives compensation to his in-laws for the upbringing of his wife. This type of marriage exists in the tribes of Santhal, Ho, Naga, Munda, Oraon etc..

Question 17.
Marriage by” Exchange.
Answer:
Marriage by Exchange. This type of marriage came into being for the reason to not to give value of the bride. In many tribes the bride’s value is so high that the person is unable to pay that value. That’s why they exchange the females of their family. Person gives his sister or any female of his family in lieu of his wife. This type of marriage also exists in Hindu Society.

Question 18.
Marriage by capture.
Answer:
Marriage by Capture. This type of marriage also prevails in many tribal societies. In earlier times, one rule was there that parents were giving sanctions to the marriage but with the passage of time, views of children are changing. If parents are not giving permission to marry then the boy has no choice but to capture the girl. Afterwards the elders of both families accept their marriage. Higher bride price is also one of the reason of this type of marriage. This type of rharriage prevails in the tribes of Himachal Pradesh and Chhota Nagpur.

Question 19.
Marriage by service.
Answer:
Marriage by Service. This type of marriage is also a form of marriage by purchase. Sometimes poor people are unable to give the bride price but at the same time they also want to marry. That is why boy does some work or job for the parents of the girl. After sometime parents of the girl give permission for their marriage and they establish their new house after their marriage. In Puram and Gond tribe one boy has to work at the girl’s house for three years and he fulfills all the responsibilities of the boy. Father of the girl takes care of his needs of food and living. In some tribes father of the girl gives some money as a loan to boy to pay the bride price and boy slowly gives back that money later on. This type of marriage exists in Munda, Oraon, Bouga, tribes.

Question 20.
Probationary Marriage.
Answer:
Probationary Marriage. The main aim of this type of marriage is to give chance to both boy and girl to understand each other. In this type of marriage boy goes to girl’s house for some time to live. Both boy and girl are free to talk and to meet with each other. If after some time or after probationary period, boy thinks that her nature is good enough for him then they marry with each other. If their nature do not match with each other then the boy gives some money as compensation to the father of the girl and goes back to his house. This type of marriage exists in Kuki tribe.

Question 21.
Anader or Intrusion Marriage.
Answer:
Anader or Intrusion Marriage. In this type of marriage girl takes shelter at boy’s house. If girl wants to marry any body who is not ready to marry with her, then she goes to boy’s house to live. Boy’s family members misbehave with her, she has to face very harsh behaviour. Even they beat her, sometimes do not give her food and even they keep her out of their house. But even then if she wants to marry that boy then the boy has to marry her.

Question 22.
Marriage by Mutual Consent.
Answer:
Marriage by Mutual Consent. Marriage by mutual consent exists in many tribes. Girl runs away from her house with the boy with her own wish. She never comes back to her house until her parents do not give their sanction to their marriage. This type of marriage also exists in our society.

Question 23.
Marriage by trial.
Answer:
Marriage by Trial. In this type of marriage both boy and girl are permitted to live with each othe/ at girl’s house. If they like each other then their elders perform their marriage but if they do not like each other then boy goes back to his house. But he has to give some money as compensation for his expenses during that period to the father of the girl.

Question 24.
Totem Exogamy.
Answer:
According to the rule of totem exogamy people who worship the same totem, cannot marry with each other. Meaning of totem is that people consider any plant, stone or any animal as their deity and they start to worship that deity. This type of rule exists in the Indian tribal societies where a person marries out of his totem.

Question 25.
Matrilocal Family.
Answer:
This type of family is definitely opposite to Patrilocal family in which girl never leaves her father’s house after marriage but it lives there only. In this, her husband leaves his father’s house and goes to the house of his wife to live. It is known as Matrilocal family. We can find this type of family in Garo and Khasi tribes.

Question 26.
Patrilocal Family.
Answer:
In this type of family, bride leaves her father’s house and goes to the house of her husband to live and establish the family. We can see this type of family very often.

Question 27.
Neolocal Family.
Answer:
This type of family is different from patrilocal family and matrilocal family. In this neither husband nor wife goes to their father’s house to live but they establish their new house at any other place and that’s why it is known as Neolocal family. We can find this type of family in today’s industrial society.

Question 28.
What is Patriarchal Family?
Answer:
As it is clear from the name, power or authority in this type of family is completely in the hands of father. All the functions of the family are controlled by the father. He is also the head of the family. He is being obeyed in every type of minor or major decisions. All the members of the family are under control of the father. In this way family is being run on. the name of the father. Son gets nomenclature of the father and nomenclature of the father is of great importance. We can find this type of family in modern times.

Question 29.
Matriarchal Family.
Answer:
As it is clear from the name, authority or power in the family is in the hands of mother. Relatives of the mother have more rights on the children as compared to relatives of the father. Female is known as the basic ancestor. Legal heir of the property is not the son but is the brother of the mother or son of mother’s sister. Family is run on the name of the mother. It means that children get nomenclature Of the mother. We can find this type of family in some of the tribes of India like Garo’s and Khasi’s.

Question 30.
Bride Price.
Answer:
This type of custom exists in tribal society. In this if any person wants to marry any girl then he has to pay her price to her father because they have spent a lot of money in the process of upbringing of their daughter. Bride price or value of the bride depends upon the economic and social status of the father of the girl. If one person is unable to pay the price of the bride then many persons jointly pay that price. In that case female becomes wife of all those persons.

Question 31.
The Chieftain.
Answer:
The highest position in the ancient political administration is of the chieftain. It can be ancestral or can be obtained in any other way. Sometimes this person is elected by the people. In some tribal societies two chieftains are there—first one is peace chief and second one is the war chief. Peace chief is also the head of the tribal council and who regulates the internal matters of the tribe. It also solves some of the matters related to crime. He is also elected for a limited period of time in many tribes. War chief gives direction at the time of war. This position can be given to any person who has the ability to solve the matters related to war.

Question 32.
Headman.
Answer:
The most ancient position in the political organization of tribal societies is the position of the Headman. Position of Headman is generally ancestral, respected and effective. He takes care of all the matters related to his group and gives direction on every occasion. He also directs at the time of hunting in some tribes. He solves every type of matters and his decision is respected by everyone. Sometimes he becomes despotic but generally he is a democratic administrator.

Question 33.
Tribal Council.
Answer:
The most important part of political administration in tribal societies is the council of elders. It exists in all the tribal societies because one person cannot run the administration in all the tribal societies. Even the despotic ruler needs the help of advisors. In some tribes, this council elects new headman or king after the death of the headman or king. Most of the members of tribal council are the elders of the society. All the decisions in council have been taken with majority. The most important function of the council is to give advice to the chieftain in complex matters. Council is formed on the basis of village, tribe or clan. Representative of every sub-group is generally taken in the council of clan. Other councils are also elected in this way. Council members in many tribes are elected.

Question 34.
Hunters and Food gatherer Tribes.
Answer:
Many tribes are living at the far off places in forests and mountains. Yet most of the tribes have joined the main stream due to means of transport and they also have adopted the occupation of agriculture but still many tribes are there who still spend their life as hunters and food gatherers. They collect roots, fruits, honey etc. and even are hunting smaller animals. Some tribes also exchange many things. In this way they fulfill their needs in the absence of agriculture.

Question 35.
Shifting Agriculture.
Answer:
Shifting agriculture prevails in most of the tribes. In this type of agriculture, tribal people first of all clear the forest by cutting it or keeping it on fire. Then they start cultivating the land. They get very less production due to ancient means of agriculture. When the production from that land becomes very less then they stop cultivating that land and start the same process on any other piece of land. This way of agriculture has been criticised. Tribes of Lohta, Naga, Khasi, Kuki, Saora, Korva etc. used to do this type of agriculture. Very less production is there with this way of agriculture and that’s why their condition is very pitiable.

Question 36.
Pastoralists.
Answer:
Pastoral ecopomy is one of the important parts of tribal economy. Tribal people rear animals for different purposes like to take milk, meat and wool and to carry weight. Pastoral tribes of India live a static and permanent life and are moving according to the season. Tribes of mountainous region move towards plains in the winter season and come back to their areas in summer season. The main pastoral tribe of India is the Gujjar tribe of Himachal Pradesh which rears buffaloes, cows and sheep for business purposes.

Question 37.
Artisans.
Answer:
Generally most of the tribes used to do the work of cultivation but some tribes are there who used to earn their livelihood only through this work. Many tribes used to do this work during their free time to increase their income. Tribes make things out of metal, cotton etc. to earn their livelihood. They also used to make things with bamboo. The work of artisan includes the work of carpenter, utensils, tools etc. These people are also famous to make toys of metal and glass.

Question 38.
Problems related to forests.
Answer:
Tribes generally live in forests and away from the population. They think that forests are their property. They collect things from forests to eat, are cutting wood to sell or are cutting trees to do shifting agriculture. But now laws related to forests have been made and government is giving land to contractors on contract. Contractors of forests do not allow them to cut the wood, to collect anything and even to clear the land for agriculture. In this way they are unable to meet their daily needs.

Question 39.
Reasons for changes in tribal society.
Answer:

• Changes are coming in tribal society under the effect of Christian missionaries.
• They started to move to other places by leaving their own place due to the development of means of transport and communication.
• Now their economy has been changed from subsistence economy to market economy. Now they are doing more production for market.
• Constitution has kept many provisions to uplift the tribes with which their position has been changed.
• Educational institutions has been opened in their areas due to which, these people are getting education.

Long Answer type questions:

Question 1.
Explain in brief about the five Indian tribes whose population is nine lacs or more.
Answer:
1. Mundas. Munda tribe exists generally in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar, Tripura, West Bengal etc. Around 62% population of Munda tribe lives in Bihar. The main occupation of this tribe is agriculture. It is known as one of the ancient tribes of the country. Little bit of education has been spread in Munda tribe because of which some of its educated members have got the governmental and non governmental jobs,. These people believe in Singbonga god. These people worship the spirits of their ancestors so that the good produce from agriculture can be taken. 19% population of the Munda tribe is educated. Yet their main language is Mundri but they also speak Hindi and the respective language of the state. Their population is around 20 lakh. ”

The main occupation of Munda tribe is agriculture and they earn their livelihood through means of agriculture. Too much illiteracy is there in it yet the 19% people of the total population are educated and some of these are doing governmental and non-governmental jobs. Some seats in government jobs are reserved for them. These people believe in religion to a great extent. They worship the Singbonga god and the spirits of their ancestors so that they could protect them from every .type of problem. ‘

2. Khonds. Khonds tribe generally exists in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal etc. In Andhra Pradesh it is known as ‘Ronds’. It is also one of the ancient tribe and it gave human sacrifice in ancient times. It is very strong from social and religious aspect. Yet they had stopped to give human sacrifice under the effect of British rule but still they believe in the world of spirits. They live a very simple life. They speak ‘Kodhi’ sub language but they know Oriya language. These people live their lives with the help of fruits and roots.’Earlier they were living a nomadic life but now they are living permanently at one place in plains and mountains. Their economic life is based upon forests. They also do agriculture but their means of agriculture are old. Type of marriage which prevails in this tribe is monogamy but some people still favour polygamy.

This tribe generally exists in the Karaput and Kalahandi district of Odisha. Their life is very simple and they live their life with the help of fruits and roots. Earlier this was a nomadic tribe but now they live permanently at different places. Because now they are living permanently at one place, that’s why they’ve started to practice agriculture to earn their livelihood. But their ways of agriculture are old and that’s why they are very hard working.

3. Gonds. The target tribe of the country is ‘Gond’ and it has been believed that this tribe belongs to the Dravid race. Their population in 1991 was 75 lakhs and this tribe generally exists in the states of Madhya pradesh, Gujarat, Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha, West Bengal etc. These people live with each other at a central place. The 15% of the tribal population belongs to Gond tribe. These people depend upon agriculture and forests. Their main occupation is agriculture. These people also meet their needs by hunting, catching fish and by collecting things from forests. Education is not very common in this tribe because of which their representation in governmental and non-governmental jobs is very less. Their own religion is Gond but some of them became Christians under the effect of Britishers. These people speak ‘Gondi’ language. This tribe is a patriarchal society in which the ownership of the property is given to son after father.

They have their own laws and their own panchayat to solve their problems. These people live heavily at a central place by accepting it a central place. That’s why their population is concentrated near the areas of Narmada Valley, mountains of Satpura and plains of Nagpur. Some of the Gond people became Christians under the effect of Christian Missionaries during the British rule. Their economic life depends upon forests and agriculture. Many Gonds do agriculture but some of them have also started to do farming. These people also catch fishes, are doing hunting and are collecting fruits and roots from forests. They have their own laws and panchayats to solve their problems.

4. Bhils. Second largest tribe of India is Bhil whose population in 1981 was around 53 lakhs. This tribe lives in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Andhra pradesh, Tripura etc. Generally this tribe exists in many districts of Western Madhya pradesh. Their language is ‘Bhili’ sub-language. Their economic life mainly depends upon agriculture. Some people also depend upon forests and collect things from forests. These people also do hunting. Their culture and religion both are ancient in nature. Religion and Magic are inseperable part of their culture. This tribe is an endogamous group in which system is maintained by the Panchayat of the tribe.

Generally many Bhils depend upon agriculture to meet their demands but some of them fulfill their needs by collecting fruits and roots from forests. They also do hunting but their means of hunting and agriculture are very old. They don’t like to get education and that’s why very few people are educated. Because of illiteracy, these poeple are being exploited by the people of main stream. Monogamy exists in this tribe but some people like to do polygamy.

5. Santhals. The third largest tribe of India is Santhal. This tribe exists in Bihar, West Bengal and Odisha. Their language is ‘Santhali’. They also speak the languages of Odisha* Bengali, Hindi etc. except Santhali language. In ancient times, these people were fulfilling their needs by hunting, catching fish and by collecting things from forests. But now they are fulfilling their needs by doing agriculture and the agriculture is the main base of their economy. Their problems have been solved by their own panchayats. The custom of bride price still exists in Santhals and females also have the right to get share in property. These people worship the sun god and even they sacrifice their animals to keep their god happy.

The meaning of .the marriage among these people is not the regulation of sexual relations or to increase family but the meaning of marriage among them is the connectivity of the families. Love marriage also exists in these families. Santhal woman also has the right to take her share in father’s property and she takes her share of property at the time of her marriage. Custom of Bride price is also there. In earlier times they were meeting their needs by collecting things and by doing hunting but with the passage of time this system has been changed. Now they are doing permanent agriculture.

6. Minas. Minas tribe exists in some parts of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. Out of total population of Rajasthan, 50% belongs to Minas tribe. It is one of the main five tribes of India. It’s main occupation is agriculture. Owners of the land are different. Conjugal marriages and widow marriages exist in this tribe. This tribe thinks itself as Hindu and is taking the services of Brahmins at many occasions like birth, marriage, death etc.

The level of education is very low in this tribe and in 1981 only 14% of their population was educated. These people speak ‘Khai’ sub-language but they speak different languages in different areas. Generally conjugal marriages are there in this tribe. Widows also have the permission to remarry. They say that they belong to Hindus and are taking services of priests at many occasions. Their main occupation is agriculture. Yet the level of education is very Iqjv but some of them have got governmental jobs after getting education.

7. Oraons. Oraon tribe generally exists in Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Maharastra, West Bengal, Orrisa. These people generally depend upon agriculture but some of them also depend upon forests. People of Oraon tribe worship Sun God. These people also believe in Magic and Mantras. Acceptance of boy and girl both is necessary for marriage. The custom of bride price also exists in this tribe. These people generally speak ‘Kurakh’ language. At the time of illness, Ojha takes care of them and Ojha also performs the functions of priest.

Question 2.
Which types of ways are there in tribal societies for acquiring mates?
Or
Discuss two forms of marriage system of the tribal society.
Or
Write the ways of acquiring mate selection system in tribal society.
Answer:
The institution of marriage prevails equally in all the societies. But the concept of marriage is very much different in Hindu society and tribal society. The aim of marriage in tribes is to enjoy sexual relations, producing children and is by living life with each other but the meaning of marriage in Hindu Society is a religious sacrament. In this way the ways to acquire mate in tribal society are also different. For example, marriage by purchase, marriage by exchange, marriage by capture, marriage by service, probationary marriage, Anader or intrusion marriage, marriage by mutual consent, marriage by trial etc. Their description is given ahead :

1. Marriage by Purchase. This type of marriage exists in many tribes. In this type of marriage, price of the bride is generally given in the form of money or in the form of agricultural produce. Though a person buys his wife in this type of marriage but it should not be considered as the means of sale and purchase. Actually a person gives the compensation to his in-laws for the upbringing of his wife. This type of marriage exists among the Santhal, Ho, Naga, Munda, Oraon tribes.

2. Marriage by Exchange. This type of marriage come into being for the reason not to give value of the bride. In many tribes the bride’s value is so high that the person is unable to pay that value. That’s why they exchange the females of their family. Person gives his sister or any female of his family in lieu of his wife. This type of marriage also exists in Hindu Society.

3. Marriage by Capture. This type of marriage also prevails in many tribal societies. During earlier times, one rule was there that parents were giving sanctions to the marriage but with the passage of time, views of children are changing. If parents do not give permission to marry then the boy has no choice except by capturing the girl. Afterwards the. elders of both families accept their marriage. Higher bride price is also one of the reason of this type of marriage. This type of marriage prevails among the tribes of Himachal Pradesh and Chhota Nagpur.

4. Marriage by Service. This type of marriage is also a form of marriage by purchase. Sometimes poor people are unable to give the bride price but at the same time they also want to marry. That is why boy does some work or job for the parents of the girl. After sometime parents of the girl give permission for their marriage and they establish their new house after their marriage. Among Puram and Gond tribes one boy has to work at the girl’s house for three years and he fulfils all the responsibilities of a son. Father of the girl takes care of his needs of food and living. Among some tribes, father of the girl gives some money as a loan to boy to pay the bride price and boy slowly gives back that money later on. This type of marriage exists among Munda, Oraon, Bonga tribes.

5. Probationary Marriage. The main aim of this type of marriage is to give chance to both boy and girl to understand each other. In this type of marriage boy goes to girl’s house for some time to live. Both boy and girl are free to talk and to meet with each other. If after some time or after probationary period, boy thinks that her nature is good enough for him then they marry with each other. If their nature does not match with each other then the boy gives some money as compensation to father of the girl and goes back to his house. This type of marriage exists in Kuki tribe.

6. Anader or Intrusion Marriage. In this type of marriage girl takes shelter at boy’s house. If girl wants to marry any body who is not ready to marry with her, then she goes to boy’s house to live. Boy’s family members misbehave with her, she needs to face very harsh behaviour. Even they beat her, sometimes do not give her food and even they keep her out of their house. But even then if she wants to marry that boy then the boy has to marry her.

7. Marriage by Mutual Consent. Marriage by mutual consent exists in many tribes. Girl elopes from her house with the boy with her own wish. She never comes back to her house until her parsents give their sanction to their marriage. This type of marriage also exists in our society.

8. Marriage by Trial. In this type of marriage both boy and girl are permitted to live with each other at girl’s house. If they like each other then their elders perform their marriage but if they do not like each other then boy goes back to his house. But he has to give some money as compensation for his expenses during that period to the father of the girl.

Question 3.
What are the main problems of Tribal societies? Suggest the ways to remove them.
Answer:
Tribal society lives away from our culture and civilization in forests, mountains, valleys etc. and it is very much out of our reach. They never interfere in any one’s matters and never like to be interfered by any one. Yet gradually they are coming near to the main stream because of which now gradually we come to know about their problems. They don’t have only one or two problems but have many problems which are given below under different headings.

1. Economic Problems. Tribal people have to face many economic problems which are given below :

1) Problem of Indebtedness. Tribal people are very simple and have certain
ignorance regarding many issues. But money lenders take advantage of their ignorance, poverty and illiteracy. Money lenders give loans to these people during their crisis time and force Jbem to pay interest and actual amount even for the whole life. They have to, pay that interest and they even are unable to pay the interest. Actual amount remains there as it is. They become poor and poorer with this.

2) Problem of Agriculture. Tribal people used to do shifting agriculture and their methods of agriculture are very old. Because of their old methods of agriculture, their production is very low. First of all they clear the forests and then they do agriculture on it. Because of low production, they are unable to earn bread of two times even after a lot of hard work. That’s why they are forced to do labour somewhere else.

3) Land Related Problems. Tribal people used to do shifting agriculture and clear forest by cutting trees. Then they prepare land for agriculture. They think that forest land is their land. But now law related to land has been made and their this right has been taken away from them. Except this they mortgage their land to money lenders and are unable to take advantage from that land.

4) Problems Related to Forests. Tribes generally live in forests and away from the population. They believe that forests are their property. They collect things from forests to eat, cut wood to sell or are cutting trees to do shifting agriculture. But now laws related to forests have been made and government is giving land to contractors on contract. Forest contractors never allow them to cut wood, to collect anything and even to clear the land for agriculture. In this way they are unable to meet their daily needs.

5) If they are doing labour then they are generally given very low wages which is a very big problem for them.

2. Social Problems. Tribal people have to face many social problems which are given below :

1) Prostitution. Tribal people are generally poor. Moneylenders, contractors etc. generally take advantage of their poverty. They give them money and establish illicit sexual relations with their females. Slowly and slowly with this, their females- are moving towards prostitution because of which their sexual problems are increasing day by day.

2) Bride price. According to ancient types of marriage, many Hindu castes were paying bride price. Now tribes are also coming under the influence of Hindu religion because of which they are also demanding bride price. With the passage of time this bride price is increasing day by day. People are unable to pay this much heavy price and now it is very difficult for them to marry their children.

3) Child marriage. Slowly and slowly, now tribes are coming under the influence of Hindu religion. Child marriages very much exist in Hindus yet these are decreasing day by day. But under the effect of Hindu religion, tribal people now marry their children in a very early age because of which many problems are coming to them.

3. Cultural problems. Tribal people now are coming in contact with other cultures and civilizations because of which they are facing many problems. These problems are given below :

1) Language problems. Now tribes are coming in contact with external cultures.
Because of their contact and interaction with other cultures they have learnt languages of other cultures. Now they speak other languages. Their younger generation hardly speaks their own language and in some tribes they have forgotten completely their own language. With the passage of time their own ideals, traditions are losing importance day by day.

2) Cultural differences. It is not necessary that all the tribal people are adopting Hindu religion. Many people are adopting Christian religion or even Buddhism. Different religions are culturally very much different from each other. Its result comes in the form of many cultural problems; With this they even are adopting caste system. Its result is that they are unable to adopt other culture and have left their own culture. With this many cultural problems are coming to them.

4. Educational Problems. Generally tribal people are poor and the main reason of their poverty is their illiteracy. Yet either under the effect of geovernmental education or under the effect of Christiaij missionaries they are getting education and even are getting English education. But with this many problems are coming to them. First is that they are leaving their basic occupations and are moving away from their cultural values. Secondly they are unable to get any job even after getting education and are becoming unemployed. In this way education is also creating problems for them.

5. Problems Related to Health. These tribal people generally live away from the population because of which their health related problems are on the rise. Sometimes if any epidemic spreads in their area then many people die due to unavailability of health facilities. Because of prostitution and illicit sexual relations, many sexual problems also spread among them. Tribal people are working in industries and many problems of industries are spreading in their areas.

No arrangement is there of hospitals, doctors, dispenseries etc. in their areas because of which very less facilities of treatment are there in their areas. Now they are using whisky, opium etc. under the effect of other cultures which also are creating many problems for them but no one is there to cure them or to take care of them.

Ways to Eradicate Problems : If any problem occurs then its solution is also there. In this way if tribal people have many problems then their solutions are also there. If we plan carefully then their problems can also be solved. Some of the solutions of their problems are given below :

• Prostitution in their areas should be stopped so that the morality should not go down. For this they should be given economic help.
• Some laws should be made for them to stop child marriages in their areas.
• Bride price should also be stopped so that the people should be able to marry their children easily and illicit relations could come to a halt.
• These people should be given land for agriculture so that they should leave shifting agriculture and should start permanent agriculture.
• They should be given the training of agriculture by giving them modern means of agriculture, to increase their production output.
• Laws related to forests should be made in such a way that they should be able to take advantage from the forests.
• Some small scale industries should be started in their areas so that they should be able to earn some money from this. They should also be given loans and grants.
• They should also be given education in their own language.
• Schools should also be opened in their areas.
• Hospitals and doctors should also be arranged in tribal areas.

Question 4.
What is Tribal Economy? Explain its nature.
Answer:
Many Sociologists have tried to divide the economic life of humans in’many parts like man as a hunter and food gatherer, pastoral stage, agricultural stage and technological stage. It has been beleived that the economic life of modern humans has been passed through these stages. Man has reached the technological stage after crossing the above mentioned stages. But if we look at the economic system of tribal society then we come to know that it is still at the earliest stage of economic life. It means that it is still in the stage of hunting, of food gathering. Each society tries to fulfil the needs of its members and the needs of the people are always increasing. But the people of tribal society have very limited economic needs. Because their economic needs are limited, that’s why they fulfill their needs from their surroundings. The main feature of tribal economy is personal hard work. It means a person has to work hard himself to fulfil his basic needs. Many sociologists have tried to define tribal economy and their views are given below :

1. According to Lucy Mayor, “Tribal economy is related with those activities with which people systematise their material and non-material atmosphere and choose some out of those uses so that the limited means could be determined to fulfil the opposite objectives.”

2. According to Pidington, “Economic system determines the right of occupation of control, system and distribution of production to fulfil basic needs of the people.”

So from these definitions it is clear that the people of tribal society fulfil their needs and acheive their economic objectives with the help of economy. We cannot understand tribal economy until we are able to understand the simple form of tribal society. All the humans and both the sexes have equal importance in tribal economy and all the persons, young one’s, females, children etc., are engaged in earning their bread. No one is burden on the other person in their economy. If the husband of a woman dies then she also takes part in thq,process of earning bread so that the life of her and her children should move on smoothly. People have very limited needs in tribal economy and they fulfill their basic needs only in their surroundings.

Nature or Features of Tribal Economy. Even though the present civilised society completely depends upon technology and has crossed a very long passage from economic point of view yet tribal economy is still in its early stage. Tribal society depends upon nature. Their main sources of living life are forests, mountains and land. Many sociologists have explained the different stages of economic life of human society. After looking at these stages we can come to know that the economic life of tribal society is still at its first stage. The main features of its nature are given below : ”

• There is lack of technology in tribal society because of which they have to do their work with their hands only. That’s why their economic needs are very limited.
• Economic relations among the people of tribes depend upon exchange of things. Money is not used widely for the exchange of goods.
• Tribal economy is not the result of efforts of one, two or many persons but is the result of efforts of whole group.
• There is no sense of profit in trade of tribal people. Partnership in trade, sense of unity and the sense of fulfillment of their needs is there in tribal economy.
• There is no regular market in their society. Wherever any weekly market prevails in their geographical area, they sell their goods in that market. There is no nature of collection of things and money and there is hardly any sense of competition in their economic system.
• Their society doesn’t have any nature of creating invention because of which they are very much under-developed. Their economic system is static which is based on fulfillment of their basic needs.
• Things, in ancient times, were not produced for sale or collection but were produced only for consumption. In the same way production in tribal society is not for sale but is only for consumption. Yet now it is changing day by day but still production in their society is mainly for consumption.
• Tribal societies don’t have any technology because of which they lack specialization based upon technological ability. Division of labour based on sex exists in their society.
• People, in tribal society, generally believe in spending instead of collecting money.

Question 5.
What are the reasons behind changes in tribal society? Explain.
Answer:
If we compare the tribes of ancient times and modern age then we shall come to know that there are many differences between the both. Tribes in ancient times were living at the far off places like forests, mountains, valleys etc. They had their own language, culture, eating habits, wearing habits etc. They were not interfering in any one’s matters and they never liked to be interfered by any one. Their ways of producing things were very old. They were doing cultivation in the traditional way, collecting fruits and roots from forests, killing the animals to fulfil their needs. In this way they were living very much near to the nature and there was no sign of education in their lives. Religion and clans were of great importance in their lives.

But if we look at the present age tribes then we can say that they are very much different from ancient tribes. Every aspect of their social life has been changed completely. They have adopted the culture of either Hindu or Christian religion and even they have adopted their ways of living life. Now they are coming out of the forests and mountains and are joining the main stream of the country. Now they are not producing only to meet their needs but are producing to sell in the market. Education is spreading in their societies. Influence of religions and clans is decreasing.

Now they are leaving their traditional occupations and are working in the industries of the urban areas. Now they are adopting new occupations. In this way a major change has come in their lives. But here one question arises that how these changes have come in their lives ? What are the reasons that they are leaving their distinctiveness and are joining the main stream of the country? Some of those reasons are given below:

1. Effect of Christian Missionaries. When the Britishers had occupied India then they gave permission to the Christian missionaries to propagate the Christian religion in the country. The Christian missionaries had propagated the Christianity in different parts of the country. Many Indians ^became Christians under their influence. These missionaries also came in contact with tribal people.

When they came in contact with different tribes then they came to know that they have their own religion and they are not under the influence of Hindu or any other Indian religion. That’s why they started to propagate Christianity in their areas. They were lured in many ways. Many facilities like educational centres, health centres etc. were provided to them. In this way tribal people started to adopt Christianity, under their influence, by leaving their own religion. They had to adopt customs and traditions of Christiaity due to this with which many changes came in their fives.

2. Development in means of Transport and Communication. When Britishers came to India they observed that the means of transport here were very old. They also had to face may problems due to this. That’s why they started to develop means of transport and communication in India. First train in India was started by them in 1853 and they also established the post and telegraph department. They also developed means of transport for their own convenience but Indians had more advantages than Britishers. People started to reach very far off place.

They also reached the tribal areas and started to persuade tribal people to join the main stream. Means of transport were developed with a great speed after independence with which tribal people started to reach other tribal people very quickly. They came out of their tribes and started to come in contact with other groups. With this many changes took place in their fives.

3. Market Economy. Their economy in ancient times was subsistence economy. Their needs were very limited and they were producing things only to fulfil their needs. They were collecting fruits and roots from forests and were killing animals to fulfil their needs. There was no tradition of surplus production in their areas. They were hardly aware of the existence of market.

But the way in which they came in contact with other groups and they started to move towards for off places with the means of transport,they came to know about the market economy. They eame to know that the surplus production can be sold into the market. After that they started to produce more with little bit of more hard work and started to sell the surplus production in the market. They started to get money with this , and their life become very easy.. In this way market economy has started to change their lives in a better way.

4. Constitutional Provisions. It is writen in the Indian Constitution that there should be no discriminiation with any one on the basis of religion, colour, caste, creed etc. With these some provisions are kept in the Constitutions that some facilities should be given to scheduled castes, tribes and weaker sections to protect their interests. These facilities include the reservation of some seats for scheduled tribes in educational institutions and governmental jobs.

The Constitution has also given a right to Governers of states that they should make one advisory council related to tribes so that some , rules related to land of tribes could be made and they could be protected from the exploitation of money lenders. Government has also been given special instructions by the Constitution for the development of tribal areas. Every Indian citizen has also been given some fundamental rights so that they could live a happy life. These rights are also given to tribal people. In this way due to these Constitutional provisions, their areas started to develop and changes came in their lives.

5. Governmental Efforts. The condition of tribal people was very bad at the time of Indian independence. That’s why many provisions were kept in the Constitution for their development. So that’s why government started to take steps for their development according to constitutional provisions. Many educational institutions, health centres, hospitals were opened in their areas so that they can get education and can use medical facilities. Social service organizations were given special aids to work in their areas. Many laws were made to protect them from exploitation of money lenders. Special steps were taken to bring them in main stream. In this way these people came in main stream due to governmental efforts and their life started to change.

6. Spread of Modern education. Special emphasis was given to spread education after independence. Many schools, colleges were opened in far off places. They were connected with universities and people were motivated to get education. Provisions were made to reserve seats for the tribals in educational institutions and jobs. Social service institutions are motivating them to get education. In this way due to the efforts of the whole society, they started to get education.

Generally these people take education upto midle level. But those people, who have been able to get higher education, have got governmental jobs due to reservation. They started to get a proper income due to these jobs and their standard of life became high. Their social status becomes higher. Other tribal people also started to get education after looking their higher status. In this way their life started to change due to spread of education.

7. Decreasing Forests. Life of tribal people has also been changed due to reducing area of forests. Economy of tribal people, in earlier times, was based on forests. They were living in forests, cultivating in forests, collecting fruits and roots from forests and were hunting in forests. In this way their whole economic life was dependent upon forests. But population started to increase with the passage of time. Increasing population started a problem of living for them.

Forests were cut down to make houses for the people. Forests started to be reduced to a great extent. Their means of livelihood came to an end. That’s why these people started to come to urban areas in search of work for earning. They started to leave their traditional occupations and started to adopt new occupations with which their life started to change. With this government started to give forests to contractors. Tribal people were cutting wood from the forests and were selling that wood in the market. They were forced not to cut wood by these contractors. So that’s why they started to adopt new occupations instead of their traditional occupations.

In this way we can see that many changes came in the life of tribal people due to many factors like the effect of Christian missionaries, efforts of the government, the constitutional provisions, spread of education etc.