Class 8

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions English Reading Comprehension Unseen Passages Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 8th Class English Reading Comprehension Unseen Passages

I. Read the given passages and answer the questions that follow:

(1) Trees are as beautiful as they are useful. Wherever they are, they make that place look nice and green. They give us fruits, shade and wood. Birds build nests in their branches. Trees make the whole place like a garden. They are indeed nature’s precious gift to us.

Every tree is a living and breathing creature, like us. But unlike us, it prepares its own food from raw materials such as carbon dioxide, water and sunlight. Also, unlike us, it lacks a well-developed nervous system although it responds to many external stimuli. The, tree breathes through its leaves.

How does the environment affect the growth of the tree ? If there is a lack of water, the roots go down deeper and spread out far and wide, backward and forward, in search of food material. If there are too many trees in one place, they grow higher and higher to reach the sunshine. If there is a strong wind all the time, the tree takes firmer hold of the ground with its roots.

The tree is a strong fighter. It may bend before the wind but it does not always break. It protects itself very well against snow, frost and hail. It can defeat most of its enemies. But human beings defeat the tree every time by cutting it down. Litde do they know that by destroying trees at such a large scale, they are actually destroying themselves.

Question 1.
Trees are natures precious gift to us because:
(a) they provide us food, shade and wood
(b) they provide shelter to the birds
(c) they turn the earth into a beautiful place
(d) all of the above.
Answer:
(d) all of the above.

Question 2.
When there is lack of water, the tree:
(a) grow taller in order to get rain
(b) takes firm hold on the ground
(c) starts breathing through its leaves
(d) sends its roots deep, far and wide.
Answer:
(d) sends its roots deep, far and wide.

Question 3.
Which of the following statement is true for both humans and trees ?
(a) both breathe and grow
(b) both can move and run
(c) both buy their own food
(d) both have a nervous system.
Answer:
(a) both breathe and grow.

Question 4.
Trees fight many enemies but they are not able to defeat :
(a) snow
(b) wind
(c) water scarcity
(d) human beings
Answer:
(d) human beings.

Question 5.
Trees are strong fighters because :
(a) they can adapt themselves to all circumstances
(b) they can kill other trees for their growth
(c) they can defeat all their enemies
(d) they have strong roots and trunk.
Answer:
(a) they can adapt themselves to all circumstances.

(2) Schools all over India celebrate Childrens Day’ on 14th November every year. On this day, our great Prime Minister who had a great love for children was born. His ancestors came down from Kashmir to the rich plains below. Kaul had been his family name; this changed to Kaul-Nehru: and in later years. Kaul was dropped and they became simply Nehrus. Jawahar Lai Nehru was the only son of his prosperous parents. His two sisters were much younger to Jawahar Lai Nehru, And so, he grew up and spent his early years as a lonely child with no companion of his own age. Private tutors were in charge of his education. Then, he went to England and was educated at Harrow and at Trinity College, Cambridge.

Question 1.
Childrens Day is celebrated on:
(a) 15th August
(b) 26th January
(c) 14th November
(d) 30th January.
Answer:
(c) 14th November.

Question 2.
Nehrus ancestors came from:
(a) Delhi
(b) Allahabad
(c) Kashmir
(d) Raibareli.
Answer:
(c) Kashmir.

Question 3.
Jawahar Lai Nehru was educated at:
(a) Wilson College, Mumbai
(b) Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge
(c) Presidency University, Kalkata
(d) Jesus and Mary College, Delhi.
Answer:
(b) Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge.

Question 4.
Why is 14th November celebrated as Childrens Day ?
Or
What is the importance of 14th November ?
(a) Pt. Nehru was born on this day.
(b) Mahatma Gandhi was born on this day.
(c) Indira Gandhi was born on this day.
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(a) Pt. Nehru was born on this day.

Question 5.
Nehru ji belonged to:
(a) a poor family
(b) a family of farmers
(c) a rich / prosperous family
(d) none of these.
Answer:
(c) a rich / prosperous family.

(3) Once a bee felt thirsty. It flew to a pond to drink water. While drinking water, the bee fell into the pond. A dove was sitting on the branch of a tree. It saw all and decided to save the bee’s life. The dove threw a leaf. The bee climbed over the leaf, dried its wings and flew away.

After a few days a hunter came to the forest. He aimed at the dove. Luckily the bee saw the hunter. It flew to the hunter and stung him hard on the hand. The hunter missed his aim. The dove heard the gunshot and flew away. The dove thanked the bee for this timely help.

Question 1.
Where did the bee fly to drink water ?
(a) a canal
(b) a pond
(c) a river
(d) a stream.
Answer:
(b) a pond

Question 2.
What happened to the bee while drinking water ?
(a) It fell from the tree
(b) It fell into the pond
(c) It was shot by the hunter
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(b) It fell into the pond.

Question 3.
Who saved the bee’s life?
(a) a dove
(b) a hunter
(c) a fish
(d) a tortoise.
Answer:
(a) a dove.

Question 4.
What did the bee do to save the dove’s life?
(a) It killed the hunter
(b) It stung the hunter on the hand
(c) It shouted hard
(d) It did nothing.
Answer:
(b) It stung the hunter on the hand.

Question 5.
What is the moral of the story ?
(a) Do good, have good
(b) Revenge is the best policy
(c) Pride hath a fall
(d) Union is strength.
Answer:
(a) Do good, have good.

(4) Garbage is a great environmental hazard. It comes from various sources-used paper, tiffin packings, plastic bags, ice-cream wrappers, bottle caps, fallen leaves from trees and many more. Garbage makes the premises ugly, unkempt and breeds diseases.

A lot of trash that is thrown away contains material that can be recycled and reused such as paper, metals and glass which can be sent to the nearest recycling centre or disposed of to the junkdealer. It also contains organic matter such as leaves which can enrich land fertility.

A compost pit can be made at a convenient location where the refuse can be placed with layers of soil and and occasional sprinkling of water. This would help decomposition to make valuable manure (fertilizer). This would also prevent pollution that is usually caused by burning such organic waste.

Question 1.
Garbage is a great environmental hazard because it makes the premises:
(a) ugly
(b) unkempt
(c) breed diseases
(d) all these.
Answer:
(d) all these.

Question 2.
What happens to the disposed material at the recycling centre ?
(a) sent back to homes
(b) takes a new shape.
(c) thrown into rivers.
(d) all the above.
Answer:
(b) takes a new shape.

Question 3.
How can we make use of waste organic matter ?
(a) send it to junkdealer
(b) burn it
(c) change it into valuable manure (fertilizer)
(d) all these
Answer:
(c) change it into valuable manure (fertilizer.)

Question 4.
Proper disposal of garbage
(a) spreads pollution
(b) prevents pollution
(c) spoils mineral wealth
(d) none of these
Answer:
(b) prevents pollution.

Question 5.
The organic waste that can be recycled and reused is
(a) paper
(b) glass
(c) metals
(d) all these.
Answer:
(d) all these.

(5) Yoga is the ancient Indian system to keep a person fit in body and mind. It is basically a system of self-treatment. According to the yogic view, diseases, disorders and ailments are the result of some faulty ways of living, bad habits, lack of proper knowledge and unsuitable food. The diseases are thus the resultant state of a short or prolonged malfunctioning of the body system. The root cause of a disease lies in not correcting the mistakes by the same individual. The yogic practice of treatment comprises three steps, namely proper diet, proper yogic practice and proper knowledge of things concerning the self.

Question 1.
The benefit of the system of yoga is:
(a) It keeps a person fit in body and mind.
(b) It is a modern Indian system.
(c) It makes a person religious.
(d) Comprises three steps.
Answer:
(a) It keeps a person fit in body and mind.

Question 2.
What type of system is this basically?
(a) It is a costly treatment
(b) It is a self-treatment.
(c) It avoids bad habits.
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(b) It is a self-treatment.
Or
Diseases, disorders and ailments are the results of
(a) Some faulty ways of living.
(b) Some normal ways of living
(c) Some cosdy ways of living.
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(a) Some faulty ways of living.

Question 3.
What is the root cause of diseases ?
(a) Mistakes of the doctors.
(b) Mistakes of the parents.
(c) Mistakes of the governments.
(d) Mistakes of the individual.
Answer:
(d) Mistakes of the individual.

Question 4.
How many steps does yoga practice keep?
(a) Only one step.
(b) Only three steps.
(c) Only two steps.
(d) Only four steps.
Answer:
(b) Only three steps.
Or
Which is the first step of yoga?
(a) Proper yogic practice.
(b) Proper knowledge of things.
(c) Proper diet.
(d) Proper exercise of body.
Answer:
(c) Proper diet.

Question 5.
Which is the third step of yoga?
(a) Proper knowledge.
(b) Proper counselling.
(c) Proper thinking.
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(a) Proper knowledge.
Or
Whose efforts cure the person ?
(a) The doctor’s efforts.
(b) The yoga experts efforts.
(c) The efforts of the society.
(d) The patients efforts.
Answer:
(d) The patients efforts.

(6) There is an incident which occurred at the examination during my first year at the high school. Mr. Giles, the Education Inspector, had come on a visit of inspection. He had set us five words, to write as a spelling exercise. One of the words was ‘ketde’. I had mis-spelt it. The teacher tried to prompt me with the point of his boot, but I would not be prompted. It was beyond me to see that he wanted me to copy the spelling from my neighbour’s slate for I had thought that the teacher was there to supervise us against copying.

Question 1.
When did the incident occur ?
(a) In the second year.
(b) In the first year.
(c) In the third year.
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(b) In the first year.
Or
Who was the Education Inspector?
(a) Mr. Gordon
(b) Mr. Graham
(c) Mr. Giles
(d) Mr. George.
Answer:
(c) Mr. Giles

Question 2.
Which exercise was given to write?
(a) Dictation exercise.
(b) Handwriting exercise.
(c) Yoga exercise.
(d) Spelling exercise.
Answer:
(d) Spelling exercise
Or
How many words were given to us ?
(a) Three words.
(b) Five words.
(c) No word was given.
(d) Four words.
Answer:
(b) Five words.

Question 3.
Who tried to prompt the speaker/writer ?
(a) The teacher.
(b) The Inspector.
(c) The students.
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(a) The teacher.
Or
What mistake had the writer committed ?
(a) A word mistake.
(b) A meaning mistake.
(c) A spelling mistake.
(d) A speaking mistake.
Answer:
(c) A spelling mistake.

Question 4.
What was the point of indication used by the teacher ?
(a) The point of his hand finger.
(b) The point of his right foot finger.
(c) The point of his left hand thumb.
(d) The point of his boot.
Answer:
(d) The point of his boot.

Question 5.
Which word was mis-spelt ?
(a) Kettle.
(b) Catde.
(c) Settle.
(d) Metal.
Answer:
(a) Kettle.

(7) People often curse poverty as a great evil, and it seems to be an accepted belief that if people only had plenty of money, they would be happy and useful and get more out of life. But the reality is that while palaces give a comfortable life, peace and contentment dwell in cottages. I always pity the sons and daughters of rich parents who are attended by servants and governesses. It is because I know how sweet and happy and pure the home of honest poverty is and how loving and united the members of poor families are in common interests. It is for these reasons that so many strong, eminent and self-reliant men have always sprung from poor families.

Question 1.
What do the people often think about the poverty?
(a) It is a curse and great evil.
(b) It is a boon of God.
(c) It is a self-created act.
(d) It is a social evil.
Answer:
(a) It is a curse and great evil.
Or
Who are attended by servants and governesses?
(a) The kings of the world.
(b) The members of the poor families.
(c) The sons and daughters of rich parents.
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(b) The sons and daughters of rich parents.

Question 2.
Who are happy according to accepted belief ?
(a) People who have no money.
(b) People who have plenty of money.
(c) People who have a higher education.
(d) People who have no higher education.
Answer:
(a) People who have no money.
Or
What is the reality of happy life.
(a) To live in luxurious palaces.
(b) To live in the forests.
(c) To live peaceful and contented life in a hut.
(d) To live in the king’s palaces.
Answer:
(c) To live peaceful and contented life in a hut.

Question 3.
What does the home of poverty provide us?
(a) A life of prosperity.
(b) A sweet, happy and pure home.
(c) A dirty, bad and disturbed life.
(d) A life of dissatisfaction.
Answer:
(b) A sweet, happy and pure home.

Question 4.
Whose members are loving and united ?
(a) Members of poor families.
(b) Members of rich families.
(c) Members of tribal families.
(d) Members of royal families.
Answer:
(a) Members of poor families.
Or
Who have sprung from poor families ?
(a) Weak, cowardly and religious persons.
(b) Educated, rich and royal persons.
(c) Prosperous honoured and noble persons.
(d) Strong, eminent and self-reliant persons.
Answer:
(d) Strong, eminent and self-reliant persons.

Question 5.
Whose plus points are highlighted in the passage ?
(a) The rich.
(b) The noble,
(c) The honoured.
(d) The poor.
Answer:
(d) The poor.

(8) Books have much value in our life. They are our lifeline and best companion. Everything comes to an end but they live for ever. They never deceive the readers. They help us in difficulties. We get much knowledge and entertainment from them. We get new meanings and beauties in books. By reading books, we just get confidence in life. This world would be quite dark without books. They tell us about people, their culture and profession.

Question 1.
Books have:
(a) no value.
(b) less value.
(c) much value.
(d) different value.
Answer:
(c) much value.
Or
Books are our:
(a) lifeline.
(b) best companion.
(c) companion and enemy
(d) both (a) and (b).
Answer:
(d) both (a) and
(b) lifeline and best companion.

Question 2.
A quality of books is:
(a) They come to an end.
(b) They don’t live for ever.
(c) They live for ever.
(d) All the above.
Answer:
(c) They live for ever.
Or
Books help us:
(a) in trouble.
(b) in difficulties.
(c) Both (a) and (b).
(d) in sorrows.
Answer:
(b) in difficulties.

Question 3.
We get from books:
(a) waste paper
(b) much knowledge.
(c) entertainment.
(d) Both (b) and (c).
Answer:
(d) both (b) and (c) much knowledge and entertainment.
Or
By reading books we get:
(a) confidence in life
(b) difficulties in life
(c) popularity and prosperity
(d) All the above.
Answer:
(a) confidence in life.

Question 4.
Without books the world would become:
(a) quite happy.
(b) quite bright.
(c) quite dark.
(d) Both (a) and (b).
Answer:
(c) quite dark.

Question 5.
Books tell us about:
(a) people.
(b) their culture.
(c) their profession.
(d) All the above.
Answer:
(d) All the above.

(9) Diwali is the greatest festival of Hindus. It is celebrated throughout the world. It is a festival of lights and candles. It comes in the month of October or November every year. On this day people worship Goddess Lakshmi. They put on new clothes and buy sweets. They also give presents to their friends and relatives. Some people gamble on this day which is an evil practice. Children play crackers and fireworks.

Question 1.
Diwali is the greatest festival of
(a) Muslims
(b) the poor
(c) the rich
(d) Hindus
Answer:
(d) Hindus

Question 2.
Diwali is celebrated:
(a) only in India.
(b) throughout Asia
(c) throughout the world.
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) throughout the world.
Or
Diwali is a festival of:
(a) lights.
(b) Candles
(c) swings
(d) both (a) and (b)
Answer:
(d) both (a) and (b) lights and candles.

Question 3.
Diwali fells in the month of:
(a) October.
(b) October or November.
(c) December
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) October or November.
Or
On this day people worship:
(a) Goddess Kali.
(b) Goddess Lakshmi.
(c) Both (a) and (b).
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Goddess Lakshmi.

Question 4.
On this day people:
(a) buy houses
(b) buy sweets.
(c) give up bad habbits
(d) All the above.
Answer:
(b) buy sweets.
Or
An evil practice related to Diwali is:
(a) drinking
(b) fighting
(c) smoking
(d) gambling.
Answer:
(d) gambling

Question 5.
Who plays cracker and fire works on this day ?
(a) rich people
(b) poor people
(c) Children
(d) Goddess Laxmi
Answer:
(c) Children

(10) Mohan and Sohan were fast friends. Mohan was very selfish and cunning while Sohan was very loyal and dependable. One day they set out on a long journey. Both decided to help each other. While crossing the forest, they saw a bear coming towards them. Mohan at once climbed up a tree. But Sohan did not know how to climb up. He lay on the ground and held his breath. The bear came and took Sohan as dead. After the bear had gone, Mohan came down the tree and asked Sohan what the bear had said in his ear. Sohan replied that the bear had told him never to trust a false friend.

Question 1.
Mohan was:
(a) loyal.
(b) very helpful.
(c) very selfish and cunning.
(d) All the above.
Answer:
(c) very selfish and cunning.

Question 2.
Sohan was very:
(a) selfish.
(b) cunning.
(c) loyal and dependable.
(d) a false friend
Answer:
(c) loyal and dependable.

Question 3.
One day Mohan and Sohan set out:
(a) on a tour.
(b) on a long journey.
(c) on an expedition.
(d) on a short trip.
Answer:
(b) on a long journey.

Question 4.
What did they see in the forest?
(a) An elephant.
(b) A lion.
(c) A tiger.
(d) A bear.
Answer:
(d) A bear.
Or
What did Sohan do?
(a) He ran away.
(b) He lay on the ground.
(c) He held his breath.
(d) Both (b) and (c).
Answer:
(d) both (b) and (c) He lay on the ground and held his breath.

Question 5.
What did the bear do ?
(a) It attacked Sohan.
(b) It killed Sohan.
(c) It took Sohan as dead.
(d) It took Mohan as dead
Answer:
(c) It took Sohan as dead.
Or
The bear had told Sohan not to
(a) trust anybody.
(b) climb up a tree.
(c) go on a journey.
(d) trust a false friend.
Answer:
(d) trust a false friend.

(11) His first ‘Satyagraha in India was in Champaran, in Bihar. The peasants of that district were being cruelly treated by the British indigo planters. Gandhiji left for Champaran to find out the truth. The news that a Mahatma had arrived to inquire into their sufferings attracted thousands of peasants who flocked to Champaran to have has darshan. The Government got alarmed and Gandhiji was asked to leave the district. He refused and was asked to appear before magistrate. Later, the case was withdrawn.Gandhiji lived with the peasants for some time in order to learn about their hard lot. But, he also taught them to be free and to stand on their feet. At last, he succeeded in securing justice for the poor peasants.

Question 1.
Gandhiji left for Champaran to find
(a) out the truth
(b) out the peasants
(c) out the magistrate
(d) none of the above.
Answer:
(a) out the truth.

Question 2.
Who were cruelly treated ?
(a) The British indigo planters
(b) Gandhiji and his followers
(c) The peasants of Champaran
(d) The peasants all over India
Answer:
(c) The peasants of Champaran.

Question 3.
Gandhiji was asked to leave because:
(a) his life was in danger.
(b) the government was alarmed.
(c) he had lost his energy to unite the peasants.
(d) all the above.
Answer:
(b) the government was alarmed.

Question 4.
When refused, Gandhiji was asked to appear before:
(a) the peasants
(b) the public meeting
(c) the indigo planters
(d) the magistrate.
Answer:
(d) the magistrate.

Question 5.
Gandhiji’s first ‘Satyagraha’ was a:
(a) success
(b) failure
(c) false show
(d) poor show
Answer:
(a) success.

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 1 Rational Numbers InText Questions and Answers.

PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 1 Rational Numbers InText Questions

Try These : (Textbook Page No.4)

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks in the following table :

Answer:

[Note : Rational numbers are not closed under division.]
e.g., \(\frac {2}{3}\) ÷ 0 = ? This is not defined. That’s why our answer in the table is ‘No’.

Try These : (Textbook Page No.6)

Question 1.
Complete the following table:

Answer:

Try These : (Textbook Page No.9)

Question 1.
Complete the following table:

Answer:

Think, Discuss and Write : (Textbook Page No.11)

1. If a property holds for rational numbers, will it also hold for integers ? For whole numbers ? Which will ? Which will not ?
Answer:
( i ) Any property which is true for rational numbers is also true for integers except for any integers ‘a’ and ‘b’ (a ÷ b) is not necessarily an integer.
(ii) All properties which are true for rational numbers are also true for whole numbers also except:

• For ‘a’ and ‘b’ being whole numbers (a – b) may not be a whole number.
• For ‘a’ and ‘b’ being whole numbers (b ≠ 0), a ÷ b may not be a whole number.

Try These : (Textbook Page No.13)

1. Find using distributivity :

Question (i).
\(\left\{\frac{7}{5} \times\left(\frac{-3}{12}\right)\right\}+\left\{\frac{7}{5} \times \frac{5}{12}\right\}\)
Answer:
\(\left\{\frac{7}{5} \times\left(\frac{-3}{12}\right)\right\}+\left\{\frac{7}{5} \times \frac{5}{12}\right\}\)
= \(=\frac{7}{5} \times\left[\frac{-3}{12}+\frac{5}{12}\right]\)
= \(\frac{7}{5} \times\left[\frac{-3+5}{12}\right]\)
= \(\frac{7}{5} \times \frac{2}{12}\)
= \(\frac{7}{5} \times \frac{1}{6}\)
= \(\frac {7}{30}\)

Question (ii).
\(\left\{\frac{9}{16} \times \frac{4}{12}\right\}+\left\{\frac{9}{16} \times \frac{-3}{9}\right\}\)
Answer:
\(\left\{\frac{9}{16} \times \frac{4}{12}\right\}+\left\{\frac{9}{16} \times \frac{-3}{9}\right\}\)
= \(\frac{9}{16} \times\left[\frac{4}{12}+\left(\frac{-3}{9}\right)\right]\)
= \(\frac{9}{16} \times\left[\frac{12+(-12)}{36}\right]\) …..(LCM = 36)
= \(\frac{9}{16} \times\left[\frac{0}{36}\right]\)
= \(\frac{9}{16} \times 0\)
= 0.

Try These : (Textbook Page No.17)

1. Write the rational number for each point labelled with a letter:

Question (i).

Answer:

Here, the rational number for-
the point A is \(\frac {1}{5}\)
the point B is \(\frac {4}{5}\)
the point C is \(\frac {5}{5}\) or 1.
the point D is \(\frac {8}{5}\)
the point E is \(\frac {9}{5}\)

Question (ii).

Answer:

Here, the rational number for-
the point F is \(\frac {-2}{6}\) or \(\frac {-1}{3}\).
the point G is \(\frac {-5}{6}\).
the point H is \(\frac {-7}{6}\).
the point I is \(\frac {-8}{6}\) or \(\frac {-4}{3}\).
the point J is \(\frac {-11}{6}\).

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions Chapter 3 Saint Ravidas Ji Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 English Chapter 3 Saint Ravidas Ji

Activity 1:

Look up the following words in a dictionary. You should seek the following information about the words and put them in your WORDS notebook.
1. Meaning of the word as used in the lesson (adjective/noun/verb. etc.)
2. Pronunciation (The teacher may refer to the dictionary or a mobile phone for correct pronunciation.)
3. Spellings.

decay	disciple	impression	sermons	meditate
plight	essence	distinction	stress	eternal

Prefixes and suffixes

1. The prefixes such as pre-, dis-, un-, im-, in-, mis- generally mean the opposite of
the word they come before
(a) ‘Dishonest is used for a person who is not honest.
(b) ‘Impure’ is used for an object which is not pure.
(c) ‘Impossible’ is used for something that is not possible.

2. The suffixes -er, -or, -ian and -ist mean a person who performs an action/ does something
(a) ‘Cobbler’ is a person who cobbles (mends shoes).
(b) Historian’ is a person who studies history.

Activity 2

Add the right prefix or suffix to the following words. (You may have to add a vowel or a consonant to complete the spellings.)
1. act —- enact/factor
2. scene —- scenery
3. pot —- potter
4. music —- musical
5. run —- runner
6. sculpt —- sculptor
7. vend —- vendor
8. report —- reporter
9. paint —- painter
10. electric —- electrical
11. happening —- mishappening
12. complete —- compeletion
13. correct —- incorrect
14. patient —- patience
15: possible —- impossibe
16. loyal —- disloyal/loyality
17. read —- reader
18. apper —- appearance
19. appear —- appearance
20. place —- placement

Learning to Read and Comprehend

Activity 3.

Write answers to the following questions.

Question 1.
When and where was Ravidas ji born ?
रविदास जी का जन्म कब और कहाँ हुआ ?
Answer:
Ravidas Ji was born in the year 1377 at Banaras.

Question 2.
What did Saint Ravidas ji parents want ?
रविदास जी के माता-पिता क्या चाहते थे ?
Answer:
They wanted him to be educated.

Question 3.
Why could Ravidas ji not continue with his studies ?
रविदास जी अपनी पढ़ाई जारी क्यों नहीं रख सके ?
Answer:
Ravidas ji found an unfriendly atmosphere at school. So he could not put his heart into studies.

Question ‌4.‌
‌What‌ ‌did‌ ‌he‌ ‌understand‌ ‌at‌ ‌ school‌ ‌?‌ ‌
उन्होंने‌ ‌स्कूल‌ ‌में‌ ‌क्या‌ ‌अनुभव‌ ‌किया‌ ‌?‌
‌Answer:
‌He‌ ‌understood‌ ‌at‌ ‌school‌ ‌that‌ ‌a‌ ‌child‌ ‌ born‌ ‌in‌ ‌a‌ ‌low‌ ‌caste‌ ‌was‌ ‌not‌ ‌treated‌ ‌well‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌society.‌ ‌

Question ‌5.‌ ‌
What‌ ‌was‌ ‌Ravidas‌ ‌ji‌ ‌in‌ ‌search‌ ‌of‌ ‌and‌ ‌why?‌ ‌
‌रविदास‌ ‌जी‌ ‌किसकी‌ ‌तलाश‌ ‌में‌ ‌थे‌ ‌और‌ ‌क्यों‌ ‌?‌
‌Answer:
Ravidas‌ ‌Ji‌ ‌was‌ ‌in‌ ‌search‌ ‌of‌ ‌some‌ ‌ spiritual‌ ‌teacher‌ ‌to‌ ‌show‌ ‌him‌ ‌the‌ ‌right‌ ‌path.‌ ‌

Question 6.‌
‌What‌ ‌did‌ ‌Swami‌ ‌Ramanand‌ ‌ji‌ ‌do‌ ‌for‌ ‌Ravidas‌ ‌ji‌ ‌?‌ ‌
‌स्वामी‌ ‌रामानन्द.जी‌ ‌ने‌ ‌रविदास‌ ‌जी‌ ‌के‌ ‌लिए‌ ‌क्या‌ ‌किया‌ ‌?‌
‌Answer:
Swami‌ ‌ Ramanand‌ ‌ji‌ ‌kindled‌ ‌spiritual‌ ‌flame‌ ‌in‌ ‌Ravidas‌ ‌ji‌ ‌that‌ ‌changed‌ ‌his‌ ‌life.‌ ‌

Question ‌7.‌
‌When‌ ‌did‌ ‌Swami‌ ‌Ramanand‌ ‌ask‌ ‌Ravidas‌ ‌ji‌ ‌to‌ ‌go‌ ‌back‌ ‌home‌ ‌?‌ ‌
स्वामी‌ ‌रामानन्द‌ ‌जी‌ ‌ने‌ ‌रविदास‌ ‌जी‌ ‌को‌ ‌घर‌ ‌लौट‌ ‌जाने‌ ‌के‌ ‌लिए‌ ‌कब‌ ‌कहा‌ ‌?‌ ‌
Answer:
‌When‌ ‌Swami‌ ‌ Ramanand‌ ‌ji‌ ‌was‌ ‌satisfied‌ ‌that‌ ‌the‌ ‌spiritual‌ ‌flame‌ ‌had‌ ‌been‌ ‌kindled‌ permanently‌ ‌in‌ ‌Ravidas‌ ‌ji,‌ ‌he‌ ‌asked,‌ ‌him‌ ‌to‌ ‌go‌ ‌home.‌ ‌

Question ‌8.‌ ‌
Which‌ ‌place‌ ‌did‌ ‌Saint‌ ‌Ravidas‌ ‌ji‌ ‌choose‌ ‌for‌ ‌his‌ ‌meditation‌ ‌?‌ ‌
संत‌ ‌रविदास‌ ‌जी‌ ‌ने‌ ‌ध्यान‌ ‌लगाने‌ ‌के‌ ‌लिए‌ ‌कौन-सा‌ ‌स्थान‌ ‌चुना‌ ‌?‌ ‌
Answer:
‌He‌ ‌choose‌ ‌a‌ ‌peaceful‌ ‌place‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌forest‌ ‌for‌ ‌his‌ ‌meditation.‌ ‌

Question ‌9.
How‌ ‌did‌ ‌Saint‌ ‌Ravidas‌ ‌ji‌ ‌save‌ ‌the‌ ‌deer‌ ‌ family‌ ‌from‌ ‌the‌ ‌hunter‌ ‌?‌ ‌
संत‌ ‌रविदास‌ ‌जी‌ ‌ने‌ ‌शिकारी‌ ‌से‌ ‌मृग‌ ‌परिवार‌ ‌की‌ ‌रक्षा‌ ‌कैसे‌ ‌की‌ ‌?‌ ‌
Answer:
Saint‌ ‌Ravidas‌ ‌ji‌ ‌saved‌ ‌the‌ ‌dear‌ ‌family‌ ‌from‌ ‌the‌ ‌cruel‌ ‌hunter‌ ‌with‌ ‌his‌ ‌words‌ ‌of‌ ‌wisdom‌ ‌and‌ ‌charming‌ ‌personality.‌ ‌

Question 10.‌ ‌
What‌ ‌change‌ ‌was‌ ‌seen‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌hunter‌ ‌after‌ ‌his‌ ‌contact‌ ‌with‌ ‌Saint‌ ‌Ravidas‌ ‌ji‌ ‌?‌ ‌
संत‌ ‌रविदास‌ ‌जी‌ ‌के‌ ‌सम्पर्क‌ ‌में‌ ‌आने‌ ‌के‌ ‌बाद‌ ‌शिकारी‌ ‌में‌ ‌क्या‌ ‌परिवर्तन‌ ‌देखने‌ ‌को‌ ‌मिला‌ ‌?‌ ‌
Answer:
All‌ ‌the‌ ‌evil‌ ‌thoughts‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌hunter’s‌ ‌mind‌ ‌were‌ ‌washed‌ ‌away.‌ ‌

Question 11.‌ ‌
What‌ ‌were‌ ‌the‌ ‌main‌ ‌points‌ ‌of‌ ‌Saint‌ ‌Ravidas’‌ ‌ji‌ ‌teachings‌ ‌?‌ ‌
‌संत‌ ‌रविदास‌ ‌जी‌ ‌की‌ ‌शिक्षा‌ ‌के‌ ‌मुख्य‌ ‌बिंदु‌ ‌क्या‌ ‌थे‌ ‌?‌ ‌
Answer:
The‌ ‌main‌ ‌points‌ ‌of‌ ‌Saint‌ ‌Ravidas‌ ‌ji’s‌ ‌teaching‌ ‌were‌ ‌:‌ ‌
(a)‌ ‌all‌ ‌are‌ ‌equal‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌eyes‌ ‌of‌ ‌God.‌ ‌
(b)‌ ‌the‌ ‌distinctions‌ ‌of‌ ‌caste,‌ ‌colour‌ ‌and‌ ‌creed‌ ‌are‌ ‌meaningless.‌ ‌
(c)‌ ‌intouchability‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌ ‌sin‌ ‌against‌ ‌humanity.‌ ‌

Activity‌ ‌4‌

‌What‌ ‌do‌ ‌you‌ ‌understand‌ ‌about‌ ‌Saint‌ ‌Ravidas‌ ‌ji‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌lesson‌ ‌?‌ ‌Write‌ ‌three‌ ‌to‌ ‌four‌ ‌sentences‌ ‌on‌ ‌Saint‌ ‌Ravidas‌ ‌ji.‌
‌Answer:
‌Ravidas‌ ‌ji‌ ‌was‌ ‌one‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌great‌ ‌saints‌ ‌of‌ ‌India.‌ ‌He‌ ‌was‌ ‌very‌ ‌humble.‌ ‌He‌ ‌was‌ ‌completely‌ ‌different‌ ‌from‌ ‌the‌ ‌people‌ ‌of‌ ‌that‌ ‌time.‌ ‌His‌ ‌spiritual‌ ‌message‌ ‌appealed‌ ‌to‌ ‌every‌ ‌body.‌ ‌His‌ ‌charming‌ ‌personality‌ ‌even‌ ‌changed‌ ‌the‌ ‌cruel‌ ‌hunter.‌ ‌‌

Learning‌ ‌Languages‌ ‌
The‌ ‌Verb‌ ‌

Verbs‌ ‌are‌ ‌the‌ ‌words‌ ‌that‌ ‌show‌ ‌a‌ ‌person’s‌ ‌action‌ ‌or‌ ‌state‌ ‌of‌ ‌Verbs‌
‌वे‌ ‌शब्द‌ ‌होते‌ ‌हैं‌ ‌जो‌ ‌किसी‌ ‌व्यक्ति‌ ‌की‌ ‌क्रिया‌ ‌या‌ ‌उसके‌ ‌कुछ‌ ‌होने‌ ‌की‌ ‌स्थिति‌ ‌को‌ ‌दर्शाते‌ ‌हैं।‌
‌(a)‌ ‌Ashok‌ ‌runs.‌ ‌
(b)‌ ‌The‌ ‌dog‌ ‌jumps.‌ ‌
(c)‌ ‌I‌ ‌am‌ ‌eating.‌ ‌
In‌ ‌the‌ ‌examples,‌ ‌fruns’,‌ ‌’jumps’‌ ‌and‌ ‌’am‌ ‌eating‌ ‌are‌ ‌verbs.‌ ‌A‌ ‌verb‌ ‌may‌ ‌further‌ ‌be‌ ‌categorised‌ ‌into‌ ‌the‌ ‌Main‌ ‌verb‌ ‌(मुख्य‌ ‌क्रिया)‌ ‌and‌ ‌the‌ ‌helping‌ ‌verb‌ ‌(सहायक‌ ‌क्रिया)।‌ ‌

Look‌ ‌at‌ ‌the‌ ‌following‌ ‌sentences‌ ‌:‌ ‌

1.‌ ‌Radha‌ ‌is‌ ‌making‌ ‌tea.‌ ‌
2.‌ ‌Malika‌ ‌has‌ ‌made‌ ‌tea.‌ ‌
3.‌ ‌Seema‌ ‌is‌ ‌dancing.‌
‌4.‌ ‌The‌ ‌actors‌ ‌have‌ ‌finished‌ ‌their‌ ‌work.‌ ‌
In‌ ‌the‌ ‌sentences‌ ‌above‌ ‌,‌ ‌the‌ ‌verb‌ ‌is‌ ‌in‌ ‌two‌ ‌parts.‌ ‌In‌ ‌sentence‌ ‌1‌ ‌‘is’‌ ‌is‌ ‌the‌ ‌helping‌ ‌verb‌ ‌and‌ ‌
‘making’‌ ‌is‌ ‌the‌ ‌main‌ ‌verb.‌ ‌In‌ ‌Sentence‌ ‌2‌ ‌‘has’‌ ‌is‌ ‌the‌ ‌helping‌ ‌verb‌ ‌and‌ ‌‘made’‌ ‌is‌ ‌the‌ ‌main‌ ‌
verb.‌ ‌In‌ ‌Sentences‌ ‌3‌ ‌and‌ ‌4‌ ‌’is’‌ ‌and‌ ‌’have’‌ ‌are‌ ‌the‌ ‌helping‌ ‌verbs‌ ‌and‌ ‌dancing’‌ ‌and‌ ‌’finished‌ ‌
are‌ ‌the‌ ‌main‌ ‌verbs‌ ‌respectively.‌ ‌

The‌ ‌main‌ ‌verb‌ ‌expresses‌ ‌the‌ ‌nature‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌action‌ ‌while‌ ‌the‌ ‌helping‌ ‌verb‌ ‌helps‌ ‌the‌ ‌main‌ ‌verb‌ ‌in‌ ‌telling‌ ‌the‌ ‌time‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌action.‌ ‌For‌ ‌example‌ ‌:‌ ‌

नोट‌ ‌:‌ ‌Verb‌ ‌काम‌ ‌की‌ ‌स्थिति‌ ‌बताता‌ ‌है,‌ ‌जबकि‌ ‌Helping‌ ‌Verb‌ ‌काम‌ ‌का‌ ‌समय‌ ‌(Present,‌ ‌Past‌ ‌etc.)‌ ‌निश्चित‌ ‌करता है‌
(a)‌ ‌She‌ ‌is‌ ‌eating.‌ ‌(Action‌ ‌is‌ ‌being‌ ‌done‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌present)‌ ‌
(b)‌ ‌She‌ ‌was‌ ‌eating.‌ ‌(Action‌ ‌was‌ ‌being‌ ‌done‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌past)‌ ‌

Activity‌ ‌5: ‌

Underline‌ ‌the‌ ‌helping‌ ‌verb‌ ‌with‌ ‌a‌ ‌single‌ ‌line‌ ‌and‌ ‌encircle‌ ‌the‌ ‌main‌ ‌verb‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌following‌ ‌sentences.‌ ‌
Example‌ ‌:‌ ‌I‌ ‌am‌ ‌eating‌ ‌an‌ ‌apple.‌ ‌
1.‌ ‌They‌ ‌were‌ ‌eating‌ ‌in‌ ‌a‌ ‌restaurant.‌
‌2.‌ ‌Rakhee‌ ‌had‌ ‌prepared‌ ‌food‌ ‌at‌ ‌home.‌ ‌
3.‌ ‌The‌ ‌guests‌ ‌were‌ ‌sleeping‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌bedroom.‌ ‌
4.‌ ‌Sushant‌ ‌is‌ ‌sitting‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌kitchen.‌ ‌
5.‌ ‌They‌ ‌have‌ ‌participated‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌race.‌
‌6.‌ ‌Radhika‌ ‌has‌ ‌been‌ ‌playing‌ ‌basketball‌ ‌for‌ ‌several‌ ‌years
7. The‌ ‌will‌ ‌take‌ ‌tea.‌
8.‌ ‌He‌ ‌is‌ ‌practising‌ ‌the‌ ‌piano.‌
‌9.‌ ‌We‌ ‌go‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌cinema‌ ‌every‌ ‌week.‌ ‌
10.‌ ‌Navika‌ ‌is‌ ‌reading‌ ‌the‌ ‌newspaper.‌ ‌

Transitive‌ ‌and‌ ‌Intransitive‌ ‌Verbs‌ ‌
Transitive‌ ‌Verb‌ ‌

A‌ ‌transitive‌ ‌verb‌ ‌shows‌ ‌an‌ ‌action‌ ‌that‌ ‌passes‌ ‌over‌ ‌from‌ ‌the‌ ‌subject‌ ‌to‌ ‌’something‌ ‌or‌ ‌somebody‌ ‌else‌ ‌called‌ ‌the‌ ‌”object”.‌ ‌For‌ ‌example‌ ‌:‌ ‌
(a)‌ ‌The‌ ‌policeman‌ ‌arrested‌ ‌the‌ ‌thief.‌
‌(b)‌ ‌The‌ ‌boys‌ ‌are‌ ‌eating‌ ‌apples.‌ ‌
In‌ ‌sentence‌ ‌a,‌ ‌the‌ ‌action‌ ‌denoted‌ ‌by‌ ‌the‌ ‌word‌ ‌’arrested‌ ‌passes‌ ‌over‌ ‌from‌ ‌the‌ ‌subject‌ ‌or‌ ‌doer‌ ‌’policeman’‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌object‌ ‌’thief’.‌ ‌The‌ ‌verb‌ ‌’arrested’‌ ‌is‌ ‌therefore‌ ‌a‌ ‌Transitive‌ ‌Verb.‌ ‌In‌ ‌sentence‌ ‌’b’‌ ‌the‌ ‌verb‌ ‌’eating’‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌ ‌transitive‌ ‌verb.‌

‌

Intransitive‌ ‌Verb‌ : ‌An‌ ‌Intransitive‌ ‌Verbʻis‌ ‌a‌ ‌word‌ ‌that‌ ‌denotes‌ ‌a‌ ‌state‌ ‌or‌ ‌an‌ ‌action‌ ‌that‌ ‌is‌ ‌complete‌ ‌in‌ ‌itself.‌ ‌It‌ ‌does‌ ‌not‌ ‌pass‌ ‌over‌ ‌to‌ ‌an‌ ‌object.‌ ‌For‌ ‌example‌ ‌:‌ ‌
(a)‌ ‌The‌ ‌bangles‌ ‌are‌ ‌green.‌ ‌
(b)‌ ‌Seema‌ ‌seems‌ ‌sad.‌ ‌
(c)‌ ‌Water‌ ‌boils‌ ‌at‌ ‌100‌ ‌degree‌ ‌centigrade.‌
‌(d)‌ ‌The‌ ‌child‌ ‌was‌ ‌crying.‌
‌(e)‌ ‌She‌ ‌travelled‌ ‌yesterday.‌ ‌

In‌ ‌the‌ ‌sentences‌ ‌above,‌ ‌the‌ ‌action‌ ‌is‌ ‌done‌ ‌by‌ ‌the‌ ‌subject‌ ‌and‌ ‌does‌ ‌not‌ ‌pass‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌object.‌ ‌The‌ ‌action‌ ‌stops‌ ‌with‌ ‌the‌ ‌doer.‌ ‌The‌ ‌verbs‌ ‌are’,‌ ‌’seems’,‌ ‌’boils’,‌ ‌’was’‌ ‌and‌ ‌’travelled‌ ‌are‌ ‌therefore‌ ‌Intransitive‌ ‌verbs.‌ ‌
Some‌ ‌transitive‌ ‌verbs‌ ‌such‌ ‌as‌ ‌‘ask”,‌ ‌offer’,‌ ‌promise’,‌ ‌’tell‌ ‌etc.‌ ‌take‌ ‌two‌ ‌objects‌ ‌-‌ ‌Direct‌ ‌object‌ ‌and‌ ‌Indirect‌ ‌object.‌ ‌

नोट‌ ‌:‌ ‌Transitive‌ ‌Verb‌ ‌को‌ ‌Object‌ ‌की‌ ‌ज़रूरत‌ ‌होती‌ ‌है‌ ‌परन्तु‌ ‌Intransitive‌ ‌Verb‌ ‌को‌ ‌Object‌ ‌की‌ ‌ज़रूरत‌ ‌नहीं‌ ‌होती।‌ ‌वह‌ ‌अपने‌ ‌आप‌ ‌में‌ ‌पूर्ण‌ ‌होता‌ ‌है।‌ ‌
An‌ ‌Indirect‌ ‌Object‌ ‌denotes‌ ‌the‌ ‌person‌ ‌to‌ ‌whom‌ ‌something‌ ‌is‌ ‌given‌ ‌or‌ ‌for‌ ‌whom‌ ‌something‌ ‌is‌ ‌done.‌ ‌

A‌ ‌Direct‌ ‌Object‌ ‌is‌ ‌usually‌ ‌the‌ ‌name‌ ‌(a‌ ‌Proper‌ ‌noun‌ ‌or‌ ‌a‌ ‌Pronoun)‌ ‌of‌ ‌something.‌ ‌Usually,‌ ‌the‌ ‌indirect‌ ‌object‌ ‌comes‌ ‌before‌ ‌the‌ ‌direct‌ ‌object‌ ‌as‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌examples‌ ‌given‌ ‌below.‌ ‌

S. No.	Subject + Verb	Indirect Object	Direct Object
1	He gave	me	an apple
2	The teacher told	us	a story
3	Will you make	me	a cup of tea ?
4	He offered	me	a job

These‌ ‌sentences‌ ‌can‌ ‌be‌ ‌written‌ ‌in‌ ‌a‌ ‌different‌ ‌way‌ ‌also.‌ ‌The‌ ‌direct‌ ‌object‌ ‌comes‌ ‌before‌ ‌the‌ ‌indirect‌ ‌object‌ ‌but‌ ‌it‌ ‌will‌ ‌be‌ ‌followed‌ ‌by‌ ‌a‌ ‌preposition.‌ ‌

S. No.	Subject + Verb	Direct Object	Preposition	Indirect Object
1	He gave	an apple	to	me.
2	The teacher told	a story	to	us.
3	Will you make	a cup of tea	for	me ?
4	He offered	a job	to	me.

Some‌ ‌verbs‌ ‌can‌ ‌be‌ ‌both‌ ‌transitive‌ ‌or‌ ‌intransitive‌ ‌without‌ ‌change‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌form‌ ‌but‌ ‌with‌ ‌change‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌meaning‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌verb‌

S. No.	Transitive	Intransitive
1	The horse drew the cart.	They drew near us.
2	The driver stopped the train.	The train stopped suddenly.
3	The peon range the bell.	The bell rang.

An‌ ‌intransitive‌ ‌verb‌ ‌may‌ ‌become‌ ‌transitive‌ ‌when‌ ‌combined‌ ‌with‌ ‌a‌ ‌preposition;‌ ‌as.‌

S. No.	Transitive	Intransitive
1	He burnt his hands.	He burnt with rage.
2	He eats bread.	We eat to live.
3	They opened the door.	The story opens with a comedy

Activity‌ ‌6‌

‌State‌ ‌whether‌ ‌the‌ ‌verbs‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌following‌ ‌sentences‌ ‌are‌ ‌Transitive‌ ‌or‌ ‌Intransitive.‌ ‌Also‌ ‌I‌ ‌write‌ ‌the‌ ‌verb‌ ‌and‌ ‌the‌ ‌object‌ ‌(if‌ ‌any)‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌space‌ ‌given.‌ ‌

1.‌ ‌She‌ ‌has‌ ‌lost‌ ‌her‌ ‌bag.‌ ‌
(Transitive/Intransitive‌ ‌;‌ ‌Verb:‌ ‌lost;‌ ‌Object‌ ‌:‌ ‌her‌ ‌bag)‌ ‌

2.‌ ‌The‌ ‌wind‌ ‌is‌ ‌blowing‌ ‌strongly.‌ ‌
(Transitive/Intransitive‌ ‌;‌ ‌Verb‌ ‌:‌ ‌blowing‌ ‌;‌ ‌Object‌ ‌:‌ ‌…………)

3.‌ ‌Babli‌ ‌closed‌ ‌the‌ ‌window.‌ ‌
(Transitive/Intransitive‌ ‌;‌ ‌Verb:‌ ‌closed‌ ‌;‌ ‌Object‌ ‌:‌ ‌window)‌ ‌

4.‌ ‌Soon‌ ‌…….. the‌ ‌door‌ ‌opened.‌ ‌
(Transitive/Intransitive‌ ‌;‌ ‌Verb:‌ ‌opened‌ ‌; Object‌ ‌:‌ ……..)

‌5.‌ ‌He‌ ‌pulled‌ ‌open‌ ‌the‌ ‌……. door.‌ ‌
(Transitive/Intransitive‌ ‌;‌ ‌Verb:‌ ‌pulled‌ ‌open‌ ;‌Object‌ ‌:‌ ‌the‌ ‌door)‌ ‌

6.‌ ‌His‌ ‌novel‌ ‌is‌ ‌………… selling‌ ‌well.‌ ‌
(Transitive/Intransitive‌ ‌;‌ ‌Verb:‌ ‌selling‌ ; ‌Object‌ ‌:‌ ‌his‌ ‌novel)‌ ‌

‌7.‌ ‌The‌ ‌teacher‌ ‌went‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌school.‌ ‌
(Transitive/Intransitive‌ ‌;‌ ‌Verb‌ ‌:‌ ‌went‌ ‌; Object‌:…..)

‌8.‌ ‌He‌ ‌doesn’t‌ ‌like‌ ‌his‌ ‌table.‌……… ‌
(Transitive/Intransitive‌ ‌;‌ ‌Verb:‌ ‌doesn’t‌ ‌like‌ ;‌Object‌ ‌:‌ ‌table)‌ ‌

9.‌ ‌Tim‌ ‌likes‌ ‌climbing‌ ‌……..mountains.‌ ‌
(Transitive/Intransitive‌ ‌;‌ ‌Verb:‌ ‌likes‌ ‌;Object‌ ‌:‌ ‌climbing‌ ‌mountains)‌ ‌

10.‌ ‌Manju‌ ‌is‌ ‌………going‌ ‌to‌ ‌buy‌ ‌him‌ ‌a‌ ‌book.‌ ‌
(Transitive/Intransitive‌ ‌;‌ ‌Verb:‌ ‌going‌ ‌;Object‌ ‌:……)‌ ‌

11.‌ ‌She‌ ‌has‌ ‌invited‌ ‌her‌ ‌friends.‌ ‌
(Transitive/Intransitive‌ ‌;‌ ‌Verb:‌ ‌invited‌ ; ‌Object‌ ‌:‌ ‌her‌ ‌friends).‌ ‌

12.‌ ‌She‌ ‌didn’t‌ ‌sleep‌ ‌very‌ ‌…….. well.‌ ‌
‌(Transitive/Intransitive‌ ‌;‌ ‌Verb‌ ‌:‌ ‌didn’t‌ ‌sleep‌‌; ‌Object‌ ‌:‌ ‌…….)

13.‌ ‌She‌ ‌sat‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌park.‌ ‌
(Transitive/Intransitive‌ ‌;‌ ‌Verb:‌ ‌sat‌ ‌ ,Object‌ ‌:‌ ……)

‌14.‌ ‌They‌ ‌have‌ ‌won.‌ ‌
(Transitive/Intransitive‌ ‌;‌ ‌Verb:‌ ‌won‌ ‌Object‌ ‌:‌ ……)‌

15.‌ ‌Their‌ ‌team‌ ‌won‌ ‌the‌ ‌match.‌ ‌..‌ ‌
(Transitive/Intransitive‌ ‌;‌ ‌Verb:‌ ‌won‌ ‌Object‌ ‌:‌ ‌the‌ ‌match)‌

‌16.‌ ‌The‌ ‌car‌ ‌needs‌ ‌a‌ ‌new‌ ‌battery.‌ ‌
(Transitive/Intransitive‌ ‌;‌ ‌Verb‌ ‌:‌ ‌needs‌ ‌.‌ ‌Object‌ ‌:‌ ‌a‌ ‌new‌ ‌battery)‌

‌17.‌ ‌We‌ ‌must‌ ‌see‌ ‌them‌ ‌this‌ ‌weekend.‌ ‌
(Transitive/Intransitive‌ ‌;‌ ‌Verb:‌ ‌see‌ ;‌Object‌ ‌: ‌them)‌ ‌

18.‌ ‌They‌ ‌should‌ ‌no‌ ‌longer‌ ‌wait.‌ ‌
(Transitive/Intransitive‌ ‌;‌ ‌Verb‌ ‌:‌ wait ‌; Object‌ ‌‌:‌ ‌…………)‌ ‌

19.‌ ‌Harpreet‌ ‌was‌ ‌upset.‌ ‌
(Transitive/Intransitive‌ ‌;‌ ‌Verb:‌ ‌was‌ ‌;‌ ‌Object‌ ‌‌:‌ ‌…………)

‌20.‌ ‌It‌ ‌is‌ ‌snowing.‌ ‌
(Transitive/Intransitive;‌ ‌Verb:‌ ‌snowing;‌ ‌Object‌ ‌:‌ ‌…………)

Learning‌ ‌to‌ ‌Speak‌ ‌(Groupwork‌ ‌(Group‌ ‌of‌ ‌6)‌ ‌

Activity‌ 7:

Each‌ ‌student‌ ‌in‌ ‌all‌ ‌the‌ ‌groups‌ ‌will‌ ‌write‌ ‌a‌ ‌secret‌ ‌thing‌ ‌about‌ ‌himself/herself.‌ ‌The‌ ‌other‌ ‌group‌ ‌members‌ ‌will‌ ‌guess‌ ‌the‌ ‌secret‌ ‌in‌ ‌5‌ ‌questions.‌ ‌The‌ ‌answers‌ ‌will‌ ‌be‌ ‌in‌ ‌full‌ ‌sentences.‌ ‌

Questions‌ ‌you‌ ‌may‌ ‌ask‌ ‌:‌ ‌

1.‌ ‌What‌ ‌is‌ ‌the‌ ‌secret‌ ‌about‌ ‌-you,‌ ‌your‌ ‌friends‌ ‌or‌ ‌your‌ ‌family‌ ‌?‌ ‌
(The‌ ‌secret‌ ‌is‌ ‌about‌ ‌me/my‌ ‌friend/my‌ ‌family.)‌ ‌
2.‌ ‌Is‌ ‌it‌ ‌about‌ ‌something‌ ‌you‌ ‌do,‌ ‌or‌ ‌something‌ ‌you‌ ‌like‌ ‌or‌ ‌something‌ ‌you‌ ‌have‌ ‌or‌ ‌something‌ ‌you‌ ‌eat‌ ‌?‌ ‌
3.‌ ‌Is‌ ‌it‌ ‌about‌ ‌what‌ ‌you‌ ‌play/make/speak/read‌ ‌or‌ ‌have‌ ‌?‌ ‌
4.‌ ‌Do‌ ‌you‌ ‌play‌ ‌cricket/football/kabaddi/fly‌ ‌kite‌ ‌?‌ ‌
5.‌ ‌Well,‌ ‌what‌ ‌is‌ ‌your‌ ‌secret‌ ‌?‌ ‌
Answer:‌
‌1.‌ ‌The‌ ‌secret‌ ‌is‌ ‌about‌ ‌me.‌
‌2.‌ ‌It‌ ‌is‌ ‌about‌ ‌something‌ ‌I‌ ‌like.‌
‌3.‌ ‌It‌ ‌is‌ ‌about‌ ‌what‌ ‌I‌ ‌play.‌
‌4.‌ ‌I‌ ‌play‌ ‌cricket.‌ ‌
5.‌ ‌The‌ ‌secret‌ ‌is‌ ‌that‌ ‌I‌ ‌am‌ ‌weak‌ ‌against‌ ‌spin.‌ ‌

Learning‌ ‌to‌ ‌Write‌ ‌
Dialogue‌ ‌Writing‌ ‌

As‌ ‌you‌ ‌know‌ ‌that‌ ‌writing‌ ‌a‌ ‌dialogue‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌ ‌very‌ ‌enriching‌ ‌activity.‌ ‌For‌ ‌converting‌ ‌a‌ ‌passage‌ ‌or‌ ‌a‌ ‌story‌ ‌into‌ ‌a‌ ‌dialogue,‌ ‌you‌ ‌need‌ ‌to‌ ‌follow‌ ‌a‌ ‌few‌ ‌steps‌ ‌:‌ ‌

1.‌ ‌Write‌ ‌the‌ ‌name‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌characters‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌passage‌ ‌followed‌ ‌by‌ ‌a‌ ‌colon‌ ‌(:) s‌ ‌
2.‌ ‌Do‌ ‌not‌ ‌use‌ ‌words‌ ‌such‌ ‌as‌ ‌’said,‌ ‌’asked,‌ ‌“replied,‌ ‌’told’,‌ ‌etc.‌ ‌
3.‌ ‌After‌ ‌the‌ ‌colon,‌ ‌write‌ ‌what‌ ‌the‌ ‌person‌ ‌has‌ ‌said‌ ‌without‌ ‌changing‌ ‌the‌ ‌words.‌ ‌Simply‌ ‌write‌ ‌it.‌ ‌
4.‌ ‌Do‌ ‌not‌ ‌use‌ ‌inverted‌ ‌commas‌ ‌(“‌ ‌”)‌ ‌for‌ ‌what‌ ‌the‌ ‌speaker‌ ‌has‌ ‌to‌ ‌say.‌
‌5.‌ ‌If‌ ‌the‌ ‌character‌ ‌is‌ ‌doing‌ ‌some‌ ‌action;‌ ‌write‌ ‌that‌ ‌after‌ ‌the‌ ‌name‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌character‌ ‌but‌ ‌before‌ ‌the‌ ‌colon‌ ‌in‌ ‌brackets.‌ ‌
For‌ ‌example‌ ‌:‌ ‌Ram‌ ‌(wiping‌ ‌his‌ ‌forehead):‌ ‌Where‌ ‌is‌ ‌my‌ ‌geometry‌ ‌box‌ ‌?‌
‌Amar‌ :‌ ‌I‌ ‌think‌ ‌you‌ ‌have‌ ‌kept‌ ‌it‌ ‌on‌ ‌the‌ ‌desk.‌ ‌

Activity‌ ‌8‌

‌Write‌ ‌the‌ ‌dialogue‌ ‌between‌ ‌Saint‌ ‌Ravidas‌ ‌and‌ ‌the‌ ‌hunter.‌

‌Saint‌ ‌Ravidas‌ ‌ji‌ ‌:‌ ‌Why‌ ‌do‌ ‌you‌ ‌kill‌ ‌poor‌ ‌animals‌ ‌?‌ ‌You‌ ‌must‌ ‌take‌ ‌pity‌ ‌on‌ ‌them.‌
Hunter‌ ‌:‌ ‌I‌ ‌eat‌ ‌their‌ ‌flesh.‌ ‌It‌ ‌is‌ ‌my‌ ‌food.‌ ‌Hunting‌ ‌gives‌ ‌me‌ ‌food‌ ‌for‌ ‌my‌ ‌family‌ ‌too.‌
‌Saint‌ ‌Ravidas‌ ‌ji‌ ‌:‌ ‌But‌ ‌it‌ ‌cruel‌ ‌to‌ ‌of‌ ‌you‌ ‌take‌ ‌away‌ ‌young‌ ‌ones‌ ‌from‌ ‌their‌ ‌mother.‌ ‌
Hunter‌ ‌‌:‌ ‌Your‌ ‌saved‌ ‌words‌ ‌have‌ ‌changed‌ ‌my‌ ‌heart.‌ ‌Now‌ ‌I‌ ‌am‌ ‌no‌ ‌more‌ ‌a‌ ‌killer.‌ ‌I‌ ‌love‌ ‌all‌ ‌the‌ ‌creatures‌ ‌of‌ ‌God.‌

‌Learning‌ ‌to‌ ‌use‌ ‌the‌ ‌language‌ ‌[Groupwork‌ ‌(Group‌ ‌of‌ ‌4-5)]‌ ‌

Activity‌ ‌9

‌A‌ ‌father‌ ‌is‌ ‌teaching‌ ‌his‌ ‌son‌ ‌how‌ ‌to‌ ‌make‌ ‌tea.‌ ‌Write‌ ‌a‌ ‌dialogue‌ ‌between‌ ‌the‌ ‌father‌ ‌and‌ ‌the‌ ‌son.‌ ‌
Father‌ ‌:‌ ‌I‌ ‌am‌ ‌badly‌ ‌tired‌ ‌today.‌ ‌Prepare‌ ‌a‌ ‌cup‌ ‌of‌ ‌hot‌ ‌tea‌ ‌for‌ ‌me.‌ ‌
Son‌ ‌:‌ ‌But‌ ‌I‌ ‌don’t‌ ‌know‌ ‌how‌ ‌to‌ ‌make‌ ‌tea.‌
Father:‌ ‌Not‌ ‌very‌ ‌difficult.‌ ‌Just‌ ‌follow‌ ‌the‌ ‌steps,‌ ‌I‌ ‌dictate‌ ‌you.‌ ‌
Son‌ ‌:‌ ‌Please‌ ‌start.‌ ‌I‌ ‌am‌ ‌going‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌kitchen.‌
‌Father‌ ‌:‌ ‌Boil‌ ‌some‌ ‌water‌ ‌in‌ ‌a‌ ‌kettle.‌ ‌Put‌ ‌some‌ ‌tea‌ ‌leaves‌ ‌in‌ ‌it.‌ ‌When‌ ‌they‌ ‌start‌ ‌giving‌ ‌colour,‌ ‌remove‌ ‌the‌ ‌cattle‌ ‌from‌ ‌the‌ ‌gas‌ ‌burner.‌ ‌The‌ ‌tea‌ ‌is‌ ‌ready.‌ ‌I‌ ‌will‌ ‌add‌ ‌sugar‌ ‌and‌ ‌milk‌ ‌to‌ ‌it‌ ‌according‌ ‌to‌ ‌my‌ ‌taste.‌ ‌

Comprehension‌ ‌Of‌ ‌Passages‌ ‌

‌Read‌ ‌the‌ ‌following‌ ‌passage‌ ‌and‌ ‌answer‌ ‌the‌ ‌questions‌ ‌given‌ ‌below‌ ‌each‌ ‌:‌ ‌

(1)‌ ‌India‌ ‌has‌ ‌been‌ ‌a‌ ‌home‌ ‌for‌ ‌saints‌ ‌and‌ ‌sages.‌ ‌Whenever‌ ‌the‌ ‌moral‌ ‌or‌ ‌social‌ ‌life‌ ‌of‌ ‌people‌ ‌shows‌ ‌signs‌ ‌of‌ ‌decay,‌ ‌some‌ ‌saint‌ ‌or‌ ‌prophet‌ ‌appears‌ ‌on‌ ‌the‌ ‌scene.‌ ‌Ravidas‌ ‌was‌ ‌one‌ ‌such‌ ‌saint‌ ‌who‌ ‌infused‌ ‌new‌ ‌life‌ ‌and‌ ‌vitality‌ ‌into‌ ‌the‌ ‌Hindu‌ ‌social‌ ‌order.‌ ‌Ravidas‌ ‌was‌ ‌born‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌year‌ ‌1377‌ ‌in‌ ‌Banaras,‌ ‌the‌ ‌holy‌ ‌city‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌Hindus.‌ ‌He‌ ‌was‌ ‌the‌ ‌son‌ ‌of‌ ‌a‌ ‌cobbler.‌ ‌His‌ ‌parents‌ ‌wanted‌ ‌him‌ ‌to‌ ‌be‌ ‌educated.‌ ‌They‌ ‌sent‌ ‌him‌ ‌to‌ ‌school.‌ ‌Unluckily,‌ ‌he‌ ‌was‌ ‌unhappy‌ ‌at‌ ‌school‌ ‌and‌ ‌very‌ ‌soon‌ ‌he‌ ‌was‌ ‌out‌ ‌of‌ ‌it.‌ ‌The‌ ‌school‌ ‌life‌ ‌made‌ ‌him‌ ‌understand‌ ‌the‌ ‌ills‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌society.‌ ‌Ravidas‌ ‌realized‌ ‌that‌ ‌a‌ ‌child‌ ‌born‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌low‌ ‌caste‌ ‌was‌ ‌not‌ ‌treated‌ ‌well‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌society.‌ ‌In‌ ‌such‌ ‌an‌ ‌unfriendly‌ ‌atmosphere,‌ ‌little‌ ‌Ravidas‌ ‌could‌ ‌not‌ ‌put‌ ‌his‌ ‌heart‌ ‌into‌ ‌studies.‌ ‌Often‌ ‌he‌ ‌would‌ ‌sit‌ ‌alone‌ ‌and‌ ‌think‌ ‌deeply.‌ ‌It‌ ‌would‌ ‌then‌ ‌appear‌ ‌as‌ ‌if‌ ‌he‌ ‌were‌ ‌in‌ ‌deep‌ ‌Samadhi.‌ ‌

1.‌ ‌When‌ ‌and‌ ‌where‌ ‌was‌ ‌Saint‌ ‌Ravidas‌ ‌Ji‌ ‌born‌ ‌?‌ ‌
संत‌ ‌रविदास‌ ‌जी‌ ‌का‌ ‌जन्म‌ ‌कब‌ ‌और‌ ‌कहां‌ ‌हुआ‌ ‌था‌ ‌?‌ ‌

2.‌ ‌What‌ ‌did‌ ‌his‌ ‌parents‌ ‌want‌ ‌to‌ ‌have‌ ‌him‌ ‌?‌ ‌
उनके‌ ‌माता-पिता‌ ‌उनसे‌ ‌क्या‌ ‌चाहते‌ ‌थे‌ ‌?‌ ‌

3.‌ ‌Choose‌ ‌true‌ ‌and‌ ‌false‌ ‌statements‌ ‌
and‌ ‌write‌ ‌them‌ ‌in‌ ‌your‌ ‌answer-book‌ ‌:‌ ‌
(a)‌ ‌Banaras‌ ‌is‌ ‌the‌ ‌holy‌ ‌city‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌Hindus.‌ ‌
(b)‌ ‌Ravidas‌ ‌ji‌ ‌took‌ ‌great‌ ‌interest‌ ‌in‌ ‌his‌ ‌studies.‌

‌4.‌ ‌Complete‌ ‌the‌ ‌following‌ ‌sentences‌ ‌according‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌meaning‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌passage‌ ‌:‌ ‌
(a)‌ ‌Often‌ ‌Ravidas‌ ‌Ji‌ ‌would‌ ‌sit‌ ‌alone‌ ‌……….‌
‌(b)‌ ‌It‌ ‌left‌ ‌a‌ ‌deep‌ ‌……………‌ ‌
Or‌ ‌Match‌ ‌the‌ ‌words‌ ‌with‌ ‌their‌ ‌meanings‌ ‌:‌

(i)‌ ‌Purpose‌	common‌
‌(ii)‌ ‌ordinary‌ ‌	goal‌
	unhappy‌

Answer: ‌
1.‌ ‌Saint‌ ‌Ravidas‌ ‌Ji‌ ‌was‌ ‌born‌ ‌at‌ ‌Banaras‌ ‌in‌ ‌1377‌ ‌A.D.‌
‌2.‌ ‌His‌ ‌parents‌ ‌wanted‌ ‌to‌ ‌have‌ ‌him‌ ‌educated.‌ ‌
3.‌
‌(a)‌ ‌True
(b)‌ ‌False.‌
‌4.‌ ‌(a) ‌Often‌ ‌Ravidas‌ ‌Ji‌ ‌would‌ ‌sit‌ ‌alone‌ ‌and‌ ‌think‌ ‌deeply.‌ ‌
(b)‌ ‌It‌ ‌left‌ ‌a‌ ‌deep‌ ‌and‌ ‌lasting‌ ‌scar‌ ‌on‌ ‌his‌ ‌mind.‌ ‌
Or‌ ‌
(i)‌ ‌purpose‌ ‌-‌ ‌goal‌ ‌
(ii)‌ ‌ordinary – ‌ ‌common.‌ ‌

(2)‌ ‌Ravidas‌ ‌got‌ ‌up‌ ‌and‌ ‌looked‌ ‌around.‌ ‌A‌ ‌she‌ ‌deer‌ ‌had‌ ‌been‌ ‌caught‌ ‌in‌ ‌a‌ ‌net‌ ‌laid‌ ‌by‌ ‌a‌ ‌hunter‌ ‌The‌ ‌poor‌ ‌animal‌ ‌was‌ ‌struggling‌ ‌to‌ ‌get‌ ‌tree.‌ ‌As‌ ‌the‌ ‌hunter‌ ‌approached‌ ‌her,‌ ‌she‌ ‌looked‌ ‌at‌ ‌him‌ ‌with‌ ‌pleading‌ ‌eyes.‌ ‌It‌ ‌was‌ ‌as‌ ‌if‌ ‌she‌ ‌was‌ ‌begging‌ ‌for‌ ‌mercy.‌ ‌It‌ ‌was‌ ‌her‌ ‌time‌ ‌to‌ ‌feed‌ ‌her‌ ‌young‌ ‌ones.‌ ‌The‌ ‌three‌ ‌fawns‌ ‌came‌ ‌jumping‌ ‌to‌ ‌her‌ ‌joyfully‌ ‌but‌ ‌they‌ ‌were‌ ‌shocked‌ ‌when‌ ‌they‌ ‌saw‌ ‌their‌ ‌mother‌ ‌in‌ ‌a‌ ‌miserable‌ ‌plight.‌ ‌The‌ ‌mother‌ ‌and‌ ‌her‌ ‌young‌ ‌ones‌ ‌were‌ ‌a‌ ‌painful‌ ‌picture‌ ‌of‌ ‌misery‌ ‌and‌ ‌helplessness.‌ ‌Their‌ ‌silent‌ ‌prayers‌ ‌and‌ ‌their‌ ‌sad‌ ‌eyes‌ ‌could‌ ‌have‌ ‌melted‌ ‌even‌ ‌a‌ ‌heart‌ ‌of‌ ‌stone.‌ ‌But‌ ‌the‌ ‌cruel‌ ‌hunter‌ ‌remained‌ ‌unmoved.‌ ‌His‌ ‌eyes‌ ‌showed‌ ‌no‌ ‌truce‌ ‌of‌ ‌pity‌ ‌or‌ ‌kindness.‌ ‌He‌ ‌stepped‌ ‌forward‌ ‌to‌ ‌capture‌ ‌the‌ ‌animal‌ ‌and‌ ‌her‌ ‌young‌ ‌ones.‌ ‌

1.‌ ‌Who‌ ‌was‌ ‌begging‌ ‌for‌ ‌mercy‌ ‌and‌ ‌why?‌ ‌
दया‌ ‌की‌ ‌याचना‌ ‌कौन‌ ‌कर‌ ‌रहा‌ ‌था‌ ‌और‌ ‌क्यों‌ ‌?‌

‌2.‌ ‌When‌ ‌were‌ ‌the‌ ‌three‌ ‌fawns‌ ‌shocked‌ ‌?‌ ‌
तीन शावकों को दुःख कब पहुंचा

3.‌ ‌Choose‌ ‌true‌ ‌and‌ ‌false‌ ‌statements‌ ‌and‌ ‌write‌ ‌them‌ ‌in‌ ‌your‌ ‌answer-book‌ ‌:‌ ‌
(a)‌ ‌The‌ ‌hunter’s‌ ‌eyes‌ ‌showed‌ ‌no‌ ‌trace‌ ‌pity.‌ ‌
(b)‌ ‌The‌ ‌hunter‌ ‌did‌ ‌not‌ ‌try‌ ‌to‌ ‌capture‌ ‌the‌ ‌mother‌ ‌deer‌ ‌and‌ ‌her‌ ‌young‌ ‌ones.‌

‌4.‌ ‌Complete‌ ‌the‌ ‌following‌ ‌sentences‌ ‌according‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌meaning‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌passage‌ :
‌(a)‌ ‌The‌ ‌mother‌ ‌and‌ ‌her‌ ‌young‌ ‌ones‌ ‌were‌ ‌a‌ ‌painful‌ ‌picture‌ ‌of‌ ‌…………….‌
‌(b)‌ ‌Their‌ ‌sad‌ ‌eyes‌ ‌could‌ ‌have‌ ‌melted‌ ‌even‌ ‌…..‌ ‌
Or‌
‌Match‌ ‌the‌ ‌words‌ ‌with‌ ‌their‌ ‌meaning‌ ‌:‌ ‌

(i)‌ ‌Capture‌	difficult‌
‌(ii)‌ ‌plight‌	catch
	sign

Answer:
1.‌ ‌A‌ ‌she-deer‌ ‌was‌ ‌begging‌ ‌for‌ ‌mercy‌ ‌because‌ ‌she‌ ‌was‌ ‌caught‌ ‌in‌ ‌hunter’s‌ ‌net.‌ ‌
2.‌ ‌The‌ ‌three‌ ‌fawns‌ ‌were‌ ‌shocked‌ ‌when‌ ‌they‌ ‌saw‌ ‌their‌ ‌mother‌ ‌in‌ ‌a‌ ‌difficult‌ ‌plight.‌ ‌
3.‌ ‌(a)‌ ‌True
(b)‌ ‌False.‌ ‌
4.‌ ‌(a)‌ ‌The‌ ‌mother‌ ‌and‌ ‌her‌ ‌young‌ ‌ones‌ ‌were‌ ‌a‌ ‌painful‌ ‌picture‌ ‌of‌ ‌misery‌ ‌and‌ ‌helplessness.‌
(b)‌ ‌Their‌ ‌sad‌ ‌eyes‌ ‌could‌ ‌have‌ ‌melted‌ ‌even‌ ‌a‌ ‌heart‌ ‌of‌ ‌stone.‌ ‌
Or‌
‌(i)‌ ‌Capture‌ ‌—‌ ‌catch‌ ‌
(ii)‌ ‌plight—‌ ‌difficult‌ ‌situation.‌ ‌

(3)‌ ‌The‌ ‌hunter‌ ‌listened‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌kind‌ ‌words‌ ‌of‌ ‌Saint‌ ‌Ravidas‌ ‌ji‌ ‌and‌ ‌felt‌ ‌deep‌ ‌respect‌ ‌for‌ ‌the‌ ‌Saint.‌ ‌The‌ ‌charm‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌Saint’s‌ ‌personality‌ ‌and‌ ‌his‌ ‌words‌ ‌of‌ ‌wisdom‌ ‌washed‌ ‌away‌ ‌all‌ ‌evil‌ ‌thoughts‌ ‌from‌ ‌the‌ ‌hunter’s‌ ‌mind.‌ ‌It‌ ‌was‌ ‌a‌ ‌miracle‌ ‌for‌ ‌the‌ ‌hunter.‌ ‌A‌ ‌short‌ ‌meeting‌ ‌with‌ ‌the‌ ‌great‌ ‌saint‌ ‌had‌ ‌changed‌ ‌him‌ ‌completely.‌ ‌A‌ ‌killer’s‌ ‌heart‌ ‌was‌ ‌filled‌ ‌with‌ ‌love‌ ‌for‌ ‌God‌ ‌and‌ ‌all‌ ‌His‌ ‌creation.‌ ‌The‌ ‌hunter‌ ‌promised‌ ‌to‌ ‌lead‌ ‌a‌ ‌compassionate‌ ‌life‌ ‌and‌ ‌never‌ ‌to‌ ‌cause‌ ‌harm‌ ‌to‌ ‌anyone.‌ ‌

1.‌ ‌What‌ ‌washed‌ ‌away‌ ‌all‌ ‌evil‌ ‌thoughts‌ ‌from‌ ‌the‌ ‌hunter’s‌ ‌mind‌ ‌?‌ ‌
शिकारी‌ ‌के‌ ‌मन‌ ‌से‌ ‌संभी‌ ‌बुरे‌ ‌विचार‌ ‌किस‌ ‌चीज़‌ ‌ने‌ ‌दूर‌ ‌किये‌ ‌?‌

‌2.‌ ‌What‌ ‌contact‌ ‌changed‌ ‌the‌ ‌hunter‌ ‌completely‌ ‌?‌ ‌
किस‌ ‌सम्पर्क‌ ‌ने‌ ‌शिकारी‌ ‌को‌ ‌पूरी‌ ‌तरह‌ ‌बदल‌ ‌दिया‌ ‌?‌

‌3.‌ ‌Choose‌ ‌true‌ ‌and‌ ‌false‌ ‌statements‌ ‌and‌ ‌write‌ ‌them‌ ‌in‌ ‌your‌ ‌answer-book‌ ‌:‌ ‌
(a)‌ ‌The‌ ‌hunter‌ ‌listened‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌sweet‌ ‌words‌ ‌in‌ ‌deep‌ ‌respect.‌ ‌
(b)‌ ‌The‌ ‌hunter‌ ‌felt‌ ‌as‌ ‌if‌ ‌a‌ ‌miracle‌ ‌had‌ ‌happened.‌

‌4.‌ ‌Complete‌ ‌the‌ ‌following‌ ‌sentences‌ ‌according‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌meaning‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌passage‌ ‌

(a)‌ ‌The‌ ‌killer‌ ‌was‌ ‌filled‌ ‌with‌ ‌love‌ ‌of‌ ‌God‌ ‌and‌ ‌………..‌
‌(b)‌ ‌The‌ ‌hunter‌ ‌promised‌ ‌to‌ ‌…..‌ ‌
Write‌ ‌the‌ ‌meanings‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌following‌ ‌words‌ ‌in‌ ‌English‌ ‌:‌ ‌(Any‌ ‌two)‌
‌(i)‌ ‌momentary‌ ‌
(ii)‌ ‌charm‌ ‌
‌(iii)‌ ‌virtuous.‌ ‌
Answer:
1.‌ ‌The‌ ‌charm‌ ‌of‌ ‌Ravidas‌ ‌Ji’s‌ ‌spiritual‌ ‌personality‌ ‌and‌ ‌his‌ ‌words‌ ‌of‌ ‌deep‌ ‌wisdom‌ ‌washed‌ ‌away‌ ‌all‌ ‌evil‌ ‌thoughts‌ ‌from‌ ‌the‌ ‌hunter’s‌ ‌mind.‌
2.‌ ‌A‌ ‌momentary‌ ‌contact‌ ‌with‌ ‌the‌ ‌great‌ ‌saint‌ ‌Ravidas‌ ‌Ji‌ ‌changed‌ ‌the‌ ‌hunter‌ ‌completely.‌
3.‌ ‌(a)‌ ‌True‌ ‌
(b)‌ ‌True.‌ ‌
4.‌ ‌(a)‌ ‌The‌ ‌killer‌ ‌was‌ ‌filled‌ ‌with‌ ‌love‌ ‌of‌ ‌God‌ ‌and‌ ‌all‌ ‌His‌ ‌creation.‌ ‌
(b)‌ ‌The‌ ‌hunter‌ ‌promised‌ ‌to‌ ‌lead‌ ‌a‌ ‌Compassionate‌ ‌life.‌ ‌
Or‌ ‌
(i)‌ ‌of‌ ‌a‌ ‌very‌ ‌small‌ ‌time‌ ‌
(ii)‌ ‌attraction/spell‌ ‌
(iii)‌ ‌pure/morally‌ ‌good.‌

(4)‌ ‌Saint‌ ‌Ravidas‌ ‌Ji‌ ‌was‌ ‌always‌ ‌very‌ ‌humble.‌ ‌He‌ ‌was‌ ‌different‌ ‌from‌ ‌most‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌scholars‌ ‌and‌ ‌religious‌ ‌men‌ ‌of‌ ‌his‌ ‌time.‌ ‌He‌ ‌never‌ ‌boasted‌ ‌of‌ ‌his‌ ‌knowledge‌ ‌and‌ ‌wisdom.‌ ‌His‌ ‌divine‌ ‌knowledge‌ ‌came‌ ‌direct‌ ‌from‌ ‌within.‌ ‌He‌ ‌had‌ ‌a‌ ‌charming‌ ‌personality.‌ ‌His‌ ‌spiritual‌ ‌message‌ ‌appealed‌ ‌to‌ ‌every‌ ‌heart.‌ ‌People‌ ‌listened‌ ‌to‌ ‌him‌ ‌spellbound.‌ ‌He‌ ‌spoke‌ ‌in‌ ‌a‌ ‌simple‌ ‌and‌ ‌clear‌ ‌manner.‌ ‌He‌ ‌told‌ ‌people‌ ‌that‌ ‌all‌ ‌are‌ ‌equal‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌eyes‌ ‌of‌ ‌God.‌ ‌

The‌ ‌distinctions‌ ‌of‌ ‌caste,‌ ‌colour‌ ‌and‌ ‌creed‌ ‌are‌ ‌meaningless.‌ ‌They‌ ‌are‌ ‌all‌ ‌man-made.‌ ‌Saint‌ ‌Ravidas‌ ‌Ji‌ ‌brought‌ ‌great‌ ‌hope‌ ‌for‌ ‌those‌ ‌who‌ ‌were‌ ‌poor,‌ ‌weak‌ ‌and‌ ‌backward.‌ ‌He‌ ‌filled‌ ‌them‌ ‌with‌ ‌hope,‌ ‌courage‌ ‌and‌ ‌confidence.‌ ‌He‌ ‌inspired‌ ‌them‌ ‌not‌ ‌to‌ ‌bow‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌unjust‌ ‌demands‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌high-caste‌ ‌people.‌ ‌He‌ ‌inspirerd‌ ‌them‌ ‌to‌ ‌recognize‌ ‌the‌ ‌strength‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌spirit‌ ‌within‌ ‌them.‌ ‌He‌ ‌asked‌ ‌them‌ ‌to‌ ‌stay‌ ‌away‌ ‌from‌ ‌all‌ ‌weak‌ ‌thoughts.‌ ‌He‌ ‌always‌ ‌said,‌ ‌“Untouchability‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌ ‌sin‌ ‌against‌ ‌humanity.”‌ ‌

1.‌ ‌Why‌ ‌did‌ ‌people‌ ‌listen‌ ‌to‌ ‌Ravidas‌ ‌Ji‌ ‌spellbound‌ ‌?‌
लोग‌ ‌रविदास‌ ‌जी‌ ‌के‌ ‌वचनों‌ ‌को‌ ‌मन्त्र-मुग्ध‌ ‌होकर‌ ‌क्यों‌ ‌सुनते‌ ‌थे‌ ‌?‌ ‌
2.‌ ‌How‌ ‌did‌ ‌he‌ ‌oppose‌ ‌the‌ ‌distinctions‌ ‌of‌ ‌caste‌ ‌or‌ ‌colour‌ ?‌ ‌
उन्होंने‌ ‌जाति‌ ‌अथवा‌ ‌रंग‌ ‌के‌ ‌भेदभाव‌ ‌का‌ ‌कैसे‌ ‌विरोध‌ ‌किया‌ ‌?‌ ‌
3.‌ ‌Choose‌ ‌true‌ ‌and‌ ‌false‌ ‌statements‌ ‌and‌ ‌write‌ ‌them‌ ‌in‌ ‌your‌ ‌answer-book‌ ‌:‌ ‌
(a)‌ ‌Ravidas‌ ‌Ji‌ ‌spoke‌ ‌in‌ ‌a‌ ‌simple‌ ‌and‌ ‌clear‌ ‌manner.‌ ‌
(b)‌ ‌He‌ ‌inspired‌ ‌them‌ ‌to‌ ‌bow‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌unjust‌ ‌demands‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌high‌ ‌caste‌ ‌people.‌
‌4.‌ ‌Complete‌ ‌the‌ ‌following‌ ‌sentences‌ ‌according‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌meaning‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌passage‌ ‌:‌ ‌
(a)‌ ‌Ravidas‌ ‌Ji‌ ‌brought‌ ‌a‌ ‌great‌ ‌hope‌ ‌for‌ ‌the‌ ‌…………‌ ‌
(b)‌ ‌According‌ ‌to‌ ‌Ravidas‌ ‌Ji,‌ ‌untouchability‌ ‌is‌ ‌………….‌ ‌
‌Or‌ ‌
Match‌ ‌the‌ ‌words‌ ‌with‌ ‌their‌ ‌meanings‌ ‌:‌ ‌

(i)‌ ‌inspired‌	hated‌ ‌
(ii)‌ ‌humanity‌	encouraged.‌ ‌
	mankind‌ ‌

Answer:
1.‌ ‌People‌ ‌listened‌ ‌to‌ ‌Ravidas‌ ‌Ji‌ ‌spellbound‌ ‌because‌ ‌his‌ ‌spiritual‌ ‌message‌ ‌appealed‌ ‌to‌ ‌every‌ ‌heart.‌ ‌
2.‌ ‌He‌ ‌said‌ ‌that‌ ‌the‌ ‌distinctions‌ ‌of‌ ‌caste‌ ‌or‌ ‌colour‌ ‌are‌ ‌meaningless.‌ ‌They‌ ‌are‌ ‌all‌ ‌man‌ ‌made.‌
‌3.‌ ‌(a)‌ ‌True‌ ‌
(b)‌ ‌False.‌ ‌
4.‌ ‌(a)‌ ‌Ravidas‌ ‌Ji‌ ‌brought‌ ‌a‌ ‌great‌ ‌hope‌ ‌for‌ ‌the‌ ‌poor,‌ ‌weak‌ ‌and‌ ‌backward.‌ ‌
(b)‌ ‌According‌ ‌to‌ ‌Ravidas‌ ‌Ji,‌ ‌untouchability‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌ ‌sin‌ ‌against‌ ‌humanity.‌ ‌
Or‌ ‌
(i)‌ ‌inspired – encouraged‌ ‌
(ii)‌ ‌humanity – mankind

Use‌ ‌of‌ ‌Words‌ ‌and‌ ‌Phrases‌ ‌in‌ ‌Sentences‌ ‌

1.‌ ‌arrogance – His‌ ‌arrogance‌ ‌brought‌ ‌about‌ ‌his‌ ‌downfall.
‌2.‌ ‌exhort -‌ ‌The‌ ‌teacher‌ ‌exhorted‌ ‌him‌ ‌to‌ ‌work‌ ‌hard.‌
‌3.‌ ‌fragrance‌ ‌- The‌ ‌fragrance‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌flowers‌ ‌attracts‌ ‌the‌ ‌bees.‌ ‌
4.‌ ‌humanity -‌ ‌We‌ ‌should‌ ‌serve‌ ‌the‌ ‌suffering‌ ‌humanity.‌
‌5.‌ ‌Impair -‌ ‌Direct‌ ‌sunlight‌ ‌can‌ ‌impair‌ ‌the‌ ‌eyesight.‌ ‌
6.‌ ‌long-desire ‌- She‌ ‌longed‌ ‌to‌ ‌have‌ ‌a‌ ‌son.‌ ‌
7.‌ ‌reflective – He‌ ‌went‌ ‌into‌ ‌a‌ ‌reflective‌ ‌mood‌ ‌after‌ ‌hearing‌ ‌the‌ ‌words‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌saint.‌ ‌
8.‌ ‌spiritual -‌ ‌He‌ ‌leads‌ ‌a‌ ‌spiritual‌ ‌life.‌ ‌
9.‌ ‌sermon – ‌The‌ ‌priest‌ ‌was‌ ‌giving‌ ‌a‌ ‌sermon.‌ ‌
10.‌ ‌vigour – She‌ ‌worked‌ ‌with‌ ‌a‌ ‌renewed‌ ‌vigour.‌ ‌

Word-Meanings

Saint Ravidas Ji Summary in Hindi

India has been…………..in deep smadhi.

भारत सदा से ही साधुओं और संतों का घर रहा है। जब कभी भी लोगों के नैतिक अथवा सामाजिक जीवन में गिरावट आती दिखती है, तो कोई-न-कोई संत अथवा पैगम्बर अवतरित होता है। रविदास जी भी ऐसे ही संत थे जिन्होंने हिंदू सामाजिक-व्यवस्था को नया जीवन और नई ऊर्जा प्रदान की। रविदास जी का जन्म 1377 ई० में हिन्दुओं के पवित्र शहर बनारस में हुआ।

उनके माता-पिता उन्हें शिक्षा दिलवाना चाहते थे। उन्होंने उन्हें स्कूल भेजा। दुर्भाग्यवश वह स्कूल में खुश नहीं थे और वह वहां से चले गए। स्कूल के जीवन से उन्हें समाज की बुराइयों का पता चला। संत रविदास जी ने यह अनुभव किया कि निम्न (कही जाने वाली) जाति वाले परिवार में पैदा होने वाले बच्चे से समाज में अच्छा व्यवहार नहीं किया जाता। ऐसे प्रतिकूल वातावरण में बालक रविदास जी पढ़ाई में मन न लगा सके। वह प्रायः अकेले बैठ जाते और गहरी सोच में डूब जाते थे। उस समय ऐसा लगता था मानों वह गहरी समाधि में हों।

Ravidas Ji had no ………….. in the bushes.

रविदास जी की भौतिक वस्तुओं में रुचि नहीं थी। उनकी रुचि आत्मा से जुड़े विषयों में थी। वह आध्यात्मिक ज्ञान प्राप्त करना चाहते थे। वह किसी आध्यात्मिक गुरु की तलाश में थे जो उन्हें सही मार्ग दिखा सके। शीघ्र ही वह स्वामी रामानन्दजी के शिष्य बन गए। संत रविदास जी स्वामी जी के पास कुछ समय रहे। अब उनका जीवन पूरी तरह बदल गया।

स्वामी रामानन्द जी के प्रवचनों ने उनके युवा मन पर गहरा प्रभाव डाला। इन प्रवचनों द्वारा वह जीवन की सच्चाई को समझने लगे। उन्हें प्राचीन भारतीय ज्ञान तथा संस्कृति के बारे में पता चला। भूमि तैयार थी, बीज बोया गया और फसल पकने में देर न लगी। जब गुरु जी सन्तुष्ट हो गए कि संत रविदास जी में आत्मा की ज्योति सदा के लिए पूरी तरह प्रज्वलित हो चुकी है तो उन्होंने रविदास जी को घर लौट जाने को कहा और उन्हें अपनी इच्छा से जीवन व्यतीत करने को कहा।

आध्यात्मिक प्रबुद्ध शिष्य ने अब अनुभव किया कि उन्हें एक दैवीय मिशन को पूरा करना है। उन्होंने अपनी भविष्य की गतिविधियों के लिए बनारस को चुना। रविदास जी ने अनुभव किया कि आध्यात्मिक जीवन में उनका प्रशिक्षण अभी पूरा नहीं हुआ। उनमें अधिक से अधिक आध्यात्मिक ज्ञान प्राप्त करने की जिज्ञासा थी। इसके लिए उन्होंने जंगल के एक क्षेत्र को सुन्दर बनाने का निश्चय किया जहां वह शांति से ध्यान लगा सके। एक दिन झाड़ियों में अचानक होने वाली हलचल से उनका ध्यान भंग हो गया।

Ravidas Ji got up…………..as a human child.”

रविदास जी उठे और उन्होंने चारों ओर देखा। एक हिरणी एक शिकारी द्वारा बिछाए जाल में फंस गई थी। बेचारा पशु आजादी के लिए संघर्ष कर रहा था। जैसे ही शिकारी उसके पास पहुंचा, उसने याचना भरी दृष्टि से उसे देखा। ऐसे लग रहा था जैसे वह दया की भीख मांग रही हो। यह उसका अपने तीन बच्चों को दूध पिलाने का समय था।

तीन छोटे बच्चे खुशी-खुशी उछलते-कूदते उसके पास आए परन्तु वे अपनी मां की दयनीय दशा को देखकर घबरा गए। मां और छोटे बच्चे दया और लाचारी की एक दुःख भरी तस्वीर बने हुए थे। । उनकी मूक याचना और उनकी उदासी भरी आंखें किसी पत्थर दिल को भी पिघला सकती थीं। परन्तु क्रूर शिकारी का मन नहीं पिघला। उसकी आँखों में सहानुभूति अथवा उदारता का कोई भाव नहीं था। वह पशु और उसके बच्चों को पकड़ने के लिए आगे बढ़ा।

जैसे ही रविदास जी ने उन्हें देखा, उनका मन दया से पिघल उठा। उन्होंने अनुभव किया कि दुःखी और लाचार पशुओं को मौत से बचाना उनका कर्त्तव्य है। वह शिकारी के पास गए और इस प्रकार बोले : “हम सभी एक ही ईश्वर की संतान हैं। वह हमारे स्नेहशील पिता हैं। यह ईश्वरीय सुगन्ध ही है जो मनुष्य के सीने में प्रेम के रूप में धड़कती है।

यह ईश्वरीय सुगन्ध गुलाब में खुशबू के रूप में रहती है। यही ईश्वरीय सुगन्ध है जो इन्द्रधनुष को सुन्दरता से भर देती है। यह भी ईश्वरीय सुगन्ध है जो पक्षियों में आनन्द, सेबों में रस तथा वाणी में मधुरता भरती है। इसलिए हमें इस पृथ्वी पर रहने वाले सभी जीवों से प्यार करना चाहिए। सभी प्रकार का जीवन पवित्र होता है। मनुष्य का यह सबसे पवित्र कर्तव्य है कि वह दुःखी मन को शान्ति पहुंचाए।

हमें कभी भी किसी जीव को पीड़ा एवं कष्ट नहीं पहुंचाना चाहिए और न ही मारना चाहिए। हमें छोटी-बड़ी सभी वस्तुओं से प्रेम करना चाहिए। यहां तक कि घास में रहने वाला छोटा सा कीड़ा भी उतना ही पवित्र है जितना कि मनुष्य का बच्चा।”

The hunter listened………….all man-made.

शिकारी ने रविदास जी के दयापूर्ण शब्दों को सुना और संत के प्रति बड़ा आदर भाव दिखाया। संत रविदास जी के व्यक्तित्व के जादू और उनके गहरे ज्ञान से भरे शब्दों ने शिकारी के मन से सभी बुरे विचार निकाल दिए। एक महान संत के साथ केवल क्षण भर के सम्पर्क ने उसे पूरी तरह से बदल डाला। एक हत्यारे का मन प्रभु और उसकी रचना के प्रति प्रेम से भर गया।

शिकारी ने वचन दिया कि वह दयापूर्ण जीवन व्यतीत करेगा और किसी को भी कष्ट नहीं पहुंचाएगा। संत रविदास जी एक विनम्र व्यक्ति थे। वह अपने समय के अधिकतर विद्वानों और धार्मिक व्यक्तियों से भिन्न थे। उन्होंने कभी भी अपने ज्ञान और बुद्धिमत्ता की शेखी नहीं बघेरी थी। उन्हें ईश्वरीय ज्ञान सीधा अपनी अात्मा से प्राप्त हुआ था। उनके आध्यात्मिक प्रवचन सभी को प्रभावित करते थे। लोग उन्हें मंत्रमुग्ध होकर सुनते थे। वह सरल और स्पष्ट भाषा में बोलते थे। उन्होंने लोगों को बताया कि परमात्मा की दृष्टि में सभी समान हैं। जाति, रंग और धर्म के भेदभाव व्यर्थ हैं। ये सब मनुष्य के बनाये हैं।

Saint Ravidas Ji………..the eternal soul.

संत रविदास जी उन लोगों के लिए बड़ी आशा लेकर आए जो निर्धन, कमज़ोर तथा पिछड़े हुए थे। उन्होंने उनके मन में आशा, साहस और भरोसा भरा। उन्होंने उन्हें उच्च जाति के लोगों की अन्यायपूर्ण मांगों के आगे न झुकने के लिए प्रेरित किया। उन्होंने उन्हें आत्मा की शक्ति पहचानने की प्रेरणा दी। उन्होंने उन्हें सभी कमज़ोर भावनाओं से दूर रहने के लिए कहा।

वह हमेशा कहते थे, “छुआछूत (अस्पृश्यता) मानवता के विरुद्ध पाप है।” संत रविदास जी जीवन भर अपने समय के समाज को सुधारने और उसका मार्गदर्शन करने में जुटे रहे। यहाँ तक कि वृद्धावस्था में भी उनके चेहरे पर दैवीय चमक (आभा) बनी रही। उनकी सभी मानसिक क्षमताएं सदैव सशक्त बनी रहीं। भौतिक संसार के तनावों से उनकी आत्मा अछूती रही। उन्होंने आध्यात्मिक जीवन बिताया। उनका अन्त शान्तिपूर्वक हुआ। इस संसार की एक महान् आत्मा परमात्मा में विलीन हो गई।

Retranslation From English to Hindi

1. India has been a home for saint and sages. — भारत साधु-संतों का घर रहा है।
2. They sent him to school. — उन्होंने उसे स्कूल भेजा।
3. The seed was sown. — बीज बो दिया गया।
4. The field was ready. — खेत तैयार था।
5. God is our loving Father. — ईश्वर हमारे स्नेहशील पिता हैं।
6. Saint Ravidas Ji was very humble. — संत रविदास जी बहुत ही विनम्र थे।
7. His end was peaceful. — उनका अंत शांतिमय था।
8. All forms of life are sacred. — जीवन के सभी रूप पवित्र हैं।
9. They are all men-made. — ये सब मनुष्य के बनाये हैं।
10. All are equal in the eyes of God.— ईश्वर की नज़र में सभी समान हैं।

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 1 Rational Numbers Ex 1.1Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Maths Chapter 1 Rational Numbers Ex 1.1

1. Represent these numbers on the number line:

Question (i).
\(\frac {7}{4}\)
Solution:
To represent \(\frac {7}{4}\), make 7 markings each of a distance equal to \(\frac {1}{4}\) on the right side of 0. The 7th point represents the rational number \(\frac {7}{4}\).

The point A is \(\frac {7}{4}\).

Question (ii).
\(\frac {-5}{6}\)
Solution:
To represent (\(\frac {-5}{6}\)) on the number line, make 5 markings each of a distance equal to on the left side of 0. The 5th point represents the rational number (\(\frac {-5}{6}\)).

The point B is (\(\frac {-5}{6}\))

2. Represent \(\frac{-2}{11}, \frac{-5}{11}, \frac{-9}{11}\) on the number line.
Solution:
To represent the given rational numbers on a number line, make 11 markings each being equal to distance \(\frac {1}{11}\) on the left of 0.

Here, the point A is (\(\frac {-2}{11}\)).
the point B is (\(\frac {-5}{11}\)).
the point C is (\(\frac {-9}{11}\)).

3. Write five rational numbers which are smaller than 2.
Solution:
There are infinite rational numbers below 2, positive as well as negative.
Five of them are 1, \(\frac {1}{3}\), \(\frac {1}{4}\), 0, – 1.

4. Find ten rational numbers between \(\frac {-2}{5}\) and \(\frac {1}{2}\).
Solution:
First, convert \(\frac {-2}{5}\) and \(\frac {1}{2}\) having the same denominator, such that the difference between the numerators is more than 10.
\(\frac{-2}{5}=\frac{-2}{5} \times \frac{4}{4}=\frac{-8}{20}\);
\(\frac{1}{2}=\frac{1}{2} \times \frac{10}{10}=\frac{10}{20}\)
∴ The ten rational numbers between \(\frac {-8}{20}\) and \(\frac {10}{20}\) are
\(\frac{-7}{20}, \frac{-6}{20}, \frac{-5}{20}, \frac{-4}{20}, \frac{-3}{20}, \ldots, 0, \frac{1}{20}, \ldots, \frac{9}{20} .\)
(There can be many more such rational numbers.)

5. Find five rational numbers between

Question (i).
\(\frac {2}{3}\) and \(\frac {4}{5}\)
Solution:
First, convert \(\frac {2}{3}\) and \(\frac {4}{5}\) having the same denominator, such that the difference between the numerators is more than 5.
\(\frac{2}{3}=\frac{2}{3} \times \frac{20}{20}=\frac{40}{60}\);
\(\frac{4}{5}=\frac{4}{5} \times \frac{12}{12}=\frac{48}{60}\)
∴ The five rational numbers between \(\frac {2}{3}\) and \(\frac {4}{5}\) are \(\frac{42}{60}, \frac{43}{60}, \frac{44}{60}, \frac{45}{60}, \frac{46}{60}\).

Question (ii).
\(\frac {-3}{2}\) and \(\frac {5}{3}\)
Solution:
First, convert \(\frac {-3}{2}\) and \(\frac {5}{3}\) having the same denominator, such that the difference between the numerators is more than 5.
\(\frac{-3}{2}=\frac{-3}{2} \times \frac{3}{3}=\frac{-9}{6}\);
\(\frac{5}{3}=\frac{5}{3} \times \frac{2}{2}=\frac{10}{6}\)
∴ The five rational numbers between \(\frac {-3}{2}\) and \(\frac {5}{3}\) are \(\frac{-8}{6}, \frac{-7}{6}, 0, \frac{7}{6}, \frac{8}{6}\).

Question (iii).
\(\frac {1}{4}\) and \(\frac {1}{2}\)
Solution:
First, convert \(\frac {1}{4}\) and \(\frac {1}{2}\) having the same denominator, such that the difference between the numerators is more than 5.
\(\frac{1}{4}=\frac{1}{4} \times \frac{8}{8}=\frac{8}{32}\);
\(\frac{1}{2}=\frac{1}{2} \times \frac{16}{16}=\frac{16}{32}\)
∴ The five rational numbers between \(\frac {1}{4}\) and \(\frac {1}{2}\) are \(\frac{10}{32}, \frac{11}{32}, \frac{12}{32}, \frac{13}{32}, \frac{14}{32}\).
(There can be many more such rational numbers.)
[Note : You can write rational numbers of your choice.]

6. Write five rational numbers greater than -2.
Solution:
There can be many rational numbers greater than – 2. Five of them are \(\frac{-3}{2}, \frac{-1}{4}, 0, \frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{5}\).

7. Find ten rational numbers between \(\frac {3}{5}\) and \(\frac {3}{4}\).
Solution:
First, convert \(\frac {3}{5}\) and \(\frac {3}{4}\) having the same denominator, such that the difference between the numerators is more than 10.
\(\frac{3}{5}=\frac{3}{5} \times \frac{20}{20}=\frac{60}{100}\);
\(\frac{3}{4}=\frac{3}{4} \times \frac{25}{25}=\frac{75}{100}\)
∴ The ten rational numbers between \(\frac {3}{5}\) and \(\frac {3}{4}\) are \(\frac{61}{100}, \frac{62}{100}, \frac{63}{100}, \frac{64}{100}, \frac{65}{100}, \frac{66}{100}, \frac{67}{100}, \frac{68}{100},\)\(\frac{69}{100}, \frac{70}{100}\)

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions Chapter 2 The Aged Mother Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 English Chapter 2 The Aged Mother

Activity 1

Look up the following words in a dictionary. You should seek the following information about the words and put them in your WORDS notebook.

1. Meaning of the word as used in the lesson (adjective/noun/verb. etc.)
2. Pronunciation (The teacher may refer to the dictionary or a mobile phone for correct pronunciation.)
3. Spellings.

despotic	suggestive	failing	prompted	barbarous	abandoning	widowed
humble	reckless	snapped	. hastened	blaze	abolished	frailty

Vocabulary Expansion

Activity 2

Put a tick on the option that brings out the meaning of the underlined word.

1. It was governed by a despotic leader.
(a) A person who expects everyone to obey all his orders.
(b) A person who loves his people.

2. He had a great dislike for anything suggestive of failing health and strength.
(a) giving an idea of
(b) typical

3. This prompted him to make a cruel law for the province.
(a) encouraged to do something
(b) made a rule

4. Those were barbarous days.
(a) uncivilized
(b) crude

5. The custom of abandoning old people to die was not uncommon.
(a) to leave or desert
(b) to discontinue

6. The narrow road was crossed and re-crossed by many paths made by the hụnters and the woodcutters.
(a) small width
(b) big

7. She stretched forth her hand and snapped the twigs from bushes.
(a) broke
(b) pulled

8. His demand was that his subjects should present him with a rope of ash.
(a) people
(b) studies

9. That very hour the cruel law was abolished.
(a) came to an end
(b) destroyed

10. He realised that old age meant experience of life and not frailty.
(a) physical weakness
(b) strength
Answer:
1. (a) A person who expects everyone to obey all his orders
2. (a) giving an idea of
3. (a) encouraged to do something
4. (a) uncivilized
5. (a) to leave or desert
6. (a) small width
7. (a) broke
8. (a) people
9. (a) came to an end
10. (a) physical weakness.

Learning to Read and Comprehend 

Activity 3:

Rearrange the sentences given below in the correct sequence.

Write the numbers in the given brackets. The first one is done for you.
1. The son decided to take his mother back home.
2. A farmer decided to leave his old mother on the top of a mountain.
3. The governor realized his mistake and abolished the law.
4. Once in Shining, a cruel ruler made a law that all the old people must be put to death.
5. Using the idea of his old and experienced mother, the farmer made a rope of ash.
6. When the farmer turned to go back home, the mother advised him to return home with the help of twigs.
7. Filled with fear, he hid his mother in his home.
8. The mother dropped the small twigs as markers on the way to help her son return home safely.
Answer:
1. Once in Shining, a cruel ruler made a law that all the old people must be put to death.
2. A farmer decided to leave his old mother on the top of a mountain.
3. The mother dropped the small twigs as markers on the way to help her son return home safely.
4. When the farmer turned to go back home, the mother advised him to return home with the help of twigs.
5. The son decided to take his mother back home.
6. Filled with fear, he hid his mother in his home.
7. Using the idea of his old and experienced mother, the farmer made a rope of ash.
8. The governor realized his mistake and abolished the law.

Activity 4.

Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.

Question 1.
What was the cruel announcement made by the despotic leader ?
तानाशाह नेता द्वारा क्या घोषणा की गई ?
Answer:
It was to put all the aged in the province to death.

Question 2.
Why was the farmer sorrowful ?
Answer:
The farmer was sorrowful because he loved his old mother very much. He did not want to leave her.

Question 3.
What things did the farmer carry to the top of the mountain ?
किसान पर्वत की चोटी पर क्या-क्या चीजें ले गया ?
Answer:
The farmer carried some cooked rice and a pot filled with cold water to the top of the mountain.

Question 4.
What made the mother anxious as they climbed up the mountain ?
पहाड़ी पर चढ़ते समय माँ को किस बात ने चिंतित किया?
Answer:
Many paths to the top of the mountain were unknown to the son. This made the mother anxious. She got worried about her son to lose his way on his return.

Question 5.
What did the mother drop along the way?
माँ ने रास्ते के साथ-साथ क्या गिरा दिया ?
Answer:
The mother dropped twigs along the way.

Question 6.
What was the advice given by the farmer’s mother for the safe return of her son ?
किसान की माँ ने अपने पुत्र की सुरक्षित वापिसी के लिए क्या परामर्श दिया ?
Answer:
She adviced her son to follow the path dotted with piles of twigs.

Question 7.
Where did the farmer hide his mother?
किसान ने अपनी माँ को कहाँ छिपाया ?
Answer:
The farmer hide his mother in a walled closet under their kitchen floor.

Question 8.
When did the Governor realize his mistake ?
गवर्नर को अपनी गलती का अहसास कब हुआ ?
Answer:
The governor realized his mistake when he came to know the truth of real wisdom. He realized that real wisdom comes with a growing age.

Activity 5

Identify the underlined character(s).

1. He gave orders for the aged to be put to death.
2. He considered the order to be the kindest mode of death.
3. She quietly dropped some twigs on the way.
4. Together we will follow the path, together we will die.
5. He listened and meditated in silence.
Answer:
1. The governor of Shining
2. the farmer
3. the farmer’s old mother
4. the farmer and his old mother
5. The governor.

The Determiners

To determine’ means to mark, to fix or to limit. Therefore, a determiner is a word which limits or fixes the meaning of a noun. It is also called a Noun-marker.

‘Determine’ का अर्थ है कुछ निर्धारित करना या सीमित करना। इस तरह Determiner वह शब्द है जो Noun के अर्थ को ‘निश्चित करता है या एक सीमा में बांधता है। इसे Noun-marker भी कहा जाता है।

Examples :
1. He helped his friend.
2. My friend gave me a pen.
In sentence 1. ‘his’ is a determiner. It tells us that ‘he’ helped only ‘his friend and no one else. In sentence

2. the word ‘my’ is a determiner.

Note : A determiner limits or fixes only the noun and not any other part of speech.
For example : Veena is a good girl. In this sentence a refers to the noun ‘girl and the adjective ‘good’ makes no difference to the function of a. Kinds of Determiners.
There are five types of determiners :

1. Articles – a, an, the
2. Possessives – my, our, your, his, her, their, its.
3. Numerals – one, two, three, four, first, second, etc.
4. Quantitative – all, any, little, a little, much, some, etc.
5. Demonstratives – this, that, these, those. 1. Articles
There are two types of articles :
1. Indefinite articles – ‘a’, ‘an’
2. Definite article – the
(a) Indefinite articles : ‘A’and ‘an’ are indefinite articles. They are used before a countable common noun in singular number. They are called indefinite articles because they are used with indefinite names.
Examples : a boy, a pencil, an apple, etc.

Use of ‘a’ and ‘an’
1. ‘An’ is generally used with countable common nouns in singular numbers before words beginning with a vowel sound.
For example : an apple, an egg, an MLA, an umbrella, an incident.

2. If a word begins with a silent h, ‘an’ is used before it.
For example : an hour, an honest man.

3. When a word begins with a vowel letter ‘u’ sounding like ‘you’, ‘& is used before ‘it instead of ‘an’.
For example : a university, a union.

4. If a word begins with a vowel letter é sounding like ‘you’, ‘k’ is used instead of ‘an’.
For example : a European.

5. If a vowel gives the sound of ‘w’, ‘a’ is used.
For example : a one-eyed man, a one-rupee coin.

6. ‘A’ and an’ are used in expressions denoting price, speed, ratio etc.
For example : thirty miles an hour
twenty rupees a day
two of a trade

7. ‘A’ is used in some numerical expressions.
For example :
a great deal, a lot of, a dozen, a hundred

8. ‘A’ is used with few’ and ‘little’.
For example :
I borrowed a few books from him.
A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.

(b) Definite Article :
“The’ is called the definite article because it points out to a definite person or a thing.
1. I met a boy.
2. The boy told me a story.
3. The story was very interesting.
In the first sentence ‘a boy’ means any boy and not a particular person.
In the second sentence, ‘the boy’ refers to a particular person. Similarly, in the second sentence ‘a story’ means any story. But in the third sentence ‘the story’ means a particular story.

Use of ‘the’
“The’ is used to denote a particular person, place or thing.
For example:
1. He is the boy who won the prize.
2. She has gone to the bus stop.
“The’ is used when a person, place or thing has already been mentioned.
For example :
I bought a bicycle. The bicycle cost me ₹5000.
‘The’ is used to denote the whole class or community.
For example : The dog runs fast.

Special ‘use of the’ :
1. Before the names of rivers, mountain ranges, oceans, groups of islands, bays, descriptive names of states and countries :
the Ganges
the Ravi/Beas
the Shivaliks
the Indian Ocean
the Andaman and Nicobar Islands
the Bay of Bengal
the USA

2. Before the names of newspapers, magazines, companies, corporations, organizations :
The Tribune
The Hindustan Times
The Life Insurance
The National Book Trust
The Punjab Roadways

3. Before the names of sacred books :
the Ramayana/the Gita
the Guru Granth Sahib
the Quran
the Vedas
the Bible

4. Before musical instruments :
the sitar
the veena

5. Before the names of unique things :
the sun the moon
the stars

6. Before adjectives in superlative degree :
He is the best doctor of the college.
Mumbai is the biggest city in India.

7. Before adjectives used as nouns :
the sick
the poor

8. As part of the phrase made of the comparative degrees :
The higher we go, the colder it gets.

9. When a family name is used to refer to the whole family:
The Malhotras are a happy family.

The position of the Article
Generally the article is placed before the noun it refers to. But when an adjective or an adverb appears before a noun, the article comes before the adjective or the adverb.
For example :
She is a teacher. (before a noun)
She is a good teacher. (before an adjective)
She is a very good player. (before an adverb)
But when the adjective is preceded by “as,’ ‘so’, ‘too’ and ‘how’, the article is used between :the noun and the adjective.

For example:
so beautiful a house
too hot a day
When the noun is preceeded by ‘such’, both’ and ‘all, the article is placed after them.

For example :
I have not seen such a fool.
Both the brothers were present.
All the boys had left.

2. Possessives
(सम्बन्धवाचक शब्द) my, her, your,his, its, our, their सम्बन्धवाचक सर्वनाम है और इनका प्रयोग एक वचन और बहुवचन दोनों प्रकार को संज्ञाओं के साथ किया जाता है जैसे
These determiners are possessive forms of personal pronouns. They can be used both before singular and plural nouns.
For example :
1 I do not lend my books to anyone.
2. We love our teacher.
3. One should do one’s duty.
4. My mother is a doctor.

3. Numerals
Numerals are words that relate to numbers. There are three types of numerals :
Definite Numerals : They refer to a definite or exact number.
The definite numerals are further divided into two kinds:
a. Cardinals : one, two, three, five, etc.
These words can be used before nouns which are countable :
1. Please bring one pen for me.
2. He gave him ten coins.

b. Ordinals : first, second, third, etc.
These words are used to indicate order:
1. The first book was very boring.
2.He was the last man to come.

Indefinite Numerals : They refer to vague or indefinite number such as “many’, ‘few’;’a . few’, ‘the few’, ‘several, ‘all’, etc.
1. I have many things to do.
2. Several people witnessed the accident.
3. He has few friends in the city. (almost none)
4. He does have a few friends in the city. (a small number)
5. The few friends he has are loyal to him. (whatever small number)

Distributive Numerals :
These words refer to each of a group, such as ‘each’, ‘every’, “either’, ‘neither’ etc.
1. Each of us must do so.
2. Each of the boys must do his duty.
3. Either Gurpreet or Harpreet has won the prize.

4. Quantitatives
Words like some’, ‘any’, ‘little’, ‘much etc. are determiners of quantity.
(a) Some and Any: ‘Some’ has positive implications and any’ has negative implications. · Questions with negative implications also take any’. But questions with positive
implications take ‘some’.

Examples :
1. I want some milk. Is there any milk in the house ?
2. I spent some holidays with my uncle.
3. There is hardly any milk.
4. Did you hear any noise ?
5. Do you want books ? We have some very good books.
6. I don’t have any money with me.
7. I have hardly any money.
8. There was hardly any boy in the school.
9. I can lend you some money.

(b) Much : ‘Much’ is used to denote quantity.
He has much money.
Don’t think about it too much.

(c) Little, a little, the little : ‘Little’ has a negative implication. It means ‘hardly any’. A little means ‘some’. “The little means whatever little exists, but the whole of it.
I want to have some water. But there is little water in the pitcher.
However, there is a little in the bucket.
I have drunk the little water the jug had.

5. Demonstratives
This’, ‘that’, ‘these and those are called Demonstrative determiners. They point out the object denoted by the nouns that follow them. “This and that are singular; ‘these and ‘those are plural. They show which person, place or thing is being talked about.

For example :
1. This book is mine and that is yours.
2. These men are hardworking.
3. Those girls sing very well.

Activity 6

Fill in the blanks with suitable determiners.

1. I went to …………….. window which commanded a large green garden.
2. I have …………………. work to do…
3. Lookout of the window for ………………… minute.
4. …………… shirt is costly but ……………….. shirt is cheap.
5. ………………….. books she had were all lost.
6. ………………… pen costs two rupees.
7. But I had …………………. idea of all this.
8. He didn’t make . …………….. mistakes in the essay.
9. I borrowed ……………….. books from him.
10. It educates both ……………….. blind and the helpers.
11. We should look into ………………….. depth of the problem.
12. It was ………………….. daring idea.
13. ………………….. boys attended the class.
14. This is …………….. good home for him.
15. ………………… teachers were asked to be present on Sunday.
16. …………………. sum cannot be solved by ……….. silly boys.
17. Besides them stood Pasteur, holding a narrow tube in … ………… hand.
18. They took samples from ………………. brain of a dog that had died.
19. ………….. little knowledge is …………….. dangerous thing.
20. He takes ……………… interest in me.
Answer:
1. the
2. much
3. a
4. this, that/ my, your
5. The
6. My
7. no
8. any
9. some
10. the
11. the
12. a
13. only, A few
14. a
15. only
16. This, the,
17. his
18. the
19. A, a
20. no.

Activity 7 :

Rewrite the following sentences after correcting them by adding/deleting a word wherever necessary in each sentence :

Question 1.
Only few men are honest.
Answer:
Only a few men are honest.

Question 2.
The man is mortal.
Answer:
Man is mortal.

Question 3.
He acted like man.
Answer:
He acted like a man.

Question 4.
Beas flows in Punjab.
Answer:
The Beas flows in the Punjab.

Question 5.
You are in wrong but he is in right.
Answer:
You are in the wrong but he is in the right.

Question 6.
He is by far ablest boy.
Answer:
He is by far the ablest boy.

Question 7.
Nobody likes a person with bad temper.
Answer:
Nobody likes a person with a bad temper.

Question 8.
The iron is useful metal.
Answer:
Iron is a useful metal.

Question 9.
Not word was said.
Answer:
Not a word was said.

Question 10.
He has too high a opinion of you.
Answer:
He has too high an opinion of you.

Question 11.
Learn this poem by the heart.
Answer:
I learn this poem by heart.

Question 12.
Never tell lie.
Answer:
Never tell a lie.

Leaning to Listen

Activity 8.

Listen to your teacher carefully. She/he will tell you a story. Write the story in the given space as you hear it. Listen carefully to the pauses and tone and use appropriate punctuation marks.
Answer:
The Lion and the Boar
It was a hot summer day. A lion and a boar reached a small water body for a drink. They began arguing and fighting about who would drink first. After a while they were tired and stopped for breath, when they noticed vultures above. Some. they realized that the vultures are waiting for one or both of them to fall, to feast on them. The lion and the boar then decided that it were best to make up and be friends than fight and become food for vultures. They drank the water together and went their own ways.

Learning to Speak
Role Play

Making Telephone Calls in Emergency
There are special emergency numbers that you can dial in an emergency. For example, to call the police you need to dial 100 from your phone. Other emergency calls could be made to the ambulance service, fire station, trauma centres, etc. When making such calls, we must give quick and adequate information. Our address or location and our contact details are most important. We must also be able to tell them the reason for our call i.e. what kind of emergency we are dealing with.

Look at the following conversation for proper understanding :

Police station : Hello, this is Mullanpur Police Station.
You : Hello, there is a hit and run case. A boy is lying injured on the road.
Police station : Please give us your location details.
You : I am standing near the main office of Omaxe Township. I will send you my mobile location.
Police station : That will be very helpful!
You : Can you also call an ambulance please ? He needs immediate medical attention.

Activity 9.

Create a dialogue between yourself and the Fire station informing them about the fire near your house. Once you have written the dialogue in your notebooks, practise it with your partner. You must take turn to play both roles.
Answer:

I : Hurry up ! There is a big fire in Sector 11.
Fire station : What is the location ?
I : It is just behind the Rose Model School Building.
Fire station : Worry not! The Fire Brigade reaches within five minutes.
I : How can we help you?
Fire station : Look ! Try to keep the traffic away from the road.

Story Writting

Activity 10

Write a short story. You may use some of the following words and phrases :

• felt scared
• heard the sound in the cupboard
• thought it must be a thief
• might be a killer
• lay still
• could hardly breathe
• felt someone touched my foot
• shouted with fear
• parents came and switched on light
• saw a rat

Begin your story with :
Suddenly, I woke up. It was very dark. I felt there was someone in my room. I tried to guess who it could be. It might be a thief. It could be a killer. I got scared and lay still. I could hardly breathe, out of fear. I felt someone touching my foot. I shouted loudly. At that very moment, my parents came and switched on the light. We all burst into laughter when we saw a rat close to my bed.

Learning to Use the language (Grop Work)

Activity 11

Suppose your classroom has been attacked by a swarm of bees. It is time to go back home. Get into groups of five and think of how you will take your bags from the classroom full of bees. You will get 5 minutes to discuss.
Answer:
When you have finished discussing, your chosen group leader will present your ideas in front of the class. The teacher will observe and discuss good, practical and impractical points.
Group leader : We are going to cover our body with blankets, lying in the emergency room. We will produce smoke by burning a rags. It will make the bees fly away. We will quickly pick up our bags and come out of the room.
Teacher : This method may work successfully. But some bees may not fly away. You must: keep this point in mind.

Comprehension of passage

Read the following passages and answer the questions given below each :

(1) Long, long ago there was a province in Japan called Shining. It was governed by a despotic leader. He was a good warrior but he had a great dislike for anything suggestive of failing health and strength. This prompted him to make a cruel law for the province. The entire province was given strict orders to immediately put all the aged people to death. Those were barbarous days and the custom of abandoning old people to die was not uncommon.

In the same province lived a poor farmer and his aged widowed mother at the foot of the mountain. They owned a bit of land which supplied them with food. They were humble, peaceful and happy. The poor farmer loved his aged mother and dealt with her very tenderly. The order by the despot filled his heart with sorrow. Other people did not think twice about obeying the order of the governor but this farmer was very unhappy. However, he had to obey the order so the farmer prepared for what at that time was considered the kindest way of death.

1. What prompted him to make a cruel law ?
उसे किस बात ने क्रूर कानून बनाने के लिए प्रोत्साहित किया ?

2. What was the order given to the people ?
लोगों को क्या आदेश दिया गया

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) The order by the despot filled the heart of the farmer with delight.
(b) The mother and the son were humble and peaceful.

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) The custom of abandoning old people to die was …….
(b) They owned a bit of land which …
Or
Match the words with their meaning :

(i) entire	whole
(ii) barbarous	beautiful
	cruel

Answer:
1. He disliked failing health and strength. This prompted him to make a cruel law.
2. The people were ordered to put all the aged people to death immediately.
3. (a) False, (b) True.
4. (a) The custom of abandoning old people to die was not uncommon.
(b) They owned a bit of land which supplied them with food.
Or
(i) entire — whole
(ii) barbarous — cruel.

(2) Just at sunset, when his day’s work ended, he took some unwhitened rice which was the main food for the poor and cooked it, dried it and tied it in a cloth which he swung in a bundle around his neck along with a pot filled with cool water. Then he lifted his helpless old mother on his back and started on his painful journey up the mountain. The road was long and steep. The narrow road was crossed and re-crossed by many paths made by the hunters and the woodcutters. At some places, they got lost and confused but he did not think about it. He was about to abandon his dear mother so it did not matter. which path he took to reach the mountain top. On he went, climbing blindly upward-ever upward towards the high bare summit known as Obatsuyama, the mountain where the aged were abandoned.

1. Where did he take his old mother?
2. Why was the journey painful ?
3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) The name of the high bare summit was Shining.
(b) Unpolished rice was the main food for the people.
4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) In this bundle, along with rice there was a pot ……..
(b) The summit where …………… was known as obatsuyama.
Or. Write the meaning of the following words in English : (Any two)
helpless, summit, puzzled.
Answer:
1. He took his old mother to the top of a mountain.
2. The journey was painful because it lay through a mountain. The road was long and steep. Beside, the son was carrying his helpless old mother on his back.
3. (a) False
(b) True.
4. (a) In the bundle, along with rice, there was a pot filled with cool water.
(b) The summit where the aged were abandoned was known as obatsuyama.
Or
poor, top, confused.

(3) The eyes of the old mother were not so dim that they could not notice the reckless hastening from one path to another and her loving heart grew anxious. Her son did not know many paths of the mountain and his return might be dangerous so she stretched forth her hand and snapped twigs from bushes as they passed. She quietly dropped a handful every few steps of the way so that as they climbed, the narrow path behind them was dotted with tiny piles of twigs. At last, the summit was reached. Weary and heartsick, the youth gently released his burden and silently prepared a place of comfort as his last duty to the loved one. Gathering fallen pine needles, he made a soft cushion and tenderly lifted his old mother onto it. He wrapped her padded coat more closely about her stooping shoulders and with tearful eyes and an aching heart, he had farewell to his mother.

1. Why did the old mother grow anxious ?
वृद्ध मोँ चिंता में क्यों पड़ गई
2. Why did he prepare a place of comfort ?
उसने आरामदायक स्थान क्यों तैयार किया ?
3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) The summit was reached easily.
(b) He had farewell to his mother with tearful eyes.
4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) Gathering fallen pine needles, he made a
(b) The narrow path behind them was dotted with …
Or
Match the words with their meaning :

(i) Weary	softly and slowly
(ii) tenderly	heavy
	tired

Answer:
1. The old mother grew anxious because her son did not know many paths of mountain. So his return might be dangerous.
2. He prepared a place of comfort for his old mother. It was a symbol of his last duty to his loved mother.
3. (a) False
(b) True.
4. (a) Gathering fallen pine needles, he made a soft cushion.
(b) The narrow path behind them was dotted with tiny piles of twigs.
Or
tired
(i) Weary — tired
(ii) Tenderly — softly and slowly.

(4) The entire province of Shining trembled with fear. The order had to be obeyed but how could any one make a rope of ash ? One night, in great distress, the son whispered the news to his hidden’ mother. “Wait”, she said, “Let me think … Let me think”. On the second day, she told him what to do, “Make a rope of twisted straw.” she said. “Then stretch it upon a row of flat stones and burn it on a windless night.” He called the people together and did as she had said. When the blaze died down, there upon the stones, with every twist and fiber showing perfectly, lay a rope of ash.

The governor was pleased at the wit of the youth and praised greatly but he demanded to know where he had obtained his wisdom from. “Alas! Alas!” cried the farmer, “the truth must be told!” and with deep bows, he narrated his story. The governor listened and then meditated is silence. Finally, he lifted his head. “Shining needs more than the strength of youth,” he said gravely. “Ah, how could I have forgotten the well-known saying, “With the crown of snow, there cometh wisdom !” That very hour, the cruel law was abolished as he realised that old age means experience of life and not frailty.

1. What was the order given to the people of Shining ?
Shining के लोगों को क्या आदेश दिया गया था?
2. Who made the rope and how ?
रस्सी किसने बनाई और कैसे ?
3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) The entire province of Shining jumped with joy.
(b) “With the crown of snow, there cometh wisdom” is a well-known saying.
4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) Shining needs more than the …………..
(b) That very hour, the cruel law …………….
Or Write the meanings of the following words in English : (Any two) wit, meditated, gravely.
Answer.
1. The people of Shining given the order of making a rope of ash.
2. The young farmer made the rope. He made it by burning some twisted straw on a windless night.
3. (a) False
(b) True.
4. (a) Shining needs more than the strength of youth.
(b) That very hour, the cruel law was abolished.
Or wit—wisdom, meditated—thought over something deeply, gravely—-seriously.

Use Of Words And Phrases in Sentences

1. Warrior – Arjuna was a great warrior.
2. Abolish – The British government abolished the salt law.
3. Prompt – His cruel nature prompted him to tease the poor beggar.
4. Humble – My father is very humble at heart.
5. Peaceful – The villagers are very peaceful.
6. Boast of – Never boast of your wealth.
7. Summit – The Himalayas have many high summits.
8. Distress – He is in great distress these days.
9. Pleased at – I am pleased at his honesty.
10. Blaze – The sudden blaze almost blinded him.

Word Meaning

The Aged Mother Summary in Hindi

Long, long ago …………………… aged were abandoned.

बहुत समय पहले जापान में शीनिंग (Shining) नामक एक प्रांत था। वहाँ पर एक निरंकुश नेता का शासन था। वह एक अच्छा योद्धा था परन्तु उसे गिरते स्वास्थ्य और ताकत के बारे में कोई भी बात अच्छी नहीं लगती थी। इस बात ने उसे प्रांत के लिए एक क्रूर कानून बनाने के लिए उकसाया। पूरे प्रांत में सभी वृद्धों को तुरन्त मार डालने के सख्त आदेश जारी कर दिए गए। ये बर्बरता के दिन थे और वृद्ध लोगों को मरने के लिए छोड़ देना कोई असामान्य बात नहीं थी। . इसी प्रांत में पहाड़ी के तल पर एक ग़रीब किसान अपनी बूढ़ी विधवा माँ के साथ रहता था। उनके पास भूमि का एक छोटा सा टुकड़ा था जिससे वे जीवनयापन करते थे।

वे विनम्र, शांतिप्रिय तथा खुश थे। गरीब किसान अपनी वृद्ध माँ को बहुत प्यार करता था और वह उसके साथ बहुत ही नम्रतापूर्वक व्यवहार करता था। तानाशाह के आदेश से उसका मन दु:खी हो गया। अन्य लोगों ने शासक के आदेश का पालन करने पर एक बार भी पुनः विचार नहीं किया। परन्तु किसान बहुत ही अप्रसन्न था। फिर भी उसे आदेश का पालन करना था इसलिए किसान ने वह तरीका अपनाने की तैयारी कर ली जो उस काल में मृत्यु का सबसे दयापूर्ण तरीका माना जाता था।

शाम के समय जब दिनभर का कार्य समाप्त हो गया, उसने कुछ कच्चे चावल जो गरीबों का मुख्य भोजन था लिये और उन्हें पकाया। उसने चावलों को सुखाकर एक कपड़े में इनकी गठरी बना कर उसने इन्हें अपने गले में लटका लिया। उसने ठण्डे पानी से भरा एक, बर्तन भी उनके साथ लटका लिया। तब उसने अपनी लाचार बूढ़ी माँ को अपनी पीठ पर उठा लिया और पहाड़ी पर अपनी कष्टभरी यात्रा के लिए चल पड़ा। सड़क लम्बी और सीधी खड़ी थी। संकरी सड़क को जगह-जगह पर शिकारियों और लकड़हारों द्वारा बनाए गए रास्ते काटते रहे।

कुछ स्थानों पर वे उलझ गए और भटक गए परन्तु उसने इस बारे में नहीं सोचा। उसे तो अपनी प्रिय माँ को त्यागना था, इसलिए इस बात का कोई महत्त्व नहीं था कि वह किस रास्ते से पहाड़ की चोटी पर पहुँचे। वह अन्धा-धुंध ऊपर की ओर चढ़ता गया और अधिक ऊपर उस वनस्पति हीन शिखर की ओर जो Obatsuyama के नाम से जाना जाता था। यह वह पर्वत था जहाँ वृद्धों को त्यागा (छोड़ा) जाता था। .

The eyes of the old……….. we will die !”

वृद्ध माँ की आँखें इतनी धुंधली नहीं हुईं थीं कि वे लापरवाही से एक मार्ग से दूसरे मार्ग पर जाते हुए कदमों को न भांप सकें। उसका प्रेम भरा मन चिंतित हो उठा। उसके पुत्र को पर्वत के बहुत से मार्गों की जानकारी नहीं थी और इससे उसकी वापसी खतरनाक हो सकती थी। इसलिए आगे बढ़ते हुए उसने अपने हाथों को फैला लिया और झाड़ियों की टहनियां तोड़ती गई। वह ऊपर चढ़ते हुए थोड़ी-थोड़ी दूरी पर चुपचाप मुट्ठी भर गिराती रही। उनके पीछे के संकरे मार्ग पर टहनियों के छोटे-छोटे ढेर लग गए थे।

अंत में वे शिखर पर पहुँच गए। थके हुए और मायूस नवयुवक ने धीरे से अपने बोझ को उतारा और चुपचाप अपने अंतिम कर्त्तव्य के लिए आराम भरे एक स्थान को तैयार करने लगा। उसने चीड़ के पेड़ की नुकीली पत्तियों को इकट्ठा करके एक मुलायम गद्दी बनाई और अपनी वृद्ध माता को उस पर बिठा दिया। उसने उसके नर्म कोट को उसके झुके कंधों के और अधिक निकट तक कर दिया और रोते हुए तथा दुःखी मन से अपनी माता से अलविदा कहा।

उसकी माँ ने कांपती आवाज़ तथा नि:स्वार्थ प्यार से उसे अंतिम निर्देश दिए। उसने कहा, “पुत्र अपनी आँखें बंद न होने देना । पर्वत का रास्ता खतरों से भरा हुआ है। ध्यानपूर्वक देखना और उस मार्ग पर चलना जहाँ तुम्हें टहनियों के ढेर दिखें। वे तुम्हें और नीचे जाने के परिचित मार्ग पर ले जाएंगे।” पुत्र ने हैरानी भरी नज़रों से पीछे मार्ग की ओर देखा और फिर अपनी लाचार वृद्ध माँ के थके-हारे हाथों को देखा जिनमें उसके प्यार भरे कार्य के कारण खरोंचें आई हुई थीं और जो मैले हो गए थे।

गवर्नर नवयुवक की बुद्धिमता पर खुश था और उसने उसकी भरपूर प्रशंसा की। परन्तु उसने यह जानने की माँग रखी कि उसने यह बुद्धिमता कहाँ से प्राप्त की। किसान चिल्लाया, “अरे मर गए !’ सच्चाई तो बतानी पड़ेगी !” पूरी तरह झुकते हुए उसने सारी कहानी कह सुनाई। शासक ने सुना और फिर खामोश होकर सोचने लगा। अंततः उसने अपना सिर उठाया। उसने गंभीरता से कहा, “शीनिंग (Shining) को नवयुवकों की ताकत से ज्यादा कुछ और चाहिए।”आह, मैं इतनी प्रसिद्ध कहावत कैसे भूल गया कि बुद्धिमता सफ़ेद बालों (उम्र) के साथ आती है।” उसी क्षण उसने क्रूर कानून को समाप्त कर दिया। उसे आभास हो गया कि बुढ़ापा जीवन का अनुभव है न कि निर्बलता।

Retranslation From English to Hindi

वहां पर एक निरंकुश नेता का शासन था। उनके पास भूमि का एक छोटा सा टुकड़ा था जिससे वे जीवनयापन करते थे। वे विनम्र, शांतिप्रिय तथा खुश थे।

1. It was governed by a deposite leader. —- वहां पर एक निरंकुश नेता का शासन था।
2. They owned a bit of land which supplied them with food. —- उनके पास भूमि का एक छोटा सा टुकड़ा था जिससे वे जीवनयापन करते थे।
3. They were humble, peaceful and happy. —- वे विनम्र, शांतिप्रिय तथा खुश थे।
4. The poor farmer loved his aged mother. —- ग़रीब किसान अपनी वृद्ध माँ से बहुत प्यार करता था।
5. However, he had to obey the order. —- फिर भी उसे आदेश का पालन करना था।
6. The road was long and steep. —- सड़क लम्बी और सीधी खड़ी थी।
7. They got lost and confused. —- वे उलझ गए और भटक गए।
8. He was about to abandon his dear mother. —- वह अपनी प्रिय माँ को त्यागने ही वाला था।
9. Her son did not know many paths of mountain.—- उसके पुत्र को पर्वत के बहुत से मार्गों की जानकारी नहीं थी।
10. The youth gently released his burden. —- नवयुवक ने धीरे से अपना बोझ उतारा
11. He wrapped her padded coat more closely. —- उसने उसके नर्म कोट को और अधिक निकट तक कर दिया।
12. The mountain road is full of dangers. —- पर्वत का रास्ता खतरों से भरा हुआ है।
13. The son hid his mother. —- पुत्र ने अपनी माँ को छिपा लिया।
14. The governor was pleased at the wit the youth. —- गवर्नर नवयुवक की बुद्धिमता पर खुश था।
15. Finally, he lifted his head. —- अंतत: उसने अपना सिर उठाया।
16. The cruel law was abolished.—- क्रूर कानून को समाप्त कर दिया गया।

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions Chapter 1 Value of Money Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 English Chapter 1 Value of Money

Activity 1.

Look up the following words in a dictionary. You should seek the following information about the words and put them in your WORDS notebook.

1. Meaning of the word as used in the lesson (adjective/noun/verb. etc.)
2. Pronunciation (The teacher may refer to the dictionary or a mobile phone for correct pronunciation.)
3. Spellings.

नोटः

1. विद्यार्थी Lesson के आरंभ मे दिए गएा Word – Meaning पढे
2. Pronunciation के लिए अपने अध्यापक से निर्देश लें।
3. दिए गए शब्दों की Spellings याद करें और इन्हें बार-बार सीखने का अभ्यास करें।

processor	intrigue	review	feature	ultimate
limitations	consumerist	obsessed	storage	investing

Activity 2.

Given below are a few words. Write them in the order as they appear in a dictionary.

1. Market
2. realized
3. decided
4. value
5. money
6. ultimate
7. moment
8. storage
9. arrange
10. machine
11. technology
12. consumerist
13. excited
14. faster
15. account
16. investing
17. pollution
18. disaster
19. persuade
20. prepare
Answer:
1. account
2. arrange
3. consumerist
4. decided
5. disaster
6. excited
7. faster
8. investing
9. machine
10. market
11. moment
12. money
13. persuade
14. pollution
15. prepare
16. realized
17. storage
18. technology
19. ultimate
20. value.

Activity 3.

Learning to Read and Comprehend

Answer the following questions.
a. What made the narrator unhappy ?
वक्ता किस बात से नाखुश थी ?
Answer:
The limitations of her computer against Bell computer made the narrator unhappy.

b. What was the narrator obessed with ?
वक्ता पर किस बात की सनक सवार थी ?
Answer:
The narrator was obessed with doing more work and earning more money.

c. What were the two features of Bell Computer that were being advertised on TV?
टी.वी. पर बेल कम्प्यूटर की किन विशेषताओं का विज्ञापन आ रहा था ?
Answer:
(i) It has the fastest processor.
(ii) It has very high storage.

d. What offer did the parents give to the narrator ?
वक्ता को माता-पिता ने क्या पेशकश दी ?
Answer:
The parents offered her to earn money by doing house jobs.

e. Which two things did the narrator do to complete the chores ?.
काम पूरे करने के लिए वक्ता ने क्या दो काम किए ?
Answer:
(i) She started getting up early. :
(ii) She started doing her work quickly.

f. What happened when the narrator went to the store to order the computer she wanted ?
जब अपनी पसंद के कम्प्यूटर का ऑर्डर देने के लिए वक्ता स्टोर पर गई तो क्या हुआ ?
Answer:
She found that a new model was coming out soon. It was even faster and had double the storage.

g. Why did she decide against buying the computer she was obessed with ?
वक्ता ने अपनी सनक का कम्प्यूटर न खरीदने का फ़ैसला क्यों किया ?
Answer:
She decided not to buy that computer because she had learned the value of money. Buying the computer she wanted meant the waste of money because of the fast changing technology.

h. Why did the Bell employee advise the narrator to wait for a few more days ?
बेल कम्पनी के कर्मचारियों ने वक्ता को कुछ और दिन इन्तज़ार करने की सलाह क्यों दी ?
Answer:
They advised the narrator to wait for a few days because a new model of the computer was coming out soon.

Activity 4.

Identify the speaker and the listener.

(a) “Oh, you don’t need to buy that one. We have another one coming out soon. It is even faster and has double the storage.”
Answer:
Speaker : employee at the Bell center.
Listener : the narrator.

(b) “Please dad ! Is there anything else you need help with ?”
Answer:
Speaker : the narrator
Listener : narrator’s father.

(c) “Give me more chores !”
Answer:
Speaker : the narrator
Listener : the narrator’s father.

Activity 5.

Think and discuss with your partner the given scenario.
“Oh you don’t need to buy that one. We have another one coming out soon. It is even faster and has double the storage.”

Do you think

(a) It was wise of the narrator to put her money in a savings account ? Why/why not?
Answer:
Yes, it was really wise of her because it enabled her to save her hard earned money.

(b) It would have been wiser of the narrator to work for two more months and buy the newer model of the computer ? Why/Why not?
Answer:
No, it was not wise. The models of machine go on changing with fast changing technology

(c) It is advisable for fourteen year old to overwork herself/himself as the narrator did ? Why/Why not?
Answer:
Doing overwork is bad as it tells upon ( बुरा प्रभाव डालता है) one’s health.

Learning Language

The Sentence

A sentence to a group of words which makes complete sense. Here are some examples :
पूरा अर्थ देने वाला शब्द-समूह वाक्य कहलाता है। यहां कुछ उदाहरण दिए हैं :
(a) Ram is going to school.
(b) Do not spit on the floor.
(c) What is your name?
(d) May God bless you !
(e) What a fine morning!
The examples above are complete sentences because each of these makes complete sense.

Forms of Sentences.
Sentences can be classified (वर्गीकरण) into five important types according to the functions they perform.
They are :

• Assertive Sentence
• Interrogative Sentence
• Imperative Sentence
• Exclamatory Sentence
• Optative Sentence

Assertive Sentence : An Assertive sentence is the one that makes a statement or assertion. It may be affirmative (positive) or negative. An Assertive sentence ends with a period (full stop).
कथन वाला वाक्य Assertive Sentence कहलाता है| यह Positive या Negative कोई भी हो सकता है।
Examples :

• We love our country. (Affirmative)
• She speaks the truth. (Affirmative)
• I do not like this picture. (Negative)
• Rakesh does not smoke. (Negative)

An Assertive sentence is sometimes also called a Declarative sentence or a statement.

Interrogative Sentence : An Interrogative sentence is the one which asks a question.
(प्नरन पूछने वाला वाक्य)
Examples :

• Where is my book ?
• Why do you scold the child ?
• Did he learn his lesson ?

Imperative Sentence : An Imperative sentence is the one which expresses a command, a request, an advice or an entreaty.
Examples :
(a) Shut the front door. — (command)
(b) Find my leather jacket. — (command)
(c) Clean your room. — (command)
(d) Wait for me. — (entreaty)
(e) Get out! — (command)
(f) Make sure you pack warm clothes. — (advice)
(g) Please be quiet. — (request/entreaty)
(h) Be nice to your friends. — (advice)
(i) Sit down. — (command)
(j) Please help. — (request)
(k) Help the poor. — (advice)
(l) Do pay us a visit some time. — (entreaty)

Exclamatory Sentence: An Exclamatory sentence makes a statement that conveys some sudden strong emotion or excitement. मन के अकस्मात् भाव व्यक्त करने वाला वाक्य
Examples :
(a) Hey! I have got the film tickets.
(b) What a fine hit!
(c) How beautiful the flower is !
(d) Happy birthday, Amit !
(e) Thank you, Shashi !
(f) I hate you !
(g) Ice cream and sundaes are my favourite !

Optative Sentence : An Optative sentence expresses a prayer, keen wish, curse etc. This kind of sentence generally starts with ‘may’ or ‘wish’. Sometimes, ‘may remains hidden. (प्रार्थना, मनोकामना, श्राप, आदि भाव व्यक्त करने वाला वाक्य)
Examples :
(a) May you live long !
(b) Long live the king !
(c) May you live long enough to see your grandchildren prosper!
(d) May God bless us all!
(e) May you all succeed !
(f) May God give you good health !
(g) Wish you a very successful married life !
(h) Wish you a happy journey together!
(i) May you win the race !

Activity 6.

Read the sentences given below and state which type of sentences they are in the given space.

Answer:
(a) He plays fooball —- (Affirmative)
(b) She does not live here. —- (Assertive)
(e) Please help me. —- (Imperative)
(ci) May you grow wiser! —- (Optative)
(e) Do you play? —- (Interrogative)
(J) How brave he is! —- (Exclamatory)
(ç) Always speak the truth. —- (Imperative)
(h) Who does not love his country? —- (Interrogative)
(1) How ugly the camel is! —- (Exclamatory)
(i) Does he come here daily? —- (Interrogative)
(k) Leave his place. —- (Imperative)
(1) May you live long! —- (Optative)
(m) Has he come here ? —- (Interrogative)
(n) May you succeed! —- (Optative)
(o) The earth moves round the sun. —- (Assertive)
(p) I wish you were rich! —- (Optative)
(q) Where is your pen ? —- (Interrogative)
(r) I wish I were a King! —- (Optative)
(s) What a pity ! You missed your chance. —- (Exclamatory)

Assertive and Interrogative Sentences

Study the give ahead sentences carefully and note how Declarative sentences have been changed into Interrogative sentences.

Assertive (Declarative)	Interrogative (Question)
1. The cow is eating grass.	Is the cow eating grass ?
2. I am writing a book.	Am I writing a book ?
3. The Germans were merching into Belgium.	Were the Germans marching into Belgium ?
4. Meena was writing a letter.	Was Meena writing a letter ?
5. They were being questioned.	Were they being questioned ?
6. The train started at ten.	Did the train start at ten ?
7. I got an e-mail from my son in New York.	Did I get an e-mail from my son in New  York ?
8. She sings well.	Does she sing well ?
9. They have studied very hard.	Have they studied very hard ?
10. They play a match.	Do they play a match ?
11. I shall leave for Mumbai tomorrow.	Shall I leave for Mumbai tomorrow ?
12. You should speak the truth.	Should you speak the truth ?
13. He can run a mile in four minutes.	Can he run a mile in four minutes ?
14. We shall discuss the matter with the Principal.	Shall we discuss the matter with the Principal ?
15. He should pay the fee in time.	Should he pay the fee in time ?
16. The mother looks after her child.	Does the mother look after her child ?
17. Idle boys shirk work.	Do idle boys shirk work ?
18. We go to the fair with our friends.	Do we go to the fair with our friends ?
19. A goat grazes in the field.	Does a goat graze in field ?
20. We do not quarrel with our class fellows.	Do we not quarrel with our class fellows ?

Activity 7.

Change the following Affirmative (Declarative) sentences into Interrogative sentences.

1. He is clever. — Is he clever ?
2. He was simple. — Was he simple ?
3. Ram was feeling tired. — Was Ram feeling tired ?
4. Sita was angry. — Was Sita angry?
5. They were good friends. — Were they good friends?
6. He painted the door blue. — Did he paint the door blue ?
7. He has three pencils. — Has he three pencils ?
8. We had a good time there. — Had we a good time there?
9. I have to do it. — Have I to do it?
10. Sohan had finished his work. — Had Sohan finished his work ?
11. I shall go there tomorrow — Shall I go there tomorrow ?
12. He will play a match. — Will he play a match ?
13. I can do it. — A Can I do it?
14. He may help you. — May he help you ?
15. The sun does not shine at night. — Does the sun not shine at night?

Activity 8.

Convert the following Interrogative sentences into Assertive (Declarative) sentences.

1. Are you on leave today? — You are on leave today.
2. Was the train late ? — The train was late.
3. Were the boys not lazy? — The boys were not lazy.
4. Am I strong? — I am strong
5. Is your sister ill ? — You sister is ill.
6. Has it been raining since morning ? — It has been raining since morning.
7. Have you fulfilled your promise ? — You have fulfilled your promise.
8. Has he taken the test ? — She has taken the test.
9. Had you seen this picture ? — You had seen the picture.
10. Did he come by train yesterday? — He came by train yesterday.
11. Can you travel fifty miles a day? — You can travel fifty miles a day.
12. Should I stick to my promise ? — I should stick to my promise.
13. Does the watchman keep watch over — The watchman keeps watch over the house? the house.
14. Do you pray to God everyday? — You pray to God everyday.

Positive and Negative Sentences

Study the following sentences and note how Positive sentences have been changed into Negative sentences :

Positive	Negative
1. I am a student.	I am not a student.
2. It is a garland.	It is not a garland.
3. We are tourists.	We are not tourists.
4. The mango was sweet.	The mango was not sweet.
5. The knives were sharp.	The knives were not sharp.
6. You can win the game.	You cannot (can’t) win the game.
7. We must help him.	We must not help him.
8. She may resign from her post.	She may not resign from her post.
9. You should follow this path.	You should not follow this path.
10. I may be dropped out of the team.	I may not be dropped out of the team.
11. I have learnt my lesson.	I have not learnt my lesson.
12. They had reached there.	They had not reached there.
13. He has written a book.	He has not written a book.
14. We had a dog.	We did not (didn’t) have a dog.
15. I have a book.	I do not (don’t) have a book.

Activity 9.

Change the following Positive sentences into their Negative form.

1. This dress is very costly. — This dress is not very costly.
2. His neighbour was quite well yesterday. — His neighbour was not quite well yesterday.
3. Your friends were good to me. — Your friends were not good to me.
4. Shyam has a lotus in his hand. — Shyam does not have lotus in his hand.
5. I have a horse. — I have no horse.
6. I have seen this picture. — I have not seen this picture.
7. You have corrected me. — You have not corrected me.
8. The cattle graze in the pasture. — The cattle don’t graze in the pasture.
9. I get up early in the morning. — I don’t get up early in the morning.
10. We saw a snake in the grass.— We saw no snake in the grass.

Note : You can also use the shortened forms as ‘weren’t’ in place of ‘were not’, ‘isn’t’ in place of‘is not’, ‘wasn’t’ in place of‘was not’, ‘don’t’ in place of‘do not’, ‘didn’t’ in place of‘did not’, ‘doesn’t’ in place of‘does not’, ‘can’t’ in place of‘cannot’, etc. These shortened forms are generally used in conversation i.e. Spoken English.

Activity 10.

Convert the following Negative sentences into their Positive form.

1. Sohan is not an idle boy. — Sohan is an idle boy
2. I do not have an umbrella with me. — I have an umbrella with me.
3. He may not play well today. — He may play well today.
4. She cannot tell a lie. — She can tell a lie.
5. I must not take this medicine. — I must take this medicine
6. He does not take this risk. — He takes this risk.
7. Do not strike the match. — Strike the match.
8. Do not let him go. — Let him go.
9. Do not keep my book. — Keep my book
10. They did not catch the evening train. — They caught the evening train.

Exclamatory and Assertive Sentences

Study the following sentences carefully and note how Exclamatory sentences have been changed into Assertive sentences :

Exclamatory	Assertive
1. What a lovely scene !	It is a very lovely scene.
2. Long live our leader !	We wish that our leader may live long.
3. Alas ! I shall never be able to see him again.	It is very sad that I shall never be able to see him again.
4. Hurrah ! We have won the match.	We are very happy that we have won the match.
5. What a pity ! You have been wasting opportunities.	It is very sad that you have been wasting opportunities.
6. Alas ! The soldier died fighting.	It is sad that the soldier died fighting.
7. How hot it is today !	It is very hot today.
8. Death to the traitors !	The traitors must be punished with death.
9. How glad I am that you have come !	I am very glad that you have come.
10. What a disgrace for the family !	It is a big disgrace for the family.

Activity 11:

Change the following Exclamatory sentences into Assertive sentences

1. Bravo! You have done well. — It is brave of you to do the well.
2. Alas! The soldiers died at Galwan — It is sad that the soldiers died at Galwan Valley.
3. How beautiful the scenery is ! — The scenery is very beautiful.
4. How foolish I had been ! — I have been very foolish.
5. What a disaster the earthquake is ! — The earthquake is a big disaster.
6. How stiff the paper is ! — The paper is very stiff.
7. May God reward this act of yours ! — We wish that God may reward this act of yours.
8. What a terrible storm it is! — It is a very terrible storm.
9. Wonderful! I have never seen anything like this earlier — It is really wonderful to see such a thing.
10. May God pardon this sinner — We very much wish that God may pardon this sinner.

Activity 12:

Change the following Assertive sentences into Exclamatory sentences.
Answer:
1. He is truly noble. — 1. How noble he is !
2. This is indeed a great pleasure. — 2. What a pleasure !
3. It is very kind of you to help him — 3. What a kindness to help him like that. like it!
4. I wish I were young again. — 4. Oh! I were young again.
5. It is a very wonderful opportunity. — 5. What a wonderful opportunity!
6. It is a bitterly cold morning. — 6. What a cold morning!
7. It was an extremely delightful — 7. How delightful the party was ! party.
8. She danced very beautifully. — 8. How beautifully she danced !
9. I wish I had never met you. — 9. Would that I had never met you.
10. It is stupid of me to forget your name. — 10. How stupid ! I have forgotten your name.

Activity 13:

Listen to your teacher-talking about birds. Your teacher will read the text twice. Complete the following table and answer the question that follows while listening to the passage the second time.

First Listening

Answer:

Second Listening Question :
Why are birds referred to as the friends of farmers’?
Answer:
They are friends of farmers because they eat the unuseful insects from the fields. If they don’t eat them they will spoil their crops.

Learning to Speak (Pairwork)

Activity 14.

Work with your partner. You will play the roles of a shop owner and a customer. Both of you will ask and answer the questions asked during the conversation. The beginning of the conversation is given. You will start with the given conversation and then continue.

Shop owner : How may I help you ?
Customer : I need to buy some biscuits and ice cream.
Shop owner : Which biscuits do you want ?
Customer : I want good cream biscuits. Which ones do you have ?
Shop owner : I have Little Magic biscuits.
Customer : Little Magic ? Never heard of them!
Shop owner : Oh, they are chocolate biscuits with vanilla and strawberry cream.
Customer : That sounds interesting! I think I will buy some.
Shop owner : …………………………..
Customer : …………………………..
Shop owner : …………………………..
Customer : …………………………..
Shop owner : …………………………..
Customer : …………………………..
Shop owner : …………………………..
Customer : …………………………..
Shop owner : …………………………..
Shop owner : …………………………..
Customer : …………………………..
Shop owner : …………………………..
Answer:
Shop owner : How may I help you ?
Customer : I need to buy some biscuits and ice cream.
Shop owner : Which biscuits do you want ?
Customer : I want good cream biscuits. Which ones do you have ?
Shop owner : I have Little Magic biscuits.
Customer : Little Magic ? Never heard of them!
Shop owner : Oh, they are chocolate biscuits with vanilla and strawberry cream.
Customer : That sounds interesting! I think I will buy some.
Shop owner : How much do you want to buy?
Customer : Two or three packets.
Shop owner : Don’t worry. They are not very costly.
Customer : What is the price of one packet after all ?
Shop owner : We sell it ten rupees per packet !
Customer : Is there any scheme?
Shop owner : Why not, if you buy five packets, one is free.
Customer : Then pack me the five packets.
Shop owner : Buy more. The rates are going up next week.
Customer : What about the free scheme?
Shop owner : It will continue for about two months.
Customer : Please pack me ten packets soon. The weather is going bad.
Shop owner : Hurry up, boys ! The customer must not get wet.

Learning to Write

Learning to write is an art. Whenever we plan to write, we find it difficult to start. Let us try and make it a little less difficult. Think of a story or an advertisement or any other form of writing. You will need to understand four things about it. They are :

• Setting — It answers the questions ‘where’ and ‘when’ (the place and time) the C story or the action taken place.
• Characters — It answers the question ‘who’ (the people) is involved in the action.
• Problem — It answers the question ‘what the issue is or the problem that needs to be solved.
• Solution — It answers the question ‘how the problem is solved.

Activity 15:

Think of a story that you have read in this book. Identify the setting, characters, problem and the solution.

Name of the Story	The Value of Money
Setting	An Urban Area
Characters	Narrator, Bell center employees
Problem	Buying the Latest Computer, Changing Models with the fast changing technology.
Solution	Go on with your current computer. Save Money. Honour its value.

Activity 16

Write about a real incident that happened with you in the form of a story keeping the components of the story in your mind. First make your notes and then write the incident in the space given.

Setting	City Market, A Book Shop
Characters	I, my friend, my uncle.
Problem	Buying new school books. Pocket picked.
Solution	Got money from my uncle and bought books.
Incident/story	Yesterday I went to the city market to buy new school books. My friend was with me. But to our surprise, someone had picked my pocket. Suddenly I saw my uncle passing by the Book shop. I told him my problem. We bought two new books after he gave me the money, I needed.

Activity 17

Narrate a situation when your parents offered you money in exchange for doing something in the box given below.
Answer:
Money for Mobile
I wanted to buy a new mobile. But my parents refused to buy it to me. I was sad. But in the evening, I got an offer to work in the home garden for money. I did digging job and watered the plants for a month. I got twenty thousand rupees for this. How happy I was ! I bought a mobile worth five thousand only and saved the rest of money.

Learning to Use the Language
The ground water in Punjab is declining. We need to do something to stop this. You would certainly have seen awareness campaigns on TV advising the citizens to save water. Hos

Activity 18.

Prepare a list of Do’s and Don’ts that will help us to save water. You can start thinking of your everyday routine when you use water. You will put up this list at a prominent place in your home where everybody can see it and make efforts to save water. You must write complete sentences.
Answer:

S.No.	Dos	Don’ts
1.	Save water at all costs.	Don’t waste water in any way.
2.	Use less water while bathing.	Don’t wash your car with a pipe.
3.	Use dirty water for flush.	Don’t let the tap run while brushing teeth.
4.	Use a bucket to wash your car.	Don’t fill your cooler tank to the brim.
5.	Stop the leakage of water through taps.	Don’t do over-watering of your plants.
6.	Put a plastic bottle in your toilet tank                                      ’	Don’t use a tub for a bath.
7.	Turn off water while brushing your teeth.	Don’t (Never) keep drinking water uncovered.
8.	Turn off water while shaving.	Don’t fill the bucket full for bathing.

Comprehension of Passages

Read the following passage and answer the questions given below each :

(1) It was summer break and I had been watching a lot of T.V. There was this one advertisement that would pop up on screen all the time. It was for the latest Bell Computer. It had ‘the fastest processor’ and ‘unbelievably high storage’among many other new features. Every time I saw it, I was intrigued. I would go online and watch people reviewing the computer just to find out more about its features. I would read articles about its features in tech magazines. It appeared to be an ultimate computer while the limitations of my own computer made me unhappy. But my parents refused to buy me the computer when I asked them about it.

1. What was the advertisement for ?
विज्ञापन किस बात के लिए था ?

2. What did the narrator want to buy and why?
वक्ता क्या खरीदना चाहती थी और क्यों ?

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) The narrator had been watching a lot of T.V. during summer break.
(b) The narrator’s a parents bought her the latest Bell Computer.

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) It appeared to be an …..
(b) The narrator’s computer made her unhappy because of …………..
Or
Match the words with their meaning :

(i) find out	emerge
(ii) pop up	go out
	know

Answer:
1. The advertisement was for the latest Bell Computer.
2. The narrator wanted to buy to latest Bell Computer because it had many new features over her computer.
3. (a) True, (b) False.
4.
(a) It appeared to be an ultimate computer.
(b) The narrator’s computer made her unhappy because of its limitations.
Or :
(i) find out — know
(ii) pop up – emerge

(2) Looking back now, I probably did not even need all those extra features. I could do everything. I wanted to do on my own computer without running into any issues but the consumerist in me seemed to think otherwise.

After a while, my parents noticed how obsessed I was with this new computer so they decided to give me a chance to earn it. They told me if I started doing house chores they would give me money for it and I could save up until I had enough to buy the computer on my own. It seemed like a good idea and I jumped at the opportunity. The very next day, I started waking up early to make extra time to be able to do more chores.

1. Why did the narrator need money?
वक्ता को पैसे की ज़रूरत क्यों थी ?

2. How could the narrator earn it ?
वक्ता पैसे कैसे कमा सकती थी ?

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) The narrator was very happy with her computer.
(b) The narrator jumped at the opportunity of earning money.

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) I probably did not need all ……………..
(b) The consumerist in the narrator seemed …
Or
Write the meanings of the following words in english : (Any two)
features, opportunity, chores
Answer:
1. The narrator needed money to buy a new computer.
2. The narrator could earn it buy doing house chores.
3. (a) False, (b) True.
4. (a) I probably did not need all those extra features.
(b) The consumerist in the narrator seemed to think otherwise.
Or
features — qualities, opportunity-chance, Chores — jobs.

(3) As I got quicker, I started having more free time and didn’t really know what to do with it. “Please dad! Is there anything else you need help with ? I’m willing to do anything; just lay it on me. Give me more chores !” I remember pleading with dad.

I was obsessed. Any free time I had, I wanted to fill it with more work and more money. Since the summer break was almost over and I knew I would have less time once I started going to school again. So, I wanted to work as much as possible during the break.

It took me a few months but I eventually saved up enough to buy myself the Bell Computer. It was a week before my birthday and I went to the Bell Center to place an order. I knew it would take at least a week for the store to get it in case it was out of stock.

1. How did the narrator want to use her free time?
वक्ता अपना खाली समय कैसे बिताना चाहती थी ?

2. When did she go to the Bell center and why?
वह बेल सेंटर पर कब गई और क्यों ?

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) The summer break was almost over.
(b) The narrator did not want to go to school again.

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) I wanted to work as much as possible …..
(b) As I got quicker, I started having …..
Or
Match the words with them meaning :

(i) lay	ultimately
(ii) eventually	leave
	possibly

Answer:
1. She wanted to use her free time by doing more and more work.
2. She went to the Bell center a week before her birthday to place an order for the new computer.
3. (a) True, (b) False.
4. (a) I wanted to work as much as possible during the break.
(b) As I got quicker, I started having more free time.
Or
(i) lay — leave
(ii) eventually — ultimately

Use of Words and phrases in sentences.

1. Review – Let us review, the problem.
2. Features – This computer has many good features.
3. Pop up – The differences of the two brothers popped up.
4. Limitations – Every machine has its own limitations.
5. Find out – I want to find out of the truth behind the quarrel.
6. Out of stock – Sugar is out of stock these days.
7. Plead – He pleaded for mercy.
8. Opportunity – Avail of every opportunity.
9. Sore – My eyes are sore.

Word Meaning:

Value of Money Summary in Hindi

It was 14 when ……….. to think otherwise.

मैं चौदह (14) वर्ष की थी, जब मुझे धन के महत्त्व का पता चला । यद्यपि मेरे पास एक कम्प्यूटर था और उसमें कोई खराबी भी नहीं थी, फिर भी मैं अपने लिए एक नया कम्प्यूटर लेना चाहती थी। गर्मी की छुट्टियां थीं और मैं बहुत ज्यादा टी.वी. देख रही थी। वहां स्क्रीन पर हर समय अचानक एक विज्ञापन दिखाई देता था। यह बेल के नए कम्प्यूटर का था। इसमें बहुत सी अन्य नई विशेषताओं के साथ-साथ ‘तीव्रतम प्रोसेसर’ और ‘अविश्वसनीय उच्च भंडारण’ क्षमता भी थी । जब भी मैं इसे देखती मुझ पर इसे पाने का जनून सवार हो जाता था। कम्प्यूटर की और अधिक विशेषताओं को जानने के लिए मैं ऑनलाइन जाती और लोगों के सर्वेक्षणों (विचारों) को देखती। मैं तकनीकी (Tech) से जुड़ी पत्रिकाओं में उसकी विशेषताओं के लेखों को पढ़ती।

वह सर्वोत्तम कम्प्यूटर लगता था जबकि मेरे अपने कम्प्यूटर की सीमाएं/कमजोरियां मुझे दुःखी कर देती थीं। परन्तु जब मैंने अपने माता-पिता से कम्प्यूटर खरीदने के लिए कहा तो उन्होंने मना कर दिया। अब मैं जब भी पीछे मुड़ कर देखती हूँ तो मुझे लगता है कि शायद मुझे अतिरिक्त विशेषताओं की कोई आवश्यकता ही नहीं थी। मैं अपने कम्प्यूटर पर बिना किसी रुकावट के हर वह काम कर सकती थी जो मैं करना चाहती थी परन्तु मेरे अन्दर छिपे उपभोक्तावादी के विचार इसके विपरीत थे।

After a while …………………………… during the break.
कुछ समय के बाद मेरे माता-पिता ने ध्यान दिया कि मुझ पर नए कम्प्यूटर का कितना जनून सवार है। इसलिए उन्होंने निश्चय किया कि वे मुझे पैसा कमाने का एक अवसर देंगे। उन्होंने मुझसे कहा कि यदि मैं घर के काम करने आरम्भ कर दूं तो वे मुझे उसके लिए पैसा देंगे और मैं तब तक पैसा इकट्ठा करूं जब तक कि मैं अपने कम्प्यूटर न खरीद सकूँ। मुझे यह विचार अच्छा लगा और मैं यह मौका पाकर उछल पड़ी। अगले ही दिन से मैंने जल्दी उठना आरम्भ कर दिया ताकि मैं ज्यादा काम करने के लिए अधिक समय निकाल पाऊँ।

मैं दिन में तीन बार बर्तन साफ करती; कूड़ा बाहर निकालती; सप्ताह के अंत में लॉन (Lawn) की घास काटती; सारा घर साफ करती और जब कभी भी आवश्कता होती कार को धोती। मैं प्रतिदिन बिना थके लगातार तब तक काम करती जब तक कि मेरा सारा शरीर दुखने नहीं लगता और अगले दिन उठकर फिर से वही करती। अंततः मैं इसकी आदी हो गयी और यह सब मुझे आसान लगने लगा। मेरी क्षमता और अधिक बढ़ गई और मैं हर काम पहले से अधिक जल्दी करने लगी।

जैसे ही मुझमें तेजी आई। मेरे पास और अधिक समय बचने लगा और मुझे समझ नहीं आता था कि मैं उस समय का क्या करूं। मुझे याद आ रहा है मैं अपने डैड से प्रार्थनी करती हूँ कि “आप पिता जी (डैड) कृपया बताएं, क्या आपको किसी और काम में मेरी मदद की आवश्यकता है ? मैं कुछ भी करने को तैयार हूं, बस काम मुझ पर छोड़ दें। मुझे और अधिक काम दें।”

मुझे जनून था। मेरे पास जितना भी खाली समय होता मैं उसे और अधिक काम करके व्यतीत करना चाहती ताकि और अधिक पैसा कमा सकूँ क्योंकि ग्रीष्म अवकाश लगभग समाप्त होने वाला था और मुझे मालूम था कि जैसे ही मैं स्कूल जाना आरम्भ कर दूंगी तो मेरे पास समय कम रह जाएगा। इसलिए मैं छुट्टियों में ही अधिक-से-अधिक काम कर लेना चाहती थी।

It took me a …………….. the value of money.

मुझे कुछ महीने लग गए। परन्तु अंतत: मैंने इतना पैसा जोड़ लिया कि मैं अपने लिए बेल कम्प्यूटर खरीद सकू। अपने जन्म-दिन से एक सप्ताह पहले मैं आर्डर देने के लिए बेल सेंटर (केंद्र) पर गयी। मैं जानती थी उनके स्टोर में उपलब्ध नहीं होगा तो, इसे मंगवाने के लिए स्टोर वालों को कम-से-कम एक सप्ताह का समय चाहिए होगा।

मैं अंदर गई और सीधा सामने वाले डेस्क के पीछे बैठे कर्मचारी के पास यह जानने के लिए पहुंची कि क्या कम्प्यूटर उपलब्ध है। । उसने कहा, “ओह, आपको वह खरीदने की आवश्यकता नहीं है। हमारे पास शीघ्र ही एक और आ रहा है। वह इससे भी अधिक तेज़ और दोहरी क्षमता वाला है।” इससे पहले कि वह मुझे उसका मूल्य बताता मैं क्षण भर के लिए थोड़ी उत्तेजित हो उठी। मुझे आभास हुआ कि इसे पाने के लिए मुझे दो महीने तक और घर के काम करने होंगे।

तब मुझे अहसास हुआ कि तकनीक कितनी तेजी से बदलती है। मशीन चाहे कितनी भी अच्छी हो जब तक आप उसे चलाने में पूरी तरह अभ्यस्त होते हैं, बाजार में हमेशा उससे तेज़ और बेहतर मॉडल आ जाता है। मैंने उसी क्षण कम्प्यूटर न खरीदने का फैसला किया क्योंकि मैं कड़ी मेहनत से कमाए अपने पैसे को किसी ऐसी चीज़ पर खर्च नहीं करना चाहती थी जिसका मूल्य जल्दी ही कम हो सकता है। अन्ततः मैंने वह सारा पैसा बचत खाते में जमा (निवेश) करवा दिया। इस प्रकार मैंने धन के महत्त्व को सीखा।

Retranslation From English to Hindi

1. It was summer break. —- गर्मी की छुट्टियां थीं।
2. I had been watching a lot of T.V. —- मैं बहुत ज्यादा टी.वी. देख रही थी।
3. It appeared to be an ultimate computer. —- वह सर्वोत्तम कम्प्यूटर लगता था।
4. I could save up until I had enough to buy the computer on my own. —- मैं तब तक पैसा इकट्ठा करूं। जब तक कि मैं अपना कम्प्यूटर न खरीद सकू।
5. I would do the dishes three times a day. —- मैं दिन में तीन बार बर्तन साफ करती।
6. My whole body was sore. —- मेरा सारा शरीर दुखने लगा।
7. Eventually, I got used of it.—- अंतत: मैं इसकी आदी हो गई।
8. I also got more efficient at it. —- मेरी दक्षता और अधिक बढ़ गई।
9. I was doing everything a lot quicker. —- मैं हर काम पहले से अधिक जल्दी करने लगी।
10. I was obsessed. —- मुझे जनून था।
11. I walked in and went straight to the employee sitting behind the front desk. —- मैं अंदर गई और सीधा सामने वाले डेस्क के पीछे बैठे कर्मचारी के पास पहुंची।
12. You don’t need to buy that one.—- आपको वह खरीदने की आवश्यकता नहीं है।
13. It is even faster and has double the storage. —- वह और अधिक तेज़ तथा दोहरी क्षमता वाला है।
14. This is how I learned the value of money. —- इस प्रकार मैंने धन के महत्त्व को सीखा। .

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 1 Rational Numbers Ex 1.1 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Maths Chapter 1 Rational Numbers Ex 1.1

1. Using appropriate properties find.

Question (i).
\(-\frac{2}{3} \times \frac{3}{5}+\frac{5}{2}-\frac{3}{5} \times \frac{1}{6}\)
Solution:
\(-\frac{2}{3} \times \frac{3}{5}+\frac{5}{2}-\frac{3}{5} \times \frac{1}{6}\)
= \(-\frac{2}{3} \times \frac{3}{5}-\frac{3}{5} \times \frac{1}{6}+\frac{5}{2}\) (Commutative)
= \(\frac{3}{5} \times\left[-\frac{2}{3}-\frac{1}{6}\right]+\frac{5}{2}\) (Distributive)
= \(\frac{3}{5}\left[\frac{-4-1}{6}\right]+\frac{5}{2}\)
= \(\frac{3}{5}\left[\frac{-5}{6}\right]+\frac{5}{2}\)
= \(\frac{3}{5} \times \frac{-5}{6}+\frac{5}{2}\)
= \(-\frac{1}{2}+\frac{5}{2}\)
= \(\frac{-1+5}{2}\)
= \(\frac {4}{2}\)
= 2

Question (ii).
\(\frac{2}{5} \times\left(-\frac{3}{7}\right)-\frac{1}{6} \times \frac{3}{2}+\frac{1}{14} \times \frac{2}{5}\)
Solution:
\(\frac{2}{5} \times\left(-\frac{3}{7}\right)-\frac{1}{6} \times \frac{3}{2}+\frac{1}{14} \times \frac{2}{5}\)
= \(\frac{2}{5} \times\left(\frac{-3}{7}\right)+\frac{1}{14} \times \frac{2}{5}-\frac{1}{6} \times \frac{3}{2}\) (Commutative)
= \(\frac{2}{5} \times\left(\frac{-3}{7}+\frac{1}{14}\right)-\frac{1}{6} \times \frac{3}{2}\) (Distributive)
= \(\frac{2}{5} \times\left[\frac{-6+1}{14}\right]-\frac{1}{4}\)
= \(\frac{2}{5} \times \frac{-5}{14}-\frac{1}{4}\)
= \(-\frac{1}{7}-\frac{1}{4}=\frac{-4-7}{28}\)
= \(\frac{-11}{28}\)

2. Write the additive inverse of each of the following:

Question (i).
\(\frac{2}{8}\)
Solution:
Additive inverse of \(\frac{2}{8}\) = \(\frac{-2}{8}\)

Question (ii).
\(\frac{-5}{9}\)
Solution:
Additive inverse of \(\frac{-5}{9}\) = \(\frac{5}{9}\)

Question (iii).
\(\frac{-6}{-5}\)
Solution:
Additive inverse of \(\frac{-6}{-5}\) means \(\frac{6}{5}\) = \(\frac{-6}{5}\)

Question (iv).
\(\frac{2}{-9}\)
Solution:
Additive inverse of \(\frac{2}{-9}\) = \(\frac{2}{9}\)

Question (v).
\(\frac{19}{-6}\)
Solution:
Additive inverse of \(\frac{19}{-6}\) = \(\frac{19}{6}\)

3. Verify that – (- x) = x for

(i) x = \(\frac {11}{15}\)
Solution:
x = \(\frac {11}{15}\)
∴ (-x) = \(\left(\frac{-11}{15}\right)\)
-(-x) = –\(\left(\frac{-11}{15}\right)\)
= \(\frac {11}{15}\) = x
∴ -(-x) = x

(ii) x = \(\frac {-13}{17}\)
Solution:
x = \(\frac {-13}{17}\)
∴ (-x) = \(\left(\frac{-13}{17}\right)\)
= \(\frac {13}{17}\)
-(-x) = –\(\left(\frac{-13}{17}\right)\)
= \(\frac {-13}{17}\) = x
∴ -(-x) = x

4. Find the multiplicative inverse of the following:

Question (i).
-13
Solution:
Multiplicative inverse of -13 = \(\frac {-1}{13}\)

Question (ii).
\(\frac {-13}{19}\)
Solution:
Multiplicative inverse of \(\frac {-13}{19}\) \(\frac {-19}{13}\)

Question (iii).
\(\frac {1}{5}\)
Solution:
Multiplicative inverse of \(\frac {1}{5}\) = 5

Question (iv).
\(\frac{-5}{8} \times \frac{-3}{7}\)
Solution:
\(\left(\frac{-5}{8}\right) \times\left(\frac{-3}{7}\right)\)
= \(\frac{(-5 \times-3)}{8 \times 7}\)
= \(\frac {15}{56}\)
Multiplicative inverse of \(\frac {15}{56}\) = \(\frac {56}{15}\)

Question (v) .
1 × \(\frac {-2}{5}\)
Solution:
-1 × \(\frac {-2}{5}\) = \(\frac{(-1 \times-2)}{5}\)
= \(\frac {2}{5}\)
Multiplicative inverse of \(\frac {2}{5}\) = \(\frac {5}{2}\)

Question (vi).
-1
Solution:
Multiplicative inverse of -1 = (-1)
(∵ \(\frac{1}{(-1)}\) = (-1))

5. Name the property under multiplication used in each of the following:

Question (i).
\(\frac{-4}{5} \times 1=1 \times \frac{-4}{5}=-\frac{4}{5}\)
Solution:
1 is the multiplicative identity.

Question (ii).
\(-\frac{13}{17} \times \frac{-2}{7}=\frac{-2}{7} \times \frac{-13}{17}\)
Solution:
Commutative property of multiplication.

Question (iii).
\(\frac{-19}{29} \times \frac{29}{-19}=1\)
Solution:
Existence of multiplicative inverse.

6. Multiply \(\frac {6}{13}\) by the reciprocal of \(\frac {-7}{16}\).
Solution:
Reciprocal of \(\frac{-7}{16}=\frac{-16}{7}\)
∴ \(\frac{6}{13} \times \frac{-16}{7}\)
= \(\frac{6 \times(-16)}{13 \times 7}\)
= \(\frac {-96}{91}\)

7. Tell what property allows you to compute.
\(\frac{1}{3} \times\left(6 \times \frac{4}{3}\right)\) as \(\left(\frac{1}{3} \times 6\right) \times \frac{4}{3}\)
Solution:
In computing
\(\frac{1}{3} \times\left(6 \times \frac{4}{3}\right)\) as \(\left(\frac{1}{3} \times 6\right) \times \frac{4}{3}\)
we use the associativity.

8. Is \(\frac {8}{9}\) the multiplicative inverse of – 1 \(\frac {1}{8}\) ? Why or why not ?
Solution:
\(-1 \frac{1}{8}=\frac{-9}{8}\)
\(\frac{8}{9} \times \frac{-9}{8}\) = (-1)
∴ \(\frac {8}{9}\) is is not the multiplicative inverse of -1 \(\frac {1}{8}\) as product of two multiplicative inverse is always 1.

9. Is 0.3 the multiplicative inverse of 3 \(\frac {1}{3}\) ? Why or why not?
Solution:
0.3 = \(\frac {3}{10}\) and 3 \(\frac {1}{3}\) = \(\frac {10}{3}\)
\(\frac{3}{10} \times \frac{10}{3}\) = 1
∴ the multiplicative inverse of 3 \(\frac {1}{3}\) is 0.3.

10. Write:

Question (i).
The rational number that does not have a reciprocal.
Solution:
The rational number that does not have a reciprocal is 0.

Question (ii).
The rational numbers that are equal to their reciprocals.
Solution:
The rational numbers that are equal to their reciprocals are 1 and (-1).

Question (iii).
The rational number that is equal to its negative.
Solution:
The rational number that is equal to its negative is zero (0).

11. Fill in the blanks:

Question (i).
Zero has ……………. reciprocal.
Solution:
Zero has no reciprocal.

Question (ii).
The numbers ……………. and ……………. are their own reciprocals.
Solution:
The numbers 1 and -1 are their own reciprocals.

Question (iii).
The reciprocal of – 5 is …………….
Solution:
The reciprocal of – 5 is \(\frac {-1}{5}\)

Question (iv).
Reciprocal of \(\frac{1}{x}\), where x ≠ 0 is …………….
Solution:
Reciprocal of \(\frac{1}{x}\), where x ≠ 0 is x

Question (v) .
The product of two rational numbers is always a …………….
Solution:
The product of two rational numbers is always a rational number.

Question (vi).
The reciprocal of a positive rational number is …………….
Solution:
The reciprocal of a positive rational number is positive.