PSEB Notes

This PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 9 Certified Seed Production will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 9 Certified Seed Production

→ Mexican dwarf varieties of wheat were Lerma Roso, Sonora-64.

→ Farmers are not aware of the genetic basis of the seeds and therefore do not have proper and full knowledge about seeds.

→ Physical factors of seed quality are- moisture content, size, colour, seed weight, broken seeds, free from weed, seeds, free from garbage and free from seeds of other crops,

→ Hereditary traits move on from seed to the crop and to the next crop. These are also called genetic qualities.

→ New improved varieties of wheat which are disease resistant and have high yield are – W.H. 1105, PBW 621, H.D. 2967, PBW 677.

→ Minimum field and seed standards for various crops are given in the book published by PAU, ‘Package of Practices’.

→ Always purchase certified seeds from some reliable firm,

→ Those seeds which are produced according to the standards set by Punjab State Seed Certification Agency and also under their

→ Certified seeds of rice should not be less than 98% in purity, should not be less than 80% in germination, and moisture content I should be more than 13%.

→ Certified seeds of wheat should not be less than 98% in purity, should not be less than 85% in germination, and moisture content should not be more than 12%.

→ Certified seeds have tags fixed on them. A blue and green. Blue is from the government and green is from producing company.

→ “Seed act 1966” was enacted in 1966.

→ According to this act, seeds can be categorized into four categories. Nucleus seeds (primary), Breeder seeds, Foundation seeds, Certified seeds.

→ There is a golden tag attached to the breeder seed bags, a white tag to the foundation seed bag, and certified seeds have the Blue tag attached to the bag at the time of packing.

→ If seeds are not certified but conform to all seed standards then these are called T.L. (truthfully labelled) seeds.

→ Seed production occupation is a boon for farmers and a way of prosperity.

This PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 8 Agro Based Industries will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 8 Agro Based Industries

→ Students should develop in them some skills required in industries and occupations (vocational subjects) along with traditional education.

→ After harvesting, there is nearly a 10% loss in the crops.

→ In fruits and vegetables, this loss is 30-40%.

→ Farmers are growing new crops, like turmeric, chilies, etc.

→ Processing of crops at a small scale or at a farmer’s level is the need of the hour.

→ Agricultural-based occupations are poultry farming, Dairy fanning, Mushroom cultivation, Honey production, etc.

→ The agro-processing complex can be used to process rice, wheat, oilseeds, spices, pulses, cotton, etc. One can earn from 10 to 50 thousand rupees per month.

→ P.A.U. has developed a machine to wash and polish turmeric and it can wash 2.5 to 3.0 quintal turmeric in an hour.

→ 15-20 kg turmeric powder can be obtained from 100 kg of fresh turmeric.

→ Mentha oil is used in medicines, perfumes, cosmetics, etc.

→ 10-12 kg Gud can be prepared from one quintal sugarcane.

→ A solar drier is used to dry vegetables.

→ Various types of dehydration and freezing plants are available for fruits and vegetables e.g. blancher, pre-cooler, slicer, dehydrated, freezing unit, etc.

→ There are Krishi Vigyan Kendras at various districts established by P.A.U., Ludhiana which provide training for such ventures.

This PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 7 Contribution of Agriculture in Economic Development will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 7 Contribution of Agriculture in Economic Development

→ In India two-third of its population lives in villages and depends on agriculture.

→ Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of our country.

→ Nearly 54% of labour force is engaged directly in the agricultural sector.

→ During the year 2012-13, the share for GDP from the Agriculture sector was 13.7%.

→ 70 million families are in the business of dairy farming in our country.

→ Raw-material used in many basic industries are obtained from the agriculture sector. e.g. cotton for the textile industry, sugarcane for the sugar industry, jute for the jute industry.

→ There is one more sector after agriculture and industry, which is the service or tertiary sector which adds to the economy of the country.

→ Our country based on population is the second-largest in the world.

→ Nearly 60% of the household consumption comes from the agriculture sector.

→ Grain production in India in 1950-51 was 51 million tons which increased to 264 million tons in 2013-14.

→ In 2012, the buffer stock of food grain was 82 million tons.

→ Govt, of India, passed the food security act in the year 2013, which recommends 5 kg of grains per person per month for 75% rural population and 25% urban population.

→ In the year 2012 India was first in the export of rice by leaving behind Thailand.

→ India is in 10th place in the world in the export of grains and agricultural produce.

→ In the year 2013-14, the trade balance of India was surplus by 25 billion dollars.

This PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 6 Agroforestry will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 6 Agroforestry

→ According to National Forest Policy 1988, forests should occupy nearly 20% of the area in plain states.

→ In Punjab, more area is occupied by agricultural crops and therefore area left under forests and trees is only 6.49%.

→ In agroforestry, crops and trees are grown simultaneously in the same field.

→ The objective of Agroforestry is to cater to the needs of farmers and also to help in maintaining the natural sources.

→ Main models of Agroforestry are-Boundary plantation, intercropping in block plantation.

→ On the basis of climate whole Punjab is divided into three agroclimatic zones.

→ In sub-mountainous zone agricultural practices depend on rainfall.

→ Trees that are grown in the sub-mountainous zone are Ber, Toot, Nim, Tahli, Amla, Phali, Dhak, Dek, Harar, Behra, Aijun, Mango, Kachnar, Bel, Khair, Kikar.

→ Hedges of Jatropha, Karonda, Ipomea is used around the orchards in the sub-mountainous zone.

→ In the central plain region Poplar, Eucalyptus, Dek, etc. trees are grown.

→ In the South-Western zone Kikar, Tahli, Nim, Jamun, Mango, Dhrek, Toot trees are grown.

→ Poplar is very successful in the Bet area. It is used in the manufacturing of plywood, Matchbox sticks, packing cases.

→ Poplar and Eucalyptus are cultivated in Punjab for commercial agroforestry.

→ Clones of poplar are PL-1, PL-2, PL-3, PL-4, PL-5, PL-6, PL-7, L-47/88, L-48/89.

→ Poplar trees become ready in 5 to 7 years for harvesting.

→ Eucalyptus is used in the paper industry. Building material as long logs of wood.

This PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 5 Plantation of New Orchards will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 5 Plantation of New Orchards

→ Fruits contain nutrients that are essential for the health of the body. e.g. vitamins, minerals, protein, etc.

→ The area occupied by fruit trees is 76500 hectares.

→ Punjab is divided into three zones based on climate sub-mountainous zone, central zone, arid-irrigated zone.

→ Depending upon planting time fruit plants are categorized as evergreen fruit plants and deciduous fruit plants.

→ Evergreen fruit plants are planted in February-March and September-October.

→ Deciduous fruit plants are planted in winter when in a dormant stage.

→ Suitable soil for orchards should be deep, well-drained, loamy, and fertile.

→ Fruit plants should not be planted in waterlogged, marshy saline, or acidic soils.

→ The underground water level should be below 3 m of depth for the cultivation of fruits plants. The level should not be fluctuating.

→ Make pits that are 1 m deep and with a diameter of 1 m.

→ To save plants from termites use lindane or chlorpyrifos.

→ The life cycle of fruit plants is many years.

→ Always plant improved and new varieties of fruit plants for orchards as recommended by agricultural experts.

→ Fruit plants should always be planted at proper spacing so that plants can get the proper amount of sunlight, fertilizers, and water.

→ There are three layout patterns (planting system) for establishing orchards -square, filler (diagonal or quincunx), hexagonal system.

→ Obtain plants from P.A.U., Department of Horticulture, government-approved nurseries for establishing orchards.

→ Vegetative growth of fruit plants mainly takes place from February to April.

→ Fruit plants should be trained at the initial years of plantation to give them proper shape and structure.

→ When plants grow pruning becomes necessary.

→ Do not pull the fruits from the branch during harvesting.

This PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 4 Winter Vegetables will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 4 Winter Vegetables

→ Vegetables are an essential part of the human diet.

→ Vegetables contain carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, and vitamins, etc.

→ According to dieticians, an adult should take 284 grams of vegetables.

→ Vegetables mature in a short duration and 2-4 crops can be taken in one year.

→ Vegetable yield is 5-10 times more than rice-wheat crop rotation therefore one can earn more by growing vegetables.

→ Sandy loam or clayey loam soils are suitable for growing vegetables.

→ For root vegetables like radish, carrot, turnip, etc., sandy loam soil is suitable.

→ Fertilizers are of two types Organic and chemical fertilizers.

→ Organic manures keep the chemical and physical structure of the soil.

→ Chemical fertilizers are manufactured in factories, these contain nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash.

→ Seed can be sown in two ways.

• directly
• by raising nursery (transplanted crop)

→ Carrot, radish, fenugreek, coriander, potato, etc. are sown directly.

→ Vegetable which is grown by transplanting is Cabbage, cauliflower, Chinese cabbage, broccoli, onion, lettuce, etc.

→ Irrigate the vegetable crops before wilting.

→ Treat vegetable seeds by Captan or Thiram it helps in preventing attacks of insects and diseases.

→ Rabi or winter vegetables are -Carrot, radish, pea, cauliflower, cabbage, potato, broccoli, Chinese cabbage, etc.

→ Varieties of carrots are – Desi and European.

→ Varieties of radish are – Punjab pasand, Pusa chetki, Japanese white.

→ Pea is a cool-season crop. It contains protein in large quantities.

→ For growing cauliflower 15-20 degree centigrade temperature is required.

→ Varieties of cauliflower are-Giant snowball, Pusa snowball-1, Pusa snowball k-1.

→ An early variety of cabbage can be grown directly.

→ Varieties of Chinese cabbage-Chini sarson-1 and saag sarson.

→ Improved varieties of Broccoli-Punjab Broccoli-1. Its yield is 70 Quinta per acre.

→ Varieties of potato are Kufri Surya, Kufri Pukhraj, Kufri Pushkar, Kufri Jyoti, Kufri sindhuri, Kufri Badshah.

This PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 3 Rabi Crops will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 3 Rabi Crops

→ Crops that are sown in October-November are known as Rabi Crops.

→ Rabi crops are harvested in March-April.

→ These (Rabi crops) can be categorized into three types-cereals, pulses and oilseeds, and fodder crops.

→ The main cereal crops are Wheat and Barley.

→ China is the leading country in the production of wheat.

→ Uttar Pradesh is the leading state in the production of wheat ! in India.

→ The area occupied by wheat is 35 lakh hectares in Punjab,

→ The average yield of wheat per acre is 18-20 quintals.

→ The cool climate is suitable for wheat during the early stages of its growth.

→ Wheat can grow well in medium loamy soil with moderate water holding capacity.

→ Improved varieties of wheat are H.D. 2947, P.B.W. 343, D.B.W. 17, durum, etc.

→ Durum wheat flour is used for making pasta.

→ If weed problem is seen before sowing wheat then use gramoxone herbicide without ploughing.

→ The seed rate for wheat is 40 kg per hectare.

→ If wheat is sown between the time period of the 4th week of October to the 4th week of November then fewer weeds are found in the fields.

→ To get rid of broadleaf weeds like Maina, Maini, Bathu, Senji, 1 Kandiyali Palak, etc. use Algrip or Aim.

→ Use any of Topic, leader, stomp, etc. for Gulli danda.

→ The fertilizer requirement for wheat is 50 kg nitrogen, 25 kg phosphorus, and 12 kg potash per acre.

→ Deficiency of zinc and manganese occurs in light soils.

→ Termite, Aphid, armyworm, and gram pod borer can attack the wheat crops.

→ Major diseases of wheat are Powdery mildew, loose Smut, Kamal bunt, Yellow rust, Brown rust, ear cockle (Mamni), yellow ear rot (Tundu), etc.

→ Barley production is highest in Rajasthan in India.

→ The area under the cultivation of barley is 12 thousand hectares in Punjab.

→ The average yield of Barley is 15-16 quintals per acre.

→ Barley can be grown in salt-affected soils.

→ Varieties of Barley are – PL 807, VJM – 201, PL – 426.

→ The seed rate for barley is 35 kg per acre for irrigated and timely sowing, for non irrigated and late sown conditions seed rate is 45 kg per acre.

→ The time of sowing for barley is 15 October to 15 November.

→ Different types of chemicals are recommended for different types of weeds, e.g. 2, 4-D is for bathu, Avadex B.W. for Jaundhar, and Puma power for Gulli danda.

→ The fertilizer requirement for barley is 25 kg nitrogen, 12 kg phosphorus, and 6 kg potash per acre.

→ Insects/pests for Barley are aphid and diseases are-stripe, covered smut, loose smut, yellow rust, etc.

→ Dining Rabi season lentil, grams, and field pea are sown in some areas in Punjab.

→ The area under gram cultivation is two thousand hectares and the average yield per acre is five quintals.

→ It is a crop of low-rainfall areas.

→ Grams can grow well in well-drained light to medium textured soil.

→ Improved varieties of grams are -GPF – 2 and PBG-1 for Desigram (irrigated) ; PDG-4 and PDG-3 are for Desigram (rainfed).

→ Kabuli gram varieties are-L-552 and BG-1053.

→ The seed rate for Desigrams is 15-18 kg per acre and for Kabuli, grams is 37 kg per acre.

→ The time of sowing for rainfed decigrams is from 10 to 25 October.

→ Weed control can be done by using treflan or stomp in grams.

→ Fertilizer requirement for Desi and Kabuli grams is 6 kg nitrogen per acre, for desi grams 8 kg per acre of phosphorus and for Kabuli grams 16 kg per acre of phosphorus.

→ Insects pests that can attack gram crops are termite and gram caterpillar.

→ Diseases of gram crop are blight, grey mould, wilt, stem rot, etc.

→ Lentil occupies an 1100 hectare area in Punjab.

→ The average yield is about 2-3 quintals per acre for lentils.

→ All soils are suitable for lentils except saline, alkaline or waterlogged soils.

→ Improved varieties of lentils are L.L. 931 and L.L. 699.

→ The seed rate for lentils is 12-15 kg per acre.

→ Lentil is sown in the second fortnight of October.

→ Fertilizer requirement for lentils is 5 kg nitrogen per acre when seeds are inoculated then phosphorus requirement is 8 kg otherwise it is 46 kg per acre.

→ Insects/pests which damage lentil crops are pod borers. Blight and rust are their main diseases.

→ The highest oilseed producing country is the united states of America.

→ The highest oilseed-producing state in India is Rajasthan.

→ Oilseed crops of Rabi season are- Raya, Gobhisarson, Toria, Taramira, Linseed (alsi), Safflower (Khusambha), Sunflower, etc.

→ Raya can be grown in medium to high rainfall areas.

→ Raya can be grown in all types of soils.

→ Improved varieties of Raya are R.L.C.-1, PBR – 210, PBR-91.

→ The seed rate for Raya is 1.5 kg per acre.

→ The time of sowing Raya is mid-October to mid of November.

→ The fertilizer requirement for Raya is 40 kg nitrogen, 12 kg phosphorus per acre.

→ Insects pests that can affect Raya have painted bugs, mustard aphid, mustard sawflies, leaf miners, etc.

→ Diseases of Raya are Altemaria Blight, white rust, downy mildew, etc.

→ Gobhisarson is one of canola variety. It contains very less amount of erucic acid and glucosinolates.

→ Varieties of gobhisarson are PGSH 51, GSL-2, GSL-1.

→ Canola varieties are – GSC-6, GSC-5.

→ The seed rate for gobhisarson is 1.5 kg per acre.

→ The time of sowing for gobhisarson is 10 October to 30 October.

→ For controlling weeds in gobhi Sarson Basalin is used before sowing and isoproturon can be used after sowing.

→ Sunflower seeds contain 40-43% oil, which has less cholesterol in it.

→ The highest sunflower production is in Ukraine in the world.

→ Sunflower is grown in 20-21 thousand hectares area in Punjab. The average yield is 6.5 quintals per acre.

→ Well-drained, medium-textured soil is suitable for sunflowers.

→ Improved varieties of sunflower are – PSH 996, PSH 569, Jawalamukhi.

→ The seed rate for sunflower is 2 kg per acre.

→ Sowing should be done by the end of January for sunflower.

→ 40 kg green fodder is required for an adult animal in a day.

→ Fodder crops of Rabi season are-Berseem, Shaftal, Lucerne, Oats, Ryegrass, and senji.

→ Berseem is the king of fodders.

→ Varieties of Berseem are BL 42, BL 10, BL1.

→ The seed rate for Berseem is 8 to 10 kg per acre.

→ Make Berseem seeds free from Chicory (Kashni) seeds.

→ The time of sowing for Berseem is the last week of September to the first week of October.

→ Poa annua (Bueen, common name) can be controlled by spraying Basalin.

→ After berseem, Oats are rich in nutritive value.

→ Varieties of oats are O.L – 9, kent.

→ The seed rate for oats is 25 kg per acre.

→ The time of sowing for oats is from the second week to the last week of October.

→ Weeds in oats can be controlled by hoeing.

→ Fertilizer requirements for oats are 15 kg nitrogen and 8 kg phosphorus per acre at the time of sowing.

→ Three to four irrigation are required for oats including rauni (pre-sowing irrigation).

This PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 2 Punjab Agricultural University: A Lighthouse of Scientific Knowledge of Farming will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 2 Punjab Agricultural University: A Lighthouse of Scientific Knowledge of Farming

→ Research and education in agriculture started in 1906 in Punjab with the establishment of Agriculture College and Research Institute Lyallpur, which is now in Faislabad Pakistan.

→ Research work in Punjab started at Agriculture College Ludhiana in 1957, which was upgraded to Punjab Agricultural University in 1962.

→ Two University campuses were at Ludhiana and Hissar at that time.

→ The third campus was established at Palampur in 1966.

→ These three campuses were changed into universities in the three states, Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh.

→ At the time of the establishment of P.A.U. there were five colleges College of Agriculture, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, College of Agriculture Engineering, College of Home Science, and College of Veterinary Science.

→ College of Veterinary Science has converted into Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University in the year 2005.

→ The first agricultural university of the nation was established in 1960 at Pant Nagar (Uttar Pradesh), the Second was at Bhubaneshwar, Odisha in 1961, and the third Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana in 1962.

→ P.A.U. established closed ties with the international maize and wheat development centre (CIMMYT) of Mexico for research on wheat.

→ For research on rice, P.A.U. permanently established close ties with the international rice research institute, Manila (Philippines), IRRI.

→ Varieties of wheat like Kalyan Sona, W.L. 711; of rice P.R. 106; of maize Vijay, played an important role in bringing green revolution.

→ Nobel prize winner and father of dwarf variety of wheat Dr. Norman E. Borlaug had a permanent association with the university which he kept for the whole of his life.

→ Dr. Gurdev Singh Khush was a PAU alumnus, developed high-yielding dwarf varieties of rice.

→ P.A.U. organised Kisan Mela in 1967 for the first time.

→ University has developed 730 varieties of crops, fruits, flowers, and vegetables till the year 2013.

→ The yield of wheat and rice was 12 and 15 quintal per hectare respectively in the year 1960-61, which now has increased to 51 to 60 quintal respectively.

→ P.A.U. has developed a hybrid of Bajra (pearl millet) H.B.-1 first of its type in the world, and single cross hybrid paras of maize, first of its type in the country, and first hybrid of Gobhisarson P.G.S.H. 51.

→ 37% of honey out of total production of honey is from Punjab.

→ The cultivation of Kinnow started in Punjab in 1955-56. It was brought from California.

→ 40% of mushrooms out of total production of mushrooms is from Punjab.

→ University has reclaimed six lakh hectares of Kallar land in Punjab.

→ Punjab is a leading state in the development and popularisation of farm machinery.

→ University has developed an improved variety of Basmati, Punjab Basmati-3 which is also a disease-resistant variety.

→ There is a highly standardized electron microscopy and nanotechnology laboratory in the university.

→ Alumni of the university have reached the top levels in their fields.

→ Dr. N.S. Randhawa was Director-General of the Indian council of agricultural research, a top-level institute of the country.

→ Doots of the university are acting as links between farmers and agricultural scientists through the internet and mobile.

→ University organizes Kisan Melas before Rabi and Kharif crops every year.

→ P.A.U. was adjudged the best agricultural university in India in 1995, by ICAR.

This PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 1 Institutions: Allied to Agriculture will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 1 Institutions: Allied to Agriculture

→ India is a country based mainly on Agriculture.

→ Punjab Agricultural University was established in the year 1962, based on the model of American Land Grant Colleges.

→ Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University were established in the year 2005.

→ Department of Horticulture came into existence in the year 1979-80 after separation from the Department of Agricultural.

→ National Horticulture Mission has been launched by the Department of Horticulture since 2005-06 and is in progress.

→ Animal HusbandryDepartment, Punjab has also been established to provide services related to livestock.

→ Department of Dairy Development is responsible for the all-around development of the Dairy sector in Punjab.

→ This department runs eight dairy training and extension centres at different places in Punjab.

→ To encourage fish farming in Punjab, the department of Fisheries Punjab came into being.

→ Fish Farmer development agency in the year 1975 and new fish breeding farms were also established.

→ Soil and water conservation department were established in 1969.

→ Punjab Cooperative act was passed in 1904, Department of Cooperation Punjab, came into existence.

→ Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Limited IFFCO was established in 1967 and is the world’s largest cooperative.

→ National Fertilizers Limited (NFL) was established in 1974 dealing with urea as Central Public Sector Organisation.

→ Krishak Bharati Cooperative Limited (KRIBCO) was established in 1980. It manufactures fertilizer, mainly urea.

→ Punjab State Farmers Commission was established in 2005 and Punjab Government appointed Dr. G.S. Kalkat as chairman of the Commission.

→ Punjab State Seeds Corporation Limited is operative since 1976.

→ National Seeds Corporation (NSC) was established in 1963 to undertake the production of certified seeds at the national level.

→ Punjab Agro Industries Corporation Limited (PAIC) was established in 1966 by Punjab Government.

→ Punjab Agri Export Corporation Limited (PAGREXCO) is a joint venture of PAIC and Punjab Mandi Board.

→ Indian Council of Agricultural Research is working since192 its main office is situated in Delhi.

→ National Bank of Agricultural and Rural Development (NABARD) was established in 1982.

→ For regulating international trade, an agreement known as GATT was signed by many countries and it took effect in 1948 and later on it was renamed as World Trade Organisation (WTO).

→ Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) is an agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger and starvation in the world and was established in 1943.

This PSEB 10th Class Welcome Life Notes Chapter 10 Stress Management will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Welcome Life Notes Chapter 10 Stress Management

→ If any situation does not suit our mind or not according to our mind, it is a situation of stress.

→ Most of the times stress are harmful but many times it can be fruitful as well.

→ There can be many reasons for stress such as or natural behavior, more aspirations, disease, indebtedness, the pressure of work, etc.

→ People with a positive attitude, use stressful situations to their a profit.

→ While finding solutions to stress, they produce a new thing or get great profit out of the situation.

→ Stress can have wrong effects such as insomnia, headache, breathing problem, heart disease, etc.

→ Fighting stress loses a lot of energy and that’s why people run away from their responsibilities.

→ Although stress is an integral part of one’s life-but efforts should be made to reduce it.

→ Deep breathing, sitting with eyes closed, not thinking about worries are a few of the methods with which we can reduce stress.

→ Humans and animals on earth, support each other.

→ It helps in balancing the natural system.