PSEB Notes

This PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Notes Chapter 4 Sport Injuries will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Notes Chapter 4 Sport Injuries

→ The term sports injuries mean the injuries that occur during participation in sports activities or exercising.

→ It is also quite common especially for the people who tend to be active or exercise a lot in their routine.

→ The injuries in the field of sports can be due to direct or indirect impact on tissues i.e. soft tissues or hard tissues.

→ In the field, an athlete has to take part in terms of the process or training, or competition and seek medical treatment or first aid for the same.

→ The injuries in the field of sports can be due to poor physical fitness level, inadequate warming up or conditioning, lack of proper knowledge, poor quality sports equipment, bad conditions of the playfield, lack of nutritional diet, etc.

→ The chances of injuries can be avoided by adopting various preventive measures such as participation after proper warming up and conditioning, use of protective equipment, proper knowledge of rules and regulations and techniques, under the supervision of a coach, etc.

→ It is also important to know the basic first aid procedure in order to reduce the chances of further complications at the time of injuries on the field.

→ The sports injuries such as sprain, strain, abrasion, contusion, dislocation, and fracture can be managed with the help of first aid procedure and basic principles of RICE (Rest, Ice application, Compression, and Elevation).

→ But, it is well said that “Prevention is better than cure”.

→ Hence, the principle of ‘PRICE’ is more suitable to avoid the chances of injuries in the field of sports, where ‘P’ stands for ‘Protection’.

→ Hence, for the continuous improvement in the performance level, it is important to take care of each and every aspect related to injuries and their management.

This PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Notes Chapter 3 Careers in Physical Education and Sports Awards will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Notes Chapter 3 Careers in Physical Education and Sports Awards

→ Throughout history, sports have played a variety of important roles in society as recreation, preparation for war, and hunting.

→ The ancient Greeks were lovers of sports and taught their children to take part in these activities for health benefits.

→ The main activities at that time were wrestling, running, jumping, discus throw, javelin, and gymnastics, etc.

→ Later, during the modern era, the brief history of physical education revealed a focus on gymnastics, hygiene training, and the development of the human body.

→ In 1882, the Education Commission of India recommended introducing physical education in the school curriculum but did not succeed in their efforts.

→ In the year 1927, with the efforts of A.G. Noehren, H.C. Buck, and Dorabji Tata, IOA was established in order to promote physical education teachers in India.

→ LNCPE was established in Gwalior in the year 1957.

→ In the year 1984, the First National sports policy was introduced which laid the stress to include physical education as a compulsory subject in the school curriculum.

→ This laid foundation for the career options in the field of physical education to teach students at the school level.

→ With the implementation of the compulsory subjects in the school curriculum and with the development of competitive sports in India, career options were groomed in the field.

→ In order to teach at the school level various degree courses such as B.PE., B.P.Ed., D.P.Ed. were introduced for the school teacher.

→ In addition to this, to teach at the college level a teacher must possess, Masters’ Degree in Physical Education, UGC (NET), M.Phil, Ph.d.

→ With the advancement of physical education and sports in India, leading institutes provided various courses for the career options such as YMCA College Madras, LNIPE Gwalior, Shri Hanumans Parasarak Mandal (Amravati), Chennai University, Panjab University (Chandigarh), GNDU, Amritsar, etc.

→ The career options in the field of physical education and Sports also developed such as options to work as a school and college teacher, coaching, fitness trainer, sports journalism, sports physiotherapist, commentator, and official, etc.

→ In order to promote sportspersons, various sports awards were also introduced by the government of India such as the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award, the highest sports award for the sports person i.e. Arjuna Award, in order to recognize the contribution of coaches, Dronacharya Award was also introduced, To encourage and improve sports at college or university level MAKA trophy was also introduced by the government of India in the year 1956.

→ Hence, It can be viewed that since the inception of physical education and sports, there has been continuous development in the field to engage youth and children in these activities.

This PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Notes Chapter 2 Sports Training will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Notes Chapter 2 Sports Training

→ In today’s competitive world of sports, everyone aims at winning at all costs.

→ Hence, the concept of sports training has a vital role to play in the field of sports.

→ The concept of sports training deals with the systematic preparation of athletes to obtain peak performance at the time of competition.

→ The aim of sports training is to produce optimum performance during competition.

→ Hence, the training schedule is classified in such a way that a player gets complete recovery from the training load and feels fresh and energetic to take a fresh load to continue performance.

→ According to Martin, “Sports training is a planned and controlled process of achieving goals in which the changes of motor performance and behaviour are made through measures of content, method, and organisation”.

→ Hence, sports training implies a systematic and controlled way of imparting training to an athlete to produce an optimum performance at the time of competition.

→ In order to have fruitful results from the sports training programme various principles such as individual differences, the principle of use of disuse, load (overload), progression, safety, continuity, and rest or recovery must be followed, otherwise, the purpose of training will not be effective and useful for the trainees.

→ It is also important to perform the warm-up exercises to prepare an athlete physically, physiologically, or psychologically for the sports training programme or prior to competition.

→ It helps an athlete to perform with the least chances of injuries.

→ Similarly, limbering or cooling down plays a significant role to attain normal conditions after performing strenuous exercises.

→ Hence, sports training is the way and means of systematic training to develop various components of physical fitness to attain optimal performance during competition.

This PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Notes Chapter 1 Physical Fitness will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Notes Chapter 1 Physical Fitness

→ The term Physical fitness has different notions for different segments of people.

→ It not only refers to being physically fit but also refers to a balanced state of mind.

→ A person can only be considered fit if he is able to function well without any undue fatigue or tiredness.

→ A person who is fit both on physical and mental aspects stays strong in every sphere of life.

→ Now, let’s discuss the definition of physical fitness.

→ It is the ability of an individual to work effectively and efficiently with joy and pleasure.

→ According to David R. Lamb, “Physical fitness is the capacity to meet the present and potential physical challenges of fife with success.”

→ In order to achieve the optimum level of physical fitness one must possess basic components such as strength, speed, endurance, agility, flexibility, and coordinative abilities.

→ If a person is having these components, then he will be considered to be physically fit.

→ But, there are various factors that may influence the physical fitness of an individual such as anatomical structure, physiological and psychological makeup, posture, diet, lifestyle, inactivity, injury, age and gender, etc.

→ So, these factors are responsible to have a major influence on the physical fitness of an individual.

→ Hence, physical fitness plays a vital role to live healthy, prosperous, and conducive life in the present scenario of technological advancement.

→ It helps in the proper growth and development with the efficient functioning of the physiological systems in the body.

→ These developments ultimately induce the feeling of a balanced state of mental health and physical health of a person.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 23 Second Anglo-Sikh War, Causes, Results and Annexation of the Punjab will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 23 Second Anglo-Sikh War, Causes, Results and Annexation of the Punjab

Causes of the Second Anglo-Sikh War:

• The Sikhs were defeated in the first war against the Britishers.
• Thus they wanted to avenge their defeat.
• The Punjabis were dissatisfied with the Treaties of Lahore and Bhairowal because they ended the sovereignty of the Sikh Empire.
• Thousands of Sikh soldiers were disbanded leading to resentment amongst them.
• The humiliating treatment meted out to Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s widow and Maharaja Dalip Singh’s mother Maharani Jindan further aggravated the resentment of the Sikhs.
• The British deliberately avoided the rebellion by Moolraj.
• The revolt of Chattar Singh and his son Sher Singh was also the cause of the war.
• Lord Dalhousie’s policy further aggravated the problem and because of the immediate cause for the Second Anglo-Sikh War.

Events of the War:
The main events of the second Anglo-Sikh War were as follows:

Battle of Ramnagar:

• The first battle of the second Anglo-Sikh war between the Sikhs and the British took place at Ramnagar on 22nd November 1848 A.D.
• Lord Hugh Gough was the commander of the British army and the Sikh army was led by Sher Singh.
• The Sikhs inflicted a crushing defeat on the British.

The Battle of Chillianwala:

• The battle of Chillianwala was one of the significant battles of the second Anglo-Sikh War.
• It was fought on 13th January 1849 A.D.
• The British army was again led by Lord Gough and the Sikh army was again led by Sher Singh.
• This battle proved to be the worst defeat of the British, in India.

Battle of Multan:

• General Whish besieged the fort of Multan in December 1848 A.D.
• A shell hurled by the British fell on gun-powder due to which the Sikh ammunition was destroyed and soldiers were killed in large numbers.
• Owing to this Diwan Moolraj was forced to surrender to the British on 22nd January 1849 A.D.

Battle of Gujarat:

• The battle of Gujarat proved to be the most important and decisive battle of the Second Anglo-Sikh War.
• In this battle, Chattar Singh, Sher Singh, and Bhai Maharaj Singh made a united front against the British.
• The English army was still led by Lord Hugh Gough.
• This battle is also famous as the ‘Battle of Guns’ in history.
• This battle started on 21st February 1849 A.D.
• On 10th March 1849 A.D., the Sikhs were defeated and they collectively surrendered before the General.

Consequences of the War:

• The most significant result of the Second Anglo- Sikh war was that it completely brought to an end the Sikh Empire which was completely annexed by the British on 29th March 1849 A.D.
• The Sikh army was disbanded.
• Moolraj and Bhai Maharaj Singh were banished from the state.
• The British established a Board of Administration to run the administration of Punjab in 1849 A.D.

Arguments in favour of Annexation of Punjab:

• The Sikhs were accused of violating the terms of the Treaty of Bhairowal.
• Sardar Chattar Singh and his son Sher Singh revolted and supported Moolraj which the British felt was an effort to revive the Sikh rule in Punjab.
• Lord Dalhousie thus had an undoubting conviction of the expediency, the justice, and necessity of his act.
• Lord Dalhousie levelled a charge against the Lahore Darbar that according to the terms of the Treaty of Bhairowal, she was to pay Rs. 22 lakhs annually to the British but it did not pay a single penny.

Arguments against Annexation of Punjab:

• Historians believe that the Sikhs were provoked to revolt.
• The revolt by Moolraj was not suppressed deliberately in time so that the British got a pretext to1 to wage a war against Punjab.
• Lahore Darbar gave full co-operation in fulfilling the terms of the treaty.
• The revolt against the British had taken place only in some regions of Punjab.
• To punish the whole of Punjab was totally unjustified.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 22 First Anglo-Sikh War: Causes and Results will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 22 First Anglo-Sikh War: Causes and Results

Causes of the First Anglo-Sikh War:

• With a view to occupying Punjab, the British started encircling it.
• The unstable political condition of Punjab also invited the British.
• The British occupation of Sind in 1843 A.D. further enhanced the bitterness in the relationship between them – The British began great military preparations.
• The newly elected political agent of Ludhiana Major Broadfoot conducted several activities that infuriated the Sikhs.
• The new Wazir of Lahore, Lai Singh also started instigating the Sikh army against the British.

Events of the War:
The first battle fought between the Sikhs and the British went through the following course of events:

Battle of Mudki:

• This battle was fought on 18th December 1845 A.D.
• In this, the Sikh army was led by Lai Singh and the British army was led by Lord Hugh Gough.
• In this battle, the Sikh army was defeated because of Lai Singh’s treachery.

Battle of Ferozeshah:

• This battle was fought on 21st December 1845 A.D.
• In this battle, there was a situation when the British decided to give up unconditionally.
• But because of Lai Singh’s treachery, the Sikh army was defeated again.

Battle of Baddhowal:

• The battle of Baddhowal took place on 21st January 1846 A.D. led by Ranjodh Singh.
• The British had to face defeat in this battle.

Battle of Aliwal:

• The Battle of Aliwal was fought on 28th January 1846 A.D.
• In this, the British army was led by Harry Smith.
• The Sikhs lost this battle because of Ranjodh Singh’s treachery.

Battle of Sobraon:

• The battle of Sobraon was the last battle of the First Anglo-Sikh War.
• In this battle, the Sikh army was led by Lai Singh and Teja Singh, and the British army was led by Lord Hugh Gough and Lord Harding.
• This battle was fought on 10th February 1846 A.D.
• Lai Singh and Teja Singh’s treachery again led to Sikh defeat.
• Sham Singh Attariwala displayed great feats of bravery in this battle.
• The British were victorious in this battle in the end.

Results of the War:

• As a consequence of this war, the ‘Lahore Treaty was signed between the Lahore court and the British government on 9th March 1846 A.D.
• According to this, the Maharaja of Lahore had to give away his control over all the regions to the South of the Sutlej river.
• The British demanded Rs. 1.50 crores as war indemnity.
• The British acknowledge Dalip Singh as the Maharaja of Lahore, Rani Jindan as his regent, and Lai Singh as their Prime Minister.
• The British handed over the control of the state to the council of Regency on 16th December 1846 under the Bhairowal Treaty.
• Maharani Jindan was removed from this post.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 21 Character and Personality of Maharaja Ranjit Singh will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 21 Character and Personality of Maharaja Ranjit Singh

As a Man:

• The appearance of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was not very attractive.
• His face was suffused with a special type of halo.
• Maharaja was very hard working.
• He was fond of hunting and horse riding.
• He possessed a very keen, intelligent, and prodigious memory.
• Maharaja Ranjit Singh was very popular with the people for his kindness.
• He was a devoted follower of Sikhism.
• He kept his religious di9crimination at an arm’s length.

As a General and Conqueror:

• He is counted among the greatest generals of the world.
• He did not have to face defeat in the battles which he fought during his lifetime.
• He paid full attention to the welfare of his soldiers.
• By virtue of his ability and bravery, he converted his small kingdom into a big empire.
• He annexed to his empire the important areas like Lahore, Amritsar, Kasur, Sialkot, Kangra, Gujarat. Jammu, Attock,
• Multan, Kashmir, and Peshawar.
• His empire had extended its frontiers from Ladakh in the North to Shikarpur in the ‘South, from the river Sutlej in the East to Peshawar in the West.

As an Administrator:

• Maharaja Ranjit Singh was not only a great conqueror but also an able administrator.
• With a view to run the administration efficiently, he had dividçd his kingdom into four big provinces.
• The smallest unit of administration was ‘Mauza’ or village.
• The village administration was in the hands of the Panchayat.
• The Maharaja had appointed many able and honest ministers.
• He offered special opportunities to the farmers and the poor.
• The Maharaja paid special attention to the military administration.
• He gave training to his army in the European pattern.
• It was owing to these efforts of Maharaja Ranjit Singh that the Sith army could become strong and efficient.

As a Diplomat:

• Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a shrewd and farsighted diplomat.
• He conquered all the Misis by virtue of his diplomacy.
• He secured the fort of Attock from Jahandad Khan without any fight.
• In 1835 AD., the ruler of Afghanistan, Dost Mohammad Khan fled the battlefield without fighting because of Maharaja’s diplomacy.
• In 1809 AD., Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave evidence of his political sagacity by establishing a friendship with the British.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 20 Civil and Military Administration of Ranjit Singh will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 20 Civil and Military Administration of Ranjit Singh

Civil Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh:
The main features of the civil administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh are as follows:

Central Administration:

• The Maharaja was the head of the state.
• He framed all internal and external policies of the state.
• For the efficient performance of administrafiontheMaharaja organised a Council of Ministers.
• The ministers were appointed by the Maharaja himself.
• Next to the Maharaja in importance was the place of Prime Minister (Wazir).
• The other ministers included Foreign Minister, Finance Minister, Commander-in-Chief, Deorhiwala, etc.
• For administrative efficiency, he had tested the various departments or drafters.
• There were 12 drafters in total.

Provincial Administration:

• Maharaja Ranjit Singh had divided his kingdom into four provinces
• The names of these provinces were
  • Suba-i- Lahore
  • Suba-i-Multan
  • Suba-i-Kashmir
  • Suba-i-Peshwar
• Nazim was the highest authority of the Suba.
• The Maharaja could change the Nazim whenever he wanted.

Local Administration:

• Each Suba was further divided into many Parganas.
• The chief official of the Pargana was called Kardar.
• The smallest unit of administration was the village.
• It was then called the Mauza.
• The administration of the village was in the hands of the Panchayat.
• The other important officials of the village administration were Chaudhary, Patwari, Muqaddam, and Chowkidar.

Financial Administration:

• Land revenue constituted the most important source of Maharaja’s state.
• The methods of assessment of land revenue were the Batai system, Kankut system, Zabat system, Bigha system, Plough system, Well system, Ijaradari system.
• The land revenue was collected twice a year.
• It varied from place to place according to the fertility of the soil.
• The other main sources of income were custom duties, Nazrana, Zabti, income from the judiciary, etc.

Jagirdari Administration:

• Service Jagirs were the most significant of all the Jagirs which were given during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Sing.
• They could be enlarged, reduced, or confiscated depending upon how their guarantors discharged their assigned responsibilities.
• These were divided into both military and civil jagirs.
• The other jagirs were Inam Jagirs, Subsistence Jagirs, Watan Jagirs, Dharmarth Jagirs.

Judicial Administration:

• The judicial system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was very simple Judicial decisions were made in accordance with the customary conventions and religious beliefs.
• In Maharaja’s Judicial system Panchayat was the smallest and the King’s court was the highest.
• The people were at liberty to knock at the door of any court in the state.
• Criminals were normally fined.
• The death sentence was not awarded to any criminal.

Military Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh:

• The military system of Ranjit Singh was a happy compromise between the old and the new ideas.
• The military system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh may be termed as Franco-British system in the Indian setting Maharaja Ranjit Singh had divided his army into two wings Fauj-i-Ain (regular army) and Fauj-i-Be-Qawaid (irregular army).
• The regular army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was called Fauj-i-Ain and it comprised all three arms infantry, cavalry, and artillery Fauj-i-Khas was the most important and strongest portion Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s army.
• It was trained under the command of General Ventura.
• Fauj-i-Be-Qawaid means that army that did not observe any prescribed rules.
• Historians hold that people from different sects were recruited in Maharaja’s army.
• The soldiers in the army ranged between 75,000 and 1,00,000 in number.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 19 Ranjit Singh’s relations with Afghanistan and his N.W.F. Policy will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 19 Ranjit Singh’s relations with Afghanistan and his N.W.F. Policy

Ranjit Singh’s Relations with Afghanistan:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s relations with Afghanistan were divided into four stages:

First Stage:

• This stage started in 1797 A.D. and ended in 1812 A.D.
• In 1797 A.D. when Ranjit Singh took over the reins of ShukarchakiUMisl, Shah Zaman was the emperor of Afghanistan.
• Ranjit Singh sent his guns that had fallen into the Jhelum river Pleased with him, he acknowledged Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s rule over Lahore.
• In 1803 A.D., Shah Shuja became the ruler of Afghanistan.
• Taking advantage of his weakness, Maharaja Ranjit Singh established control over the areas of Kasur, Jhang, and Sahiwal, etc.

Second Stage:

• This stage was from 1813 to 1834 A.D.
• According to the treaty signed at Rohtasgarh in 1813 A.D., the combined armed forces of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the Afghan Wazir Fateh Khan attacked Kashmir.
• Fateh Khan duped the emperor.
• On 13th July 1813 A.D., at a place called Hazro, the first battle was fought between the Afghans and Sikhs Fateh Khan was defeated in it.
• Maharaja’s occupation of Peshawar led to the terrible battle of Naushera on 14th March 1823 A.D.
• The Afghans were defeated in the battle also.
• On 6th May 1834 A.D., Peshawar was completely annexed to the Sikh kingdom.

Third Stage:

• This stage was from 1834 to 1837 A.D.
• Dost Muhammad Khan, the ruler of Afghanistan was infuriated because of the Maharaja’s occupation of Peshawar.
  consequently, he declared the Jihad.
• But because of Ranjit Singh’s diplomacy; he had to flee without fighting the battle.
• In 1837 A.D., the Battle of Jamrud was fought between the Sikhs and the Afghans.
• The Sikhs were victorious in the battle but Hari Singh Nalwa was martyred.
• After this, the Afghan soldiers never faced Peshawar.

Fourth Stage:

• This stage was from 1838 to 1839 A.D.
• Seeing the growing influence of Russia, the British planned to make Shah Shuja the new ruler of Afghanistan.
• On 26th June 1838 A.D., the Tripartite Treaty was signed between the British, Shah Shuja, and Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
• On 27th June 1839 A.D., Maharaja Ranjit Singh expired.
• In this way, the tables always stood in favour of Maharaja Ranjit Singh as far as Sikh.
• Afghan relations were concerned.

North-West Frontier Policy of Maharaja Ranjit Singh:

• The problem of the North-West frontier always remained a problem for the rulers of Punjab and India.
• It was from here that the foreign invaders attacked India.
• The turbulent tribes of this region were always uncontrollable.
• Between 1831 A.D. and 1836 A.D., Maharaja conquered the regions of Dera Ghazi Khan, Tonk, Bannu, and Peshawar, etc.
• Maharaja never tried to occupy Afghanistan.
• He sent several military expeditions against the turbulent Afghan tribes.
• Several new forts were built on the North-West Frontier.
• The specially trained army was maintained there.
• Military governors were appointed there.
• Special provisions were made for the welfare of these tribes.
• Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s North-West Frontier Policy was successful to quite an extent.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 18 Anglo-Sikh Relations 1800-1839 A.D. will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 18 Anglo-Sikh Relations 1800-1839 A.D.

First Stage:

• The first stage of the Anglo-Sikh relations was from 1800-09 A.D.
• The Britishers sent their emissary Yusuf Ali to the court of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1800 A.D.
• In 1805 A.D., the Maratha Sardar Jaswant Rao Holkar came to Punjab to seek Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s help against the British but the Maharaja refused to extend any active help.
• Because of this, the Britishers were very happy with him and they signed a treaty with Maharaja Ranjit Singh at Lahore on 1st January 1806 A.D.
• In order to check the growing influence of Ranjit Singh, Charles Metcalfe met Maharaja Ranjit Singh at Amritsar on 10th December 1808 A.D. but this talk also remained inconclusive.
• Both the parties began to make warfare preparations.
• At the last moment, however, Maharaja Ranjit Singh yielded to the British demands.

The Treaty of Amritsar:

• On 25th April 1809 A.D., Maharaja Ranjit Singh signed the Treaty of Amritsar with the Britishers.
• The British agreed to haVe no concern with the territories and subjects of the Maharaja to the extent of the river Sutlej.
• It shattered Ranjit Singh’s greatest cherished ideals of being the sole ruler of all the Sikhs.
• Ranjit Singh saved his kingdom from ruin by signing this treaty.
• It was a big diplomatic victory for the British.

Second Stage:

• The second stage from 1809-1839 A.D. was a period of distrust and suspicion between the two parties.
• During 1812 A.D. and 1821 A.D., the Britishers and Maharaja Ranjit Singh adopted a neutral policy and did not interfere in each other’s affairs.
• The Britishers succeeded in signing a commercial treaty with Sind in 1832 A.D. which dealt a severe jolt to the morale of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
• In 1835 A.D., the Maharaja kept quiet over the question of Shikarpur and Ferozepur.
• Ranjit Singh had to yield to the threats of the English Resident Macnaughten and he signed the Tripartite Treaty on 26th June 1838 A.D.
• Some historians hold the view that Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave proof of his capacity and farsightedness by not fighting with the Britishers but on the other hand, some other historians have strongly criticized the policy of Ranjit Singh towards the British.