Class 11

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 4 Rights and Duties of a Citizen Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4 Rights and Duties of a Citizen

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define Rights. Discuss the characteristics of Rights.
Or
What are rights? How are rights different from claims?
Answer:
The citizen has to seek ‘the good life’ not only for his own sake but also for the community. If he has to live upto his ideals, he needs certain conditions. He can justly claim them, he has right to them for the fulfilment of the common good. Rights are those conditions and guarantees which the State should provide to every citizen in order that he may attain his best self in society.

Man can develop all his mental; physical and spiritual qualities only if he is given certain rights and privileges by the State. Each State gives certain rights to the citizens which are essential for the development of the personality of the individuals. Laski has pointed out that every State is known by the rights, that it maintains.

What is a Right? Different scholars have defined Rights in different ways. Some important definitions of Rights are given below:

1. According to Wilde, “A Right is a reasonable claim to freedom in the exercise of certain activities.”
2. According to T.H. Green, “Rights are those powers which are necessary to the fulfilment of man’s vocation as moral being.”
3. According to Holland, “Right is one man’s capacity of influencing the acts of another by means not of his own strength but of the opinion or the force of society.”
4. According to Bosanquet, “A Right is a claim recognised by society and enforced by the State.”
5. According to John Austin, “Rights mean one man’s capacity of exacting from another of others acts of forbearances.”
6. According to H. J. Laski, ‘Rights are those conditions of social life without which no man can seek to be himself at his best.”
7. According to Dr. Beni Prasad, ‘Rights are the right conditions of life which are essential for the development of the individual. Rights are the essential aspects of social life.”

On the basis of the definitions given before we can say that Rights are those conditions of social life without which human personality cannot develop. Rights are useful both for the individual as well as for the State. The rights are recognized by the State.

Difference between Rights And Claims:
Right is a claim of the individual for doing things independently. The individual claims his rights from the society. But all claims are not to be regarded as rights because rights are only those claims which are recognised as such by society and enforced by the State. The claim of the individual takes the form of a right only when it is recognised by the society. Without such a recognition rights are empty claims. An individual is a part of the society, an individual cannot have any right apart from what the society concedes.

Characteristics of Rights:
On the basis of the definitions of rights given previous we can say that the following are the essential features of rights.
1. Rights are available only in the Society:
Rights can be possible only in the society. The rights cannot be possible outside the society. Whenever, an individual lives in society he is to seek the help of others for various purposes. Outside the society every individual is absolutely free and he makes use of force for achieving his end.

2. Right is a claim of the individual:
Right is a claim of the individual for doing things independently. The individual claims his rights from the society. In other words, right means demand for certain facilities.

3. Right is recognized by Society:
Rights are those claims of the individual which are recognized by the society. The claims of the individual takes the form of a right only when it is recognized by society.

4. Right is reasonable and moral:
The society recognizes only that claim of the individual which is reasonable and moral. The society recognizes only that claim which concerns the welfare of the individual. A claim which is harmful to society cannot be accepted.

5. Right can be used for public good:
A right can be used only for social good and not against the interest of the society. Rights can be had in society and are recognized by the society. Therefore, it is but natural that they should be exercised in the best interest of society.

6. Rights are universal:
Rights are given equally to all the people in society. Right is a claim of the individual and is not the claim of a particular individual but it is a claim of all the individuals. A right which is enjoyed by one individual is also enjoyed by other individuals.

7. Rights and duties go together:
Right is always accompanied by duties. Rights and duties go side by side. A’s right is B’s duty and B’s right is A’s duty. Rights cannot be granted without the performance of certain duties.

Another important feature of right is that it is enforced by the State. The rights are also protected by the State. The State grants rights through laws and those who violate the law are punished by the State. The State is the guardian of the rights of the individuals. Rights change with the changed social, economic and political conditions. For example, in the early phase of industrial expansion, the right to unfettered use of one’s property was recognised. But in the mid-twentieth century the right to property has been considerably curtailed in almost every country. Hence no permanent and unchanging catalogue of rights can be compiled.

Question 2.
Discuss the various rights enjoyed by a citizen in modern State.
Or
Describe any three rights of the individual.
Answer:
Modern age is an age of democracy and each State grants its citizens various types of rights so that they may be able to develop their personality. The rights granted by the State are called legal rights and they are of three types:

(a) Civil Rights:
In the modern democratic states the citizens are granted the following civil rights:
1. Right to Life:
Each State grants its citizens the right to life. Aristotle is of the opinion that the State came into existence for the sake of life and continues to exist for the sake of good life. This right is important both for the State and the individual. The individual personality can develop to the fullest degree only if he is granted the right to life. The State protects the life of the individual. The individual is given the right to self-defence. An individual cannot be allowed to commit suicide.

The State can award death sentence to an individual. If the existence of an individual is dangerous to the lives of others or if an individual works against the interests of the State he can be awarded death punishment. The modem view is against awarding death punishment. Most of the people have started thinking on the line that State should not award death punishment upon anyone. Efforts should be made to reform the criminals.

2. Right to Personal liberty:
The citizens are also given the right to personal liberty. The individual is given complete liberty for the development of his personality. The Government cannot arrest anybody arbitrarily. Nobody can be deprived of his life, liberty and property without a breach of law established in an ordinary court of law.

An individual enjoys complete freedom so far as he obeys the laws of the State. A person can be arrested only when he violates the laws of the State and he can be punished only when the charge against him is established in a court of law. The police cannot keep anybody in its custody more than 24 horn’s without the permission of the judge. Beside this the accused is given complete liberty to defend himself of the charge.

3. Right to Family Life:
Every citizen has the right to maintain a privacy of life in the family without any outside interference. The children possess the right of inheritance in their family property and also have got the right to get full support from their parents upto the age of maturity. Parents have the full rights over their children so long as they remain minors. Every person possesses the full right to marriage in any way he likes but the sanctity of marriage must be maintained in the society.

4. Right to Freedom of Religion:
Right to freedom of religion is most essential for the development of the personality of the individual. Every citizen should be free to profess and practise any religious faith he likes. In ancient times the right was not recognized by the State but modern States generally recognise this right. The recognition of this right by the State presupposes complete religious toleration.

5. Right to Education:
Citizenship has been defined as the contribution of one’s instructed judgement to the public good. The citizen has the right to such education as well fit him for the task of citizenship. Every citizen should have that education which would enable him to weigh, judge, choose and decide for himself.

The State grants the right to education to all its citizens. The individuals should have the right of receiving education according to their sweet will. The State should provide all facilities regarding education to its citizens. Now-a-days the State opens schools and colleges for the spread of education. The State now-a-days opens adult education centres, reading rooms, libraries and research centres. It opens colleges and universities. The spread of education is considered an important function of the State now-a-days.

6. Right to Equality:
In the modern civilized State the citizens are also given the right to equality. Equality is the basis of democracy. All the citizens are considered equal in all aspects of life. Equality does not mean that the income of all the individuals should be equal or all of them should have the same status in life. Equality means that all the individuals should enjoy equal opportunities and nobody should be discriminated against on the basis of sex, caste, creed, colour, blood and religion. Everybody should be equal in the eyes of law. Nobody should enjoy special privileges.

7. Right to Freedom of Movement:
A citizen has the right to freedom of movement and settlement in any part of the country. He cannot be restricted by any exercise of power. This way every citizen can settle at a place which he likes and where he can have his business. Nobody can be compelled to leave a certain place.

8. Right to Contract:
The right to contract enables the citizen to enter into contracts freely with others. Though every State gives the individual this, important civil right, it makes the necessary laws to regulate contracts and to prevent the making of contracts which are injurious to the interests of society.

9. Right to Freedom of Thought and Expression:
Freedom of speech is a valuable right. In all free countries citizens have the right to speak out honestly what view they may hold. Freedom of press is included in this right of free expression of opinion and is merely the right to publish in print what a man can lawfully speak.

Citizens can criticise government measures even severely. Hus freedom is no doubt subject to the law of libel and sedition. Men who are prevented from thinking freely will soon cease to think at all. Freedom of speech and of expression helps to create an enlightened public opinion. It is a powerful weapon against official tyranny as it is one of the most powerful means for the redressal of public grievances. A government which strifles criticism prepares for its own destruction.

10. Right to Freedom of Press:
In the modern age the freedom of press is given great importance. People enjoy the right to speech and at the same time they are given the right to expression. They can get their views published. The newspapers are given freedom and they publish news of their own sweet accord. Articles are published in the newspapers. The newspapers provide every sort of knowledge to the people. The newspapers organize and express public opinion.

They appreciate good actions and condemn bad actions of the government. They protect the rights and liberties of the people. The newspapers are now-a-days called the watch dog of the rights and liberties of the people. If the government imposes restrictions on the newspapers and journals, then it results in the death of democracy. If the freedom of press is denied, the country cannot progress and public welfare cannot be promoted.

11. Right to form Associations:
The individuals are given the right to assemble and form associations in order to promote their interests. Man is a social animal and he performs all his functions in co-operation with others. He forms so many associations in society in order to achieve certain ends. The citizens are given the freedom to form social, political, economic and cultural associations.

The State should not interfere in the functioning of these associations. The citizens from various types of professional associations, for example, trade unions and commercial associations. The people should be given the right to assemble peacefully and to discuss their problems. The government should not impose restrictions on public meetings and associations.

12. Right to Freedom in Domestic Affairs:
The citizens should be given freedom in their domestic affairs. The State should not interfere in the personal life of the individuals. The citizens should be free to use dress and food of their own choice. The State cannot prescribe a particular dress for the people. The State cannot lay down the rules for fashion. The individuals should be left free in their domestic affairs.

(b) Economic Rights:
Some people include economic rights in civil rights, beside the citizens of the State, are also given to the aliens. Economic rights are also given equally to all the people of the State. At so many occasions all the economic rights are not extended to the aliens. In many States the foreigners are not allowed to purchase property. The right to economic security is extended to the citizens and not to the foreigners. The citizens of a State get the following economic rights:

1. Right to Work:
In the modem world, no person can live without doing some work by which he earns his livelihood. Therefore, it is the duty of every State to provide work to all citizens. Since every responsible State shoulders the responsibility of making its citizens morally and materially fit for the struggle of life, it has to see that they have work enough to give them a decent living. Those who are out of employment have a right to demand work from their State.

The right to work does not mean the right to any particular work. It means that there should be no unemployment in the country. In communist countries like China, it is the duty of the State to provide work to its citizens. If the State fails to provide work to its citizens, it then gives them unemployment allowance.

2. Right to Adequate Wages:
The citizens must be given such wages as will enable them to maintain, at least, the minimum standard of living. If the workers do not get adequate wages for their work, they cannot improve their standard of living. According to Laski, “A man has not only the right to work, he has also the right to be paid an adequate wage for his labour.” Now-a-days the State fixes minimum wages for minimum hours so that every individual gets all the facilities of life.

3. Right to Property:
The right to property is most essential for the development of individual personality. Locke has called this right as the natural right. According to him the individual enjoyed this right even in the State of Nature. Therefore, it is the most important duty of the State to protect the right to property.

The individual can purchase, manage and sell property. The property is of two types— movable and immovable. The individuals should have the right to possess property of both the types. The property of a citizen cannot be snatched away by force. The State can acquire the property of a person by paying due compensation. Property inspires a man to make progress.

In most of the States the individuals have been given the right to private property. Property helps in making a man sympathetic, kind and generous. Property is quite essential for the development of individual personality.

4. Right to Economic Security:
In the modem States the citizens are granted the right to economic security. The State should hold responsibility for the satisfaction of the economic needs of the citizen. State should help the needy, the disabled and the old persons. Old age pension should be given. The State should take all possible measures for the economic security of its citizens. According to Laski, ‘To be at his best self, a man must work and the absence of work means provision, until employment again offers the opportunity to work.” The individual should be given old age pension. During illness he should be given free medical aid.

5. Right to Leisure:
Everyone should have leisure after doing work. The individual can race up his energy only by getting leisure. It is only during leisure hours that an individual can think about State and society. It is again during leisure hours that an individual can think about his own betterment.

(c) Political Rights:
Political rights are of great importance. It is with the help of these rights that an individual gets the right to participate in the affairs of the State. In the absence of these rights democracy cannot be real. Political rights are given only to the citizens and not to the foreigners. Generally the political rights mentioned below are given to the citizens:

1. Right to Vote:
Right to vote is the most important political right. It is through the exercise of this right that citizens in a democracy take part in the government of the country. Criminals, bankrupts, lunatics and aliens are not given the right to vote. In most of the modern States every adult person, man or woman is given the right to vote.

The State does not take into consideration the caste, creed, colour and religion while extending the right to vote to its citizens. In India, U.S.A. and in Russia every citizen of the age of 18 years is given the right to vote. By getting the right to vote the people govern over themselves.

2. Right to Contest Elections:
Every voter is normally given the right to be elected to the local boards and State or Central legislatures. Certain States sometimes impose certain restrictions regarding age, education, etc., for being elected to the legislative bodies. The poorest citizen is as eligible, for contesting an election as the richest.

This right is given equally to all the citizens of the State. Nobody is deprived of this right on the basis of caste, religion, creed and colour. Some qualifications for contesting the election can, of course, be laid down. In India no citizen who is below 25 years of age cannot contest election to Lok Sabha. The elected representatives of the people enjoy the right to frame laws and to run the administration.

3. Right to hold Public Offices:
All the citizens are eligible to hold public offices. It does not mean that anybody may assume any office. It simply implies that all citizens in the State should be equally eligible for appointment to offices for which they are qualified by virtue of education, judgement, training and experience.

Merit should be the main rather the sole criterion for all public appointments. Every public office executive, legislative and judicial is equally open to all citizens if they are otherwise duly qualified to hold that office. There is no bar on the ground of social status, wealth, colour, caste or any other such cause. This right means equal fitness of capability of being chosen for public office, political position or government service if otherwise qualified.

4. Right to Criticise the Government:
Every citizen has the right to criticise the government and express his views about any action or policy of the government if it goes against the welfare of the people. In democracy, the administration is run by the representatives of the people. If these elected representatives do not work in accordance with the wishes of the people, the people have every right to criticise them. If the right to criticise the government is denied to the people, then the government will behave arbitrarily. Every citizen can express his opinion on the policy of the government. Let this criticism be constructive and with the best of motives.

5. Right to Petition:
Every citizen is given the right to address petitions or complaints to the competent authorities. This right may be exercised by individuals or by several persons together. This right is important in the sense the people can get their grievances redressed by the government by addressing their petitions.

6. Right to form Political Parties:
In democratic countries citizens enjoy the right to form political parties. Political parties are inevitable in a democratic state. For example, in India citizens enjoy the right to form political parties.

Question 3.
What do you mean by duties? Explain the various kinds of duties.
Or
What is ‘Duty’? Explain.
Answer:
Rights in the absence of duties are meaningless:
A citizen enjoys a number of rights and facilities. He must, therefore, perform a number of corresponding duties and obligations. In return for the protection an other blessings and benefits he receives from the State he must feel grateful and perform a number of duties. It is upon the faithful performance of those duties that success and happiness in life depends.

What is Duty? A duty means an obligation. A man is said to have duty in any matter if he under an obligation to do or not to do something. It is such an obligation by virtue of which we are bound to do something or refrain from doing so because another person has a right to expect some action or mission from us.

In fact “Rights” and “Duties” go side by side and are the two facets of the same coin. If we wish to enjoy the civil and political rights, we must perform certain duties towards the State because it is the duties which create the essential qualities of sacrifice, courage and discipline among the citizens. Therefore, the emphasis today is to be laid as much on the duties of a citizen as on his rights.

Kinds of Duties:
Duties are of two types- Moral and Legal.
When a duty is enjoined merely by our moral sense, the duty is moral. But when a duty is prescribed by the laws of the State, it is a legal duty.
The moral opinion of the community demands of us the performance of certain duties i. e. to help the poor, to the sick and to the suffering. To induce us to perform these duties, there is no pressure other them that of the good opinion of the community. These are moral duties. But legal duties are of an entirely different kind. They have to be performed under the compulsion of law. They are enforced by. the State.

Question 4.
Describe the various duties of a citizen in a modern state.
Answer:
The citizens are concerned both with the State and the society. They cannot do anything in the absence of the State and society. Therefore, the individuals are to perform both the legal and moral duties in life. Following are given both the moral as well as legal duties of the citizens.

(A) Moral Duties Of The Citizens:
1. Duties towards One’s Self:
First of all an individual has so many duties towards his own self. Man as a social being is a member of society and in order that a society be strong, it is necessary that individuals who constitute society should be energetic and strong in mind and body. A citizen should develop to the full of his physical, intellectual, moral and spiritual faculties in order to be able to serve the society. His aim should be to achieve all round fitness. A citizen can serve the society well if he enjoys quite a good health.

2. Duties towards Family:
A citizen has duties towards himself as well as towards his family. In case all the members of a family do not honestly perform their duties, the family is bound to suffer. It is the duty of the parents to bring up, educate and support their children and if they fail in their duties, the children will never be able to develop their personality and hence they will never become good citizens.

The children are the citizens of tomorrow. A country’s future depends upon enlightened citizens. The father should be very particular about the needs of the family. The family should live in perfect peace and harmony. All the members should possess a spirit of sacrifice and selfless love and affection for one another.

3. Duties towards Neighbours:
A citizen should extend fullest degree of co¬operation to his neighbours in all walks of life. He should be sympathetic, kind and useful to his neighbours. If you do something for your neighbours during an hour of trial, they will also do a good turn when you are admist difficulties. Love begets love. Love your neighbours and they will love you in turn. If your neighbour is weak, sick, poor and needy, you cannot feel safe. The undesirable character of a neighbour may spoil your children, a poor neighbour may become a thief. It is the first and foremost duty of a citizen to see to the all round progress of his neighbour.

4. Duties towards Society:
Man is a social animal. Nobody can lead an isolated life. Man is a man among men only. The individual gets all the facilities of life in society. Therefore, he must perform all the duties which are essential for the progress of the society. Every individual should have social spirit and he should do nothing which is harmful to society.

5. Duties towards Humanity:
Every individual has certain duties towards the humanity. The modern age is an age of internationalism. Every citizen should live in co-operation and harmony with the people of other countries. Every citizen should help in the establishment of world peace. The citizens should not develop hatred and distrust for the people of other countries. The citizens should strongly oppose imperialism. The citizens should contribute to the maximum towards the welfare of humanity.

(B) Legal Duties Of The Citizens:
The citizens are to perform so many duties towards the State. The duties which are prescribed by law are called legal duties. The citizens are to perform the following legal duties:
1. Allegiance:
Every citizen has allegiance to the State to which he belongs. He must defend the State against all enemies and dangers and he has a duty to assist the State in the suppression of crimes and revolution. The State can call upon him or even require him to take up arms in its defence. It can prescribe a period of compulsory military training for the citizen. The citizen should be prepared, if necessary, even to lay down his life in defending the State and to discharge the duties involved in his allegiance to the State.

2. Obedience:
Every citizen has the supreme duty of obeying the law. Good citizenship consists more in this obedience to law than in any other thing. Laws are enacted for the welfare of the community, so the man who has a regard for law, has the good of the community, at heart. Respect for the laws and the institutions of the State makes one a good citizen.

There may be occasions when public opinion has to be organised to repeal laws which are anti-social in character.
Disobedience of law may, in exceptional circumstances, be morally justified but even in such cases it ought to be carefully considered whether the object underlying such disobedience could not be better attained by other means.
Respect of law, once undermined may shake the very foundations of our social order.

3. Payment of Taxes:
It is the duty of the citizen to pay taxes which are legally imposed on him. The administration of the government cannot be run without public funds. There is no other source for the government except to collect money from the citizens in the form of taxes. All these taxes are utilized for the payment of salaries to the public servants and other State officials who exist for the welfare of the people. Therefore, the State has the right to tax its citizens who should pay all these taxes without any hesitation because the money thus collected will be spent for their welfare.

4. Protection of Public Property: It is the duty of the citizens to protect public property.

5. Co-operation with Government:
Every citizen should extend fullest degree of co-operation to the government. It is his duty to help the government officials in the proper discharge of their duties. He should help the police, the army and other officials in maintaining law and order in the country. The citizen should not give shelter to or defend criminals. He should rather help the government in getting the law-breakers punished.

Question 5.
What is the relationship between rights and duties?
Or
How are Rights and Duties interrelated? Explain fully.
Or
“Rights imply Duties.” Explain with examples.
Answer:
Just as a citizen enjoys certain rights, he also has to discharge certain duties towards society. Very often the words ‘Right’ and ‘Duty’ are used as if they are opposed to each other and would exclude each other. This impression is quite wrong, because rights and duties are closely connected with each other and they always go together.

There are two ways of proving this, whenever a right is given to one citizen, say ‘A’, then it becomes the duty of all other citizens ‘B’, ‘C’ and so on to respect that right to allow citizen ‘A’ to enjoy that right and not to do anything to destroy it. When I am given the right to property, it is the duty of all other citizens not to take away my property, and to allow me to use my property, in any way I would like to use it. But it should be remembered that the same rights are given to all citizens and can be enjoyed only if each allows all others to enjoy the same.

The right to property is given not only to me but to all other citizens and just as it is their duty to allow me the right of enjoying my property, it is my duty to allow others to enjoy the same right to property. This would mean that I can enjoy my right to property only if I accept at the same time my duty to respect it for others. Thus rights and duties are so closely related with each other that one cannot exist without the other and we can say that rights and duties are only different angles from which we look at things.

Rights are the claim or privileges enjoyed by a citizen recognized by the State. It is the duty of the State to protect your rights otherwise rights are meaningless. Your right imposes a twofold duty on you. You have a duty to see that you do not interfere in any way with the enjoyment of similar rights of others. As you have a right so have others.

It is your duty not to take any action likely to interfere with their rights. Secondly, rights cannot be enjoyed for nothing. You are given certain rights so that you can perform certain duties as citizen. These rights are necessary to enable you to exercise your civic duties. The State by guaranteeing these rights, imposes on you the duty to act as a responsible citizen of the community. It will be your duty to develop your abilities and to try your utmost to further the common good of the country.

Rights and duties are related in the following way:
1. One’s right is another’s duty:
A right belonging to one person imposes a corresponding duty on the others to respect his right. His right is therefore, their duty. For instance, an individual’s right to property implies that it is the duty of others not to take away or steal his property without his consent or to interfere with his enjoyment of it. In this sense, rights and duties are the two sides of the same coin. From the standpoint of man who enjoys, it is a right and from the point of view of others who must allow him to enjoy it is a duty.

But it is necessary that every right should carry a corresponding duty with it. For instance, a landlord has only rights over his tenants and no duties towards them and thjt the tenants have only duties and no rights. In fact, in such a case, no right or duty is involved and it is a case of exploitation, not a right or duty. The landlord really has no rights over the tenants but only a power backed by the wealth and influence. A right can truly be called a right only if it does not hinder the general welfare of other people.

2. One’s right is one’s duty also:
A right is at the same time a duty. If an individual enjoys a right, it must be remembered that the same right belongs to all other individuals. Therefore, it is his duty not to interfere in the enjoyment of other’s rights. For instance, if ‘A’ has the right to express his opinions freely it is also his duty not to deny the same right to ‘B’. Further my right to use public road also implies the duty to admit the fact that others too possess the same right. This right implies one more duty also. If I enjoy liberty to speech, it is my duty not to misuse this right by preaching anything that is against law or that disturbs peace or spreads hatred among different communities.

3. One’s right is one’s duty to use it in a right way:
It is the duty of an individual to make proper use of his rights. The improper use of rights proves harmful for others and society can never tolerate it. If an individual is given the freedom of speech and expression, he should not misuse this right by spreading hatred among different communities. He should not instigate the people against the government.

He should not spread rumours. Misuse of rights by the citizens of a State leads to disorder and anarchy. It leads to setting up wrong precedents. Public welfare is ignored if people do things of their own accord. Every citizen should use his rights in such a way that the interests of the community are promoted to the full.

4. One’s right is one’s duty to use it for social good:
A right is not only the means for furthering self interest but it is also a means for promoting the general interests of society. An individual enjoys right only so long as he contributes his best instructed judgement to the common good of the people. In case an individual misuses his rights, and his activities prove harmful to the welfare of the community, his rights are forfeited and he becomes liable to punishment. For example, if an individual enjoys his right to freedom of speech to spread bitterness between different sections of the community or to preach violence or anarchy, he becomes a hindrance in the way of social development. He should use right to freedom of speech for constructive purposes only.

5. Duties towards the States:
Rights of an individual imply certain duties towards the State. The State gives us rights and they are also safeguarded by the State. State creates such an atmosphere as is necessary for making full use of rights. Rights have no meaning without the State and hence it is the duty of every individual to respect the laws of the State.

He should be ready to sacrifice his all for the State during an hour of crisis. He should pay the State taxes honestly. He should be loyal to the State. State protects the life and property of an individual and it is the duty of the individual to protect the State.
In the end we can say that Rights and Duties go side by side. They are two facets of a coin.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the meaning of rights.
Answer:
Rights are those conditions of social life without which human personality can’t develop. The rights are recognised by the state. In general speaking rights are those claims which are recognised by society and enforced by the state.

Different scholars have defined Rights in different ways. Some important definitions of Right are given below:

According to Wilde, “A Right is a reasonable claim to freedom in the excercise of certain activities.”
Accroding to T.H. Green, “Rights are those powers which are necessary to the fulfilment of man’s vocation as moral being.”
According to Bosanquet, “A Right is a claim recognised by society and enforced by State.”
According to H. J. Laski, “Rights are those conditions of social life without which no man can seek to be himself at his best.”

Question 2.
Explain the characteristics of rights.
Answer:
1. Rights are available only in the Society: Rights can be possible only in the society. The rights cannot be possible outside the society.

2. Right is a claim of the Individual: Right is a claim of the individual for doing things independently. The individual claims his rights from the society.

3. Right is recognized by society:
Rights are those claims of the individual which are recognized by the society. The claim of the individual takes the form of a right only when it is recognized by society.

4. Right is reasonable and moral;
The society recognizes only that claim of the individual which is reasonable and moral. The society recognizes only that claim which concerns the welfare of the individual. A claim which is harmful to society cannot be accepted.

Question 3.
Explain how rights are different from claims?
Answer:
Rights are those conditions and guarantees which the state should provide to every citizen in order that he may attain his best self in society. Right is a claim of the individual for doing things independently. The individual claims his rights from the society. But each and every claim of the individual cannot be termed and accepted as a rights. In order to become right individual’s claims must fulfil certain condition.

A right is a claim recognised by the society and enforced by the state. The claim of the individual takes the form of a right only when it is recognized by the society. Any claim which is neither acceptable to society nor enforceable by the state cannot be called a right in a true sense. Without recognition rights are empty claims. An individual is a part of the society. An individual cannot have any rights apart from what the society concede. Every right has a corresponding duty. But a claim may or may not have a corresponding duty. Thus in order to become rights, claims of the individual must be recognized by the society and enforced by the State. .

Question 4.
Describe various types of rights.
Answer:

• Natural Rights: Natural Rights are those rights which have been given to man by nature.
• Moral Rights: Moral Rights are those which are based on the ethical rules prevailing among the people.
• Legal Rights: A legal Right is recognised and enforced by the power of the state.
• Fundamental Rights: Legal Rights mentioned in the constitution are called fundamental Rights.
• Civil Rights: Civil Rights are those, which enable an individual to lead a decent civic life.
• Political Rights: Political Rights are those privileges recognised and guaranteed by the law of the State, which enable the citizen to participate in political affairs and governance of the country.
• Economic Rights: Economic Rights are those, which are essential for the economic development of an individual.

Question 5.
What do you understand by Natural Rights?
Answer:
Natural rights are those rights which have been given to man by Nature. Some people are of the view that nature conferred certain rights on man even before the birth of society. Locke also championed the cause of these rights. Right to life, liberty and property cannothe ended by anyone. Some people interpret the meaning of natural rights in a different way. They say that there are certain things to which man has an inherent right. They are natural because they are essential and inherent in the eminent worth of human personality. .

Question 6.
What do you understand by civil rights? Mention any two such rights.
Answer:
Civil Rights. Those rights which relate to the protection and enjoyment of life and property by the individual are known as civil rights. Civil rights are regarded as essential to civilised existence. These rights relate to the achievement of man’s highest self-development. They are granted, protected and enforced by the state. The two important civil rights are:

Right to Life:
It means that the state must afford protection to the individual against all innimical forces.

Right to Personal Liberty:
It means that an individual must be given the freedom to enjoy his personal life. He must not be interfered with by the laws of the state till he remains within the bounds of law.

Question 7.
Mention any four political rights of a citizen.
Answer:
1. Right to vote:
Right to vote is the most important political right. It is through the exercise of this right that citizens in a democracy take part in the government of the country.

2. Right to Contest Elections:
Every citizen is given the right to be elected to the local bodies, state or central legislatures. State sometimes imposes certain restrictions regarding age, education, etc. for being elected to the legislative bodies.

3. Right to hold Public Offices:
Every citizen is given the right to hold public offices. Every public office executive, legislative and judicial is equally open to all citizens if they are otherwise duly qualified to hold that office.

4. Right to form Political Parties. In democratic countries citizens enjoy the right to form Political Parties.

Question 8.
Name any four economic rights of a citizen.
Answer:
The citizens in a Modem State enjoy economic rights for their economic well being. The most important economic rights of citizen are as ahead:
1. Right to Work:
Every citizen enjoys the right to get a job or to take up a profession according to his ability and capacity. It is the duty of the State to provide job to every individual. If the state is unable to provide work to every citizen, it should give monthly allowance.

2. Right to get Proper Wages:
It is not enough to provide work to each individual, rather they should be given proper wages to make both ends meet.

3. Right to Property:
The liberal democratic state recognize the right to property, subject to the limitation that the property may be acquired for public purposes.

4. Right to Economic Security. In the modern welfare state citizens are granted the right to economic security.,

Question 9.
Describe any four safeguards of Rights.
Answer:

• Independent Judiciary: Independent, impartial and honest judiciary is the first and important safeguard of rights.
• Rule of Law: Rights can be enjoyed fully under the shadow of rule of law.
• Eternal vigilance: Prof. Laski has rightly remarked that, “Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty.”
• Democracy: Only the Democratic form of government can provide all types of rights to the citizens.

Question 10.
State the term Duty.
Answer:
The word Duty has been derived from the word ‘Debt’ which means loan. Literally Duty means a person’s obligation towards the society. A man is said to have duty in matter if he is under an obligation to do or not to do something. It is such an obligation by virtue of which we are bound to do something or refrain from doing so because another person has a right to expect some action or mission from us. Infact, Rights and Duties go side by side and are the two facts of the same coin. Therefore, the emphasis today is to be laid as much on duties of a citizens as on his rights.

Question 11.
Write any four legal duties.
Answer:

• Allegiance. Every citizen has allegiance to the state to which he belongs. He must defend the state against all enemies and dangers. .
• Obedience. Every citizen has the supreme duty of obeying the law.
• Payment of Taxes. It is the duty of the citizen to pay taxes which are legally imposed on him. The state has the right to tax its citizens who should pay all these taxes without any hesitation.
• Protection of Public Property. It is the duty of the citizens to protect public property.

Question 12.
Write any four moral duties of a citizen.
Answer:

• Good Moral character: A citizen must have good moral character.
• Good Health: A citizen can serve the society well if he enjoys quite a good health. A citizen should be energetic and strong in mind and body.
• Obedience towards his Parents: A citizen must obey his parents.
• Duties towards Society: Every individual should have social spirit and he should do nothing which is harmful to society.

Question 13.
Name four duties of a citizen towards his country.
Answer:
A citizen has some duties towards his country

• First duty of a citizen is to be loyal to his country.
• The citizen should obey law of the land.
• The citizen should pay taxes honestly.
• He should protect public property.

Question 14.
What is the relationship between rights and duties?
Or
How are Rights and Duties inter-related? Give two examples.
Answer:
Rights and Duties are two sides of the same coin. Rights and Duties go side by side. They are two aspects of the same thing. Rights and Duties are so closely related with each other that one cannot exist without the other.
1. One’s right is another’s duty:
A right belonging to one person imposes a corresponding duty to the others to respect his right. For instance, an individual’s rights to property implies that it is the duty of others not to take away or steal his property without his consent. A right can truly be called a right only if it does not hinder the general welfare of other people.

2. One’s right is one’s duty also:
A right is at the same time a duty. If an individual enjoys a right, it must be remembered that the same right belongs to all other individuals. Therefore, it is his duty not to interfere in the enjoyment to other’s rights.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the meaning of rights.
Answer:
Rights are those conditions of social life without which human personality can’t develop. The rights are recognised by the state. In general speaking rights are those claims which are recognised by society and enforced by the state.

Question 2.
Write any two definitions of rights.
Answer:
Different scholars have defined Rights in different ways. Some important definitions of Right are given below:

1. According to Wilde, “A Right is a reasonable claim to freedom in the excercise of certain activities.”
2. Accroding to T.H. Green, “Rights are those powers which are necessary to the fulfilment of man’s vocation as moral being.”

Question 3.
Discuss any two characteristics of rights.
Answer:

1. Rights are available only in the Society. Rights can be possible only in the society. The rights cannot be possible outside the society.
2. Right is a claim of the Individual. Right is a claim of the individual for doing things independently. The individual claims his rights from the society.

Question 4.
Explain any two types of rights.
Answer:

• Natural Rights: Natural Rights are those rights which have been given to man by nature.
• Moral Rights: Moral Rights are those which are based on the ethical rules prevailing among the people.

Question 5.
Define Legal Rights.
Answer:
A legal right is recognized and enforced by the powers of the State. If any individual interferes with such a right of another person, he will be punished by the state.
Legal Rights can further be classified into Fundamental Rights, Civil Rights, Political Rights and Economic Rights.

Question 6.
What do you understand by civil rights?
Answer:
Civil Rights:
Those rights which relate to the protection and enjoyment of life and property by the individual are known as civil rights. Civil rights are regarded as essential to civilised existence. These rights relate to the achievement of man’s highest self-development. They are granted, protected and enforced by the state.

Question 7.
Discuss any two political rights of a citizen.
Answer:
1. Right to Vote:
Right to vote is the most important political right. It is through the exercise of this right that citizens in a democracy take part in the government of the country.

2. Right to Contest Elections:
Every citizen is given the right to be elected to the local bodies, state or central legislatures. State sometimes imposes certain restrictions regarding age, education, etc. for being elected to the legislative bodies.

Question 8.
Name any two economic rights of a citizen.
Answer:
1. Right to Work:
Every citizen enjoys the right to get a job or to take up a profession according to his ability and capacity. It is the duty of the State to provide job to every individual. If the state is unable to provide work to every citizen, it should give monthly allowance.

2. Right to get Proper Wages:
It is not enough to provide work to each individual, rather they should be given proper wages to make both ends meet.

Question 9.
Describe any two safeguards of Rights.
Answer:

• Independent Judiciary. Independent, impartial and honest judiciary is the first and important safeguard of rights.
• Rule of Law. Rights can be enjoyed fully under the shadow of rule of law.

Question 10.
Discuss the term Duty.
Answer:
The word Duty has been derived from the word ‘Debt’ which means loan. Literally Duty means a person’s obligation towards the society. A man is said to have duty in matter if he is under an obligation to do or not to do something.

Question 11.
Write any two legal duties.
Answer:

• Allegiance. Every citizen has allegiance to the state to which he belongs. He must defend the state against all enemies and dangers.
• Obedience. Every citizen has the supreme duty of obeying the law.

Question 12.
Write any two moral duties of a citizen.
Answer:
1. Good Moral Character. A citizen must have good moral character.
2. Good Health. A citizen can serve the society well if he enjoys quite a good health. A citizen should be energetic and strong in mind and body.

Question 13.
Name two duties of a citizen towards his country.
Answer:
A citizen has some duties towards his country-

• First duty of a citizen is to be loyal to his country.
• The citizen should obey law of the land.

Question 14.
Explain the relationship between rights and duties?
Answer:
1. One’s right is another’s duty:
A right belonging to one person imposes a corresponding duty to the others to respect his right. For instance, an individual’s rights to property implies that it is the duty of others not to take away or steal his property without his consent.

2. One’s right is one’s duty also:
A right is at the same time a duty. If an individual enjoys a right, it must be remembered that the same right belongs to all other individuals. Therefore, it is his duty not to interfere in the enjoyment to other’s rights.

One word to One sentence Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by the Rights?
Answer:
A man needs some facilities for his development. These facilities are called the rights.

Question 2.
Write down a definition of rights.
Answer:
According to Bosanquet, “A right is a claim recognised by society and enforced by state.”

Question 3.
Describe an important element of the right.
Answer:
Rights are recognised by society and enforced by state.

Question 4.
Mention any one feature of the rights.
Answer:
A right is a claim of independence of a person to do any work. He gets it in society. The demand for facilities is called a right.

Question 5.
How many kinds are of rights?
Answer:

• Natural Rights
• Moral Rights
• Legal Rights.

Question 6.
What are Natural Rights?
Answer:
Natural Rights are those rights which a man gets from nature and which cannot be abolished by the state.

Question 7.
Enumerate kinds of natural rights.
Answer:

• Right to Life
• Right to Property
• Right to Freedom. .

Question 8.
What is the main feature of moral rights?
Answer:
Moral rights are not legally recognised. These rights cannot be enforced by the state.

Question 9.
What are Legal Rights?
Answer:
Legal Rights are those rights which have the recognition of state. If anyone violates these rights, he is sentenced in accordance with the law.

Question 10.
In how many parts can legal rights be divided? Write their names.
Answer:

• Fundamental Rights
• Social Rights
• Political Rights
• Economic Rights.

Question 11.
Mention any two important social rights.
Answer:

• Right to Life
• Right to Family.

Question 12.
Name any two economic rights of a citizen.
Answer:

• Right to Work
• Right to Property.

Question 13.
Write down any two important political rights of a citizen.
Answer:

• Right to vote
• Right to contest an election.

Question 14.
What is the meaning of Fundamental Right?
Answer:
Any legal right which is mentioned in the constitution is named as Fundamental Right.

Question 15.
From which language has the word ‘Duty’ been derived?
Answer:
The word ‘Duty’ has been derived from the English word ‘Debt’.

Question 16.
Write down the meaning of Duty.
Answer:
Etymologically, duty is a kind of our debt towards society. In lieu of the rights that we get in society, duties are performed to pay back our debt to society.

Question 17.
In how many parts can duties be divided?
Answer:

• Moral Duties
• Legal Duties.

Question 18.
What is the meaning of Moral Duties?
Answer:
Moral Duties are based oh good conduct. They are performed on ethical grounds.

Fill in the Blanks

1. Right to vote is a …………………….. right.
Answer:
Political

2. Indian Constitution has now …………………….. Fundamental Right.
Answer:
Six

3. Rights and …………………….. are the two sides of the same coin.
Answer:
Duties

4. Right to life is a …………………….. right.
Answer:
Civil

5. Right implies …………………….. .
Answer:
Duty.

True or False statement

1. Rights are possible only in society.
Answer:
True

2. Duties are claim of a person.
Answer:
False

3. Rights are limited.
Answer:
True

4. People enjoy those rights which are sanctioned by the society and enforced by the state.
Answer:
True

5. In communist countries, economic rights are the part of legal rights.
Answer:
True

Choose the Correct Answers

Question 1.
Natural Rights are those which are given to us by:
(A) Constitution
(B) Parliament
(C) God or Nature
(D) King.
Answer:
(C) God or Nature

Question 2.
Civil Rights are given to the individual by:
(A) Nature
(B) God
(C) The state
(D) The people.
Answer:
(C) The state

Question 3.
What is the Force behind legal Rights?
(A) Force of Public opinion
(B) Force of Morality
(C) Force of Law
(D) Force of Nature.
Answer:
(C) Force of Law

Question 4.
Which of the following is a moral duty?
(A) Payment of Taxes
(B) obedience of Law
(C) Allegiance to the state
(D) Development of Personality.
Answer:
(D) Development of Personality.

Question 5.
The right to hold public office is a/an:
(A) Economic Right
(B) Civil Right
(C) Political Right
(D) Moral Right.
Answer:
(C) Political Right

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 3 Citizen and Citizenship Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 3 Citizen and Citizenship

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the definition of a citizen? What are the differences between a citizen and an alien?
Or
Give the definition of a citizen.
Answer:
Definition of a Citizen. The word ‘Citizen’ is sometimes loosely used in the sense of a man living in a city and possessing a polished tongue and refined manner. This is not the sense in which the term citizen is used in Civics. A citizen is that member of population of a State who enjoys all the rights civil as well as political under the protection of the State in return for the allegiance he owes to the State.

1. According to Aristotle, “He, who has the power to take part in deliberative of judicial administration of any State does not make a person a citizen of the the State.” Mere residence in the territory of a State does not make a person a citizen of foreign States.

2. Vattal has defined citizen as “the members of a. civil society bound to this society by certain duties, subject to its authority and equal participation in its advantages.”

3. According to Sri Niwas Shastri, “A citizen is one who is a member of a state and tries to fulfil and realise himself fully within it along with an intelligent appreciation of what would conduce to the highest moral welfare of the community.”

4. According to A.K.Siu, “A citizen is one who owes allegiance to the State, has access to the Civil and Political right and is inspired with Spirit of Service to the Community.”

5. According to Miller, “Citizens are the member of the Political Community to which they belong. They are the people who compose the State and who in their associate capacity have established or subjected themselves to the domination of governmeiit for the protecfion of the individual and collective rights.”

The state protects the citizens’ life, liberty and property and his political rights. It provides himself opportunities for developing his personality and leading a useful and happy life.’

Citizen and Alien:

An Alien:
As has been noted above that all the people living in a State are not citizens. Citizens are only the members of the State. Besides the citizen so many foreigners live in the State. These foreigners are infact the citizens of other States. These foreigners are of three types:

1. Resident Aliens:
There are so many persons in each State who leave their country and reside in another State. They start their business in that country. Such like residents have no desire to go back to their country. They break off their relations with their country and consider themselves the citizens of the State where they reside. But they will become the citizens of the resident State only when the government will grant them political rights. So, many Indians live in Sri Lanka, South Africa, Canada and Australia and they are not the citizens of these countries.

2. Temporary Residents:
Foreigners who come to another country for a short period and after the completion of their business go back, they are called temporary residents. Such like foreigners come for some particular business or on a pleasure trip. Foreign students also come under this category.

3. Diplomatic Representatives:
They include ambassadors, ministers counsels, agents and the subordinate staff attached to them. Until other aliens, they entitled to special privileges and immunities. These are not amenable to the jurisdiction of the laws of the State where they are appointed.

Distinctions between the Citizen and an Alien.:

• A citizen is a member of state whereas an alien is not member of a state.
• A citizen has the right of permanent residence in the state wheras the alien does not enjoy this right.
• The main difference between a citizen and alien is that a citizen enjoys political rights i.e. the right to vote, the right to be elected, the right to hold public office and the right to be protected abroad and whereas the alien does not enjoy political rights.
• An alien owes allegiance to his own State and not to the country wherein he lives.
• In time of war foreigners can be asked to leave the country but not the citizens.
• In time of war military service can be made compulsory for the citizens but not for the foreigners.
• The status of a citizen is superior to that of an alien.

Question 2.
Define citizen. How Citizenship is acquired?
Or
Discuss the methods of acquiring and losing Citizenship.
Or
What is the meaning of Citizenship? Describe the methods of acquiring Citizenship.
Answer:
Definitions of Citizenship:
Citizenship is a legal relationship which binds an individual to the State of which he is a member. Laski offers more positive conception of citizenship by defining as “contribution of one’s instructed judgement to public goods.” This definition assigns a positive role to the citizen, viz his duty to contribute his mite towards material and moral advancement of his fellow citizens and that humanity as a whole.

According to Gettel, “Citizenship is that condition of individual due to which he can use national and political right in his ready to fulfil obligation.”
According to Boyd, “Citizenship consists in the right ordering of loyalties.

Kinds of Citizens. There are two types of citizens:
1. Natural Citizen:
A natural citizen is one who is the citizen of a State by birth. He enjoys all the civic and political rights and owes allegiance to the State.

2. Naturalized Citizen:
A naturalized citizen is an alien who acquires the citizenship of the State after fulfiling certain conditions. In certain States, however, no distinction is made between natural and naturalized citizens. But in some States a naturalized citizen does not enjoy a status equal to that of a natural citizen.

Acquisition Of Citizenship:

A. Natural Citizenship:
Natural citizens are citizens by birth. There are two practices which are observed regarding the acquisition of citizenship by birth-jus- Sanguin is and jus Soli.

1. Jus-Sanguinis (Blood relationship):
The citizenship of a child is determined by the nationality to which his parents belong irrespective of the place of child’s birth. For instance, if Kenya follows this principle and child is born to an Indian couple in this country, he will acquire the Indian citizenship irrespective of the place where he is born. This principle prevails in Switzerland, Sweedon, Germany, France, Rome, Austria, and Italy.

2. Jus-Soli (Place of birth):
A child acquires the citizenship of a State in which he is bom. Citizenship is acquired according to the ‘Soli’ without any consideration of the nationality to which the child belongs. Under this rule if American citizens’ child bom in Great Britain or even in a ship flying the British flag should become a citizen of Great Britain. With the growth of the feudal idea that birth created a relationship between the individual and the land, the rule of Jus-Soli came to be adopted in most countries of Europe.

Double Citizenship:
Different countries follow different practices and there is no uniformity of the system. In Britain and U.S.A. both the systems are followed. In case of the children of the citizens born in the country itself, the principle Jus- Soli is applied. In case of the children of citizens born abroad, the rule of Jus- Sanguinis is applied. Some states slike Argentina follow the principle of Jus-Soli and claim the children of foreigners born in their territories as their own citizens. Some others like Switzerland, Italy and Sweeden follow the rule of
Jus-Sanguinis and claim the childrefi of their own citizens born outside the country as their citizens.

B. Naturalized Citizenship:
Naturalized citizens are citizens by adoption. It is a special device for the acquistion of foreign citizenship. It is process by which the foreigners acquire citizenship of any other State in which they wish to settle permanently. Naturalization takes place through the following ways:

1. Long Residence:
Sometimes aliens are naturalized on account of their residence for a particular period in that State. For instance, it is clearly stated by the law of England, the U.S.A., that only those foreigners who have resided there for at least five years, can acquire the citizenship of their States.

2. Marriage:
A marriage affects a change in the citizenship of the wife who follows the citizenship of her husband. Thus an English woman marrying a German will become a German citizen.

3. Adoption:
The adoption of a new child also determines the new citizenship. For instance, if any German couple adopts the child of England, he acquires the citizenship of his adopted parents i.e. of Germany.

4. Government Service:
In certain States there is a principle that if any foreigner joins government service in that State then he gets the citizenship of that state.

5. Property: In some States as in Mexico, acquisition of land confers citizenship on the purchaser.

6. Conquests:
During war weak States are conquered by the powerful ones. But the question of citizenship arises when the citizen of a defeated territory surrender all their rights of citizenship to the conquering States. Still it is the general practice States that the members of a defeated territory acquire the citizenship of a conquering State.

7. Legitimation:
An illegitimate child of a citizen father and an alien mother when legitimatised by subsequent marriage, acquires the same citizenship as the father’s.

8. To Scholars: In certain countries certain special facilities are given to scholars for acquiring citizenship.

Loss of Citizenship:

Citizenship may be lost under the following conditions:
1. Long Absence:
Long absence from the home country is sufficient under the lawr of many States to exclude one for the fold of citizens. In France and Germany citizens who absent themselves from their States for more than ten years may lose their citizenship.

2. Marriage:
In many States a woman marrying to a foreigner loses her citizenship in her own country and acquires the citizenship of her husband’s country.

3. Double citizenship:
Sometimes a person acquires double citizenship. But on attaining adulthood he is to accept citizenship of only one country and he loses the citizenship of other country.

4. Government Service in other State: Some States deprive their citizens of citizenship if they accept government service in some other State.

5. Crime: Citizenship may be lost by a man who is convicted of henous crime.

6. Adoption: If a child is adopted by a foreigner he loses the citizenship of his country and the child acquires the citizenship of his parents.

7. Self-renunciation of Citizenship: A person may remove the citizenship of his original State and may become citizen of a foreign State by naturalization.

8. Conquest:
If the territory of a country is conquered by another State, then persons living in the conquered territory lose the citizenship of that country.

Question 3.
Explain the qualities essential for ideal citizenship.
Or
What are the qualities of a good citizen?
Answer:
A good citizen is one who makes all the possible efforts for the welfare of the community and State. Good citizenship lies in living for other. No country can progress unless its citizens are good. The progress of a State depends on its citizens. A person becomes a good citizen if he possesses the following qualities:

1. Education:
A good citizen in the modern society should be well educated. Mere literacy is not sufficient but he should have a thorough knowledge of what is happening around him. He should be intelligent enough to sift good from bad. His education enables him to pay his part in the society more successfully and usefully. Education makes him understand the problems of the State.

2. Social Spirit:
A good citizen must possess social spirit. He should subordinate his self-interest to the interest of the community. He is imbued with the spirit of service and common good. A citizen is firstly an individual and that also a social one. His needs cannot be satisfied and his personality cannot develop without society. Good citizens are never selfish but they always think in the terms of the good of society. They co-operate with others in helping them in achieving the goal. If a man always thinks about his personal interest, he is not an ideal citizen.

3. Dutifulness:
A citizen should discharge his duties honestly and diligently. He should always be ready to Support others in the discharge of their duties. He should pay his taxes regularly and must be ready to render all possible services to the community. He should be ready to suffer for his country. His activities should be inspired by a spirit of service to the community and by strong devotion to his duties. A citizen should feel that he has to do whatever he can in order to increase the welfare of the community.

There are many civic duties such as voting intelligently and honestly, performance of which cannot be enforced by law but must depend solely on the citizen’s sense of duty. A citizen must carefully discharge his duties to the various social groups like family, locality, city, State and the world. He should be honest, fearless and straightforward in the performance of his duties.

4. Self-control and Gentlemanliness:
It is the sacred duty of a citizen not be indifferent to public affairs. He must not be guided solely by his private self-interest. It is his duty to aviod petty quarrels. He should be constanly on the guard for the protection of his rights and liberties. Self-control lies behind the spirit of obedience without which there can be no good citizenship. A good citizen is sober in temperament and exercises self-control in his public dealings. He possesses a disciplined character: He does not indulge in vicious habits. He is self¬confident without being vain.

5. Good Health:
A healthy citizen can serve the society in a nice way An unhealthy and a sick citizen would be a burden not only on his family but also to his neighbours and society. The foremost duty of the citizen, therefore, is that he should be very careful about his diet and physical exercises so that he should have perfect health and be in a position to help society. A good citizen must be inspired with an urge to maintain a sound body. A good citizen is always careful about the rules of health and body. A good citizen is always careful about the rules of health and observes them scrupulously. A sound mind is contained only in sound body.

6. Proper use of Vote:
In democarcy every adult is given the right to vote. Right to vote is very important right. Members of legislatures are elected by the electorate. Ministers are taken from the members of legislature. A citizen should exercise his right to vote quite intelligently. He should cast his vote in favour of a deserving candidate. In case a voter casts his vote to an undeserving candidate then the administration may pass into wrong hands. A citizen should make proper use of all the rights granted to him by the State.

7. Patriotism:
A good citizen is always a patriot to the backbone. He loves his country deeply and is always ready to sacrifice his lot for the State. He very willingly shows due respect to the laws of the State. He co-operates with administraion and it helps in the maintenance of peace and order.

8. Good Character:
A good character is very important for good citizenship. So many qualities automatically develop in a person who has the strength of character. Good character influences a man to great extent in his efforts for making progress and for making a name. A country cannot progress if its citizens are morally corrupt, dishonest and selfish. Character is given utmost importance in Indian culture.

9. Vigilance:
A good citizen should be always alert and vigilent. A man should not be indifferent to what is happening in his neighbourhood. He should take active interest in public matters. A good citizen should not be a passive being who has only to enjoy the advantages which the State offers. He should play an active part in the affairs of the State. Indolence and carelessness are the enemies of a good citizen.

Question 4.
What are the hindrances in the way of good citizenship? How can these hindrances be removed?
Answer:
Everybody should try to become a good citizen. But it is too difficult to become a good citizen. An individual has to face many difficulties for becoming a good citizen. In a modern democracy, it is necessary that the government should be a government of the people, by the people and for the people.

Therefore, the quality and the contribution of the individual is important. If the citizen is illiterate, if he is dishonest and careless, he would cause a setback to the progress of the State. For hindrances to good citizenship are hindrances to the efficient working of the State. Following are the hindrances in the way of a citizen:
1. Illiteracy:
Education is the basis of good life. Without education an individual remains in the darkness. The uneducated citizens generally fail to discharge their duties properly. According to Laski citizenship consists in contribution of ones’ instructed judgement to the public good. An uneducated person is unable to make any such contribution. In the absence of education a citizen cannot have intelligent interest in public affairs.

An illiterate citizen does not have proper knowledge of his rights and duties. He does not extend proper co-operation to administration. Moreover, it is the age of democracy and the uneducated voters may not elect deserving people of the State legislatures. Education of the masses is very essential to make democracy s success. Citizens must be able to form their own opinions on public question.

2. Indolence:
The citizen should not be stupid or ignorant. An ignorant and indolent citizen cannot be a good citizen. He will fail to understand and judge public affairs. It has been said that what is everybody’s business is nobody’s business. There is thus a tendency on the part of the ordinary citizen to become apathetic with regard to public affairs, because he feels that the duty is shared by numerous others. But such a neglect of public duties is most harmful to the community.

So many persons do not take interest in elections and do not care to vote. They do not care to give (any) though to the important public question of the day. Every good citizen should take a lively interest in the affairs of the State.

3. Selfishness:
Citizens are sometime guided by selfish motives. They neglect public interest and strive to promote their own interest even at the cost of public good. In order to further their own interest they may bribe the voters so as to get themselves elected. They forget the interest of the public and absorb themselves in activities that get their own taxes reduced provide jobs for their own relatives, use public money for the promotion of their own trade and commerce-thus seeking to deprive the community of its due share. There are various other ways in which selfishness may be a hindrance to the honest performance of civic duties.

4. Poverty:
Many social evils crop up because of poverty. Those who cannot have enough to spare cannot develop their personalities. They cannot take active part in public affairs because they are always worried about keeping the wolf away from the door. They cannot afford time for usual hobbies and cannot educate their children. They cannot take interest in the social, political and economic problems of the State.
They sell their votes. Good citizenship cannot develop in a country where there aye gross inequalities of wealth. Poverty must be rooted out for building up the character of a nation.

5. Partymanship:
Partymanship is another serious hindrance to good citizenship. A democratic government connot be carried on without parties and party spirit, in so far as it is healthy, is conducive to better political organizations. But rivarly between the parties may not be always healthy. Each party strives to promote its own interests at the cost of the general interest of the country.

Such measures and politics are adopted as are likely to promote the interest of the party even though they may bring great harm to the country. The members of the party think only iin terms of their party interest-Loyalty to the party is; often encouraged at the expense of loyalty to the State.

6. Communalism:
Communalism is a great hindrance in the path of good citizenship. It hampers social and political solidarity of a country. It brings about a discord among the people. Communalism disturbs the peace of the State. For citizens should not create obstacles in the way of propagation of other religions. Communal riots start in a country if the different communities do not show the spirit of toleration and compromise.

7. Capitalism and Imperialism:
Capitalism is a great hindrance to good citizenship. It ignores the many and favours the few. It favours gross inequalities of wealth and is not based on equality and justic and is a source of a good deal of frustration and discontenment in modem times. The rich get the biggest part of income without doing any work. The capitalists make slaves of the citizens and as a result of this they cannot develop their faculties. Capitalism acts as a serious hindrance to good citizenship. Imperialism also hampers the growth of good citizenship. It is imperialism which causes war among different countries of the world. War is never in the interest of any country.

8. Old Customs:
Old customs and traditions are often a great hindrance to good citizenship. It is not bad to follow old customs and traditions but it is not a healthy practice to follow them blindly. Customs must undergo change with the change of times and circumstances. Besides this unhealthy customs should be done away with. Casteism and other unhealthy social customs are a great hindrance to good citizenship.

Remedies For Hindrances:
The State and the people must make full and joint efforts to do with the causes that act as hindrances to good citizenship. Some of the remedies are as follows:
1. Spread of Education:
The State should make all the possible efforts for the spread of education. School and colleges should be opened in large numbers and they should be given liberal financial aid by the State. Primary education should be made free and compulsory.

2. Spread of Civic Virtues:
Propagation of civic ideals through press radio and public meetings, too can elevate a nation and so these should also be fully utilized in producing good citizens. Civic ideals can also be preached in religious gatherings and religious places such as churches temples, gurudawara and mosques can be used for the main purpose.

3. Economic Reforms:
The state should take all the the possible measures to remove poverty. It should create ample employment opportunities for the citizens. Measures should be taken for the removal of gross inequalities of wealth. Reasonable wages should be given for reasonable hours to both men and women. All possible comforts should be provided to the citizens so they may feel themseleves at their best.

4. Equal Rights:
All the individuals should be equally given economic, social and political rights. There should be no discrimination against anybody on the basis of caste, creed, color, sex and blood. Nobody should enjoy special privileges and nobody should be above the law of the land.

5. Social Spirit:
Citizens should be told about the importance of social spirit. They should not be guided by selfish motives and should do everything for the welfare of the community and the State. The citizens for this personal interest should sacrifice the interest of the State.

6. Proper Organisation of Political Parties:
Political parties should be formed on political and economic basis. They should never be formed on communal or class lines. The parties should not disrupt the unity and solidarity of the State. They should be above corruption or nepotism. The main interest of the parties should be the general welfare of the masses.

7. Establishment of Health Centres:
Government should establish health centres in large numbers and there the citizens should be told the rules of maintaining a sound health. Ill health is a great weakness in a good citizen. If the citizens are not healthy they connot contribute enough to the welfare of the society.

It is the sacred duty of every citizen to make all possible efforts to remove all the hindrances. It is only in the absence of these hindrances that the citizens of a country become ideal citizens. A country can progress only if its citizens are good.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is citizenship?
Answer:
Citizenship is a legal relationship which binds an individual to the State of which he is member. Laski offers a more positive conception of citizenship by defining as “contribution of one’s instructed judgement to public good.” According to Gettell, “Citizenship is that condition of individual due to which he can use national and political right in his ready to fulfil obligation.

Question 2.
Give any three definitions of citizen.
Answer:

1. According to Sri Nivas Shastri, “A citizen is one who is member of a State and triee.to fulfil and realise himself fully within it along with an intelligent appreciation of what would conduce to the highest moral welfare of the community.”

2. According to Vattal, “A citizen is the member of a civil society bond to this society by certain duties, subject to its authority and equal participation in its advantages.”

3. According to Aristotle, “He who has the power to take part in delibrative or judicial administration of any state is said by us’ to be a citizen of the state.”

Question 3.
Discuss the distinctions between the Citizen and an Alien.
Answer:

• A citizen is a member of a state whereas an alien is not a member of a state.
• A citizen has the right of permanent residence in the state whereas the alien does not enjoy this right.
• A citizen enjoys political rights whereas the alien does not enjoy political rights.
• An alien owes allegiance to his own state and not to the country wherein he lives.

Question 4.
Describe the kinds of citizens.
Answer:
There are two types of citizens:
1. Natural citizens:
A natural citizen is one who is the citizen of a state by birth. He enjoys all the civic and political rights and owes allegiance to the state.

2. Naturalized citizens:
A naturalized citizen is an alien, who aquires the citizenship of the state after fulfulling certain conditions. In certain states, however, no distinction is made between natural and naturalized citizens. But in some states, a naturalized citizen does not enjoy a status equal to that of a natural citizen.

Question 5.
Write down any four methods of acquiring citizenship.
Answer:
1. Long Residence:
Sometimes aliens are naturalized on account of their residence for a particular period in that State. For instance, it is cleanly stated by the law of England, the U.S A., that only those foreigners who have resided there for at least five years, can acquire the citizenship of their States.

2. Marriage:
A marriage affects a change in the citizenship of the wife who follows the citizenship of her husband. Thus an English woman marrying a German will become a German citizen.

3. Adoption:
The adoption of a new child also determines the new citizenship. For instance, if any German couple adopt the child of England, he acquires the citizenship of his adopted parents i.e. of Germany.

4. Property: In some states as in Mexico, acquisition of land confers citizenship on the purchase.

Question 6.
Mention four methods of Losing Citizenship.
Answer:
Citizenship may lost under the following conditions:
1. Long Absence:
Long absence from the home country is sufficient under the law in many states to exclude one from fold of citizens. In France and Germany citizens who absent themselves from their states for more than ten years may lose their citizenship.

2. Marriage:
In many states a women marrying a foreigner loses her citizenship in her own country and acquires the citizenship of her husband’s country.

3. Double Citizenship:
Sometime a person acquire double citizenship. But on attaining adulthood he is to accept citizenship of only one country and he loses the citizenship of other country.

4. Crime: Citizenship may be lost by a man who is convicted of heinous crime.

Question 7.
What are the qualities of a good citizen?
Answer:
A person becomes a good citizen if he possess the following qualities:

1. Education: A good citizen in the modem society should be well educated. Education makes him understand the problem of the state.
2. Social Spirit: A good citizen must possess social spirit. He should subordinate his self-interest to the community.
3. Dutifullness: A citizen should discharge his duties honestly and diligently. He should always be ready to support others in the discharge of their duties.
4. Good Character: A good character is very important for good citizenship. A country can not progress if its citizens are corrupt.

Question 8.
What are the hindrances in the way of good citizenship?
Answer:

1. Illiteracy: Illiteracy is the biggest hindrance in the way of good citizenship. An illiterate citizen does not have proper knowledge of his rights and duties.
2. Indolence: Indolence is another hindrance in the way of good citizenship. An ignorant and indolent citizen can’t be a good citizen.
3. Poverty: Many social evils crop up because of poverty. A person can’t take part in public affairs. He can’t be a good citizen.
4. Communalism: Communalism is a great hinderance in the path of good citizenship. Communalism creates the feelings of hatred among citizens.

Question 9.
How the hinderances in the way of good citizenship can be removed?
Answer:

1. Spread of Education: The state should make all the possible efforts for the spread of education. Schools and colleges should be opened in large number and they should be given liberal financial aid.
2. Economic Reforms: The state should take all possible measures to remove poverty.
3. Social Spirit: Citizens should be educated about the importance of social spirit.
4. Equal Rights: All the citizens should be equally given economic, social and political rights.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by citizenship?
Answer:
Citizenship is a legal relationship which binds an individual to the State of which he is member. Laski offers a more positive conception of citizenship by defining as “contribution of one’s instructed judgement to public good.”

Question 2.
Give any two definitions of citizen.
Answer:
1. According to Sri Nivas Shastri, “A citizen is one who is member of a State and tries to fulfil and realise himself fully within it along with an intelligent appreciation of what would conduce to the highest moral welfare of the community.”

2. According to Vattal, “A citizen is the member of ai civil society bond to this society by certain duties, subject to its authority and equal participation in its advantages.”

Question 3.
Discuss the distinctions between the Citizen and an Alien.
Answer:

• A citizen is a member of a state whereas an alien is not a member of a state.
• A citizen has the right of permanent residence in the state whereas the alien does not enjoy this right.

Question 4.
Describe the kinds of citizens.
Answer:
There are two types of citizens:

• Natural citizens: A natural citizen is one who is the citizen of a state by birth.
• Naturalized citizens: A naturalized citizen is an alien, who aquires the citizenship of the state after fulfulling certain conditions.

Question 5.
Write down any four methods of acquiring citizenship.
Answer:
1. Long Residence:
Sometimes aliens are naturalized on account of their residence for a particular period in that State. For instance, it is cleanly stated by the law of England, the U.S.A., that only those foreigners who have resided there for at least five years, can acquire the citizenship of their States.

2. Marriage:
A marriage affects a change in the citizenship of the wife who follows the citizenship of her husband. Thus an English woman marrying a German will become a German citizen.

3. Adoption:
The adoption of a new child also determines the new citizenship. For instance, if any German couple adopt the child of England, he acquires the citizenship of his adopted parents i.e. of Germany.
4. Property:In some states as in Mexico, acquisition of land confers citizenship on the purchase.

Question 6.
Mention four methods of Losing Citizenship.
Answer:
Citizenship may lost under the following conditions:
1. Long Absence:
Long absence from the home country is sufficient under the law in many states to exclude one from fold of citizens. In France and Germany citizens who absent themselves from their states for more than ten years may lose their citizenship.

2. Marriage:
In many states a women marrying a foreigner loses her citizenship in her own country and acquires the citizenship of her husband’s country.

3. Double Citizenship Sometime a person acquire double citizenship:
But on attaining adulthood he is to accept citizenship of only one country and he loses the citizenship of other country.

4. Crime: Citizenship may be lost by a man who is convicted of henous crime.

Question 7.
What are the qualities of a good citizen?
Answer:
A person becomes a good citizen if he possess the following qualities:

1. Education: A good citizen in the modem society should be well educated Education makes him understand the problem of the state.
2. Social Spirit: A good citizen must possess social spirit. He should subordinate his self-interest to the community.
3. Dutifuilness: A citizen should discharge his duties honestly and diligently. He should always be ready to support others in the discharge of their duties.
4. Good Character: A good character is very important for good citizenship. A country can not progress if its citizens are corrupt.

Question 8.
What are the hindrances in the way of good citizenship?
Answer:

1. Illiteracy: Illiteracy is the biggest hindrance in the way of good citizenship. An illiterate citizen does not have proper knowledge of his rights and duties.
2. Indolence: Indolence is another hindrance in the way of good citizenship. An ignorant and indolent citizen can’t be a good citizen.

Question 9.
How the hinderances in the way of good citizenship can be removed?
Answer:

1. Spread of Education: The state should make all the possible efforts for the spread of education. Schools and colleges should be opened in large number and they should be given liberal financial aid.
2. Economic Reforms: The state should take all possible measures to remove poverty.

One Word to One Sentence Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give an etymological meaning of citisenship.
Answer:
The. etymological meaning of the word citizen is “one who lives in a town.”

Question 2.
Mention the meaning of citizen in the present age.
Answer:
These days citizenship is considered the birth-right of all. A modern citizen is that man who has been granted political and social rights by the state. He also performs his duties towards the state.

Question 3.
Who is a natural citizen?
Answer:
The natural citizens are those citizens who are the citizens of the state since their birth.

Question 4.
Who is Naturalised citizen?
Answer:
Naturalised citizens are those citizens who by birth are the citizens of some other country but they acquire citizenship by fulfilling legal conditions and obligations of some other country.

Question 5.
Define Citizenship.
Answer:
According to Laski, “Citizenship is the contribution of one’s instructed judgement to public good.”

Question 6.
How can citizenship he ended?
Answer:
When an individual remains absent in his country for most of the time and he lives in another country for a long time and acquires its citizenship, then his citizenship of the earlier country is ended.

Question 7.
Distinguish between a citizen and an alien.
Answer:
Citizens are only those individuals who get political, social and other kind of rights. The aliens are given only social rights but they are denied political rights.

Question 8.
Discuss the role of illiteracy as an obstacle in the way of ideal citizenship
Answer:
An illiterate person is neither familiar with his rights nor with his duties.

Question 9.
Discuss the role of indolence as an obstacle in the way of ideal citizenship.
Answer:
An indolent person neither does anything for his own development nor does he share work with others for the progress of society.

Question 10.
How is communalism a big hindrance in the way of ideal citizenship? Explain.
Answer:
The communal people ignited the communal flame to such an extent that thousands of innocent persons were burnt in it.

Question 11.
Describe the two methods to acquire citizenship.
Answer:

1. Marriage
2. Government Service.

Fill in the blanks

1. The …………………….. projects the citizens’ life.
Answer:
State

2. Foreigners are known as …………………….. residents.
Answer:
Temporary

3. A …………………….. is a member of state, whereas an alien is not a member of state.
Answer:
Citizen

4. Long Residence is a method to acquire …………………….. .
Answer:
State

5. Everybody should try to become a …………………….. citizen.
Answer:
Good.

True or False statement

1. Citizenship is a legel relationship which binds an individual to the state of which he is member.
Answer:
True

2. Citizen enjoy all the rights given by state.
Answer:
True

3. Citizen do not obey their duties.
Answer:
False

4. Poverty is not a hindrance in the way of good citizenship.
Answer:
False

5. The state should make all the possible efforts for the spread of education.
Answer:
True

Choose the correct answer

Question 1.
“He who has the power to take part in deliberative or judicial administration of any state is said by us to be a citizen of that state”, who said this-
(A) Aristotle
(B) Plato
(C) Gettell
(D) Boyd.
Answer:
(A) Aristotle

Question 2.
“Citizenship consists in the right ordering of loyalties.” Who said this?
(A) Gettel
(B) Laski
(C) Boyd
(D) Aristotle.
Answer:
(C) Boyd

Question 3.
“Citizenship can be acquired by:
(A) Long Residence
(B) Marriage
(C) Government Service
(D) All the above.
Answer:
(D) All the above.

Question 4.
“Which of the following is not a quality of good citizenship?
(A) Educatin
(B) Patriatism
(C) Good health
(D) Ignorance.
Answer:
(D) All the above.

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 2 Relations of Political Science with other Social Sciences Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 Relations of Political Science with other Social Sciences

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the relationship of Political Science with other Social Sciences i. e. History, Economics, Sociology and Ethics.
Answer:
Political Science is a social science and it is closely related to all other social sciences. Man is a social animal and his social life has various aspects like the political, religious, economic and moral etc. These various aspects are studied by different social sciences i.e., Political Science, Sociology, Economics, Ethics, Psychology etc.

Political Science is concerned with the study of political aspects of the social life of man. But the economic condition greatly influences the political condition of a man. In other words, various aspects of men’s life are closely related to one another. There all the social sciences cannot be completely separated from one another. Political Science being a social science is related to other social sciences such as History, Economics, Philosophy, Psychology etc.

Question 2.
Discuss the relation between Political Science and History.
Answer:
Political Science and History are closely related to each other. According to Prof. Seeley:
“History without Political Science has no fruit,
Political Science without History has no root.”

Freeman also endorses the view-point when he says that, “History is past Politics and Politics is present History”. Explaining the intimate relationship between the two Burgess has remarked, “Separate them and the one becomes a cripple, if not a corpse, the other a will-o’-the-wisp.” According to Lord Acton, “The Science of Politics is one-science that is deposited by the stream of History like the grains of gold in the stands of a river.”

Points Of Mutuality:
1. Contribution of History to Political Science:
From the above-mentioned quotations it is clear that both the subjects are complementary and suplementary to each other. History is a collection of facts that happened in the past and therefore it acts as a laboratoy and library for the students of Political Science. History supplies useful knowledge and material to Political Science with regard to nature, development, growth and decay of State and other Political institutions.

For instance, for the formation of an ideal governmental system we must go deep into the past to get the record and facts on the basis of which an ideal system can be formed. If we are interested in knowing the nature of British monarchy today, we have to study the history of England. First, in England there was an absolute monarchy and the powers of the monarch were unlimited.

But during the 17th century struggle continued between the Parliament and the monarchy for supremacy. In 1688 ‘Glorious Revolution’ took place and with this limited monarchy an supremacy of the Parliament was established. Today, in England there is a limited monarchy and sovereignty of the Parliament, but to understand this nature we have to depend upon History.

Moreover, History is the laboratory for Political Science where conclusions are drawn and principles are determined, after experimenting on the principles of politics. History provides such facts from which the writers construct the principles of Political Science. If History does not guide us for the future, it becomes a useless record of the past facts and no person likes to read it.

History is a teacher of Political Science: History is a record of achievements and failures of a man.
History provides us with the causes and events of revolutions which occurred in the past and by studying them we can take measures to prevent the occurrence of revolution in the present and in the future. If we compare the rule of Akbar with that of Aurangzeb we conclude that a secular State is more progressive than a theocratic State.

In the end we can say that in the absence of History, the study of Political Science will only be imaginative and theoretical. Laski says, “As a priori Politics of any kind is bound to breakdown simply because we never start with a clean state.” Burns called History as the bibliography of ideals. Political Science without history would miss the grandeur and elevation and lose an important dimension. As Willoughby succinctly comments, “History gives us the third dimension to Political Science.” According to Bryce, “Political Science stands midway between History and Politics, between the past and the present. It has drawn its materials from the one, it has to apply them to the other.

2. Contribution of Political Science to History. Political Science has also contributed much to History. The present Politics will become the part of the History of tomorrow. It is correct that History is not only the record of political events but also of social, economic, political, religious and moral conditions of the past, History is also the record of the culture and civilization of the past, But political ideals influence all aspects of human life. Political ideals and political events give a new turn to the History. Indian History would have been different from as it is- now if Muslim League had not been organized in India in 1906.

The influence of Nationalism, Imperialism and Individualism in 17th century is also felt on the History of Europe. The Russian Revolution of 1917 and the French Revolution of 1789 are the result of political ideals and influences of that period. Marxism has influenced the history of the world. The two, World Wars were the result of the political deals of the rulers of Germany of tlje particular period.

If historians, while studying Indian History of the 20th century, ignore the imporance of the Congress party, Non-cooperation Movement, Swaraj Party, Quit India Movement of 1942, Cripps Plan, Cabinet Mission Plan, WavelTs Plan and Shimla Conference artition of India, Invasion of India by China and other political events the subject would lose all interest and it would jupt be a collection of few dates. Seeley has compared this type of History with a fruitless tree.

It is one of the tasks of the historian to comprehend the political implications of historical events. A historian, for instance may Write a history of contemporary Asia. But if he fails to realise the impact of nationalist upsurge on the contemporary Asian history, his record will be incomplete. The political scientist deals with the nature and forces of nationalism and helps the historian to identify the nationalist character of a movement.

Thus it is very clear that History depends on Political Science for understanding historical facts fully and thoroughly. Seeley aptly remarked, “History fades into mere literature when it loses sight of Political Science.” It means that Political Science elucidates the facts of History.

In the end, a writer has explained the dependence of History on Political Science in this way. If History is a philosophy providing guidance on the basis of experience the philosophy which it teaches is to a great extent Political Philosophy.

Points Of Difference:
Notwithstanding the close relationship between History and Political Science, both the subjects have points of difference beween them. In the words of Barker, “History and Poiltical Science march together for all the length of their frontiers but they are separate and independent studies.” Following are the differences between the two:
1. Scope of History is wider than that of Political Science:
It is difficult to agree with Freeman when he says that all History is past Politics and Politics is present History. In History every event is included. In History, the development of whole life of mankind is included. But Political Science is only the record of political life of the individual.

In History we study all types of social, political, economic, cultural, religious and moral aspects of man’s personality in various ages. But Political Science has nothing to do with all these aspects. For a political scientist that two World Wars are important because these wars were fought to save democracy in the world but for a historian each and every event of two World Wars is important. Thus the scope of History is wider.

2. Political Science is concerned with the past, present and future, while History is concerned with the past only:
In Political Science we study the past, present and future of the political institutions. What was State, what it is and what it ought to be? Answers to these three questions are available in Political .Science. But History is basically a study of the past and it has nothing to do with the present and the future.

3. History is descriptive, while Political Science is analytical:
Method which is adopted in Histoiy is descriptive. It describes data-wise all types of events whether good or bad, in a particular State. But the study of Politics is not descriptive, it is analytical. Political scientist uses historical facts to discover general laws and facts of History in order to extract the permanent principle of political life. For example, war took place between India and Pakistan in Dec. 1971. Historian’s function is only to narrate the event of the war. He is not concerned with how prisoners of war were treated, whether any international law was violated or not. But political scientist are also concerned with these problems.

Conclusion:
Though there are some differences between History and Political Science, yet they are closely related to each other. In the words of Gamer, “As studies they are mutually contributory and supplementary. According to Seeley, “Politics are vulgar when not liberalised by History and History fades into mere literature when it loses sight of its relation to Politics.”

In the end we can say that the students of Political Science should not depend more on the study of History than it is required. Lord Bryce claims that, “Political Science stands midway between History and Politics, between the past and the present. It has drawn its material from the one, it has to apply them to others.” According to Barker, “History and Political Science march together for all the length of their frontiers but they are separate and independent studies.”

Question 3.
Discuss the relation between Political Science and Economics.
Answer:
There is a close relationship between Political Science and Economics. In the beginning, Economics was considered a part of Political Science. The Greek philosophers called Economics as Political Economy and they considered it an art for making money for the state. Chanakya, a famous writer of ancient India, has also made a reference about relationship between Political Science and Economics in his book ‘Arthshashtra’.

Adam Smith, the father of Economics, also makes a reference about intimate, relationship between Political Science and Economics, in his book ‘Wealth of Nations’. According to Senior, upto 18th century, Economics was considered an inseparable part of Political Science. Now-a-days, Economics is not, of course, considered a part of Political Science but it is said that the two subjects are very intimately related to each other.

What is Economics?
Economic is concerned with the economic activities. It studies human activities relating to production, consumption, distribution and exchange etc. According to Marshall, “Economics is a study of man in ordinary business of life, it enquires how he gets his income and how he uses it. Thus, it is on one side a study of wealth and on the other and more important side, a part of the study of man.”

1. Contribution of Economics to Political Science:
1. Economics is a science which deals with the economic needs of man and their satisfaction. A man can never feel happy and comfortable unless his economic condition is good. It is only a happy man that can be a gpod citizen. The state makes efforts to rise the standard of living of the people and this cannot be done without the help of Economics.

2. The economic organization of a state profoundly influences its power allocation:
Those who control the economic level are apt to exert pressure on the operation of the government machinery. Karl Marx is of the view that entire history of the nation is determined by economic factor. In Marx’s words, it is not the consciousness of men which determines the material conditions of life but these are the material conditions of life which determine their consciousness. Human history has, therefore, a material basis.

To Marx, politics, law and all else have their roots in the material conditions of human life. In Sabine’s words. “The most important part of Marx’s social philosophy was the theory that the system of economic production is a foundation on which the institutional and ideological superstrucutre of society is built.” In Marx’s words, the sum total of production relation forms the economic structurer of society, which serves as the foundation, on which legal and political system arises and which Marx character as ‘superstructure’.

According to Engles, “The ultimate causes of all social changes and political revolutions are to be sought not in the minds of men, in their increasing insight into eternal truth and justice, but in changes in the mode of production and exchange. They are to be sought not in the philosophy but in the economics of the period concerned.

3. The economic conditions of a country greatly affect its political conditions:
Whenever there is some remarkable change in the economic organisation of the country, it is bound to affect all other organisations exisiting in the State. The saying ‘Flag follows trade’ is an important proof of close relationship between the economic conditions and political conditions.

4. Political ideologies are influenced by economic conditions:
Individualism, communism, socialism, colonialism, imperialism etc. are main political ideologies, but they are mainly the product of economic conditions.

5. Systems of production and distribution also influence the policies of the government:
There are basic differences between Chinese and American systems of production and distribution and due to this policies of both the governments are also different. Right to property is a basic right in U.S.A. but in China this right is restricted very much.

6. Economic conditions of the country also influence the foreign policy of a country:
After Second World War many European countries depended upon America for economic help to improve their economic condition. Hence, foreign policies of these European countries were influenced by the politics of U.S.A. and in international sphere these countries became the members of American Bloc. Similarly, many countries of Eastern Europe had to take economic and technical help from Soviet Russia and their foreign policy was influenced by Russian politics. Today, there is a economic imperialism of America and Japan.

Influence of Political Science on Economics. Political Science helps a lot in the study of Economics. The political organizations affects greatly the economic condition of the country. If the administration is strong and stable, the economic condition of the people will be quite good. According to Nicholson, “ Economic history furnishes endless examples of injurious effects of bad government, production and distribution of wealth are affected by the regulation of the State.

An economic activity is carried on within the State on conditions laid down by the State through laws. Political movements on the other hand, are profoundly influenced by economic causes. Our economic life is conditioned by political institutions and ideas. Some of the important questions of present day political are at the same time question which vitally concern Economics: e.g,. questions relating to tariff laws, labour legislation, national planning and government ownership. All the political principles have their economic aspect also. It is why that all the political parties put forth before the public their economic programme. During elections there is instability in the Stock Market.

Points of difference:
Although the two sciences are closely related there are still some fundamantal differences between them.
1. Approach:
According to Ivor Brown, Economics is concerned with commodities whereas Political Science is concerned with human beings. Economics is concerned with the study of prices whereas Political Science is concerned with the study of moral values. Economic studies man in relation to production, distribution and consumption of wealth but Political Science also studies man in relation to his moral and spiritual advancement.

2. Method of study:
The real difference between Political Science and Economics lies in their methods of study. Economics can be studied in a more scientific way as compared with Political Science. The conclusions drawn in case of Economics are more accurate and correct. The main reason for this is Economics is mainly concerned with man’s needs and their satisfaction.

3. Economics fixes the prices of commodities while Political Science determines the moral values:
One writer has said that “An Economist is one who knows the price of everything but the value of nothing.”

4. Economics is descriptive whereas Political Science is normative: Like Political Science, no ideal is put forward by Economics.

Conclusion:
Inspite of differences the two subjects are closely related to each other. In the words of Lipson ‘Welfare state and planning have brought about a approachment between economics and political studies to the mutual benefit of both.’ According to William Esslinger. “The integration of Economics and Politics must be taught in the coures and in seminars.”

In 1952 in a conference convened by UNESCO, the scholars laid stress on this point. In the end we can say that, “They co-operate and yet maintain their autonomies.” Prof. Garner has rightly said that the solution of many economic problems must come through political action, while on the other hand some of the fundamental problems of government have their origin in economic conditions.

Question 4.
Discuss the relation between Political Science and Sociology.
Answer:
Political Science and Sociology are closely related to each other. Sociology is considered the very basis of all the social sciences. Sociology is the science which deals with the origin, development, nature and form of the society. In Sociology all aspects of man’s life such as political, religious, economic etc., are studied while Political Science is a branch of Sociology. August Comte was quite right when he called Sociology the mother of all Social Sciences.

Points Of Mutuality:
Contribution of Sociology to Political Science:
Sociology serves as a foundation of Political Science and its principles help understanding the political theories. Without studying Sociology it is very difficult to understand principles of Political Science. According to F.H Giddings, “To teach the theory of the State to men who have not learned the first Principle of Sociology is like teaching Astronomy or Thermodynamics to men who have not learned Newton’s Law of Motion.”

The entire basis of Political Science rests on the idea that “Man is a social and political animal’. The state came into existence because of social nature of man. Therefore, in order to understand State and its various other organizations thoroughly well we must understand the social nature of man first of all. The state and all other organisations do not come into existence in isolation but their development is always influenced by the social forces.

Therefore, Political Science for its scientific study very much depends on Sociology. Sociology has contributed a lot in understanding the origin and development of the State. It has also helped a lot in understanding the formation of public opinion and political parties in the State. Political Sociology is coming up as a branch of Political Science, and it is a clear proof of the fact that the study of Sociology is most essential for understanding political facts.

In Sociology we study customs and traditions of the society and law of the state cannot succeed unless they are according to the customs of the society. If any law is opposed to the customs of the society people won’t obey it. In the words of Gettell, “Many of the changes that have taken place in political ideas in recent years have been along the lines marked out by Sociology, specially in the theory of law.”

According to G.N.Singh, “Sociology investigates into the origin and growth of groups, their forms, laws, customs, institutions, modes of life, thought and action and their contribution to human culutre and civilization, Sociology, therefore, supplies to Political Science (which deals with the most important association, the State) both valuable material and guidance in judging the worth of laws, customs and institutions.”

Contribution of Political Science to Sociology:
Just as Political Science is dependent on Sociology, in the same way Sociology is also to depend on Political Science for its conclusions. The special study of political life of the society is indispensable for the complete study of the society as a whole. Sociology studies society from various angles. Sociology is concerned with the individual who is social as well as a political animal.

While living in society, the individual and various other groups of individuals cannot escape the influnces of the exisiting political organisation of their time. It is most essential to understand the existing political systems in order to study the social phenomena, social events and social institutions politically. Sociology will not be able to make a thorough study of its subject matter without the help of Political Science. Modren age of welfare State and in such an age the study of Political Science is of utmost importance. Now-a- days the social life of man fully controlled by the State. State interference in the social life of man is increasing day by day. In the modem age the study of Political Science has become most essential for a sociologist.

Dr. Gamer has rightly pointed out, “Sociology derives from Political Science knowledge of the facts regarding the organisation and activities of the State.”
Differences between Political Science and Sociology:
Following are the differences between the two-
1. Different Subject-matter Sociology is the science of society:
Political Science studies man as a social being and as political organisation is a special kind of special organisation: Political Science is a more specialized science than Sociology.

2. The scope of Sociology is wider than that of Political Science:
The scope of Sociology is much wider than that of Political Science. Sociology is concerned with the study of all types of social relationship of man whereas Political Science is concerned only with the political relations of man. Political Science studies the State and government only whereas Sociology studies all the social institutions.

3. Sociology is general science, Political Science is a special science:
Political Organisation is a special kind of social organisation and that is why political Science is a special science while Sociology is general science.

4. Sociology is prior to political Science:
Sociology studies man even before the development of political consciousness. Sociology studies all periods of human existence with greater emphasis. But Political Science beings much later. It is pointed out that 90% of human existence had elapsed before human beings began to lead an organised political life.

5. Sociology is the study of both organized and unorganized communities:
Sociology is concerned with the study of organized as well as unorganized groups of human beings whereas Political Science is concerned only with the study of organized groups, Organization is not essential for society, whereas organization of people is essential for the formation of the state.

6. Difference regarding conscious and unconscious relations:
Sociology is concerned both with the conscious and unconscious activities of man whereas Political Science is concerned only with the conscious activities of man.

7. Political Science concentrates its attention on the analysis of the phenomena of the State and the mechanism by which the government enforces its control on its subject. Sociology is primarily concerned with tracing the origin and development of customs, manners, behaviour and institutions of mankind as such with a special reference to the remote past.

8. Sociology is concerned with the past, and present while Political Science is concerned with the past, present and future also.

9. Sociology is descriptive while Political Science is normative:
Sociology does not lay down ideals and principles. It is an impersonal study of human institutions as they had been and as they are. It is concerned only with what has happened and not with what ought to happen. Political Science is normative to some extent. It studies the State as it had been as it is, and as of ought to be. Political Science is very much concerned with what the State ought to be.

Conclusion:
On studying the common grounds and the points of difference of both the sciences we can well conclude that there is very intimate relationship between Political Science and Sociology. Both are inter related and inter-dependent. With the development of the idea of welfare State the relationship between the two is on the increase. Dr. Garner is very right when he says: “The political Scientist, therefore, ought to be at some Sociology and vice versa.”

We fully agree with the views expressed by Dr. Garner regarding the relation between the two. According to him, “While their respective fields are largely separate and distinct, Political Science and Sociology are mutually contributory, the one to other. Sociology derives from Political Science knowledge of the facts regarding the organisation and activities of the state, while political science derives in large measure from Sociology its knowledge of the origin of political authority and the laws of social control. The Political scientists, therefore, ought to be at the same time a sociology and vice versa.

Question 5.
Discuss the relation between Political Science and Ethics.
Answer:
Ethics is the science of moral order and Political Science is the science of political system. Ethics is also known as the science of character formation.
The relationship between Political Science and Ethics is as old as the study of the State. Plato has called Political Science as branch of Ethics. According to Plato, the aim of the State is moral development of the citizens. Aristotle does not consider Political Science as the branch of Ethics but he agrees with his master regarding the object of the State. In the modern age all the idealist philosophers and scholars of Political Science maintained the relationship between the two subjects. These scholars are, Rousseau, Kant, Hegal, Green, Bradley and Bosanquet etc. Mahatma Gandhi also considered Ethics as the basis of Political Science.

It will be wrong to conclude on the basis of above mentioned discussion that all the scholars of Political Science are of the opinion that there exists a close relationship between Political Science and Ethics. There is no small a number of scholars who think otherwise.

Machiavelli, a famous Italian scholar, is the first to say that there is no intimate relationship between the two subjects. Besides Machiavelli, so many other political thinkers like Bodin, Grotius, Hobbes and Locke are. also of the opinion , that there is no intimate relationship between Political Science and Ethics.

Now a days there are some scholars who keeping in view another object want to break the relationship between Political Science and Ethics. These scholars aim at making Political Science, a value-free Science. According to these writers the measuring rod aside on morality is an obstacle in bringing scientific objectivity in political analysis.

Some of the famous scholars who support this view-point are Max Weber, Lasswell and Jouvenel. This view- point is generally not accepted. Most of the scholars are of the opinion that “Politics divorced from Ethics rests on a foundation of shifting sand; Ethics divided from Politics is narrow and abstract.”

Common Grounds And Mutual Contribution:
Common grounds and mutual contribution between Political Science and Ethics can be studied in the following ways.
1. Common Object:
The object of both the subjects is man and both the subjects aim at advancing the welfare of man. The State is the central figure of Political Science. It is the State which finds out means for the welfare of the individual. According ro Aristotle, the State came into existence for the sake of life and continues to exist for the sake of good life. Political Science cannot turn a deaf ear to ethics. Fox has very rightly remarked, “If a thing is morally wrong, it can never be politically right.” Iyor Brown says, “Politics is but Ethics writ large.”

2. Common End:
Political Science is concerned not only with the present of the State, it is also ultimately concerned with the future of the State. Political Science is to think that what type of State ought to be. Lord Acton says, “The great question is to discover not what governments prescribe, but what they ought to prescribe. Ethics is also ultimately concerned with what ought to be.” This common end brings the two subjects quite closer to each other.

3. Common Development:
The mutual relationship between Political Science and Ethics can be explained on the basis of relationship between laws and morals. The beginning of laws and moral codes in social life took place in the form of customs and traditions. With the development of social life, the two aspects of individual life became separate from each other; these two aspects are:private life and public life. The customs and traditions which regulated social life came to be known as morality of moral codes and the customs and traditions which regulated public life came to be known as laws.

4. Mutual Contribution:
The subject matter of political Science is the State and the language of the State is the law. The subject matter of Ethics is morality and the language of morality are the moral codes. The relationship between the two can be explained in the following manner:

(i) The laws framed on moral principles are willingly obeyed by the citizens. If the laws are not based on moral principles there is possibility of their violation by the people. If a moral principle or a moral code is very much prevalent among the people, it is generally codified into a law.

(ii) Moral codes are the tounchstone of good and bad laws.

(iii) International law is also very much based on moral came. This law came into existence in order to save humanity from the courage of war. Some scholars call international law by the name of international morality.

(iv) The political ideal cannot be absolutely separated from ethical ideal. Laws should be formulated with a view to strengthening the moral ideas of the people. The actions of the government are to be justified on political ground and every action that violates the principle on morality is to be condemned.

(v) ‘It is in the State and State alone that a man becomes a moral being.” The justification of what the State does is to be sought in the moral values it helps us to realise.

Differences Between The Two:
Although the two sciences are closely related, there are still some fundamental differences between them.
1. Ethics is concerned with the study of moral life of an individual whereas Political Science is concerned with the whole life of man. Political Science studies all the aspects of social life.

2. Ethics deals both with the outward and innermost thoughts whereas Political Science is concerned only with the outward actions of man.

3. Ethics depends upon social sanction, whereas Political Science depends upon political sanction. For example, if any person disobeys the law of the state, he can be physically punished by the State. But a person, disobeying the moral laws cannot be punished by the State, though he can be morally condemned by the people.

4. Political Science takes Ethical discussion for granted whereas the discussion of various virtues forms the backbone of Ethics.

5. Emphasis on the study of ethics is on the individual whereas the emphasis on the whole life of man.

6. Political Science is a practical science whereas Ethics is theoretical science. According to Catlin, “From ethics statesman may learn those courses (among several) which are desirable and from political science those which are feasible.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the contribution of History, to Political Science
Answer:

• History supplies useful knowledge and material to poltical science with regard to nature, development, growth and decay of State and other political institutions.
• History is the laboratory, for political science where conclusions are drawn and principles are determined after experimenting on the principles of politics.
• History is a teacher of Political Science because history is a record of achievements and failures of a man.
• In the absence of history, the study of political science will only be imaginative and theoretical.

Question 2.
‘History without Political Science has no fruit. Political Science without History has no root.’ Justify briefly.
Answer:
Political Science and History are closely related to each other. Sir John Seelay has expressed the relation of History with political Science as trader:
History without Political Science has no fruit:
‘Political Science without History, has no root.’-
History supplies useful knowledge and material of Political Science with regard to nature, development, growth and decay of state and other Political Institutions. In the absence of History the study of Political Science will only be imaginative and theoretical.
Political ideals and political events give a new turn to the History. The influence of Nationalism and Individualism in the 17th century is also felt on the Hisotry of Europe. If historians, while studying Indian History of the 20th century, igonre the importance of the Congress Party, Non-co-operation Movement, Quit India Movement of 1942, Cripps Plan, Cabinet Mission Plan and other political events the subject would lose all interest. Seeley has compared this type of History with a fruitless tree.

Question 3.
Discuss the difference between History and political Science.
Answer:
Not withstanding the. close relationship between History and Political Science, both the subjects have points of difference between them. Following are the difference between them:
1. Firstly, scope of History is wider than that of Political Science. In History every event is included. But Political Science is only the record of Political life of the individual.

2. Secondly, Political Science is concerned with the past, present and future, while History is concerned with the past only.

3. Thirdly, History is descriptive, while Political Science is analytical. Method which is adopted in History is descriptive. It describes data-wise all types of events whether good or bad, in a particular state. But the study of Political Science is not descriptive, it is analytical. Political Scientists uses historical facts to discover general laws and facts of history is order to extract the permanent principle of political life.

Question 4.
Discuss the contribution of Economics to Political Science.
Answer:
1. The economic organisation of a state profoundly influences its power allocation. Those who control the economic forces are apt to exert pressure on the operation of government machinery. Karl Marx is of the view that entire history of nation is determined by economic factor.

2. The economic conditions of country greatly affect its political conditions.

3. Political ideologies are influenced by economic conditions.

4. System of production and distribution also influence the policies of the government.

Question 5.
Give four points of differences between the Political Science and Economics.
Answer:
1. Approach:
According to Ivor Brown, Economics is concerned with commodities whereas political Science is concerned with human beings. Economics is concerned with the study of prices whereas Political Science is concerned with the study of moral values. Economics studies man in relation to production, distribution and consumption of wealth but Political Science also studies man in relation to his moral spiritual advancement.

2. Method of Study:
The real difference between Political Science and Economic lies in their method of study. Economics can be studied in a more scientific way as compared with Political Science.

3. Economic fixes the prices of commodities, while Political Science determines the moral values. One writer has said that “An Economist is one who knows the prices of everything but the value of nothing.”

4. Economic is descriptive whereas Political Science is normative. Like Political Science, no ideal is put forward by Economics.

Question 6.
Describe the contribution of Political Science to Economics.
Answer:
Political Science helps a lot in the study of Economics:
The political organization affects greatly the economic condition of the country. If the administration is strong and stable, the -economic condition of the people will be quite good. An economic activity is carried on within the State on conditions laid down by the State through laws.

Political movements on the other hand, are profoundly influenced by economic causes. Our economic life is conditioned by political institutions and ideas. Some of the important Question s of present day politics are at the same time Question s which vitally concern Economics; e.g., Question s relating to tariff laws, labour legislation, national planning and government ownership. All the political principles have their economic aspect.

Question 7.
It is true that Sociology is the parent science of all social Sciences?
Answer:
Political Science deals mainly with state, government and human beings. According to Gilchrist, “Sociology is that general science which deals with the fundamental fact of social life.” Sociology is considered the very basis of all the social sciences. Sociology is the science which deals with the origin, development, nature and form of the society. In sociology all aspects of man’s life such as Political, religious, economic, etc. are studied. Political Science is a branch of Sociology. August Comet was quite right when he called Sociology the mother of all Social Sciences.

Question 8.
Discuss the difference between Political Science and Sociology.
Answer:

1. The scope of Sociology is wider than the Political Science.
2. Sociology is a general science. Political Science is a special science.
3. Sociology is the study of both organised or unorganised communities, whereas Political Science is concerned only with the study of organised groups.
4. Sociology studies all periods of human existence with greater emphasis. But political science begins much later.

Question 9.
Explain the contribution of Sociology to Political Science.
Answer:
Sociology serves as a foundation of Political Science and its principles help in understanding the political theories. Without studying Sociology it is very difficult to understand principles of Political Science for its scientific study very much depends on Sociology.

Sociology has contributed a lot in understanding the origin and development of the State. It has also helped a lot in understanding the formation of public opinion and political parties in the State. Political Sociology is coming up as a branch of Political Science, and it is a clear proof of the fact that the study of Sociology is most essential for understanding political facts.

Question 10.
Discuss the contribution of Political Science to Sociology.
Answer:
Just as Political Science is dependent on Sociology, in the same way Sociology is also to depend on Political Science for its conclusions. The special study of political life of the society is indispensable for the complete study of the society as a whole. Sociology studies society from various angles. Sociology is concerned with the individual who is social as well as a political animal.While living in society, the individual and various other groups of individuals cannot escape the influences of the existing political organisation of their time.

It is most essential to understand the existing political systems in order to study the social phenomenon, social events and social insitutions politically. Sociology will not be able to make a thorough study of its subject-matter without the help of political Science. Modern age of welfare State and in such an age the study of Political Science is of utmost importance. Now-a-days the social life of man is fully controlled by the state.’ State interference in the social life of man is increasing day-by-day.

Question 11.
Explain mutual constributions between Political Science and Ethics.
Answer:
1. The laws framed on moral principles are willingly obeyed by the citizens. If the laws are not based on moral principles there is possibility of their violation by the people. If a moral principle is a very much prevalent among the people, it is generally codified into a law.

2. Moral codes are the touchstone of good and bad laws.

3. International law is also very much based on moral codes. Some scholars call international law by the name of international morality.

4. The political ideal cannot be absolutely separated from ethical ideal. Laws should be formulated with a view of strengthening the moral ideas of the people.

5. It is in the state and state alone that a man can become a moral being: The justification of what the state does is to be sought in the moral values helps us to realise.

Question 12.
Discuss the differences between the Ethics and Political Science.
Answer:
Although the two sciences are closely related, there are still some fundamental differences between them.

1. Ethics is concerned with the study of moral life of an individual whereas Political Science is concerned with the whole life of man. Political Science studies all the aspects of social life.
2. Ethics deals both the outward and innermost thoughts whereas Political Science is concerned only with outward action of man.
3. Ethics depends upon social sanction, whereas Political Science depends upon political sanction.
4. Political Science takes Ethical discussions for granted whereas the discussion of various virtues forms the backbone of Ethics.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Discuss the contribution of History, to Political Science.
Answer:

1. History supplies useful knowledge and material to poltical science with regard to nature, development, growth and decay of State and other political institutions.
2. History is the laboratory, for political science where conclusions are drawn and principles are determined after experimenting on the principles of politics.

Question 2.
‘History without Political Science has no fruit. Political Science without History has no root.’ Justify briefly.
Answer:
History supplies useful knowledge and material of Political Science with regard to nature, development, growth and decay of state and other Political Institutions. In the absence of History the study of Political Science will only be imaginative and theoretical.

Political ideals and political events give a new turn to the History. The influence of Nationalism and Individualism in the 17th century, is also felt on the History of Europe.

Question 3.
Explain the difference between History and political Science.
Answer:
Following are the difference between them:

1. Firstly, scope of History is wider than that of Political Science. In History every\event is included. But Political Science is only the record of Political life of the individual.
2. Secondly, Political Science is concerned with the past, present and future, while History is concerned with the past only.

Question 4.
Explain the contribution of Economics to Political Science.
Answer:
1. The economic organisation of a state profoundly influences its power allocation. Those who control the economic forces are apt to exert pressure on the operation of government machinery. Karl Marx is of the view that entire history of nation is determined by economic factor.

2. The economic conditions of country greatly affect its political conditions.

Question 5.
Discuss two points of differences between the Political Science and Economics.
Answer:
1. Economic fixes the prices of commodities, while Political Science determines the moral values.
One writer has said that “An Economist is one who knows the prices of everything but the value of nothing.”

2. Economic is descriptive whereas Political Science is normative. Like Political Science, no ideal is put forward by Economics.

Question 6.
Explain contribution of Political Science to Economics.
Answer:
Political Science helps a lot in the study of Economics. The political organization affects greatly the economic condition of the country. If the administration is strong and stable, the economic condition of the people will be quite good. An economic activity is carried on within the State on conditions laid down by the State through laws. Political movements on the other hand, are profoundly influenced by economic causes.

Question 7.
It is true that Sociology is the parent science of all social Sciences?
Answer:
Sociology is considered the very basis of all the social sciences. Sociology is the science which deals with the origin, development, nature and form of the society. In sociology all aspects of man’s life such as Political, religious, economic, etc. are studied. Political Science is a branch of Sociology. August Comet was quite right when he called Sociology the mother of all Social Sciences.

Question 8.
Discuss the difference between Political Science and Sociology.
Answer:

• The scope of Sociology is wider than the Political Science.
• Sociology is a general science. Political Science is a special science.

Question 9.
Explain the contribution of Sociology to Political Science.
Answer:
Sociology serves as a foundation of Political Science and its principles help in understanding the political theories. Without studying Sociology it is very difficult to understand principles of Political Science for its scientific study very much depends on Sociology. Sociology has contributed a lot in understanding the origin and development of the State.

Question 10.
Discuss the contribution of Political Science to Sociology.
Answer:
Just as Political Science is dependent on Sociology, in the same way Sociology is also to depend on Political Science for its conclusions. The special study of political life of the society is indispensable for the complete study of the society as a whole. Sociology studies society from various angles. Sociology is concerned with the individual who is social as well as a political animal.

Question 11.
Explain mutual contributions between Political Science and Ethics.
Answer:
1. The laws framed on moral principles are willingly obeyed by the citizens. If the laws are not based on moral principles there is possibility of their violation by the people. If a moral principle is a very much prevalent among the people, it is generally codified into a law.

2. Moral codes are the touchstone of good and bad laws.

Question 12.
Discuss the differences between the Ethics and Political Science.
Answer:
Although the two sciences are closely related, there are still some fundamental differences between them.

1. Ethics is concerned with the study of moral life of an individual whereas Political Science is concerned with the whole life of man. Political Science studies all the aspects of social life.
2. Ethics deals both the outward and innermost thoughts whereas Political Science is concerned only with outward action of man.

One Word to One Sentence Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Mention relation of Political Science with Sociology,
Answer:
Sociology is like the foundation of Political Science and its principles are quite helpful in comprehending the principles of Political Science. Political Science has also a great impact on Sociology.

Question 2.
Write down any one difference between Political Science and Sociology.
Answer:
Political Science is mainly concerned with State and Government whereas Sociology is mainly concerned with Society.

Question 3.
Give any one point of difference between Political Science and History.
Answer:
Political Science is concerned with Past, Present and Future whereas History deals with only the past.

Question 4.
Mention any one similarity between Political Science and Ethics,
Answer:
The objective of both the subjects is to make citizens ideal.

Question 5.
Write down any one difference between Political Science and Ethics.
Answer:
Political Science is concerned with outer actions of individuals whereas Ethics is concerned with both outer activities and inner motives.

Question 6.
Write down any one difference between Political Science and Law.
Answer:
Scope of Political Science is comprehensive rather than Law.

Question 7.
Who said, “History without Political Science has no fruit, and Political Science without History has no root?”
Answer:
Seeley.

Question 8.
Who said, “History is Past Politics and Politics is Present History?”
Answer:
Freeman.

Question 9.
Who called History as the bibliography of ideals?
Answer:
Bums.

Question 10.
Name the author of ‘Arthshashtra’.
Answer:
Kautxlya.

Fill in the blanks:

1. “History is past politics and ………….. is present History.
Ans.
Politics

2. History is the ………….. for Political Science.
Ans.
Laboratory

3. Scope of History is ………….. than that of Political Science.
Ans.
Wider

4. The Greek philosopers called ………….. as Political Economy.
Ans.
Economics

5. System of ………….. and distribution also influence the Policies of the government.
Ans.
Production.

True Or False Statement:

1. Political Science helps a lot in the study of Economics.
Answer:
True

2. Economics did not fix the prices of commodities.
Answer:
False

3. Political Science and Sociology are closely related to each other.
Answer:
True

4. Man is not a social and political animal.
Answer:
False

5. Sociology is descriptive while Political Science is normative.
Answer:
True

Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
Which of the following is the parent of all social sciences:
(A) Sociology
(B) History
(C) Economics
(D) Political Science
Answer:
(A) Sociology

Question 2.
Political Science is the branch of:
(A) Social Science
(B) Physical Science
(C) Natural Science
(D) Economics.
Answer:
(A) Social Science

Question 3.
Who said “History gives us the third dimension to political science.”?
(A) Bryee
(B) Willoughby
(C) Laski
(D) Freeman.
Answer:
(B) Willoughby

Question 4.
Who called, “Sociology, the mother of all social science”.
(A) Freeman
(B) Gettell
(C) August comte
(D) Laski
Answer:
(C) August comte

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 6 Socialization Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 6 Socialization

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Who among the following is more influential in Socialisation?
(a) An individual
(b) Society
(c) Family
(d) Group
Answer:
(c) Family

2. What is a necessary element of socialisation?
(a) To grasp the culture
(b) Language
(c) Ways of living
(d) Society
Answer:
(a) To grasp the culture

3. Socialisation is not possible without ………………
(a) ways of living
(b) language
(c) body
(d) ability
Answer:
(b) language

4. Socialization ends with …………………
(a) marriage
(b) after 50 years
(c) death
(d) retirement
Answer:
(c) death

5. Which of these is a feature of socialisation?
(a) Life long process
(b) Process of learning
(c) Slow process
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

6. The first relation of child is with ……………..
(a) family
(b) country
(c) society
(d) world
Answer:
(a) family

7. The best means of socialisation is ……………..
(a) family
(b) neighbourhood
(c) society
(d) play group
Answer:
(a) family

8. With which process, a child learns the ways of living in society?
(a) Socialisation
(b) Acculturation
(c) Sanskritisation
(d) Assimilation
Answer:
(a) Socialisation

9. Who gave the social self theory of socialisation?
(a) Cooley
(b) Freud
(c) Merton
(d) Weber
Answer:
(a) Cooley

10. Who used the word Id, Ego and Super Ego in socialisation?
(a) Cooley
(b) Weber
(c) Merton
(d) Freud
Answer:
(d) Freud

Fill in the Blanks:

1. The process of …………… starts with the birth of a child.
Answer:
socialisation

2. The process of socialisation ends with the ………………… of an individual.
Answer:
death

3. The meaning of …………….. particular identity of an individual.
Answer:
self

4. School, Law etc. are the ……………….. means of socialisation.
Answer:
formal

5. ……………. is the basic agency of socialisation.
Answer:
Family

6. Young age comes after ……………… age.
Answer:
adolescent

True/False:

1. The process of socialisation starts with the birth of a child.
Answer:
True

2. There are five stages of socialisation.
Answer:
True

3. Main aim of socialisation is to make an individual anti-social.
Answer:
False

4. The process of socialisation is not a learning process.
Answer:
False

5. In school, a child learns the ways of living in society.
Answer:
True

6. In play group, leadership qualities emerge in a child.
Answer:
True

One Word/Line Question Answers:

Question 1.
What is Socialisation?
Answer:
It is a process of learning in which a child learns ways of living and all the rules of society.

Question 2.
What is the objective of the process of socialisation?
Answer:
The main objective of this process is to make an individual a social individual and a good citizen of society.

Question 3.
When does the process of socialisation start?
Answer:
This process starts with the birth of a child.

Question 4.
When does the process of socialisation end?
Answer:
This process ends with the death of an individual.

Question 5.
What is the most important agency of socialisation?
Answer:
Family is the most important agency of socialisation.

Question 6.
How many stages of socialisation are there?
Answer:
There are five stages of socialisation-infant stage, childhood stage, adolescent stage, adulthood stage and old age.

Question 7.
When does childhood stage start and end?
Answer:
It starts with, the age of 1/4 years and goes on till 12-13 years.

Question 8.
When does infant stage start and end?
Answer:
It starts with the birth of a child and goes on till VA years.

Question 9.
When does adolescent stage start and end?
Answer:
It starts in 14-15 years and goes on till 20-21 years.

Question 10.
Name the stage that comes after adolescent stage.
Answer:
The next stage after the adolescent stage is young age.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Meaning of Socialisation.
Answer:
Each society is having some of its definite cultural objectives and some definite ways to achieve such objectives. An individual needs to learn such ways and this process of learning is known as socialisation.

Question 2.
Definition of socialisation.
Answer:
According to Fitcher, “Socialisation is a process of mutual influence between a person and his fellow men, a process that results in an acceptance of, and adaptation of the patterns of social behaviour.”

Question 3.
One element of Socialisation.
Answer:
Socialisation is very much necessary for an individual, society and group and in this process, he learns and adopts values, norms, traditions, knowledge, ways of behaviour etc. This process of learning goes on for the whole of one’s life.

Question 4.
One base of Socialisation.
Answer:
Human child depends upon others for more time as compared to animals. He is dependent upon others to fulfil all of his needs. This dependency makes relations with others and consequently, society is formed.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Socialization.
Answer:
Every society has some of its definite cultural goals and there are fixed ways to achieve those goals. Man cannot achieve these goals without learning them and neither the personality of the man can be developed. All this he can learn through the process of socialization. According to Bogardus, “Socialization is the process of working together of developing group responsibility of being guided by the welfare needs of others.”

Question 2.
What is Absence of Instinct?
Answer:
This instinct man gets by birth in his heritage which animals also get by birth but humans learn every thing in this world. If we will leave any child alone then he will not be able to learn any thing. With the help of education man adapts himself to the situation. That’s why man’s behaviour is not known as natural but known as social. This instinct is learned.

Question 3.
Name the four stages of process of Socialization.
Answer:
Harry M. Johnson has divided the process of Socialization in four stages and these are:

• Oral stage (from birth to 1\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) years)
• Anal stage (1\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) to 4 years)
• Latency stage (4—12 years)
• Adolescence stage (13-21 years).

Question 4.
Main biological bases of Socialization of Individual.
Answer:
There are 4 ftiain biological bases of Socialization of Individual.

• Absence of instinct .
• Childhood dependence of individual
• Physical structure of man
• More learning capacity.

Question 5.
Family-As a means of Socialization.
Answer:
There are many means of socialization but family is the best of them. Child takes birth in family and his socialization starts from there. While living with family child learns to live with other members of family. Family tells him to how to live in society, how to behave in society and how to behave with others. In family, child learns a number of things. In family child learns a number of norms, values, rules of the family and society. Family makes a person a socialized person. No other institution can take place of family in the socialization of a person. While living in family, a person learns for the whole life. Family gives him many statuses and roles with which he gets many rights and duties. In this way family plays an important role in socialization of a person.

Question 6.
School-As a means of Socialization.
Answer:
School is also one of the most important means of socialization. School changes an uncivilized child into a civilized person. Child spends most part of his early childhood in the school. In school, he lives with other children from whom he learns a lot. Other children are generally from different cultures and the child learns many things of their cultures from them. In school, he is generally influenced by the characters of many teachers and children as well. He studies many subjects in school with which he comes to know about many things in the world. School makes his personality. He makes other teachers as his ideals with which his personality develops to a great extent. All in all school moulds the child in a proper way and prepares him to live in the complex modem world.

Question 7.
Importance of Socialization.
Answer:
Socialization is of great importance in our society because through this process, one becomes able to live in society. When a child takes birth then he hardly knows anything. He is dependent upon family members to fulfil his basic needs. Family fulfills all of his needs and tells him how to live a better life. He is being told about how to live and behave in society and this process of learning is the process of socialization. In this way socialization plays a very important role in making a child a good citizen.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What do you mean by Socialization? Explain with definitions.
Answer:
Meaning of Socialization. A child enters in this world in a very small body and he just knows about the fulfilment of his basic physical needs and in fact he does so. But slowly and slowly with the passage of time he grows up and becomes a man who has his own ideas, feelings, wishes, likings, dislikings and he knows about his ideas. A man cannot get all these by birth but he learns all these things while living in society and this process of learning is known as the process of socialization. In this way we can say that socialization is a process with which a child learns some qualities of human personality and becomes a complete person. The process of socialization is the process of learning social rules, norms, qualities etc. In this way process of socialization makes an animal like child a complete man. With this an individual not only learns to behave according to the needs of society but he also learns other things like language, art, techniques, norms, values etc.

Definitions of Socialization:

• According to Fichter, “Socialization is a process of mutual influence between a person and his fellow men, a process that results in an acceptance of, and adaptation to the patterns of social behaviour.”
• According to Kingsley Davis, “Socialization is a process through which human child grasps the culture and enters in the structure of society.”
• According to Horton and Hunt, “Socialization is the process whereby one internalizes the norms of the groups among whom one lives so that a unique self emerges.”
• According to Harry M. Johnson, “Socialization is learning that enables the learner to perform social roles.”

So after looking at the above definitions of Socialization we can say that socialization is that process of learning in which a child learns all the rules, norms, ways of behaviour of the society. With this process, culture is transmitted from one generation to another. Man learns to adjust with the organized and effective ways of life whichever ways, discipline, qualities, wishes, values, ways of living etc. man needs to live his life. All those things he learns with the process of socialization. This process not only affects a new born baby but it also affects the man for his whole life. This process also continuously goes on even inside the man. That’s why child learns to adapt himself with the rules of society even from his childhood and mixes with the society. In short, culture of the society is transmitted from one generation to another with the process of socialization.

Question 2.
What are the elements and bases of Socialization?
Elements of Socialization
Answer:
1. First of all socialization is very necessary for a man, society and the group and man learns and grasps the values, norms, ways, knowledge, way of behaviour of society. This process of learning and grasping starts from the birth of the child and goes on for the whole life and ends at the death of the individual.

2. Because of the process of socialization, elements of the culture become a part of the personality of the individual. They both cannot be separated. Even we cannot see that how many elements of culture have been grasped by man. These elements are different in every individual but when these have been grasped by man then they become rules for the man and man works according to them. All these elements of culture connect with the personality of the man because man hardly knows about the effect of control of society. Unconsciously he bends towards the ways of social control. He loves to work according to these rules, gets satisfaction that whatever he is doing that is-right and is according to the rules of society.

3. The result of the process of socialization is that man accommodates with his social environment, tylan is a part of social environment and is related with his different groups as ohe of the their part. He is aware of the thing that he has some definite position in these groups. That’s why many things are common between him and other persons and he can transmit them to next generation, can share his sorrows and sufferings. Humans are different physically-hut they are mentally connected with each other. As a member of any group they have the sense of commonness because of which they make their identity with their group.

4. With socialization man comes to know about reality. Even exactly after sometime of his birth child starts to realise the reality. There is no difference between himself and others for a new born baby. Slowly and slowly, with interaction with elders he not only comes to know about that difference but he also comes to know about himself and others. This ability is known as self.

Bases of Socialization:

There are some bases of the process of socialization which are as follows:

1. Absence of basic Instincts. From a biological point of view every physical structure is different. Behaviour of man is not related with basic instinct. For example birds build their nest to live, this instinct they get by nature from their birth. They know all this by nature but humans are not getting this thing by nature. He gets education of everything. How to build a house or how to do any work, all this depends upon his education. He moulds himself according to his education.

2. Childhood Dependency. A human child is much more dependent upon other persons and even for a longer time as compared to the infants of animals. He is so helpless that he cannot live without depending upon others. He is dependent upon others to fulfil his every type of need. This dependency forms the relationships in society because the persons who help the child during his dependency period, child comes closer to them and he loves them a lot. This need of dependency of human child for a long time upon others becomes the base of the process of socialization.

3. Physical Structure. Physical structure of humans is such that it is more organised than the animals. Human brain is more complex from the point of view of formation and structure. Many processes done by it are possible for humAnswer: That’s why humans send their ideas to others with the help of language with proper thinking. In this way man uses brain and brain takes him to that place which he has never thought of. Day by day he moves towards progress. That’s how human culture is also developed. In this way physical structure of human motivates him to do many types of actions.

4. Learning Capacity. Humans have more learning capacity as compared to other organism. Yet it is right that the infants of animals also have some ability of learning. We can expect from them to learn something but the capacity which humans have animals don’t have. Infant of animal cannot do any of the actions done by humAnswer: Mental actions of animals are limited. They cannot go beyond a definite limit.

Actually the ability pf a person is related to his linguistic ability. Animal is without any language. Only humans have the capacity to use language. With the medium of language man transmits his social heritage from one generation to another. Ability of language makes him a social man. That’s why socialization of man is easy and with this man establishes contacts with others. People living at far off places are connected with each other just because of language. Man socializes its next generation by giving it knowledge of every thing. Absence of ability language is a great obstacle in the socialization of animals.

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 1 Meaning, Scope and Significance of Political Science Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 1 Meaning, Scope and Significance of Political Science

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Discuss the definition and scope of Political Science.
Or
Define Political Science and discuss its scope.
Answer:
Man is a social animal. For the satisfaction of his needs he depends upon society. While living in society, man is to abide by certain definite rules and regulations because in the absence of these rules there will be no peace and order in the society. Some sort of political organisation or political arrangements are required for making and enforcing these rules.

In the absence of discipline in society there will be anarchy and disorder. There is a great truth in Aristotle’s saying that “Man is a social and political animal.’ That is why it is most essential for man to five in the State. In fact, State is a poilticallv organised society. According to Aristotle, “The State comes into being for the sake of mere life; it continues to exist for the sake of good life.” The State is the pivot or subject-matter for the study of ‘Political Science’. Political Science studies everything concerning the State.

In ancient.times the word ‘Politics’ was used for the term ‘Political Science’. The term Politics is derived form the Greek word ‘Pohs’ which means the City-State, the general form of political organisation obtaining in ancient Greece. In the ancient Greece there were small City-States. ‘Politics’ therefore, meant to an ancient Greek the science of the ‘City-State’ or pertaining to State and Government. In place of ‘City-States’ we have big territorial States now-a-days.

Now-a-days Political Science is the science which studies the origin, necessity, development, nature and future of the State; It is also said that ‘Political Science begins and ends with the State’. Some writers are of the opinion that Political Science is not only the study of the State but also of the Government. But the Government is an organ of the State and the study of the State also’includes the study of the Government. Therefore, it is not essential to make use of the word ‘Government’ alongwith the word ‘State’.

Different Definitions of Political Science. The scholars have given different definitions of Political Science which are given as follows:
1. According to Garner, “Political Science begins and ends with the State.”

2. According to Paul Janet, “Political Science is that part of Social Science which treats the foundations of the State and principles of Government.”

3. According to Bluntschii, “Political Science is the science which is concerned with
the State, which endeavours to understand and comprehend the State in its fundamental conditions, its essential nature, its various forms of manifestations, its development.” ‘

4. According to Sir John’R. Seeley, “Political Science investigates the phenomena of government as Political Economy deals with Wealth, Biology with Life, Algebra with Numbers and Geometry with Space and Magnitude.”

5. According to Dr. Leacock, “Political Science deals with Government only.”

6. According to Gettell, “Political Science may be defined as the Science of the State. It deals with the associations of human beings that form political units, with the orgnisations of their governments, and with the activities of these governments in making and administering law and in carrying on inter-State relations. The topics in which it is mainly interested are State, government and law.”

7. According to Gilchrist, “Political Science deals with the general problems of the State and government.”

8. According to Lord Acton, “Political Science is concerned with the State and with the conditions essential for its development.”

9. According to Leacock, “Political Science deals with Government.”

10. According to Demock, “Political Science is concerned with the State and its means and Government.”

Modern Definitions:
But modern scientists have started looking at Political Science from a different point of view. According to Lasswell anti Kaplan, “Political Science is an empirical inquiry in the study of the shaping and sharing of power.” According to Haszar and Stevenson, “Political Science is the field of study concerned primarily with the power relationship among men, between men and the State and among States.”

David Easton says, “Political Science is the study of authoritative allocation of values as it is influenced by the distribution and use of power.”

According to William Robson, “The focus of interest of Political is clear and unambigious. It centres on the struggle to gain or retain power, to exercise power or influence others and to resist that exercised.”

Writers like Kaplan, Dahl and Almond and many others regard Political Science to be a study of the political system as a whole. Political Science is also concerned with human elements. In short major concerns of Polititfhl Science are State, Government, Man, Power and Authority. Penock and Smith have rightly said that “Political Science refers to all that has to do with the forces, institutions and organisational forms in any society, that are recognised as having the most inclusive and final authority existing in that society for the establishment and maintenance of order, the effectuation of other joint purposes of its members and the reconciliation of their differences.”

Scope Of Political Science:
The writers on Political Science differ regarding its scope. Gamer is of the opinion that Political Science is only the study of the State. According to Gettell, Political Science mainly studies the State, the government and the law. Dr. Leacock is of the view-point that it is concerned only with the study of the government. In fact the scope of Political Science is very wide. It studies man in connection with organised political society.

The scope of Political Science can be explained in the following way:
1. Study of the State. State is the pivot round which Political Science revolves. The main object of Political Science and sphere of its activity is the State. It deals with the analytical study of the State i.e., its origin and end. According to Bluntschli, “Political Science is the science which is concerned with the State, which endeavours to undertsand, and comprehend the State in its fundamental conditions, its essential nature, its various forms of manifestations, its development.”

According to Gettell, “Political Science is the historical investigation of what the State has been, an analytical study of what the State is and a politico-ethical discussion of what the Stage ought to be.” This way we can study the present, the past and the future of the State.

(i) The State:What it has been?
The ‘present’ of a thing is the result of certain things happened in the past. Therefore, the present position of the State cannot be understood completely and thoroughly unless we come to know about the past of the State. With the help of the study of history we are to find out, how the .State came into existence, why did it come into existence? At the time of its origin, what the nature of the State was, what rights and duties were enjoyed by it and through what stages it had to pass to reach the present form. We are to see this thing also that with what institutions the State was concerned in the past and with which things they were confronted with in the past.

(ii) The State: What it is?
We study in Political Science, the nature and objects of the State and its relationship with the citizens. What means are adopted by the State for the satisfaction of its needs? The individual seeks the help of various social, political, economic and cultural groups for the development of his personality and the State is considered superior and . powerful to all these groups and associations. The study of the present State also includes its welfare activities.

(iii) The State: What it ought to be?
The present form of the State is not its final form, The State has continuously progressed and even at present its progress is continuous. Political Science also studies what the State ought administration of political affairs and determines the proper province and functions of the State. It aims at improving political institutions and organisations in the light of changing ideas and political theories.

2. Study of Political Thought:
What is State? Why should the people obey the orders of the State? Is there any limit to the powers and the right of State? Under what circumstances and on what grounds have the people the right to disobey and violate the ordeirs of the State? It is a very fundamental and basic question. From time to time the political philosophers have answered these questions. These answers have come to us in the form of ism, like the Idealism, Individualism, Utilitarianism, Socialism, Communism, Anarchism, Facism and Gandhism etc. The study of all the above mentioned theories is an important part of the scope of Political Science.

3. Study of Government:
]The study of government is most essential in Political Science. The government is that agency of the State through which it formulates and expresses its will. The study of the State without the study of the government is incomplete. The government is one of the essential elements of the State.

How the government is formed, what are its various forms, what are the merits and demerits of the various forms of government, what are the various organs of the government and what are their relations to one another? How are the civil and military officials appointed and what are their duties? Political Science also studies all these things. Besides this, it also studies the relationship between the central and the local government. It also studies the methods of distribution of powers between the Centre and the States.

4. Study of Politcal Institution:
The scope of Political Science also includes the study of political institution. This covers a study of constitutions of different countries of the world and national, regional an’d local governments.

5. Study of Political Theory:
Political theory is the most important branch of Political Science. Political Science studies Political theory, Political philosophy and Political ideas of great political thinkers e.g., Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Hegel, Marx, Gandhi etc.

6. Study of Political Forces:
Political Science does not study the State from the formal point of view but it also studies it from the informal point of view. In the State so many groups and organisations function to influence its policies and its working. There are pressure groups, interest groups and other political economic, social and religious organisations which function in each State and influence its working.

Each group which influences the policies of the government either directly or indirectly has an important place in Political Science. Political Science also studies the electoral system, organisation of public opinion, public relationship and the means of propaganda in the State.

7. Study of International Relations and International Organisations:
Political Science studies State not only as institution but also as a personality of entity in the family of the States. It studies the behaviour of State in relation to other States. Political Science also studies various international organisations like League of Nations, United Nations, I.L.O., U.N.E.S.C.O., W.H.O. etc. It studies aims, functions, organs and role of the United Nations. ‘

8. Study of Man:
Today it is beyond all doubts that State is the only agency for individual happiness and is in-fact its end. It has rightly been said that it is the foremost duty of modem State to be an instrument for happiness of man. Political Science studies the nature of relationship between the individual and the State. It examines how man should adjust himself with the society. The problem is how to reconcile the authority of the State with the liberty of rW- individual. Political

Science studies this problem also. Political Science is concerned not only with the political aspect of the life of the individual but it is also concerned with the social, economic and intellectual aspect of his life. In other words Political Science studies the individual as a whole.
9. Study of Power and Authority:
Today Power and Authority have become very popular elements of political science. These factors play very important role. That is why power and authority are the subjects of political science.

10. Study of Political Parties:
Political Parties especially in a democratic system play a very important role. No democratic system is possible without political parties. We study the ideology, basis, principles, policies and programmes of political parties.

11. Study of Controversies:
Controversies and conflicts among person to person, group to group, party to party and nation to nation etc. are also the subject matter of political science. Wasby says that, “Where there is politics, there is controversy; where there is no controversies there is no politics.” Why controversies and conflicts arise and what is their solution is also the scope of political science.

12. Study of Leadership:
Another important subject of politics is leadership.Leadership means to have capacity to organize human means for achievement of particular goals. Leadership is important in politics and plays an important role in taking decisions.

13. Study of Influence:
According to some political scholars among with power, influence is also a central subject of politics. According to Laswell, “The study of politics is the study of influence and the influential.” Eric Rowe has regarded influence instead of power as the main subject of politics.

14. Study of Legitimacy: We also study in politics the concept of Legitimacy and crisis of Legitimacy.

15. Study of authoritative allocation of values:
Values are also one of the important subject matter of politics. According to David Easton, “Politics is concerned with the authoritative allocation of values for society.”

Conclusion:
The above mentioned facts clearly indicate that the scope of Political Science is very vast. Gettell is right when he says that, “The topics in which it is mainly interested are State, Government and law. Political Science is concerned not only with political institution but also with political ideas.” Garner’s saying that “Political Science begins and ends with the State” is absolutely correct. The study of Political Science, in fact, revolves round the State.

Question 2.
What is the significance of studying Political Science?
Or
Discuss the utility of studying Political Science.
Answer:
Some scholars attach no importance to the principles of Political Science in this scientific era, but it is a wrong conception. According to Ivor Brown, “Sensibly handled with a commonsense attitude to the real value of social life, political theory is both a concrete and fruitful study.”

Every individual is a citizen of the State and thereby an inseparable part of the State. So the study of Political Science is essential for every inhabitant. Administration used to be in the hands of kings, wazirs and a few officials in the ancient time, but people themselves are the rulers and the subjects in the modern age. So every citizen is naturally interested in Political Science. Its importance is enhancing every day and following are few benefits of studying Political Science:

1. True Knowledge of the Political Terminology:
The first and foremost advantage of studying Political Science is that .one gets a true knowledge of political terminology. None can accurately understand the Terms State, Government, Society, Nation and Nationalism etc. without studying Political Science. The citizens rightly conceive the meaning of freedom and equality through the study of Political Science.

2. Knowledge of State and Government:
The main subject of Political Science is State and Government. Each individual is an inhabitant of the State and he can progress only by remaining in the State. The State, now-a-days, is a welfare State and so influences every aspect of an individual. By studying Political Science, one can understand as to how the State originated. What are the aims of a State? How can these objects be fulfilled? What is a Government? etc.

3. It shows relationship between the State and Man:
One understands the true relationship between State and Man by studying Political Science. What is the relation between an individual and State has been a ticklish question since the ancient times. Previously people considered State to be all in all. State could treat the individuals the way it liked to and that is why individuals were cruelly treated in the past. But now, through the study of Political Science, we understand the true relationship between the State and Man.

4. Knowledge of Rights and Duties:
The study of Political Science gives us the knowledge about our rights and duties. This knowledge is very essential for becoming a good citizen. A citizen can develop his personality fully only if he is having full knowledge about his rights and duties. This knowledge is given by the study of Political Science.

5. Success of Democracy:
With the advent and popularity of modern democracies, the study of Political Science has become almost indispensable. In a democratic State the government is not run by experts but it is manned by ordinary citizens. It is the citizens who choose their legislators and administrators. If the citizens are -hot educated and they are not conscious of their rights and duties, it is impossible to expect from them to elect right type of legislators and administrators.

Bad government is bound to do great harm to the society. If the people do not get political education, they will remain ignorant about their rights and duties. They will not have the knowledge of electoral process and their participation in the government. In the absence of political education the people do not elect right type of representatives.

6. Selection of Political Ideas:
Political Science helps us in selecting good ideas. There are so many political ideals and political philosophies in the world. Different philosophers at different times have advocated different political philosophies. There are various political movements in different countries of the world at different times.

By studying Political Science we can come to know about the merits and demerits of various political ideals. We can judge the effects of a political movement on the political conditions of the country. We can go into the various aspects of political ideals and can select the best one. In a democratic form of government the study of Political Science is of great advantage.

7. Formation of healthy Political Parties:
A democratic government cannot function without the existence of political parties. The study of Political Science helps in understanding the formation, the nature and the working of political parties. Sometimes there exist various groups in a country, some groups are formed on the basis of religion and some are formed with a particular selfish motive. An ordinary citizen cannot properly understand the nature of these groups.

These groups are not political parties in the strict sense of the term. These groups do not in any way promote national interest. The study of Political Science reveals that political parties should be formed on economic or political basis. People having the knowledge of Political Science will form political parties on healthy grounds, and these parties will always function in the best interests of the nation. The parties based on healthy grounds will function in the best interests of nation whether they form the government or sit in the opposition.

8. Knowledge of the governmental systems of other countries:
In the modem age nobody can lead an isolated life. Each country is to maintain relations with other countries of the world. The study of Political Science helps us a lot in undertsanding international relations. We come to know about the forms of government prevailing in other countries and the political ideals which these countries have adopted. We maintain our relations with all these countries on the basis of their political ideologies.

Different countries have adopted different forms of governments. Some countries have adopted monarchy, some dictatorship, some unitary form of government, some federal type of government, some parliamentary and some have adopted presidential form of government. We come to know about the advantages and disadvantages of all these forms of governments by the study of Political Science. We make the maximum use of the experiences of other countries.

9. Solution of Current Problems:
The study of political science helps people to acquire habits of clear thinking, keen observations and fair dealings. The study also gives them a thorough knowledge of the political institutions of the country. In course of time as their knowledge and experience increase they will find themselves able to find out the solution of various current problems.

Political Science is based on sound principles and these principles can be of great use in solving various political problems. If the citizens and the administration understand the problems, they can frame suitable laws to solve them. If the administrators take suitable steps, there is no reason why the country does not make progress.

10. Toleration:
Political Science teaches the lesson of toleration to the people. In the modern age it is most essential that the people should possess the spirit of toleration. No country today can maintain relations with other countries of the world without developing the spirit of peaceful co-existence.

Political Science teaches that all the countries in the world should live in harmony with one another. The sovereignty and territorial integrity of each country should be respected by all other countries. If the different countries of the world do not develop the spirit of toleration, the world is bound to become a battlefield.

The citizens should also develop the spirit of toleration. Most of the countries have adopted the democratic form of government and in democracy every individual gets the freedom of speech and expression. Everybody can have his say. It is just possible that the view-point of a person is not liked by others, but it does not mean that person should not be allowed to express his opinion.

Political Science teaches us that we must listen to the view-point of others very carefully even if we do not agree to that view-point. This always helps in tolerating the view-point of our opponents and in the development of the spirit of co-existence. The spirit of co-existence and toleration develops only by studying the subject of Political Science.

11. Efficiency in Administration. Now-a-days it is an age of democracy and the government of the country is run by the people themselves. The study of Political Science gives the knowledge of nature, forms, functions and various organs of government to the individual. If an individual gets the opportunity of entering into government service he will run the administration very efficiently. If a person gets the chance of serving as an administrator, as a minister or as a legislator the study of Political Science will help him a lot in running the administration smoothly.

The study of Political Science makes an individual a good man, a good citizen, a good administrator and a good legislator. He will make constructive criticism of the government and will contribute his best to the administration of the State. Conclusion; The above-mentioned facts clearly indicate that this subject is of utmost importance for the citizen of a State. Hie study of the subject is most essential for each and every individual.

The study of this subject helps in the development of individual personality and he reaps the fruit of the study of the subject throughout his whole life. An individual having the knowledge of this subject contributes his best to the development and progress of the country. The entire human race is benefited by the study of Political Science. It is more useful for the students because the student of today is the administrator, minister, legislator and government official of tomorrow. Most of the problems of our country can be solved by the study of this subject.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define the term “Political Science”.
Answer:
The scholars have given different definitions of Political Science. According to Garner, “Political Science begins and ends with the state.” According to Dr. Lea cock, “Political Science deals with government only.” According to Gilchrist, “Political Science deals with the general problems of the state and government.” Writers like Kaplan, Dahl and Almond and many others regard political science to be a study of the political system as a whole. In short, political Science deals with state, government, Man, Power and Authority.

Question 2.
Describe the origin of the world ‘Political Science’.
Answer:
In ancient times the world ‘Politics’ was used for the term ‘Political Science’. The term Politics is derived from the Greek word ‘Polis’ which means the City state, the general form of Political organisation obtaining in ancient Greece. In the ancient Greece there were small City-States. “Politics’ therefore meant to be in ancient Greece the Science of the City-State’ or pertaining to State and Government. Aristotle concentrated his study on these City-States. He drew his practical and therorical conclusion in his study in the famous book ‘Politics’. In place of City-State we have big territorial states now-a-days.

Question 3.
Distinguish between Politics and Political Science.
Answer:

• Politics is the practical aspect of Political Science while Political Science is the academic aspect of Politics.
• Political Science originated earlier than Politics.
• Political Science is moral-based while Politics is based on convenience.
• Political Science and Politics have different aims.

Question 4.
Give any four definitions of Political Science according to traditional view.
Answer:
Four Traditional definitions are:

• According to Garner, ‘Political Science begins and ends with the state.”
• According to Paul Janet, “Political Science is that part of Social Science which treats the foundations of the state and the principles of Government.”
• According to Gilchrist, “Political Science deals with the general problems of the State and government.
• According to Willoughby, “Political science has to deal with state, government
  and law.”

Question 5.
How was Political Science viewed by the traditional Political thinkers?
Answer:
Garner, Paul Janet, Bluntschli, Seeley, Leacock, Gettell and Gilchrist are traditional Political scientists.

1. Traditional Political Science thinkers viewed Political Science as a study of the State. According to Gamer, “Political Science begins and ends with the State.”
2. According to traditional political thinkers, Political Science is the government. According to Dr. Leacock, ‘Political Science deals with Government only.”
3. Traditional political thinkers viewed Political Science as the study of both state and government. According to Gilchrist, “Political Science deals with the general problems of state and government.”
4. According to traditional political thinkers like Willoughby, “Political Science has to deal with state, government and law.”

Question 6.
Give any four definitions of Political Science according to modern view.
Answer:

1. According to Lasswell and Kaplan, ‘Political Science as an empirical inquiry is the study of the shaping and sharing of power.”
2. According to Haszar and Stevenson, “Political Science is the field of study concerned primarily with the power relationship among men between men and the State and among States,”
3. David Easton says, ‘Political Science is the study of authoritative allocation of values as it is influenced by the distribution and uses of power,”
4. Robert Dahl says, “Political analysis deals with power, rule or authority.”

Question 7.
Explain the scope of Political Science.
Answer:

• Political Science deals with the analytical study of the state. It studies the past, present and future of the state.
• In Political Science, we study various theories i.e., Individualism, Socialism, Communism, Fascism, Gandhism etc.
• Political Science deals with the government. It studies all aspects of government.
• Political Science studies International relations and International organisations like United Nations.

Question 8.
Explain the modern view regarding the scope of Political Science.
Answer:
Modem Political Science regard Political Science as the study of power. According to Lasswell and Kaplan, ‘Political Science as an empirical inquiry is the study of the shaping and sharing of power.” Political Science studies political system. Dahl, Almond and many others regard Political Science to be a study of the Political System as a whole.
According to Arnold Brecht, Political Science studies-

1. Group,
2. Equibirum,
3. Power, Control and influence,
4. Action,
5. Elite,
6. Decision,
7. Anticipated Action and
8. Functions.

In short the scope of Political Science includes the study of Power, Authority, Legitimacy, Influence, Pressure Groups, Politicals System, etc.

Question 9.
What is the modern view of Political Science?
Answer:
After 2nd World War, many important changes took place in the field of the study of political science. Modem political scientists have launched a ‘Protest Movement’ against the traditional view of political science. Modem view of Political Science is very broad and comprehensive. It covers a wide range of Political, social, economic and culture activities of a ‘political’ man. It studies all kinds of problems, conflicts, stuggle for power, decision-making process leadership, political behaviour, the politics of caste, politics of religion, etc.

Question 10.
Political Science is infact a Science. Give four arguments in support of it.
Answer:
Many writers call political science a Science. Aristotle was the first to call it the Master Science.
1. Political Science is a Science because knowledge of political science is systematic. The facts regarding the life of the State are collected from history and these facts are classified, co-ordinated and systematised.

2. The scholars of Political Science agree on certain fundamental principles and conclusion of Political Science. For examples there is no denying the fact that democratic government is the best form of government. It is more permanent that most other forms of government.

3. In political science conclusions are based on deep study and deservation.

4. There is scope for predicting things in Political Science.

Question 11.
Political Science is not a science. Give four arguments.
Answer:
The writers who do not accepts Science as a science have put forth the following agruments.
1. Lack of Unanimity on Fundmentals: The scholars of Political Science do not hold unanimous opinions regarding the theories, subject matter and conclusions of Political Science.

2. Unsystematic:
The knowledge of this subject is not systematic. Its growth is very slow, irregular and unsystematic. Sometimes it is very difficult to co-relate different aspects of the subject-matter. Like other physical science its knowledge is not systematic and results are not uniform or universal.

3. Prediction is difficult:
The claim of Political Science as a science is also ruled out on the ground that prediction is difficult in this subject. It cannot predict the coming events. In all other physical sciences prediction is possible.

4. Impartial and objective investigation or research is not possible.

Question 12.
Write four significances of study of Political Science.
Answer:
The significance of Political Science is enhancing every day and following are the benefits of studying political science:-
1. The first advantage of studying Political Science is that one gets true knoledge of political terminology. None can accurately understand the terms State, Government, Society, Nation, Nationally, etc. without styding Political Science.

2. The study of Political Science gives us the knowledge about our rights and duties. This knowldege is very essential for becoming a good citizen.

3. By studying Political Science one can understand as to how the state originated? What are the aims of a state? How can these objects be fulfilled? What is a government, etc.?

4. The study of a Political Science help us in understanding the true relationship between state and individual.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give the definition of the term “Political Science”.
Answer:
The scholars have given different definitions of Political Science. According to Garner, “Political Science begins and ends with the state.” According to Dr. Leacock, “Political Science deals with government only.”

Question 2.
Describe the meaning of ‘Political Science’.
Answer:
In ancient times the world ‘Politics’ was used for the term ‘Political Science’. The term Politics is derived from the Greek word ‘Polis’ which means the City state. In the ancient Greece there were small City-States. ‘Politics’ therefore meant to be in ancient Greece the Science of the City-State’ or pertaining to State and Government. In place of City-State we have big territorial states now-a-days.

Question 3.
Distinguish between Politics and Political Science.
Answer:

• Politics is the practical aspect of Political Science while Political Science is the academic aspect of Politics.
• Political Science originated earlier than Politics.

Question 4.
Explain the scope of Political Science.
Answer:

• Political Science deals with the analytical study of the state. It studies the past, present and future of the state.
• In Political Science, we study various theories i.e., Individualism, Socialism, Communism, Fascism, Gandhism etc.

Question 5.
Political Science is infact a Science. Give two arguments in support of it.
Answer:
Many writers call political science a Science. Aristotle was the first to call it the Master Science.
1. Political Science is a Science because knowledge of political science is systematic. The facts regarding the life of the State are collected from history and these facts are classified, co-ordinated and systematised.

2. The scholars of Political Science agree on certain fundamental principles and conclusion of Political Science. For examples there is no denying the fact that democratic government is the best form of government. It is more permanent that most other forms of government.

Question 6.
Political Science is not a science. Give two arguments.
Answer:
The writers who do not accepts Science as a science have put forth the following agruments.
1. Lack of Unanimity on Fundmentals. The scholars of Political Science do not hold unanimous opinions regarding the theories, subject matter and conclusions of Political Science.
2. Unsystematic. The knowledge of this subject is not systematic. Its growth is very slow, irregular and unsystematic.

Question 7.
Write two significances of study of Political Science.
Answer:
The significance of Political Science is enhancing every day and following are the benefits of studying political science
1. The first advantage of studying Political Science is that one gets true knoledge of political terminology. None can accurately understand the terms State, Government, Society, Nation, Nationally, etc. without styding Political Science.

2. The study of Political Science gives us the knowledge about our rights and duties. This knowldege is very essential for becoming a good citizen.

One Word to One Sentence Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write down any one traditional definition of Political Science.
Answer:
According to Dr. Leacock, “Political Science deals with government only.”

Question 2.
Write down any one modern definition of Political Science.
Answer:
According to David Easton, “Politics is the authoritative allocation of values.”

Question 3.
Political Science is a science. Give any one argument in its favour.
Answer:
The principle of cause and effect relationship applies in Political Science.

Question 4.
Political Science is not a science. Give any one argument in its favour.
Answer:
There is a lack of uniformity among scholars regarding its principles.

Question 5.
On the basis of traditional view, mention the names of any two subjects regarding the scope of Political Science.
Answer:

• Study of the past, the present and the future of the State.
• Study of the Government.

Question 6.
On the basic of modern view of politics, mention the names of any two subjects regarding the scope of Political Science.
Answer:

1. Groups
2. Balance.

Question 7.
Which scholar has called Political Science ‘A Universal Science’?
Answer:
Aristotle, the father of Political Science, has referred to Political Science as a universal science.

Question 8.
Who is considered the father of Political Science?
Answer:
Aristotle.

Question 9.
From which word has the word ‘Politics’ been derived?
Answer:
‘Politics’ word has been derived from ‘Polis’.

Question 10.
From which language has the word ‘Polis’ been derived?
Answer:
The word ‘Polis’ has been derived from Greek language.

Question 11.
What is the meaning of the word ‘Polis’?
Answer:
The meaning of the word ‘Polis’ is city state.

Question 12.
Write down any one significance of Political Science.
Answer:
We get true knowledge of political terminology.

Fill in the blanks:

1. …………… is the writer of book ‘Republic’.
Answer:
Plato

2. …………… do not accept Political Science as a Science.
Answer:
Maitland

3. State and …………… are the pivot round which Political Science revolves.
Answer:
Government

4. The government is that …………… of the state through which it formulates and expresses it will.
Answer:
Agency.

True or False statement:

1. State is the Pivot round which political science revolves.
Answer:
True

2. In ancient times the word ‘Politics’ was used for the term Economics.
Answer:
False

3. The meaning of word ‘Polis’ is city-state.
Answer:
True

4. According to Gamer, Political science only concern to govt.
Answer:
False

5. Political science also studies U.N.O, I.L.O, UNESCO and W.H.O.
Answer:
True

Choose the correct Answer

Question 1.
The term Politics is derived from:
(A) Latin word ‘Polis’
(B) Greek word ‘Polis’ Greek
(C) English-word ‘Political’
(D) word city-state.
Answer:
(B) Greek word ‘Polis’ Greek

Question 2.
Political Science deals with:
(A) Society
(B) Government only
(C) State only
(D) State and Government.
Answer:
(D) State and Government.

Question 3.
The term ‘Politics’ for political science had been used first by
(A) Catlin
(B) Hobbes
(C) Morhiavelli
(D) Aristole.
Answer:
(D) Aristole.

Question 4.
Aristole is famous book on political science is the:
(A) Republic
(B) Prince
(C) Politics
(D) Laws.
Answer:
(C) Politics

Question 5.
Who is the father of Political Science.
(A) Plato
(B) Aristotle
(C) Karl Marx
(D) Laski.
Answer:
(B) Aristotle

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 5 Culture Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 5 Culture

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. What differentiates humans and animals?
(a) Culture
(b) Group
(c) a + b
(d) Any group
Answer:
(a) Culture

2. What is transmitted from one generation to another?
(a) Society
(b) Scooter
(c) Culture
(d) Car
Answer:
(c) Culture

3. What is not necessary for the diffusion of culture?
(a) Breaking up of the country
(b) Conflict
(c) Cultural barrier
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Cultural barrier

4. What is necessary for Sanskritisation?
(a) Values of group
(b) Psychological preparation
(c) Collective Culture
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Psychological preparation

5. Which sociologist divided culture into material and non-material aspects?
(a) Ogburn
(b) Giddings
(c) Maclver
(d) Parsons
Answer:
(a) Ogburn

6. Non-material culture is
(a) Concrete
(b) Concrete and abstract
(c) Abstract
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Abstract

7. Material culture is
(a) Concrete
(b) Concrete and abstract
(c) Abstract
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Concrete

8. When did Ogburn use the word ‘Culture Lag’?
(a) 1911
(b) 1921
(c) 1931
(d) 1941
Answer:
(b) 1921

9. What is the developed form of culture?
(a) Civilisation
(b) Material culture
(c) Country and society
(d) Non-material culture.
Answer:
(a) Civilisation

Fill in the Blanks:

1. …………….. said that culture is a complete way of living life.
Answer:
Klied Kulkkohan

2. There are …………… parts of culture.
Answer:
two

3. Ideas, ideals, values, etc. are the examples of …………… culture.
Answer:
non-material

4. …………… are the rules which are expected to be obeyed by everyone.
Answer:
Values

5. The concept of cultural lag was given by ……………..
Answer:
William F. Ogburn

6. ………………. is transmitted from one generation to another.
Answer:
Culture

7. Chair, table, car, etc. are the examples of …………….. culture.
Answer:
material

True/False:

Question 1.
Who said that “Man is a social animal.”?
Answer:
These words are of Aristotle.

Question 2.
What differentiates humans from animals?
Answer:
Humans have a culture but animals don’t have.

Question 3.
In what type of environment man lives?
Answer:
Man lives in two types of environment-natural and man-made.

Question 4.
What is culture?
Answer:
Whatever man has achieved till today is his culture.

Question 5.
Of which thing, culture is the result?
Answer:
Culture is the result of interactions between humans.

Question 6.
How many types of culture are there?
Answer:
Culture is of two types—material and non-material culture.

Question 7.
What is material culture?
Answer:
The things which we can see or touch are part of material culture.

Question 8.
What can we include in material culture?
Answer:
Books, chairs, tables, fans, planes, T.V., cars, etc. can be included in material culture.

Question 9.
What is non-material culture?
Answer:
All the things which we can’t see or touch are part of non-material culture.

Question 10.
What can we include in non-material culture?
Answer:
Ideas, norms, values, traditions, etc. can be included in this culture.

Question 11.
What is civilization?
Answer:
The developed form of culture is known as civilization.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is culture?
Answer:
Our ways of living, philosophy, ideas, machines, etc. all the material and non-material things are part of the culture. All these things are created and used by us. So, culture is that on which we can think upon, work upon, and can keep with us.

Question 2.
Give two features of culture.
Answer:

• Culture is transmitted from one generation to another as children from their parents’ behavior.
• Culture fulfills human needs because if anything is invented, it is used by every day.

Question 3.
What is civilization?
Answer:
The developed form of culture is civilization. All the material and useful things that help humans to win over the natural environment and to control nature are part of civilization.

Question 4.
What is Acculturation?
Answer:
Acculturation is a process in which people of two cultures come in contact and if not all then adopt most of each other’s traits. After adopting each other’s most of traits, many changes come in them.

Question 5.
What is Cultural Pattern?
Answer:
When elements and cultural families come in contact and get related to each other, a cultural pattern is formed. Each cultural pattern is having a role to play in society, such as traditions.

Question 6.
What is Subculture?
Answer:
Each specific group has a few cultural traits. Hindus have a particular culture and Hindu culture is a part of Indian culture. This one aspect of culture, which is based on certain characteristics, is known as sub-culture.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is culture?
Answer:
Culture is the main characteristic of human society which differentiates it from animal society. Man becomes a social human because of culture and it differentiates one person from another, one group from another, and one community from another. We include all those things in the culture which a man learns and adopts in this human society like customs, values, laws, ways of wearing, music, language, literature, knowledge, ideas, folkways, mores, etc. All these things which are included in social heritage are known as culture.

Question 2.
Is culture abstract?
Answer:
Culture is concrete as well as abstract. In this material things like chairs, tables, scooters, cars are part of material culture and are concrete things. But when we are talking about values, customs, traditions, then these are part of non-material culture. They are abstract because we cannot see them. So we can say that culture is concrete as well as abstract.

Question 3.
Characteristics of culture.
Answer:

• Culture is transmitted from one generation to another.
• Culture is social.
• Culture can be learned.
• Culture fulfills the needs of society.
• Changes often come in culture.
• Culture maintains the social system of society.
• Every society has its own culture.
• Material and non-material things are also included in culture.

Question 4.
How culture is social?
Answer:
Culture is social because neither one man can make the whole culture and nor it is the property of anyone. When anyone invents anything then this invention is not his personal thing but becomes property of society because that thing will be used by the whole society. In this way, different things of culture are used by society. In this way, the universality of that thing is an essential element of culture. So culture is not individual but is social.

Question 5.
Culture is learned behavior.
Answer:
Culture is learned by humans were: It is not a biological quality that a man gets from his parents by birth. Man learns culture by Socialization. No one brings thoughts and ideas by birth but he learns them by interacting “with other persons of society. Every type of work is learned by society. From this, it is clear that culture is a learned behavior.

Question 6.
Ogburn’s views about culture.
Answer:
According to Ogburn, Social heritage is culture and it is of two types.

• Material Culture: All those things are included in a Material culture which can be seen and can be touched like cloth, table, chair, car, machine, etc.
• Non-material Culture: All those things are included in Non-material culture which cannot be seen and cannot be touched like ideals, traditions, values, etc.

According to Ogburn, “It is necessary to differentiate between material and non-material culture for analysis. But here one thing should be kept in mind that they are the interrelated parts of social institutions and society.

Question 7.
What is Material Culture?
Answer:
The meaning of material culture is by that cultural thing which has been made by man. This culture is concrete because we can see it and can touch it like T.V., scooter, car, chair, table, plane, etc. All these things are concrete and are part of material culture.

Question 8.
What is Non-Material Culture?
Answer:
Non-material culture is that culture in which all those things are included which are abstract. We can neither see them nor touch them. We can only feel them like traditions, customs, values, skills, norms, etc. All these things are abstract and that’s why they are included in Non-material culture.

Question 9.
Cultural lag.
Answer:
According to Ogburn and Nimkoff, change in different parts of culture never comes at the same speed. The speed of change of one part is more as compared to the other. But culture is a system. It is made up of many parts. Its different parts are inter-connected and inter-related. This system of culture can be maintained if the change in all parts of culture will come at the same speed. Actually what happens is that if one part of culture is changed due to any invention then another part of the culture, which depends upon that part, also changes. But the change in the second part comes very late. How much time will this second part will take, depends upon the nature of the second part. This lateness goes on for many years because of which problem comes in the system. This lagging behind one part from another is known as cultural lag.

Question 10.
Civilization.
Answer:
Culture has two parts—material and non-material. In material culture, all those things are included which we can touch and see like table, chair, machine, book, building, car, plane, etc. In non-material culture all those things are included which we cannot touch and see, only can feel like thoughts, feelings, religion, rituals, ideals,s, etc. Material culture is concrete and non-material culture is abstract. We can take out the meaning of civilization from this. The useful things, tools, or organization, with the help of which man has won over nature and the natural environment and controlled them, is known as civilization.

Question 11.
The difference in culture and civilization.
Answer:

• Civilization always develops but culture never develops.
• Civilization can be adopted without any change, but not the culture.
• Culture is internal and civilization is external.
• Civilization can be measured but not culture.
• Civilization can be passed on without effort but not the culture.

Question 12.
Acculturation.
Answer:
Acculturation is a process in which people of two different cultures come in direct contact with each other and adopt most of the elements of each other. With this process of adoption of elements, many changes come in both cultures.

Question 13.
Cultural Pluralism.
Answer:
Cultural Pluralism is the next form of acculturation. When two cultures come in contact with each other then they transmit each other’s elements and slowly and slowly they accommodate with-each other. But in this process of accommodation one thing is important and that is these both cultures have the permission to maintain the elements of their own culture with the elements of other cultures. This condition is known as cultural pluralism.

Long Answer Type Question:

Question 1.
What is civilization? What is the difference between culture and civilization? Write in detail.
Answer:
Culture has two parts: material and non-material. In material culture, all those things are included that we can touch and see like table, chair, machine, book, building, car, plane, etc. In non-material culture, all those things are included which we cannot touch and see but can feel like thoughts, feelings, religion, rituals, ideals, etc. Material culture is concrete and non-material culture is abstract. We can take out the meaning of civilization from this. The useful things, tools, or organizations, with the help of which man has won over the nature and natural environment, are known as civilization. All these things are part of our culture. Civilization is known as the developed form of culture. In culture, all those things are included which man has achieved from the beginning till today. But civilization is that with which man becomes modern.

To know about the exact meaning of civilization let us See the definitions of civilization given by different sociologists.

• According to Fichter, “Civilized people are those people who are sedentary, literate and complex in their behavior.”
• According to Weber, “In civilization, all those useful material things and the methods of their formation and usage are included.”
• According to Ogburn and NimkofT, “Civilization may be defined as the later phase of the superorganic.”
  From this definition, it is clear that according to Ogburn and Nimkoff, civilization is the later and developed form of culture.
• According to. Giffen, “A culture becomes a civilization only when it possesses written language, science, philosophy, a specialized division of labor and a complex technology and political system.”
• According to Gillin and Gillin, “The more or complex and developed form of culture is civilization.”
• According to Maclver and Page, “Civilization is the mean of fulfilling needs.” Maclver says that civilization is the material culture and in this, all those things are included which are useful. In this way again according to Maclver, “Meaning of civilization is from all the mechanism and organization planned by man to control useful things and conditions of life.”

In this way, after looking at these definitions we can say that the developed form of culture is civilization and according to sociologists civilization is the higher level of culture. But here one problem comes and that problem is that Maclver and Page do not agree that only material things are part of civilization. According to him the development of intellectual, religious thoughts, feelings, ideas, etc. should also be part of the culture.

According to Maclver and Page, all these things which were made by man like machines, cars, banks, money, building, etc. are part of civilization but all these things are developed by keeping in mind the social conditions of society. That’s why the things like religion, art, philosophy, literature, feelings should also be included in culture. In this way according to him, material things made by man are civilization and man-made non-material things are culture.

Difference between Culture and Civilization:

1. Civilization always develops but not culture. If we compare ancient society and modern society then it will be clear that civilization develops but not the culture. We can say that development came in machines, cars, motors but we cannot say that religion, art, ideas are also developed which are part of non-material culture. We can’t say that views of today’s people, religion, ideals, feelings are more higher and developed than the people of earlier societies. Maybe not. So in this way we can say that civilization develops but not the culture.

2. Civilization can be adopted without any change but not the culture. Civilization can be adopted without any change but not the culture. We can transmit any machine, tractor, motor car from one generation to another but is it possible with ideas, norms, religion, etc? Maybe not. Ideas, religion, ideals cannot be adopted without any change because when we transmit ideas, religion, ideals to next-generation then the change is necessary. For example, there is a lot of difference between Indian Christians and European Christians.

3. Culture is internal and Civilization is external. In civilization, a number of external things are included and that’s why it is concrete. In culture, many internal things of humans are included like ideas, feelings, religion, ideals, ways of behavior. That’s why it is internal and abstract. Civilization expresses culture.

4. Civilization can be measured but not culture. Civilization can be measured but not culture. All the things coming into civilization are useful for us and that’s why they can be measured on the basis of specific units. But the things which are coming in a culture like ideals, religion, ways of behavior, feelings cannot be measured on any unit because we have not made any unit to measure them. In this way, we can say that civilization can be measured but not culture.

5. Civilization can be passed on without effort but not the culture. In civilization, all those things are included which ard used by a man. Because they are related with external life of man therefore there is no” need of any special effort to transmit it to next-generation or to another country. But culture is opposite to that. Culture is related to all those things which are not external but internal to’ us and no one can see them. If it will not be transmitted to others then these will come to an end with that man only. That is why to transmit them from one person to another we need special efforts. Civilization can be adopted without any special effort but culture cannot be adopted without any specific effort.

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 4 Social Groups Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 4 Social Groups

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Which of these is not the feature of Primary Groups?
(a) Stability
(b) Formal relations
(c) Individual relations
(d) Small in size
Answer:
(b) Formal relations

2. What is the social importance of Primary Groups?
(a) They play an important role in socialisation
(b) An individual gets security in primary groups
(c) They are the important means of social control
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

3. What does not exist in secondary groups?
(a) Primary control
(b) Competition
(c) Formal control
(d) Individualism
Answer:
(a) Primary control

4. Primary groups are ……………. in size.
(a) large
(b) indefinite
(c) small
(d) unlimited
Answer:
(c) small

5. Which of these is the feature of social groups?
(a) Own structure of the groups
(b) Group- an organisation of individuals
(c) Functional division of society
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

6. Family is a type of ………………
(a) Outgroup
(b) Secondary group
(c) Primary group
(d) Conscious group
Answer:
(c) Primary group

7. Which of these is large in size?
(a) Primary group
(b) Secondary group
(c) Conscious group
(d) Unconscious group
Answer:
(b) Secondary group

8. Which of these is a primary group?
(a) Peer group
(b) Play group
(c) Family
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

9. Which of these is a secondary group?
(a) Trade union
(b) Political party
(c) Group of scientists
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

10. What is necessary among the members of a primary group?
(a) Physical proximity
(b) Formal relation
(c) Social system
(d) Conflict
Answer:
(a) Physical proximity

11. Which of these groups is quite helpful in socialisation?
(a) Reference groups
(b) Horizontal groups
(c) Secondary groups
(d) Unconscious groups
Answer:
(c) Secondary groups

Fill in the Blanks:

1. ……………. gave the classification of In group and Out group.
Answer:
Summer

2. …………….. is an important example of In group.
Answer:
Family

3. The concept of reference group was given by ………………
Answer:
Robert Merton

4. Members of a group have ……………. feeling.
Answer:
We

5. Groups that are quite close to an individual are known as ……………… groups.
Answer:
primary

6. Membership of …………….. group is taken when required.
Answer:
secondary

7. …………… groups have a formal organisation.
Answer:
Secondary

True/False:

1. Group of people, who have relations among them, is known as a social group.
Answer:
True

2. There is no need for relations in groups.
Answer:
False

3. The Classification of primary and secondary groups is given by cooley.
Answer:
True

4. There is no physical proximity in primary groups.
Answer:
False

5. Membership of secondary groups is taken to achieve certain goals.
Answer:
True

6. Formal relations are there in secondary groups.
Answer:
True

7. Close relations are there in primary groups.
Answer:
True

One Word/Line Question Answers:

Question 1.
What do we call if 10 persons stand together at a place?
Answer:
It will be just aggregate of people.

Question 2.
What is group?
Answer:
Aggregate of individuals who have social relations among them is known as group.

Question 3.
What is necessary for a group?
Answer:
Relations between humans are necessary to become a group.

Question 4.
What is the importance of group?
Answer:
Group fulfills all the needs of individuals.

Question 5.
Give one definition of social group.
Answer:
According to Maclver, “By group we mean any collection of human beings”.

Question 6.
Who used the term ‘Reference Group’?
Answer:
H.H. Hyman was the first to use the term ‘Reference Group’.

Question 7.
Who gave the classification of primary and secondary groups?
Answer:
This classification was given by Charles Herton Cooley.

Question 8.
What type of relations are there in primary groups?
Answer:
Primary groups have close, intimate and informal relations.

Question 9.
Give any feature of primary groups.
Answer:
People have physical proximity. They are small in size and permanent.

Question 10.
Give examples of primary groups.
Answer:
Family, neighourhood, play groups are the examples of primary groups.

Question 11.
What are secondary groups?
Answer:
Such groups whose membership is taken to achieve certain objective is known as secondary group.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Social Group.
Answer:
In Sociology, a group is a collection of similar people who have relations among them based on action-reaction, common objectives, personal interests etc. They are very much connected with each other.

Question 2.
Definition of Social Group.
Answer:
According to Ogburn and Nimkoff, “Whenever two or more individuals come together and influence one another, they may be said to constitute a social group.”

Question 3.
Meaning of we-feeling.
Answer:
Members of a group have we-feeling among them and as a result, they help each other. That’s why a feeling of affinity develops among them and they protect each other’s interests.

Question 4.
Similarity of behaviour in group.
Answer:
Members of a social group have similarity of behaviour among them because they have common ideals, habits, views etc. So, their behaviour is quite similar to each other and they never work against each other.

Question 5.
Cooley’s classification of Primary Groups.
Answer:
Charles Herton Cooley gave three types of primary groups:

• Family
• Play Group
• Neighbourhood.

Question 6.
What are primary groups?
Answer:
The groups which are quite close to us, in which we interact on daily basis and with which we have physical proximity are known as primary groups. These are small in size and have informal relations.

Question 7.
Give one feature of primary groups.
Answer:
Primary groups are small in size so people know each other very well. People have regular contacts and they have close and informal relations among them. It greatly affects their relations.

Question 8.
What are secondary groups?
Answer:
These groups are large in size. People do not have physical proximity. They hardly know each other personally and formal relations exist among them. These are known as secondary groups.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Meaning of Social group.
Answer:
The meaning of Social group is the contact and relation of one person with other people. If some persons will stand at one place then they cannot be called as a group because there is one conscious condition in the group. In this only physical proximity is not there but mutual feeling and relations are also necessary and members should have commonness, common consciousness and common interests are necessary.

Question 2.
Name the book of Cooley and his classification of the group.
Answer:
Charles Horton Cooley has written a book called ‘Social Organization’ and in this book, he has classified groups in two parts:

• Primary groups: Members have closed and informal relations in them.
• Secondary groups: Members have formal relations in them.

Question 3.
Classification of Sumner of Social group.
Answer:
Sumner has written his book ‘Folk Ways’ and has given the classification of the group in this way.

• In group and we group: These are those groups of which person is the member and he thinks them as his group like my city, my home etc.
• Outgroup and the group: It is that group of which person is not the member and whom he thinks to be external like other’s house, other’s community, other’s country etc.

Question 4.
The elements of a social group.
Answer:

• The similarity of aims. Members of these groups are tied with each other to attain the common aims of the group.
• Two or more than two individuals. In a group collection, two or more two groups exist. A person cannot make a group.

Question 5.
Classification of groups given by Dwight Sanderson.
Answer:

• Voluntary group. Voluntary groups are those groups in which a person takes membership according to his wish and whenever he wants, he can leave membership of this group.
• Involuntary group. Involuntary groups are those groups in which a person cannot select himself. It means that this group is not according to the wish of men like family, caste, race etc.
• Delegate group. In these groups, a person takes part as the representative of the people.

Question 6.
Primary Group.
Answer:
According to Cooley, “By primary groups, I mean those characterized by intimate face to face association and cooperation. They are primary in several senses but chiefly in that they are fundamental in forming the social nature and ideals of the individual. The result of intimate association is a certain confusion of individualities in a common whole, so that one’s very self, for many purposes of least, is the common life and purpose of the group. Perhaps the simplest way of describing this wholeness is by saying that it is a ‘fae. It involves the sort of sympathy and mutual identification for which ‘we’ is the natural expression.

Question 7.
Importance of Primary groups.
Answer:

• Primary groups play an important role in the process of socialization of man.
• A man comes to know about himself in the primary group.
• They are very important in the personality development of an individual.
• Individual gets protection only in these groups.
• Primary groups are the important base of social control.
• The psychological needs of an individual are also fulfilled in these groups.
• Members of these groups are freely related to each other.

Question 8.
Secondary Groups.
Answer:
In modern society, the needs of the persons have been increased up to the extent that man cannot fulfil his needs by becoming members of the primary groups alone. He has to take membership of other secondary groups. The aim of a person is to achieve his objective. Formal relations exist in them and they are large in size. These are known as secondary groups,

Question 9.
Characteristics of Secondary groups,
Answer:

• The area of these groups is wide because the number of members of these groups is quite big.
• These groups have been made to achieve any specific purpose.
• Members have indirect relations in secondary groups.
• Formal organization is there in these groups and some specific rules have been made for these groups.
• Relations in these groups are formal and indirect.
• Membership is optional and a man can leave his membership at any time.

Question 10.
Importance of Secondary groups.
Answer:

• Secondary groups satisfy different needs.
• These groups develop the personality of an individual.
• These groups contribute to social progress.
• Secondary groups make the outlook wider.
• They are helpful in cultural development.

Question 11.
Out Group.
Answer:
People generally use the term ‘They group’ to denote out-group. These are the groups of which an individual is not the member and consider them unknown or out-group. Generally, while living in society, an individual is associated with many members and he considers them as in-groups. But the group with which he is not connected is out group for him. So we can say that the out-groups are other groups with which one is not directly attached. The organisation of such groups is quite loose and unorganised. In comparison to in groups, such groups are of no importance for him. These groups are versal and exist everywhere.

Question 12.
Membership Group.
Answer:
If we need to understand the meaning of the reference group, we need to understand the meaning of the membership group. An individual is a member of any group and he participates in its activities by considering it as his own group. This group is his membership group. Everyone is a member of any group and as a member of this group, he considers it as his own. He even grasps the group’s ideas, values etc. He even starts to consider himself as an indispensable part of this group. His every activity is according to the values of this group. Values, ideals of the group become a part of his identity and while evaluating others, he keeps such ideals in mind. In this way, he is a member of this group.

Question 13.
Reference Group.
Answer:
An individual is a member of any group and this group is a membership group for him. Sometimes it is observed that his behaviour is not according to the values of his membership group but is according to the ideals, values of any other group. Here the question arises that why is this so? As a result, the concept of a reference group came into being. Actually, most individuals are influenced by the ways, values, ideals of any other group. He tries to grasp the values, ideals of the other group and even starts behaving according to this group. He is not a member of this group but many parts of his behaviour are according to that group. Sociologists call it a reference group. That other group that influences our behavioural pattern is a reference group for us. An individual regulates every part of his life according to the ideals of his reference group.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What are Social groups? What are their features?
Answer:
Meaning of Social Group: See Textual Question IV-(1).

Characteristics of a Group:

1. Feeling of Unity: A group can be maintained if the feeling of unity will exist among the members of a group. Because of this feeling, they understand each other. The feeling of cooperation is produced among them. If this feeling of unity will not be there among them then that will not be a group but will be just a collection of people.

2. We feeling: Members of a group help each other if any need arises and with this, we feeling increases. They also protect their own interests by helping each other. With this, the sense of unity also increases among them.

3. Social relations: The most important feature of a group is that its members have mutual social relations. These relations are permanent and come out of the result of their mutual interactions.

4. Membership: Group cannot be made with one person only but the group can be made with two or more than two people. In some groups, membership is limited like in a family where membership is limited only to wife, husband and their children. No other person can be included in this. That’s why the size of the group also depends upon the number of its members.

5. Division of status and role. Group status and roles have been generally divided because of which every member has its role and status in the group. For the functions of the group, some written and non-written rules are also there and the group works according to those rules. Yet some quarrels are also there among the members for their personal interests but they also have some quantity of cooperation which is a special characteristic of the group.

6. Social control. It is necessary for a group to control and regulate the behaviour of its members. Every group has its own traditions, rules which have to be obeyed by every person. If anyone tries to break them then he is punished by the group.

7. Closeness. The relations of members of a group are so close that they have interaction among them. It means that members of the group are closely related to each other. Because of this closeness, they have mutual interaction among them because of which relations increase among them. Members of the group are affected by these relations also.

8. Similar ideas. There is a feeling of closeness among the members of the group. They don’t have the feeling of personal welfare and they are doing joint efforts for the attainment of common objectives. With this, the organization of the group also exists. They have some equality in their outlook and thoughts and this equality of thoughts is also the base of their ideas.

Classification Of Groups:

Question 2.
What do you know about the Classification of Groups? Write in detail. Answer: Many sociologists have tried to classify the groups on the basis of their own points of view. According to Cuber, “Sociologists have developed a great deal of effort to the different problems of classifying groups into types. At first thought, it would seem easy to do but perhaps after further reflection, it will be found to represent numerous difficulties. These difficulties are so great, in fact, that at present we have no overall systematic classification of groups which is entire, acceptable to all sociological scholars.” Different sociologists classify groups on different bases. Some have been classified on the basis of religion, some on an economic base and some on the basis of entertainment.

Some of these types are given below.

A. Charles Horton Cooley, in his book “Social Organization”, has classified groups in two parts and these are:

1. Primary Group
2. Secondary Group

In the Primary group, close and direct relations are there and in Secondary groups, indirect and artificial relations are there.

B. Sapir has classified groups on the basis of physical closeness and common aims ‘and these are:

1. Family
2. Racial group
3. Agricultural group
4. Conflicting group

C. Sumner has classified groups in his book ‘Folk Ways’ and these are:

1. In-group
2. Out-group

In,- In-group we feeling and community welfare feeling is there. Its size is also small. In the out-group feeling of individualism is there. Man is not a member of this group and their size is also big.

D. Sorokin has also classified it in two parts and these are:

1. Horizontal group
2. Vertical group

In Horizontal groups; groups of big size can be included like country, political party, cultural organization, religious organization etc. In the vertical group, man is related to his achieved status by the horizontal group. That’s why he is one part of the Horizontal group.

E. Maclver and Page have also classified it and their classification is:

1. on the basis of size
2. on the basis of intimacy
3. on the basis of interest
4. on the basis of organization
5. on the basis of duration.

F. In his book ‘Cultural Sociology’, Gillin and Gillin has classified group and his classification is:

1. on the basis of blood relations
2. on the basis of physical features
3. on the basis of area
4. on the basis of duration
5. cultural group

G. Classification given by George Dawson is given below:

1. Unsocial groups
2. Pseudo-social groups
3. Anti-social group
4. Pro-social group

H. Dwite Sanderson has divided the group into three parts:

1. Voluntary group
2. Involuntary group
3. Delegate group

A voluntary group is a group in which a man includes himself voluntarily. It depends on him that of which group he should be a member of. An involuntary group is that in which a man’s wish is of no value and he cannot select these groups. For example; family, caste etc. In the delegate group, he includes himself as the representative of the people.

I. Charles A. Ellwood, in his book ‘Psychology of Human Society’ has classified the group into two parts:

1. Voluntary and involuntary
2. Institutional and non-institutional.

In the first type of group family, city, political party, a religious group generally come. In institutional groups, he has included permanent groups like schools, religious institutions etc. In non-institutional groups, he has taken crowds as this type of group.

J. Giddings has divided groups into two parts:

1. Genetic group %
2. Congregate group.

Membership of man in the genetic group is based on his birth and the membership of the congregate group is used on the will of the members. He can leave its membership according to his wish.

K. Miller has classified the groups into two parts:

1. Horizontal group
2. Vertical group.

Horizontal groups are big like country, political parties etc. In vertical groups, small groups are included like an economic group. This group is also a part of the horizontal group. That’s why man is a member of both groups.

L. Tonnies has classified Social groups into two parts:

1. Communities
2. Associations.

M. Park and Burges have also given the classification of group:

1. Territorial group
2. Non-territorial group.

Question 3.
What do you mean by Primary Groups? Explain their features.
Answer:
Meaning of Primary Groups: See Textual Questions IV-(2).

Characteristics of Primary Groups:

1. Physical proximity among members. It is necessary for any primary group that people should have physical proximity among them and that they should sit together. This physical proximity creates an exchange of thoughts among them and people start to understand each other. Cooperation and love increase with the daily meetings, sitting with each other and talking to each other. That’s why close relations are also there among them. If they are equal in position, occupation, gender, caste and age then more closeness can be established.

2. There is stability among these groups. Primary groups are stable in nature. For example, the family in which the child takes birth lives for the whole life. This life of relation also exists in the neighbourhood. That’s why these groups are more stable. These groups have not been made for any specification. When new friends are included in these groups then they become unstable.

3. They are limited in size. Primary groups are limited in size and that’s why their relationships are very close in nature. The less no. of people in the group will increase the understanding capacity of different members. For example when a teacher teaches to a class with less few students then he knows every child personally. In the same way, if more students are there in class then the closeness of teacher with students will be less. Except this we can take the example of joint family. In this type of family, closeness is very less but in the nuclear family, family members have personal and close relations because of less numbers. Limited size always increases closeness and feeling of cooperation. That’s why because of small size in primary groups members are closely related to each other.

4. They have limited self-interests. In primary groups aim of the welfare of group is always kept as primary base. It means that*the interest of the group is kept important. For example, there is no feeling of personal selfishness among the members of the family. If feelings of selfishness will be developed then the family will be disintegrated. Every member of the family works for the welfare of the family and its members. Sometimes in this type of group members have to sacrifice their individual interests because group is not established for a specific purpose. That’s why there are very limited self-interests in primary groups.

5. They have similarity of background. Because of similarity of background there exists some exchange of ideas among people. Members understand each other. If there will be any difference of culture and ideals then even on this base, relations will be at another level. More difference will decrease mutual relationships and less difference will lead to more understanding and strengthening of group.

6. They have mutual cooperation among them. Members of the primary group generally have feeling of mutual cooperation. That’s why if they are less in number even then they move forward with the community feeling. It is so because he thinks that welfare of the group is his welfare. For example every member of the family works for each other’s welfare. Sometimes even after a lot of sufferings a person cooperates with others. It means that a person never thinks about his personal profit but he thinks of collective profit.

Question 4.
Explain in brief the importance of Primary Groups.
Answer:

(1) Primary groups play an important role in the process of socialization of man. First of all man comes in contact with society because of these groups as man depends upon these groups to fulfil his basic needs. According to Kingsley Davis, “The complex process of socialization is that it is handled in those concrete groups- notably the family and the play group-where an emphasis is placed on the conditions and the qualities of primary association.”

(2) Man comes to know about his self in primary group and he gets basic education with the help of members of primary group.

(3) These groups are also very important in the personality development of an individual. Behaviour of the members of these groups always affects an individual. In the friendship type atmosphere of primary groups personality of individual generally develops. In these groups only, man gets many qualities of love, cooperation, sympathy, toleration etc. These qualities help him to become a good citizen of society. In these groups only, man gets norms, values, ideals, traditions of group.

(4) An individual gets protection only in these groups. Members of these groups accept other members’ as a part of the group and help each other whenever any need arises. When child takes birth then he feels protected under the love and affection of family members. A child expresses his views crudely only in primary groups.

(5) Primary groups are the main base of social control. All humans are different by nature. If they will live without any control then the whole structure of the society will be destroyed. That’s why society controls its members. In primary groups an individual learns to live in control which is very helpful for the society. To accept the norms of family, respect of elders, to live under rules, to love everyone, to accept the culture of the family all these things he learns under the effect of these groups. When these qualities are developed in an individual then he contributes properly in the functions of society.

(6) Psychological needs of an individual are also fulfilled in these groups. Man learns to live with others only by living in the main primary groups like family, play group and neighbourhood.According to Maclver and Page, “It is the group through which, as playmates and comrades we first give creative expression to our social impulses. It is the breeding ground of our moves, the nurse of our loyalties. It is the first and generally remains the chief focus of our social satisfaction.”

(7) Members of primary groups are freely related with each other. They don’t have any type of formal pressure. The development of self in an individual is only because of these groups. Man gets mental satisfaction only in these groups. Because of the relations of these groups man is motivated to do many functions. Members of primary groups save its member to go in a wrong way. Man starts to feel that he is not alone and others are with him who will help him when any need arises. This feeling helps him to do more efforts. Co-operation is also an important feature of these groups.

Question 5.
What do you mean by Secondary Groups? Explain their features or characteristics.
Answer:
Meaning of Secondary Groups: See Textual Questions-IV-(2).
Characteristics of Secondary Groups

(1) Humans have indirect relations. Members of secondary groups have indirect relations among them. The process of cooperation is developed indirectly. Members of these groups don’t know each other. Their function is to do the duty and to do their role; for example, thousands of persons work in a factory. The man just works for the pay and even sometimes he is hardly aware of the fact that who is the owner of the factory. They are indirectly related to each other by doing different functions. They play different roles for the attainment of any objective.

(2) They are large in size. Secondary groups are large in size. Membership of people is not definite. They are scattered everywhere. For example members of any political party are scattered everywhere in the country. Except this many other organizations are also there where members are scattered everywhere. Now the needs of a man have increased and he cannot fulfil these needs by living only in primary groups. That’s why he solves his problems by taking membership of these groups. He even uses letters, telephone, telegrams also for his objectives.

(3) They have a formal organization. Some specific rules are generally made for the formation of secondary groups and man has to obey these rules. That’s why the problems of these groups are generally solved by experts. It means that the work of a secondary group is done in an organized way. Man gets status and role according to his ability and qualification. If anyone wants to join these groups then he cannot work according to his wish. For example, if anyone does job in any office then he needs to obey the orders of his officers. He needs to obey rules of the government. In this way we can say that secondary groups have a formal organization.

(4) They have formal and impersonal relations. The mutual relations among individuals are generally formal. They don’t have any impact of primary groups. Man does his work, obeys the rules, gets his pay and still they don.’t know even other employees of their office; for example, when we go to any bank, meet the clerk, do our work and come back. We are not related with any part of the life of that clerk. We have impersonal relations in these groups.

(5) People have option of membership. Membership of secondary group depends upon the will of an individual because these groups have been developed to fulfil any special objective. It means that every person is not the member of every secondary group; for example there are many clubs in our society. When any person wants then only he becomes the member of that group. It is also not necessary that he should be the member of every club. In this way these groups are optional. Man can leave their membership after the achievement of his objectives.

(6) They have active and inactive members. Size of secondary groups is very big. Members of these groups don’t have personal relations because of which all members of the group do not take part in all the activities of the group. For example whenever any function is there then there are many members who take part in the function. Some members do a lot of work and some just become members of the group. This type of members just give fees for their membership.

Question 6.
What is the importance of Secondary Groups?
Answer:
(1) These satisfy different needs. In modern times man cannot fulfil his basic needs by just depending upon primary groups. Man’s needs are increasing day by day. These needs are just not related with area but are related with many area. That’s why for the fulfilment of these needs secondary groups are developed. Every one wants to establish his relations in every sphere so that whenever any need arises his works should be done. That’s why he wants to become the member of these groups.

(2) These groups develop the personality of an individual. Secondary groups help in increasing capacity and personality of an individual. In the earlier societies man was limited to the four walls of the house. It was necessary for an individual to adopt his father’s occupation. Except in this children were under the control of the elder members of the society. They were unable to do any work of their own wish. But with the passage of time secondary groups were formed. Man came out of the four walls of his house and started to develop his personality and qualification. He got full freedom to show his qualities. He was unable to do progress in primary groups. That’s, why secondary groups have developed his personality and increased his level of living.

(3) These groups contribute in social progress. Social progress was done not only with technological and industrial revolution but was done when man started to join secondary groups: Man came out of his house and started to fulfil his needs. Man got that type of atmosphere in which he started to use his capabilities. Progress of man now depends upon his ability. Man wishes to move farward which is very helpful in social progress.

(4) With these outlook becomes wider. Man is connected with a special place because of his membership of a primary group. His membership of primary groups is permanent. That’s why they are small in size. Every one takes care of his interest. For example member of family, play group or neighbourhood only protects his interests. With this type of outlook, area of primary groups is very tight because members only think of their limited interests. On the other hand members of secondary groups think of everywhere. For example, members of secondary groups are related with different castes, religions, classes etc. Members of secondary group’are also affected by customs, traditions, rules etc. They are quite different from primary group. That’s why people have liberty to make relations any where with any one. Because of common interests they work without any discrimination and toleration is also there in the members of these groups.

(5) They are helpful in cultural development. In secondary groups individuals are related with different background but they have to work jointly at one place. For example when they are working in a factory or office then because of formal cooperation cultural exchange also takes place between them. Every one starts to accept each other’s cultural traits. With this cultural development is also there. Except this whenever any new invention comes in any country then other countries also accept that invention. With this cultural mixture also came into being.

Question 7.
Differentiate between Primary and Secondary groups.
Answer:
(1) Difference on the basis of size. Primary groups are small in size and area is also limited. In this group membership is limited to some members. For example membership of a man in family, playground and neighbourhood is limited to a certain extent. Because of small size mutual relations are also close in nature. Small size also increases elements like love, cooperation, sympathy etc.

On contrary to this secondary groups are large in size. Its membership is very wide. They are connected with each other even if they are scattered everywhere. Because of the largeness of area, the relations among members are formal and non¬personal. They are large in size because they are related with the different needs of man. Anyone can become their member for his needs and can leave them after the attainment of his objective. In this way, we can say that primary groups are small in size and secondary groups are big in size.

(2) Difference on the basis of type of relationship. In primary groups, relationships between members are direct and personal. In these groups, members meet each other daily and because of this nothing is hidden between them. They talk to each other openly without any fear and exchange every type of idea. Even they share their sufferings. That’s why in these groups, the word ‘We’ is used instead of ‘My’. In this way in these groups, members have direct, personal and loveable relations among them and they overlook small things.

Mutual relations among members in Secondary groups are indirect. Members are scattered everywhere. They contact each other with the help of means of communication like Letters, Telephone, Press, Radio, T.V. etc. Members of this group don’t know each other in every aspect but they know only one aspect of another person with which they are related. They hardly know about each other’s sufferings and sorrows. In these, they know each other only for their interests.

(3) Difference on the basis of kind of cooperation. Members of primary groups are having collective cooperation. They directly cooperate with each other. They collectively take part in the processes like playing, working, sitting etc. For example, all members of the family cooperate with each other for the development of family. Sometimes even they sacrifice their own interest for the sake of the interests of the family. They don’t have any feeling of competition among them. Everyone contributes towards each other’s interests. In this way the feeling of cooperation connects each other.

In secondary groups members cooperate just for the sake of their own interests because these groups are formed for any specific purpose. In these formal cooperation exists. For example, if students, teachers, principals, peon etc. cooperate with each other then this cooperation is under certain written rules. Any officer orders his clerks under certain rules and clerks have to obey those rules. If they will not obey then they can be thrown out of their job. That’s why a formal type of cooperation exists in these groups.

(4) Difference on the basis of the status of individuals. In primary groups status of members depends upon their birth and family. It means that he gets the status of that family in which he is born. For example, man gets status of father, mother, grandfather, grandmother etc. only in the family. In this man gets ascribed status. In secondary groups, a person’s status is according to his work. It means that the way in which he does his work, he gets status of that kind. For example, man gets different status when he performs different roles of doctor, engineer, clerk, teacher etc. Man can get higher status from lower-status only by hard work. Status of man in this depends upon his abilities.

(5) Difference on the basis of duration. The duration of mutual relations in the members of primary groups is very lengthy. If you will live separate from any one then relations will be decreased and if you will live together for a long time then relations will be strengthened and proximity will increase. By meeting daily, sitting together and by exchanging of ideas mutual relations will definitely be increased. More togetherness, more proximity will be there. So long duration of relations is there in its members. In secondary groups there is no limit of their duration. It can be less and can be more. Man can become a member only for the duration of time until he achieves his objectives. It means that the duration of time is related with the achievement of objectives. With the achievement of objectives, man can cancel its membership.

(6) Difference on the basis of type of background. In primary groups, members have the same background. According to Maclver and Page, “There is thus a level on which every group must dwell, and the person who is too far above or below it, disturbs the process of group participation.” For example family, neighbourhood and playgroups are permanent because of the same background. They know everything about each other because of which love can be maintained.

In secondary groups, members are related with different backgrounds. These groups are formed for any specific motive. A person becomes a member of that group, which can fulfil his needs. That’s why members are coming from different backgrounds. So the difference is also there on the type of their background.

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 3 Society, Community and Association Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 3 Society, Community and Association

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Who said this: “Man is a social animal.”?
(a) Maclver
(b) Weber
(c) Aristotle
(d) Plato
Answer:
(c) Aristotle.

Question 2.
What is the need of similarities and differences for the formation of society?
(а) To make relations
(b) For social progress
(c) To take forward society from demographic point of view
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 3.
According to Marx, which was the first historical society?
(a) Early communism
(b) Feudal
(c) Slave
(d) Capitalist.
Answer:
(a) Early Communism.

Question 4.
Why an individual makes relations with others?
(a) To fulfil his needs
(b) To achieve his objectives
(c) To save himself from other’s selfish interests
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 5.
Man and society are considered ………… to each other?
(a) against
(b) complementary
(c) equal
(d) none of these.
Answer:
(b) complementary.

Question 6.
Which of these is available in society?
(a) Equality
(b) Cooperation
(c) Conflict
(d) Cooperation and Conflict.
Answer:
(d) Cooperation and Conflict.

Question 7.
An organisation of individuals formed to achieve common objectives ………..
is known as
(a) a society
(b) a class
(c) a group
(d) an organisation.
Answer:
(a) a society.

Question 8.
Which of these is not a community?
(a) People of Kerala in Delhi
(b) People born in USA
(c) Trade union movement
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(d) None of these.

Question 9.
Society is the web of …………
(a) Social norms
(b) Mutual relations
(c) Individual relations
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Mutual relations.

Question 10.
What is the relation between an individual and society?
(a) Man is social by nature and he cannot live alone
(b) Man lives in society to fulfil his needs
(c) Society makes personality of an individual
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Fill in the Blanks :

1. Society is made up of ………….
2. Community develops automatically with the ………….. of people.
3. …………… is established deliberately to achieve certain goals.
4. Membership of …………… depends upon one’s wish.
5. Society is …………… in nature.
6. Totem is of great importance in …………. society.
7. Membership of is …………… formal.

Answer:

1. social relations
2. interactions
3. An association
4. association,
5. abstract
6. tribal
7. association.

True/False:

Question 1.
Membership of society depends upon one’s wish.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Society is made up of social relationships.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Community develops automatically.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Association is ‘deliberately formed.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Membership of association is informal.
Answer:
False

Question 6.
Language is of great importance in human society.
Answer:
True

Question 7.
An institution is a system of norms to achieve certain objectives.
Answer:
True.

One Word/Line Question Answers:

Question 1.
Who says that the group of persons, is society ?
Answer:
A common man says that the group of persons is society.

Question 2.
If co-operation between the members of society comes to an end, what will happen ? , .
Answer:
If co-operation between the members of society comes to an end, society will also come to an end.

Question 3.
On what factor is society based ?
Answer:
Society is based on social relations.

Question 4.
Who said, “Society cannot move without similarities and differences.” ?
Answer:
These words are of Westermarck.

Question 5.
In which society, totem is of great importance ?
Answer:
Totem is of great importance in tribal society.

Question 6.
Why is society abstract in nature ?
Anseer:
Society is a web of social relationships and relations are abstract which we can’t see. That’s why society is abstract in nature.

Question 7.
What is society ?
Answer:
In Sociology, society is the web of social relationships.

Question 8.
Give one characteristic of society.
Answer:
Society is based on relations. It is also based on similarities and differences.

Question 9.
What is the base of society ?
Answer:
Relations between individuals are the base of society.

Question 10.
What is Community ?
Answer:
Community is a group of people in a geographical area where they spend whole of their lives.

Question 11.
Do all the human groups are Communities ?
Answer:
No, they could be institutions or any other groups.

Question 12.
Give literal meaning of Community.
Answer:
The word community is derived from the Latin word ‘Communities’ which means things held in common or shared.

Question 13.
How does community develop ?
Answer:
Community develops automatically due to human interactions.

Question 14.
Is there any community feeling in community ?
Answer:
Yes, community feeling does exist among the community members

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 15.
What is Association ?
Answer:
When few individuals come together to form an association to achieve their objectives, it is known as association.

Question 1.
Society.
Answer:
The meaning of society is not by the aggregate of people but is by the web of relationships which exist among the people and with which people are connected with each other. When relations are formed by the people, society is formed.

Question 2.
Definition of Society.
Answer:
According to Morris Ginsberg, “Society is a collection of individuals united by certain relations or mode of behaviour which mark them off from others who do not enter into these relations or who differ from them in behaviour.”

Question 3.
Two features of Society.
Answer:
(i) Society is based on relations. Society cannot be formed without the relations among the people.
(ii) Society also depends upon similarities and differences. Society cannot exist in their absence.

Question 4.
Abstractness.
Answer:
Society is abstract because it is a web of social relationships which we cannot see or touch. We can only feel them. Because we cannot touch them, that’s why society is abstract in nature.

Question 5.
Importance of language in society.
Answer:
Language is of great importance in the society because it is the best method to express our views and ideals. In the absence of language, we cannot establish relations with any one and then society cannot be established.

Question 6.
Community.
Answer:
When few individuals live in a group, in a particular geographical area, in an organised manner and spend whole of their lives without any particular motive, it is known as Community. We-feeling always exists in society.

Question 7.
Literal meaning of Community.
Answer:
Community is an English word. It is made up of two Latin words ‘Com’ whose meaning is to live collectively and ‘Munus’ which means making. So its meaning is to make collective living.

Question 8.
Meaning of Association.
Answer:
Association is based on particular motive and co-operation. When few individuals, for a particular objective, co-operate with each other and form an organisation, this, organised organisation is known as association.

Question 9.
Definition of Association.
Answer:
According to Gillin and Gillin, “An association is a group of individuals united for a specific purpose and held together by recognized or sanctioned modes or procedure and behaviour.”

Short Answer Type Questions 

Question 1.
Two definitions of Society.
Answer:
(i) According to Maclver, “Society is the system of usages and procedure of authority and mutual aid, of many groupings and divisions of controls of human behaviour and of liberties. This everchanging complex system is called society. It is the web of social relationships.”
(ii) According to Giddings, “Society is the union itself, the organization is the sum of formal relations in which individuals are bound together.”

Question 2.
Characteristics of Society.
Answer:

1. Society is based on relationships.
2. Society depends on likeness and differences.
3. Humans of a Society are interdependent.
4. Society is abstract because it is the web of social relationships.
5. Most important feature of society is that it has the population.
6. Cooperation and struggle are must for society.

Question 3.
Relationship between Individual and Society.
Answer:
Greak philosopher Aristotle once said that man is a social animal. It means that the man lives in society and he is nothing without society. Until or unless he does not spend his life with other people, he remains at the lowest level of civilisation. Man needs to live a long life and for this, he is required to depend upon each other to fulfill his needs.

He needs to depend upon others for almost all of his needs ; like protection, food, education, other services etc. He alone cannot do any thing. With this, his existence is nothing without the society. They both are complimentary to each other and they are nothing without each other.

Question 4.
What is Community ?
Answer:
In simple words when some people are living jointly for a particular purpose then that is called a community. It is a concrete concept. Community is not established with conscious efforts. It also not takes birth but it develops and it develops automatically. When people are living in an area and are doing social processes then community develops automatically.

Community has its own geographical area where members are fulfilling their needs themselves. Members of a community fulfil their every type of need because members have mutual exchange. When people cooperate with each other to fulfil their needs then we-feeling comes in them.

Question 5.
Characteristics of Community
Answer:

1. Every community has we-feeling.
2. Members of the community have role feeling among them.
3. Members of the community depend upon each other to fulfil their needs.
4. Community is permanent and its members are not temporary but are permanent.
5. Members of the community spend their life in community.
6. Every community has its own geographical area in which it lives.
7. Community doesn’t have any specific motive. It comes out spontaneously.

Question 6.
Association.
Answer:
Association is based on cooperation. When some people are cooperating with each other for a specific purpose and make an organization then this organization is known as Association. Association has a definite purpose and anyone can leave it after the attainment of his objective.

Question 7.
Characteristics of Association.
Answer:

1. Association is a group of people.
2. Association is formed for the fulfilment of a specific aim and is established with a lot of thpughts.
3. Association takes birth and destroys.
4. Membership of an association is based on the wish of the person.
5. Membership of an association is formal.
6. Every association selects some of its office bearers. .
7. Every association has some definite rules.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define Society. Give its characteristics.
Answer:
Definitions of society given by different sociologists .are given below :

1. According to Maclver, “Society is the system of usages and procedures, of authority and mutual aid, of many groupings and divisions of controls of human behaviour and of liberties. This ever-changing complex system we call society. It is the web of social relationships.”

2. According to Giddings, “Society is the union itself, the organization is the sum of formal’ relations in which individuals are bound together.”

3. According to Talcot Parsons, “Society may be defined as total complex of human relationships in so far as they grow out of action in terms of means and relationship intrinsic or symbolic.”

4. According to Cooley, “Scfciety is the complex of forms or processes each of which
is living and growing by interaction with the others, the whole being so unified that what takes place in one part affects all the rest.”

5. According to Green, “A society is a larger group to which any individual belongs.”

6. According to Reuter, “An abstract term that connotes the complex of interrelations that exist between and among the people.”

After looking at these given definitions we can say that these definitions are of two types.
The first type is of functional definitions and the second type is of structural definitions. From functional aspect we can define society as a web of groups in which people have complimentary relations, which help the people to do their functions of life and will help the people to fulfil their wishes by living with them. From structural aspect society is a social culture of customs, habits, institutions, wishes etc.

In this way society has been defined from functional and structural aspect that it has been made by mutual relationships of humans and with that it is a system or web, not only the collection of people.

1. Society is based on relationships. According to Maclver and Page, “Society is the web of social relationships.” It means that society is based on social relationships. Why the word Web’ is used here ? Because thousands of relationships exist in society. Just in one family more than 15 types of relations exist. From this we can imagine that how many types of relations are there in society.

Society is not just a collection of humans. For the formation of society some type of relations should be there. But here one” thing should be kept in mind that these relations should be complimentary. If these relations are not complimentary then society cannot be made. Social relations exist in every type of society and among all humans because the relations of humans Are based on mutual consciousness.

2. Society depends upon likeness and differences. Society depends both upon likeness and differences. Without them society cannot exist. Yet they both are opposite to each other but they cannot live without each other. Sometimes uniformity comes in society and sometimes differences come in -society and that’s why they are complimentary to each other.

Social relations can be established if there will be some type of uniformity in them because without this they cannot attract each other and society cannot be formed. Except this differences are also necessary.

3. Interdependence. For the,existence of society interdependence is a necessary element. It is necessary for humans to keep relations with other persons to fulfil their needs because it is not possible for every person to do all of his works. He has to depend upon others. The way in which man grows his dependence upon others also increases and his needs also start to increase. In this way interdependence is a necessary element of. society.

4. Society is abstract. Society is abstract because it is the web of relationships. We neither can see these relations and nor can touch them. We can only feel them. Because 4ve cannot touch them and that’s why they don’t have any concrete form. That’s ,why they are abstract. Because relations are abstract, that’s why the society made by relations is also abstract.

5. Population. The most important element of the society is humans. Without humans society cannot be made. If humans will not be there then who will establish relations and how society will be formed. Without the existence of humans, the existence of society is impossible. That’s why population is a necessary factor.

For population many things are required like availability of enough food, protection of population from every type of problem and the continuation of population and society because if the population will not continue then one day will come when everyone will come to an end. In this way without population, the existence of society is impossible.

6. Cooperation and conflict are a must for society. The way in which likes and differences are necessary for the existence of society, in that same way cooperation and conflict are also necessary for the existence of society. Cooperation is a necessary element for the formation of society. Humans live in society and they depend upon each other.

This interdependence is there only if there will be some cooperation among them. For the upbringing of a child many hands play an important role and it depends upon cooperation. Family runs if husband and wife cooperate with each other. In this way in every part of society cooperation is required. In the same way conflict is also necessary. To live man has to struggle with many forces and has to struggle in life.

Question 2.
What do you mean by association ? Explain it with definitions and characteristics.
Answer:
Man is a social animal and as a social animal he has some basic needs. Man does a lots of efforts to fulfil his basic needs. He does three types of efforts.

1. First effort is that he should fulfil his needs alone and without any one’s help. But in today’s modem age it is impossible to live alone and to fulfil all the needs alone.

2. Second way is that he should fulfil his needs by snatching things from others. But it is not possible to fulfil Ms needs by snatching things from the others because this way is non-social and while living in human society he cannot adopt this type of method.

3. The third and the best method is that man should fulfil his needs while living in the society by cooperating with others because this is the base of life. Association is also based on this co-operation. When some people cooperate with each other for a specific purpose and make an organization then this organized organization is known as association.

Association has a definite purpose and any one can leave it after the attainment of his objective. Natural and the social needs of man force him to five in society. Like animals, humans do not have just physical needs but they have other important social needs also which must be fulfilled. In this way when different persons of a society cooperate with each other to fulfil their needs then an association is formed.

Here one thing should be kept in mind that man can leave tMs association after the attainment of his objectives.

Definitions:
1. According to Bogardus, “An Association is usually a working together of people to achieve some purpose.”

2. According to Ginsberg, “An association is a group of social beings related to one another by the fact that they possess or have instituted in common an organization with a view of securing a specific end or specific ends.”

3. According to Gillin and Gillin, “An association is a group of individuals united for a specific purpose and held together by recognised or sanctioned modes or procedure and behaviour.”

From the given definitions it is clear that Association has three main bases:

1. Association is a group of people.
2. This organization is based on cooperation.
3. It fulfil? some of-our needs.

In this way association cannot fulfil all of our needs. In short when people cooperate with each other in an organized and thoughtful way for the attainment of any particular aim then an association is formed.

Characteristics of Association:
1. Association is a group of people. Association is established bysome persons because of which it is known as a group. In this way association is concrete because humans are concrete.

2. Thoughtful establishment. Association does not take place spontaneously like community. It is formed for the fulfilment of any specific aim and is established with a lot of thoughts.

3. Definite aim. Association has a definite aim. Association does not fulfil all the needs of our social life but it fulfils some of our needs and it protects the interests of its members.

4. Association takes birth and comes to an end. Nature of association is temporary because it is established for the attainment of some of our specific aims and after the attainment of those aims, need of association also comes to an end. That’s why it takes .birth and comes to an end.

5. Membership is based on wish. Association is a willful organization. Any one can become member of any association according to his wish and he can leave it at anytime. It is so because when man feels that association is useful for him then he takes its membership and when he feels that his hims are attained then he leaves

6. Formal membership. The membership of an association is formal. Whenever any person wants then he can take its membership and whenever he wants he can leave it but for this he has to resign from its membership. He has to give membership fee also.

7. Selection of office bearers. Every association selects some of its officers like a chairman, deputy chairman, secretary, cashier etc. for conducting and performing its functions. All these are selected for a specific period.

8. Every association has some definite rules. Every association makes some rules for doing its functions and every member has to work according to these rules.

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 2 Relationship of Sociology with Other Social Sciences Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 2 Relationship of Sociology with Other Social Sciences

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Who wrote the book ‘Das Capital’?
Answer:
(c) Marx.

Question 2.
Which of these is not directly related with Economics?
(a) Consumption
(b) Religious activities
(c) Production
(d) Distribution.
Answer:
(b) Religious activities.

Question 3.
What is the contribution of Sociology to History?
(a) History uses the material of Sociology
(b) History has included many Sociological concepts in its subject matter
(c) Social History studies sequal development and changes of any institution
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 4.
Whose words are these, “Society is the detailed form of society”?
(a) Maclver
(b) Aristotle
(c) Weber
(d) Durkheim.
Answer:
(b) Aristotle.

Question 5.
Which of these is the biological feature of human society?
(a) Ability to stand
(b) Developed brain
(c) Ability to speak
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 6.
What is the difference between Sociology and Economics ?
(a) Subject matter of Sociology is whole of society but study of Economics is confined to economic activities
(b) Outlook of .Sociology is social and of Economics it is economic
(c) Sociology studies the group but economics studies an individual
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 7.
What name Comte gave to his philosophy ?
(a) Idealism
(b) Positivism
(c) Experimentation
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Positivism.

Question 8.
Which of these branches of Psychology is related with Sociology ?
(a) Social Psychology
(b) Economic Psychology
(c) Structural Psychology
(d) Cultural Science.
Answer:
(a) Social Psychology.

Question 9.
Sociology takes the help of to study historical facts.
(a) Economics
(b) History
(c) Political Science
(d) Anthropology.
Answer:
(b) History.

Question 10.
Which of these methods is used in Psychology ?
(a) Historical Method
(b) Comparative Method
(c) Experimental Method
(d) Structural Method.
Answer:
(c) Experimental Method.

Fill in the Blanks:

Question 1.
………….. called Sociology and Anthropology as twin sisters.
Answer:
Krober

Question 2.
There are areas of the study of Anthropology.
Answer:
two

Question 3.
………….. is related with the development of man.
Answer:
Anthropology

Question 4.
…………… stresses on the study of human events.
Answer:
History

Question 5.
Society is made up of …………..
Answer:
humans

Question 6.
…………. is related with production, consumption and distribution.
Answer:
Economics

Question 7.
studies the functions of state and government.
Answer:

True/False:

Question 1.
Astronomy is a natural science.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Economics takes the help of sociology to understand social problems.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Aristotle is known as the father of Political Science.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Sciences can be divided into four parts.
Answer:
False

Question 5.
Outlook of Political Science is social.
Answer:
False

Question 6.
Inductive and deductive methods are used in Economics.
Answer:
True

Question 7.
Economics is related with production, consumption and distribution.
Answer:
True

One Word/Line Question Answers:

Question 1.
With what does Anthropology relate ?
Answer:
Anthropology is related with evolution and development of individuals.

Question 2.
Which branch of Anthropology is related with Sociology ?
Answer:
Social and Cultural Anthropology is a branch of Anthropology which is related with Sociology. >

Question 3.
On whose study History gives stress ? .
Answer:
History stresses on the study of human experiences of the past.

Question 4.
What is society made up of ?
Answer:
Society is made up of humans.

Question 5.
Give examples of natural science.
Answer:
Chemistry, Astronomy, Physics, Biology etc.

Question 6.
Why Sociology depends upon History ?
Answer:
Sociology depends upon History to understand modern society.

Question 7.
What type of Science is History ?
Answer:
History is a concrete science.

Question 8.
With what Economics is related ?
Answer:
Economics is related with production, consumption and distribution.

Question 9.
Why does Economics take help of Sociology ?
Answer:
To understand social problems, Economics takes help of Sociology.

Question 10.
Which method is used by History ?
Answer:
History uses descriptive method.

Question 11.
Who is considered as the father of Political Science ?
Answer:
Aristotle is considered as the father of Political Science.

Question 12.
Who wrote the book ‘Arthashastra’ ?
Answer:
Arthashastra was written by Kautilya or Chanakya.

Question 13.
In how many parts can we divide Science ?
Answer:
Science can be divided into two parts-Natural sciences and Social sciences.

Question 14.
Name the branch of Sociology associated with History.
Answer:
Historical Sociology is a branch of Sociology associated with History.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Division of Science.
Answer:
In Science, we try to find new concepts and methods. That’s why we can divide science into two parts and these are :
(i) Natural Sciences
(ii) Social Sciences.

Question 2.
Natural Sciences.
Answer:
Natrual Sciences are the sciences which are related with nature and biological phenomenon about which they try to find new facts, concepts, theories etc., for example, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Astronomy etc.

Question 3.
Social Sciences.
Answer:
Social Sciences are the sciences which try to find concepts, facts and theories related with human society. In these scientific study of social life is done; for exmple, Economics, Political Science, Sociology, Anthropology etc.

Question 4.
History.
Answer:
History studies the past time of human society. It tries to understand and explain social life on the basis of past time events. It is mainly concerned with life and events of different kings, important years of their lives etc.

Question 5.
Economic Institutions.
Answer:
Economic institutions study economic aspects of humans. They study how the money can be produced, distributed and consumed. In simple words, all the economic activities of human society are studied by “economic institutions.

Question 6.
Political Science.
Answer:
Political Science is related with the political aspect of human s’oeiety. It studies origin of state, its development and features, organisation, system of government, other political institutions, associations, their functions etc.

Question 7.
Literal meaning of Sociology.
Answer:
Word ‘Sociology’ is made up of two words ‘Socio’ and ‘Logos’. Socio is a Latin word which means society and Logos is a Greek word which means science. So, the literal meaning of Sociology is science of society.

Question 8.
Methods used in Sociology and Economics.
Answer:
Economics uses Inductive method and Deductive method but Sociology uses a number of methods such as Observation, Interview, Schedule, Questionnaire, Case study, Sociometry method etc.

Short Answer Type Questions 

Question 1.
Division of Science.
Answer:
In Science we research for theories and methods and on the basis of this we can divide Sciences in two parts :
(а) Natural Sciences
(b) Social Sciences.

Question 2.
Meaning of Natural Sciences.
Answer:
Natural Science is that branch of science which is related with nature and biological phenomenon with which it tries to find the related facts and theories; for example, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Astronomy etc.

Question 3.
Meaning of Social Sciences.
Answer:
Social Sciences are those Sciences which find facts and theories related with human society. Scientific study of Social Life is also being studied in this; for example, Economics, Political Science, Anthropology, Sociology etc.

Question 4.
Relation of Sociology with other Social Sciences.
Answer:
All Social Sciences are not only different from each other from the point of view of their subject matter but they are also different from their outlook and point of view. But all the Social Sciences are studying the human society because of which we cannot differentiate one Social Science from another.

For example, Economics is related with economic problems but these economic problems are the one part of Society. That’s why we have to take help of other Sciences to find its solution.

Question 5.
How is Sociology the mixture of Social Sciences ?
Answer:
Sociology is known as the mixture of the other Social Sciences. It depends upon other Sciences for many things and sometimes it depends upon others to solve its problems. Every problem, which exists in Society, cannot be solved by just Sociology. That’s why* we can not differentiate Sociology from other Social Sciences. Sociology alone is unable to find solution of any problem. That’s why taking help of others is known as mixture of Social Sciences.

Question 6.
What is History?
Answer:
History studies the past time of human history. It also studies phenomenon occurred in past and tries to understand ideology of Social Life on the basis of that phenomenon. In this way it analyzes both the situations ‘what was’ ? And ‘How it happened’ ? In this way we can come to know about Social organization, customs, traditions etc. of human history.

Question 7.
Give difference between Sociology and History.
Answer:
These both Social Sciences study same subject matter from different point of views. History studies some specific phenomenon but Sociology finds rules of general phenomenon and explains their inter-relationships. Sociology uses comparative method but History uses descriptive method.

Sociology studies human groups but History gives emphasis on the study of human action. History is related with phenomenon of past but Sociology is related with the Society of present.

Question 8.
Sociology depends upon History. How ?
Answer:
Sociology takes helps of History to understand modern Society because we can get Social facts of ancient Society from History. To use historical method we need the matter of History because of which Sociology depends upon History. Different Social institutions change because they affect each other and to understand this change historical material helps us. Historical Sociology is a branch of Sociology with which we can understand social circumstances.

Question 9.
What is Anthropology ?
Answer:
Anthropology is made up of two Greek words ‘Anthropos’ and ‘Logy’. ‘Anthropos’ means human and the meaning of Logy is Science which means Science of Man. Subject matter of this Science is quite wide. That’s why it has been divided in three parts.

(i) Physical Anthropology. In this human physical features are being studied from which we can come to know about the origin, development and races of man.

(ii) Pre-historic Archaeology. In this branch the early part of human history is being studied about which we don’t have any written proof like by digging of ancient buildings.

(iii) Social and Cultural Anthropology. In this complete human society is being studied. In this every thing of one Society like economic system, political, religion, art etc. is being studied. Social Anthropology studies primitive society.

Question 10.
What is Psychology ?
Answer:
Psychology studies the individual behaviour and it uses Neuro glandular system to understand mental behaviour and processes of humans. In this the related factors of memory, intelligence, attitude, sympathy etc. are studied. Main centre of its study is human. That’s why it studies the behaviour of man.

Question 11.
Give relation between Sociology and Psychology.
Answer:
Actually the social phenomena are related with individual phenomenon and Society cannot be made with humans. We cannot differentiate man and society. Social relations, which exist in society, have been made by humans. Without society man is just like an animal. In this way they both are related with each other.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Discuss the relation of Sociology and Anthropology.
Or
How can you say that inspite of different from each other, Sociology and Anthropology are complementary to each other ?
Answer:
The source of origin of Sociology is History but the source of origin of Anthropology is Biology. If we look at the methods, subject matter of these two, then they are different from each other but their relation is very deep. They cannot be separated from each other. They take each other’s help for their existence. To understand both of these, let us study their subject matter so that we can understand their relation.

Sociology is the study of modern society. Sociology studies social relationships, social institutions, social groups and their inter-relations. With that Sociology also studies different parts of culture and many types of institutions of society.

The word Anthropology has been made by two Greek words ‘Anthropos’ whose meaning is human and ‘Logia’ whose meaning is science. So its literal meaning is science of humans. Anthropology is the science of man’.

Anthropology studies the origin and development of man from physical, cultural and social point of view. Scope of Anthropology is very wide.

That’s why it has been divided in three parts :
1. Physical Anthropology:
This part of Anthropology studies the physical features of man with which humans came into being and developed.

2. Pre-Historical Archaeology:
This part of Anthropology finds that part of history about which no written evidence is available. Digging up of old buildings, skeletons, ancient things come under this. With these physical proofs a light is thrown on the origin, development and the culture of man. In this way it tries to find human culture during ancient times.

3. Social and Cultural Anthropology:
It studies completely the human society. It studies everything of a society like economic, political, family system, religion, art, beliefs etc. It analytically does comparative study of contemporary structures, institutions and behaviour. Kroeber called these both as Twin Sisters. According to Malbet, “Sociology and Social Anthropology in their broadest sense are one and the same.”

According to Kluckhon, ’’The sociological attitude has tended towards the practical and present, the Anthropology towards pure understanding and the past.” According to Redfield, “Viewing the whole united states, one sees that the social relations between Sociology and Anthropology are closer than those between Anthropology and Political Science.”

The branch Of Anthropology, the Social Anthropology is very closely related with Sociology. Sociology studies social relationships, their forms, institutions, groups and processes and Anthropology studies ancient society, ancient human’s origin, development and culture.

From this given description it is clear that Anthropolgy studies the ancient societies. The meaning of ancient society is those groups which live in smaller geogrpahical area, less in numbers and who have less contacts with outer world and which use simple technique.

Contribution of Anthropology to Sociology. Sociology takes a lot of help from the study of Anthropology. Physical Anthropology, which studies groups and races, is used by sociologists to understand various institutions and systems. Exept this Sociologists have tried to understand social stratification on racial basis.

Except this Anthropology also tells us that institutions, system and organization of ancient society were very simple which helps Sociology to understand modern society. Anthropology has given material of origin of relation to Sociology.

In this \yay Sociology shows very keen interest in ancient society which is the subject matter of Anthropology. Sociology has borrowed some concepts of cultural area, cultural trait, cultural complexity, cultural lag etc.

from Anthropology and they are very useful for sociological study. That’s why a new branch Cultural Sociology has been developed. According to Samuel Koening,“Our present forms of social life, our customs, or ways of living have their roots in the past that one can best explain them by tracing them back to their sources.”

Contribution of Sociology to Anthropology. It’s not that only Sociology takes help from Anthropology, but Anthropology also takes help from Sociology. It is necessary for Anthropology to understand social interactions and relationships for the origin and development of culture which come in the area of Sociology. No society is without any culture and its origin depends upon interactions and relations.

One more contribution of Sociology to Anthropology is that the Anthropology has made many hypotheses on the basis of knowledge of modern societies to understand ancient societies which have given a lot of help to Anthropology to understand its subject matter. Anthropology has included some of the concepts and methods of Sociology in its own subject matter. Anthropology has studied the cultural and social facts which produce social solidarity.

Difference between Sociology and Anthropology :
1. There is a difference of subject matter between Sociology and Anthropology. Sociology studies social relations, organizations, social system etc. but Anthropology studies the entire society. It means that it studies every aspect of society like religious, political, economic, cultural etc. That’s why it is also known as science of social heritage because it takes care of culture.

2. Anthropology studies those cultures which are small, and static. But Sociology studies those cultures which are large in size and changeable in nature. On this base we can see that Anthropology grows very fast and is known as better than Sociology.

3. Anthropology and Sociology are different sciences. Anthropology studies man and his culture of ancient times. But Sociology studies same subject matter in modern system. In this way Sociology goes even in future but Anthropology keeps itself upto the limits of past.

4. The methods used by Sociology and Anthropology are also different. Anthropology uses participant observation and inductive method and Sociology uses survey, schedule, questionnaire, statistics methods.

5. Sociology is related with social relationship and Anthropology is related with the whole society. In this way there is a difference of scope between both of these.

Question 2.
Explain the relation between Sociology and Economics.
Or
Explain the relation between Sociology and Economics with their differences.
Answer:
Sociology and Economics are both interrelated and as well as different from each other. That’s why to know their relation and difference first of all it is necessary for us to understand the meanings of Sociology and Economics. In simple words, whatever economic activities are being done by a person, are being studied by economics.

Economics tells us that how a person can fulfil his unending demands or wishes with limited resources. Economic demands of a person are fulfilled by money.

That’s why the study of human behaviour related to production, distribution and consumption of money is being done by Economics. In this explanation, much emphasis is given to money but modern economists give more importance to humans instead of money. According to Dr. Marshall, “Economics is the study of activities of simple business of human life.”

In this way Economics studies money on one side and on the other side it also studies humans which are more important. Economics tries to find that how a person earns the money and how he spends that money. At another place Dr. Marshall has written that, “ Economics on one side is a study of wealth and on the other and more important side a part of the study of man.”

Sociology studies human institutions, relations, groups, traditions, folkways, values, mutual relations, system of relations, ideology and results and changes which come in them. Sociology studies the society which is the web of social relationships. Every economic activity of the the person is the result of interactions of humans.

With this, social relations and social system are also affected by economic activities. That is why to know about Social system, we should know about economic institutions and to know about economic activities we should know about social interactions. After looking at the meanings of Sociology and Economics we come to conclusion that both the sciences are related with society and its humans.

Sociology studies the social aspect of society and Economics studies the economic aspect of society. Person is related with both social and economic activities while living in society. Economist is related with economic conditions of a person and Sociologist is related with social conditions of that same person. According to Karl Marx, “Economic factors are responsible for change in society.”

Contribution of Sociology to Economics. Now we will see that how economists need the help of sociologists. Economics tells a person how to fulfill his unending wishes with limited means. Economist can help a person, if he knows about the social conditions of a person and to know about this he needs the help of a Sociologist.

For example, the problem of poverty. This problem is an economic problem. But the reasons behind the occurrence of this problem are social. Until or unless an economist is able to understand the social conditions, he cannot help us in solving that problem.

It means that our society is surrounded by many ideals which forced the person not to do any work like when caste system was prevailing in Indian society then every person used to adopt his hereditary occupation.

If he vas going against this rule, he was generally thrown out of the caste. In this way, we can see that the ties of caste system have been loosened but still persons of higher castes are feeling shy of doing any work. Another is that even today women are not allowed to come out of the house to work in interiors of India.

So after looking at the problem if any economist thinks that by giving money to poor people, this problem can be solved then it will be incorrect. We have to bring change in social conditions to eradicate poverty. We have to make new social ideals by eradicating old social ideals. So, from this given description it is clear that Economist cannot do anything without the help of Sociologists.

It means that they neither can bring social progress nor they can solve their problems. In this way we can say that economists depend upon sociologists for the study of their subject matter. So, we can say that every economic activity of a person is the result of social interactions. That’s why every economic activity can be understood by keeping it in social context. So, if we want to do economic progress of society or we want to make economic planning then we need to take care of social aspect of that society.

That’s why Economics depends upon Sociology. Contribution of Economics to Sociology. Sociology also takes a lot of help from economics. All the aspects of the society are affected by economic activities in modern society. Many famous sociologists like Max Weber, Karl Marx, Durkheim and Sorokin had studied the social sector after studying the economic sector.

Whenever any change came in society due to economic factors then our society was also affected by this. Whenever sociologist wants to study this why social relations of our society are breaking or why humans are adopting individualistic approach then he always studies the economic activities of that society.

After that he feels that the way in which the need of money in society is increasing, in that same way people are trying to get things which give them more facilities. With this the outlook of society also becomes capitalistic. Every person has to work hard to live in society.

That’s why joint families are disintegrating and person becomes individualistic. Except this Sociology also has to take help of Economics to study many social problems; for example, the problem of Drug addiction. . Because of this problem our young generation is weakening day by day.

The main reason of this problem is economic because the way in which people are earning more money with illegal means (smuggling), in that same way they are misusing that money. So, the problem of drug addiction is weakening our society. We have to check those illegal means of earning, to solve this problem so that the other related problems of dowry, drug abuse, gambling etc. can be eradicated. So, Sociology depends upon economics to solve these problems.

In modern times many new economic classes are coming forward like labourer class, capitalist class, consumer class, producer class etc. That’s why to understand the relation of these classes it is necessary for Sociology to understand the economic relations of these classes. To understand their economic relations Sociology needs the help of Economics.

Difference between Sociology and Economics. Sociology and Economics are very much related with each other and they both use each other’s rules and results. But still they are different from each other in many ways.

Their differences are given below :
1. Difference of Scope:
The Scope of Sociology-and Economics is different from each other. Sociology gives a clear picture of different sectors of society. That’s why the scope of Sociology is wide. But Economics is confined only to the study of economic sector of society. That’s why its scope is limited.

2. General and Specific:
Sociology is a general science because it studies every type of social phenomenon which are not related with one aspect of society but are related with the whole society. But Economics is a special science because it is confined only to the economic activities of society.

3. Different point of view:
Sociology is .related to understanding the social activities which exist in society and it studies the social problems. That’s why its point of view is social. On the other side, Economics is related with materialistic happiness of a person like how to earn more money, its distribution and consumption. That’s why its point of view is economic.

4. Difference in unit of study:
Unit of Sociology is group. It studies the behaviour of a person living in group. But on the other side Economics is related with study of economic aspect of a person. That’s why its unit is one person or human being.

5. Difference in methods:
Sociology and Economics both use different methods:
to study their subject matter because the subject matter of both is different. Sociology uses historical method, comparative method, sociometry method. Economics uses inductive method and deductive method.

Question 3.
Discuss the relations of Sociology and Psychology.
Or
What is the relation of Sociology and Psychology ? Explain it with differences.
Answer:
Sociology and Psychology both are deeply inter-related. They both study the behaviour of man. According to Cretch and Cretchfield, “Social Psychology is the science of behaviour of the man in the society.” In short, Sociology studies the social relations and Psychology studies mental relationships. Now we will see literal meaning of Social Psychology.

Social Psychology studies individual behaviour. It means that whatever effect of society is exerted on mental part, Psychology studies that effect. To understand individual behaviour it is not necessary to see its social circumstances but it is necessary to see Neuro Glandular system. Mind, Reflection, Learning, Love, Hatred, Emotions and these are mental processes which are actually studied by Social Psychology. Sociology studies, scientifically, these social processes.

Both these sciences are very much inter-related. According to Maclver, “Sociology in special gives aid tp Psychology just as Psychology gives special aid to Sociology.” According to Allport, “Social Psychology is the study of the behaviour of the individuals in their reactions with other individuals and the behaviour through which individuals stimulate one another in such situations.”

From this given description we can say that the base of scientific study of social phenomenon is Psychology and we can observe it directly. So, in this way they both are inter-related and that’s why a new branch of Psychology called ‘Social Psychology’ came into being. Contribution of Psychology to Sociology. In Sociology we study social relationships.

To understand social relationships, we need to understand human behaviour because the mental and physical needs of a man affect its relations with other human. Psychology studies these mental processes, thoughts, ideas of mind minutely.

To understand behaviour of man and society, Sociology needs the help of Psychology, For this a branch of Psychology, Social Psychology is very helpful which studies experiences, behaviour and personality of humans in the social context.

Sociologists are also of the view that psychological bases are very important to understand the changes of society. In this way we can say that to understand society we need to understand behaviour of man which is the work of Psychology.

Contribution of Sociology to Psychology. Psychology also depends on Sociology to understand human behaviour because behaviour of man is influenced by culture of society and Sociology gives knowledge of that culture.

Man is a social animal. Humans are more dependent upon parents and society than animal. While living in society and with the process of socialization, a number of qualities develop within individuals.

There are certain laws to live in society. Humans can learn these laws by living in society and these laws change with the passage of time and generations. Every culture develops a personality and this personality is the result of cultural experiences of childhood age.

To understand Political Science studies the origin and development of state, organization of state, administrative system of government and functions related with institution. It studies the groups and institutions related with political life of a person. Political Science studies the political life of a person and the related institutions.

It also studies the origin and development of state, characteristics, organization of state, government and its administrative system and the institutions related to state. In this way Political Science studies only political relations. On the other hand Sociology studies social relations, different forms of relations, groups, customs, norms, structures, institutions and their inter relations, mores, traditions, etc.

Political Science studies the politics means state and government and on the other side Sociology studies the main agencies of social control i.e. political institutions. These both sciences study the whole society. Sociology looks at the state as political institution and Political Science looks it in the form of law and organization of state.

On the basis of given description we can say that Political Science is related with study of the institutions which exist in state, government and its organization but Sociology is related with study of institutions of state. But the scope of Political Science is a part of whole society which is being studied by the Sociology. In this way both these are interdependent.

The Contribution of Sociology to Political Science. Political Science considers a person as a political person but it never tells us that how and when he becomes political. For this Political Science takes help of Sociology.

If Political Science takes help of the rules of Sociology then it can make studies related to a person very easy and correct. When Political Science is making its policies then it has to keep in mind the social values, and social ideals.

While making laws, political science has to keep in mind the social conditions of society. Our social customs, traditions, values, culture etc. are made to control the members of society and to run the society in an organized way. But when these are accepted by government then they become laws; for example, we can see that different countries have different customs. Status of women was very low in India. People tried to change this custom.

When some leaders tried to uplift the status of women with some movements, many laws were made to uplift the status of women. It was so because social sanctions were there behind these movements. Actually we cannot overlook the social traditions and customs while making laws for society. Sometimes public movements come into being due to laws made by government.

When government tries to overlook the customs made by society then the society moves toward the situation of social disorganization which can create obstacles in the way of social progress. Political Science depends upon Sociology to know about social conditions or customs. We can solve many problems of society with the help of laws.

So from the given description it is clear that Political Science needs a lot of help from Sociology to study its subject matter. It helps in social progress, development and maintenance of organization. But it doesn’t mean that only Sociology gives help to Political Science. Infact Political Science also gives help to Sociology.

Contribution of Political Science to Sociology. If Sociology gives something to Political Science then it also takes a lot from Political Science. Sociology also depends upon Political Science and it takes its help. We cannot imagine any society without controls, which come from Political Science in the form of law. Sociology has one branch known as Political Sociology.

If we look carefully then we will come to know that Sociology gets real social life from Political Science. Progress of society, organization, institutions, processes, traditions, culture, social relations depends upon this element. If we discuss the ancient society, when Political Science was not started in its complete form, then the life of a person was very simple and the simple life was controlled by informal means of control.

Slowly and slowly with the development of society, it started to feel the need of laws to control the people. For example when caste system was in its full swing in India then many castes were in very good conditions and they were running the society in their own way. But people of lower castes were living in the hell like circumstances. They were tired of these rules. The main reason of origin of caste system was to maintain social balance.

When Political Science strengthened its roots then it started to control the people with the help of laws. Customs of social evils, which were a type of burden on people, were removed or eradicated with the help of laws. Because every one was equal in front of law that’s why people started to respect those laws. Except this it was not possible for society to eradicate those social evils. In that case Political Science came forward for its help.

On the basis of given description we can say that problem is whether social or political, we need help of both the sciences. Sociology and Political Science both study society from different point of views but still their problems are related with society and that’s why they both are inter-dependent.

Difference between Sociology and Political Science:
1. General and Special:
Sociology is a general science and Political Science is a special science. Sociology is related to the study of every aspect of every person of the society. All the social processes, customs, social control etc. come in this. It means that Sociology studies all those phenomenon which are related with every type of human activities.

It studies the whole society and that’s why it is a general science. But on the other hand Political Science studies the political aspect of human life. It means that it studies all those activities which get legality and security from humans, government or state. That’s why it is a special science.

2. Positive and Idealistic:
Sociology is a positive science and Political Science is an idealistic science because it is related with the form of state. Socially sanctioned rules are accepted in this. But Sociology with complete independence means it studies with objectivity.

3. Difference of Scope:
Sociology and Political Science both are quite different from each other from the point of view of their subject matter. Sociology studies the mutual relations of social, religious, historical, psychological, economic institutions and tells us about individual life. But Political Science tells us about the individual life by studying only state and its different parts.

It is related only with state and state’s government but Sociology is related with the relations which exist in every type of social institutions. That’s why its subject matter is wide. Sociology is related with unconscious processes but Political Science is related with the conscious activities of a person. That’s why it is related only with organized communities.

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Book Solutions Chapter 8 Polity, Religion, Economy and Education Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Sociology Chapter 8 Polity, Religion, Economy and Education

Sociology Guide for Class 11 PSEB Polity, Religion, Economy and Education Textbook Questions and Answers

Answer the following very short answer questions in 1-15 words each:

Question 1.
What do you mean by power?
Answer:
Power is the ability of individuals or groups to carry out their will even when opposed by others.

Question 2.
Name the three types of authority given by Max Weber.
Answer:
Traditional authority, Legal authority and Charismatic authority.

Question 3.
What do you mean by economy ?
Answer:
According to Sociologists, “Economy is human activities which are associated with food or property.”

Question 4.
Mention any two elements of state.
Answer:
Population, geographical area, sovereignty and government.

Question 5.
Who gave the theory of animism ?
Answer:
The theory of animism was given by E.B. Tylor.

Question 6.
Who made a ‘distinction between sacred and profane things ?
Answer:
Emile Durkheim made a distinction between sacred and profane things.

Question 7.
Who discussed the idea of naturism ?
Answer:
The idea of naturism was given by Max Muller.

Question 8.
Who calls religion ‘a belief in supernatural being’ ?
Answer:
E.B. Tylor called religion ‘a belief in supernatural being’.

Question 9.
Give the names of two Semitic religions.
Answer:
Islam and Christianity are the two Semitic religions in India.

Question 10.
What do you understand by sect ?
Answer:
Sect is a religious group which is having some specific rituals.

Question 11.
Give the meaning of cult.
Answer:
Cult is a religious organisation originated from the views and ideology of an individual leader.

Question 12.
Name the two major classes in the capitalist society as given by Karl Marx.
Answer:
Capitalist class and Labour class.

Question 13.
What is formal education ?
Answer:
The education which we get in school, college, university is known as formal education.

Question 14.
Define informal education.
Answer:
The education we get from our family, our daily experiences, our friends etc. is known as informal education.

Answer the following short answer questions in 30-35 words each:

Question 1.
What is stateless society ?
Answer:
The societies where there is no institution called state are known as stateless societies. These are simple and ancient societies. These have very less population and people have direct relations. That’s why, to control individual behaviour, there is no need of a formal organisation called state. Council of elders is enough to do so.

Question 2.
Discuss charismatic authority.
Answer:
When a person is influenced by the other in a way that he can do any thing for him, the authority enjoyed by the other is charismatic authority. Many a time people are influenced by the personality of an individual. Religious leaders, political leaders enjoy such authority.

Question 3.
What is legal-rational authority ?
Answer:
The authority given according to some rules and regulations is known as legal rational authority. Government enjoys legal authority. The President, Prime Minister, different officers have such authority which they enjoy according to the rules given in the constitution.

Question 4.
Write down two merits of Panchayati Raj System.
Answer:
(i) Panchayati Raj System is implemented at local level and common people get a chance to participate in the govt.
(ii) In this system, local problems are solved at local level and the work is done very quickly.

Question 5.
What do you mean by animism and naturism ?
Answer:
(i) Animism : This theory was given by Tylor and according to him, religion originated from the idea of spirit. It means that people believe in spirits and consequently religion originated.

(ii) Naturism : According to this theory, humans in ancient times were afraid of natural phenomona such as thunder, rain, fire etc. That’s why they started worshipping nature and thus religion originated.

Question 6.
What is an interest group ?
Answer:
An interest group is a group formed by people of a particular group who work only for the interests of their people. They never care about the interests of other people while achieving their interests. For example, trade union, labour union, FICCI etc. .

Question 7.
Write a short note on sacred and profane.
Answer:
Durkheim gave a description of sacred and profane things associated with religion. He says that sacred things are those which are considered above all and seen with great respect. These are not general and are away .from our daily functions. But there are few things which we confront and use on daily basis. These are known as profane.

Question 8.
WTrite a short note on totemism.
Answer:
In totemism, any tribe starts to associate itself with any object especially any animal, tree, plant, stone or anything. They give respect to it and worship it. They consider their origin from that thing. That thing is known as totem.

Question 9.
What is a ‘pastoral economy ?
Answer:
It is a type of economy in which people depend upon domestic animals to earn their livelihood. They are known as pastorals. They rear sheep, goat, cow, camel and horse. Such societies live in the plains with lot of grass or in mountains. They change their habitat with the change in climate.

Question 10.
How does agrarian economy differ from industrial economy ?
Answer:
In agrarian economy, main occupation of the people is agriculture and they live on this. These societies have less population and informal relations. In industrial economy, people are engaged in industries to earn their livelihood. These societies have more population and formal relations among
them.

Question 11.
What is Jajmani system ?
Answer:
This is a system of exchange in which lower castes provide their service to upper castes and they get renumeration for their service. One who gets service is known as Jajman and one who gives is known as Kameen.

Question 12.
Discuss capitalist society.
Answer:
Western societies are known as capitalist societies where money is earned by investing in industries. Means of production are in the hands of factory owners and they employ labourers to produce things. Major elements of Capitalism are – labourers, means of production, industries, relations between mechanics and owners etc.

Question 13.
What is socialist society ?
Answer:
This concept was given by Karl Marx which says that whole of the economy is in the hands of labourers. Labourers will start revolution against capitalist and will throw away his authority. Then they will establish classless society. Every one will be equal in front of law and they will get according to their needs.

Question 14.
Give example of privatisation of education.
Answer:
In present age, thousands of private schools have opened up in every town, city and metropoliton eity. Private colleges and universities have also opened up. These are the examples of privatisation of education.

Answer the following short answer questions in 75-85 words each:

Question 1.
Discuss the views of Emile Durkheim on religion.
Answer:
According to Durkheim, “ A religion is a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to say, things set apart and forbidden beliefs and practices which unite into one single moral comnjunity, called a church, also those who adhere to them.” It means that religion is a collective or social phenomenon which is found as a result of beliefs and practices. On this basis, the people of a group get organised. He divided religious things into sacred and profane.

Question 2.
In what way does religion play an important role in society ?
Answer:
Religion plays an important role in giving stability to society and maintaining social organisation. One religion has millions of followers with common beliefs. Such common beliefs, values and ways of behaviour form a sense of unity atleast in that religion and consequently they unite with each other. This unity helps in strengthening social organization. Each religion tells its followers to give alms, to show sympathy and cooperate with others. It also strengthens society. In this way religion plays a very important role in society.

Question 3.
What is an educational institution ? Write down the educational policies adopted by the government.
Answer:
An educational institution gives necessary knowledge to an individual and makes him a responsible citizen. The educational policies adopted by the government are as follows :

1. According to article 45 of the constitution, free and compulsory education will be given to the children upto the age of 14 years.
2. In 1960, the Kothari Commission laid emphasis on universal enrolment and retention.
3. In 1986, a national education policy was adopted with emphasis on vocational education and equal educational opportunities for deprived groups.
4. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan 1986 and 1992 laid emphasis on providing useful and relevant educational for all children in the age group of 6 to 14 years.
5. Right of children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act (2010) states that every child in the age group of 6-14 years will be provided 8 years of elementary education in age appropriate classroom, in the vicinity of the child’s neighbourhood.

Question 4.
Write the functions of education in brief.
Answer:

1. Education helps in the intellectual development of an individual.
2. Education connects an individual with the society.
3. It helps in maintaining balance in society.
4. Education helps in transmitting culture from one generation to another.
5. It helps in developing individual ability.
6. It develops moral values among children.
7. It also helps in doing socialisation of an individual.

Question 5.
Write a short note on types of authority by Max Weber.
Answer:
Max Weber gave three types of authority – traditional, legal and charismatic. Traditional authority is that which is traditionally going on and no one raises question mark against it. Father’s authority is of this type of authority in the house. Legal authority is that which one gets according to certain rules and laws. Government is having such authority. Charismatic authority is that which one gets due to his charismatic personality and his followers accept his orders without any cry. Religious leaders, Political leaders enjoy such authority.

Question 6.
Differentiate a state society from a stateless society.
Answer:
1. Stateless society:
The society which lacks the institution of state is known as stateless society. These are simple and ancient societies. They have less population and people have direct relation among them. That’s why, to control individual behaviour, there is no need of state or government. It is controlled by council of elders.

2. State society:
Modern societies are state societies where authority is in the hands of state which is obtained from the people. Max Weber says that state is a community of people which uses authority in a geographical area with the help of physical force.

Answer the following short answer questions in 250-300 words each:

Question 1.
What is meant by political institutions ? Discuss in detail.
Answer:
Our society is quite large and the political system is one of its parts. Political system defines those human roles which help in regulating society. Polity and society are closely related. To control social humans, political institutions are required and these are-power, authority, state, government, Legislature, Executive, Judiciary etc.

These political institutions keep formal control on society and the means to keep this control are government, police, army, courts at etc. So, political institutions are the means which help in maintaining social order. Political institutions are mainly associated with the distribution of power. Among all the political institutions, few are quite important and these are :

1. Power:
Power is the ability of an individual or a group to force their will on others even when they are opposed. It means that those who have power, they enjoy it at the cost of others. The quantity of power is limited in society. Those who have more power, they use it on those who have less or no power and influence them. Elders of the family, General Manager of a company, Government, Ministers etc. enjoy such power.

2. Authority:
Power is used with the help of authority. It is a form of power which is just and legal. It is institutional and based on legitimacy. Those who have authority, force their will on others as it is considered legitimate. It is implemented not only on humans but on groups and institutions as well. For example, in dictatorship, authority is in the hands of one person, group or party but in democracy, it is in the hands of elected representatives of the people.

3. State:
State is the most important political institution. It is a group of people having a definite geographical area, have population, government and sovereignty. State is a part of society. It affects all the aspects of life but it cannot take the place of society. State is an agency which controls social associations. State influences all the aspects of society and plays a very important role in maintaining balance between them.

4. Government:
Government is an agency of state which has the authority to control the people. It helps in maintaining peace in society. Government has legal sanction because it is elected under certain rules and .has the majority in legislature. Government is an agency to achieve the aims of state. There are three organs of government – Legislature, Executive and Judiciary.
(i) Legislature : It is a part of government whose function is to make laws for the country. Parliament of the country is known as Legislature.

(ii) Executive : It is another organ of government which implements the laws made by legislature. The President, Prime Minister and other ministers are the part of executive.

(iii) Judiciary : It is the third organ of government which uses the laws made by legislature and implemented by the executive. Our Courts, Judges are the part of Judiciary.

So, different political institutions contribute in running our country in a smooth way. These institutions do their work without interfering in each other’s matters.

Question 2.
Write a note on Panchayati Raj.
Answer:
There are two ways of development of the local areas in our country. Local governments are there for the development of urban areas and panchayati raj institutions are there for the development of rural areas. Institutions of local government are based upon the concept of division of labour because functions here are divided in government and local groups. 70% of the population in our country lives in rural areas. The institution of local government which administers the rural areas is known as Panchayat.

Panchayati Raj expresses only the institutional structure of rural area. When the British Empire was established in our country, the entire country was under the control of landlords and Zamindars. In 1935, Indian government passed a law which has given the complete sovereignty to states and the panchayati laws were given a new form. In Punjab, one Panchayat Act was passed in 1939 whose aim was to give some powers to the democratically elected institutions with which they could be able to work at a unit of local administration.

On 2nd October, 1961 the three tier structure of Panchayati Raj was applied in the whole country. 73rd constitutional amendment was made in 1992 in which powers were decentralized upto the local level. With this the panchayati raj institutions were given many financial and other types of powers.

Many changes have taken place in Indian rural community during last 65 years. Most of the powers of Indian panchayats were taken away by Britishers. They wanted to run these panchayats according to their own way because of which they applied a new and common legal system in all the villages. Today’s panchayats are the results of the laws made after the independence.

Organization of Village Panchayats. There are two types of panchayats in the village. First type of panchayats which are elected according to the laws made by government and are formal in nature. 2nd type of panchayats are informal and they are known as caste panchayats. They don’t have any legal status but they plays a very important role in keeping social control.

Three types of organization of panchayats exists in our country and these are :

(1) Gram Sabha
(2) Gram Panchayat
(3) Nyaya Panchayat.

1. Gram Sabha.r All the adult persons of total population, of the village, are the members pf Gram Sabha and it is the complete unit of the whole population of the village. This is the basic unit on which the whole structure of our democracy rests. Gram Sabha can be made in that village whose population is more then 250.

If the population of one village is less than 250 then two villages can jointly make the Gram Sabha. Every adult of the village is the member of Gram Sabha, who has the right to vote. There is one chairman and some members of every Gram Sabha. It is elected for 5 years. ,

Functions of Gram Sabha. Gram Sabha approves the annual budget and the functions to be done for the development of the village and helps in applying these function. It also helps in doing the functions of social welfare, programmes of adult education and of family welfare. It also plays an important role in keeping unity in the village.

Village Panchayat or Gram Panchayat. Every Gram Sabha elects one Gram Panchayat from its area. In this way the Gram Sabha is an executive institution which elects members for the Gram Panchayat. It has one Sarpanch and 5-13 panches. There are certain places in Panchayats which are reserved for backward classes and females. It is generally elected for 5 years but state government can dissolve them even before 5 years if it will try to misuse its powers.

If any Gram Sabha is dissolved before completion of its term then all of its position will also comes to an end. Village is generally divided in different parts to elect Panchs and Gram Panchayats. Then the Panches and Sarpanch are elected by the members of Gram Sabha.

One third of the total seats in Gram Panchayat are reserved for women and the seats are also reserved for backward classes according to the ratio of their population in that area. Any governmental official and mentally ill person cannot be elected for panchayat. Gram Panchayat works for the sanitation, recreation, development of industries and means of communication. It also solves the problems of the village. Functions of Panchayats.

Gram Panchayat performs many functions for the village which are given below :
(1) The first important function of Gram Panchayat is to raise the economic and social standard of life of the people. There are many social evils in villages. Panchayat motivates the people to remove those evils and tries to change their traditional point of view.

(2) For the allround development of any area, it is necessary that illiteracy should be eradicated from that area and it is the main reason of backwardness of Indian Society. Indian villages are also backward due to this reason. Panchayat tries to open schools in village and motivates the people to send their children in the school. It also arranges the adult education centre to teach the adults of the village.

(3) Panchayat of the village also works for the welfare of the women and children of the village. It also arranges for giving education to females. The function of arrangement of good food and recreational facilities is also of Panchayat.

(4) There are no means of recreation in rural areas. That’s why Panchayat also arranges to provide recreational means in the village. Panchayat arranges for films, organizing fairs and to’opening up of library in the village.

(5) Increase in production is necessary in the agriculture based country. Panchayat tells the people about new techniques of agriculture, arranges for the new seeds and developed fertilizers for them so that their agricultural production could.be increased.

(6) It is very much necessary to establish small scale industries in villages for its allround development. That’s why Panchayat tries to establish small scale industries in villages with the help of governmental help. It helps in economic progress of the village and people get employment in their villages.

(7) Means of irrigation are of great importance in good production of agriculture. Gram Panchayat arranges the wells and tubewells in Gram Panchayat. It also arranges for river water so that the people could be able to irrigate their fields.

(8) Generally people are fighting in villages. Panchayat tries to solve their problems in village. Panchayat Samiti. Panchayats coming in one block are the members of the Panchayat Samiti and Sarpanchs of these Panchayats are the members of Panchayat Samiti.

Members of Panchayat Samiti are also elected. Panchayat Samiti takes care of the functions of the Panchayats which are coming in its area. It checks the developmental functions of the village and directs the Panchayat for the welfare of the village. It is the second level of Panchayati Raj.

Zila Parishad. The highest level of Panchayati Raj is Zila Parishad which takes care of the functions of the Panchayats which are coming in the district. It is an executive institution. Chairman’s of Panchayat Samiti, elected members, members of Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and Legislative Assemblies are the members of Zila Parishad.

All these take care of the developmental functions done in the villages of the district. Zila Parishad does many functions such as the improvement of agriculture, improvement of land, irrigation, rural electrification, arrangement of seeds and fertilizers, education, industries etc.

Question 3.
In what way do interest groups act as pressure groups ?
Answer:
During the last few decades, a new concept of division of labour has come forward. In this concept, different people are employed in different professions and as a result, many professional groups have emerged. All these professional groups have their personal interests and they continually work to achieve them. So, the groups which care about the interests of their people and continualy work to achieve their aims are known as interest groups.

In present democratic societies, they always try to change political decisions according to their interests. If need arises, they pledge their support to the political parties and through them, try to influence official decisions. Almost all the interest groups have an objective to achieve higher status in the national politics.

That’s why they pressurise the govt to make policies in their favour. When they start to pressurise the govt, they take the form of pressure group. Pressure groups are organised or unorganised groups who influence govt, policies and promote their interests.

The ways in which they try to influence politices are given below :

1. These pressure groups start a movement on a particular issue to gain public support. They take the help of mass media to draw attention of the people.
2. They generally opt. for strikes, processions and create hurdles in government functioning. They declare strikes to raise their voice. Most of the labour unions opt. for this method to get “their demands met.
3. Most of the trade groups create a loby, with few common motives, to pressurise the govt to change its policies.
4. Each pressure .group or interest group is associated with some political party.
   They support these parties during elections to get their demands met after winning elections and forming the government.

Question 4.
Define Religion. Describe its features.
Answer:
The most difficult function for sociologists is to give that definition which should be accepted by every one and all sections of the society. It’s reason is that the nature of religion is very complex and different Sociologists have different views about it.

It is so because different sociologists are related with different countries and different cultures. There are many religions in the world and because of this diversity, they all are unable to reach on any consensus about the definition of religion. But still different Sociologists have given different definitions of religion which are as follows –

• According to Frazer, “Religion is belief in powers superior to man which are believed to direct and control the course of nature and of human life.”
• According to Maclver, “Religion as we understand the term implies a relationship not merely between man and man but also between man and some higher power.”
• According to Durkheim, “Religion is a unified system of beliefs and practices related to sacred things is to say things set apart and forbidden.”
• According to Malinowski, “Religion is a mode of action as well as system of belief and an ecological, phenomenons as well as personal experience.”

Therefore, from these definitions it is clear that the base of religion is the belief in super- natural power and this power is believed as superior and powerful to man.

It keeps control over all the elements of life which are important for man. Its one base is emotional. There are many methods and rituals to keep this power happy. It is clear that the acceptance of religion is beyond social because religion is explained by supernatural forces. Religion is used very widely in society. According to sociologists, religion represents the habits and emotional experiences of man. Religion came into being because of the feelings of fear and the respect of humans towards many things.

According to Tylor, religion was developed because of belief of ancient humans in the spirits of ancestors. According to this belief, spirit lives at any place, in any thing or animal after the death. It can affect human life. To keep these spirits happy, man started to worship these spirits and from here the origin of religion starts.

Features of Religion:
1. Belief in Supernatural Power. Religion is the complexity of thoughts, feelings and methods which express its belief in super regulates powers. This power is universal and all powerful. It is believed that this power regulates human action. In this way the first characteristics of religion is the belief in supernatural power.

The basis of this super-natural power are different but this power definitely exists in all religions. If any one doesn’t have faith in this power than he doesn’t have faith in religion and because of, this, existence of that person comes to an end. This power is powerful and better than human power. This power is believed to be beyond the range of human brain about which man says that he is afraid of this power.

2. Rituals. Religious rituals are the actions determined by religion. They are sacred in themselves and are the symbols of sacredness. For example according to Hindu religion, there are many fasts and pilgrimages which are religious rituals. Religious rituals bind together the followers of one religion and differentiate them from the followers of another religion.

3. Religious Acts. Another important feature*of religion is that it has different religious acts and actions. With the help of these religious acts man always tries to keep happy to supernatural powers and he expresses his belief in these supernatural powers by doing those acts. These acts are of two kinds. First one are those actions for which special religious knowledge is necessary.

This function has been done by religious priests in every religion. Second are simple religious acts like prayer and going for pilgrimage which even a layman can do very easily. But in every religion one belief prevails that man can keep natural powers happy by completing religious functions.

4. Religious Symbols. In every religion certain symbols are used to see these super natural powers. Like in Hindu religion portraits and sculptures are worshipped. In every religion some stories are there related to this supernatural powers. People believe that by believing these supernatural stories they can keep happy that almighty.

5. Religious Hierarchy. All the followers of any religion don’t have equal status in religious group. In every religion, a system of hierarchy exists. People who sit at high posts, are generally those who are experts in doing religious acts like priests. At second place those persons come who have full faith in religious representatives and concepts. At the end those persons come who cannot be called as sacred and who do those impure functions given by religion. They are restricted in almost all the religions.

6. Religious books. Every religion has one important feature and that is the religious books related to those religions. In every religion, some religious persons are there who write religious books and every religion has some religious stories whose description is generally given in those books. Like in Hindu religion Mahabharta, Ramayana, Bhagwat Gita, Four Vedas, Manu Smriti etc. are there. In the same way ‘Quran’ of Islam, ‘Guru Granth Sahib’ of Sikhs and ‘Bible’ of Christianity are the religious books.

Question 5.
In what way is religion useful and harmful for the society ?
Answer:
1. To give stability to social organization. Religion plays an important role in providing stability to the society and maintaining social organization. Millions of people are there in one religion who have common beliefs. These common beliefs, values and ways of behaviour forms a sense of unity atleast in that religion with which unity comes in that group.

In this way this unity helps in strengthening social organization. Every religion tells its people to give alms, to show sympathy and to cooperate with others because of which stability comes in society. In this way religion saves its people from instability and gives stability to society.

2. Religion gives, definite form to Social Life. Religion is the collection of customs and mores. These customs and mores are parts of the culture also. In this way balance is maintained between social atmosphere and culture. Because of this balance social life gets definite form. Because of religion people respect customs, mores etc. and others also maintain this balance. In this way because of this balance social life moves in a proper way and all this is because of religion.

3. To organise Family Life. Marriage in different religions is done according to different religious traditions. Because of religious traditions religion becomes permanent and its life and organization strengthens. Every religion defines the duties and rights of different members. It tells the parents ahd children that what are their duties towards each other.

Every one, while living in family, obeys and fulfils the duties towards each other and cooperates with each other to run the family. It helps in maintaining balance between members of the family. All the functions of the family are determined by religion. ‘

4. To remove mutual differences. There are many religions in this world. They do not ask their followers to fight with the followers of another religion. Instead they ask to live with each other with love and peace and they ask their followers to remove their mutual differences. Removal of differences will increase unity in the society. That’s why all the religions and the leaders have tried to uplift the lower castes. Gandhiji had tried all his life to uplift scheduled castes and untouchables.

5. To keep Social Control. Religion is one of the important means of social control. Religion has the sanction of the society behind it. Religion affects the people forcefully even without their wish and the person feels that religion is putting a great effect on him.

Religion controls and directs its followers in such a way that the person has to obey the teachings of religion. Religion is the belief in the supernatural power and people never try to work against the wishes of that supernatural power because they are afraid of it. In this way the behaviour and ways of action are controlled by religion.

6. Social Welfare. Every religion encourages its members to do works of social welfare. In all the religions of the world giving alms is known as sacred. People are giving help to orphanages, hospitals, schools etc. and helping them by giving them money. People of every religion distribute food, clothes, medicine, money to poor people. They are doing this because their religion asks them to do so. In this way religion encourages the works of social welfare.

Dysfunctions or Demerits of Religion:
1. Religion is an Obstacle in Social Progress. Religion is fundamentalist by nature and change is the law of nature. Changes are often coming in society because of which society can develop from materialistic point of view but not from spiritual point of view. Religion is basically against any change.

Religion is not in the favour of any change. In fact it believes in keeping the situation as it is. Changed circumstances are not according to the religion because of which religion opposes the change. By opposing the change it becomes an obstacle.

2. Man becomes Fatalist. Religion says that whatever is written in man’s fate he will definitely get that. He will neither get more than that nor get less than that. After thinking this thing man stops working and says that if he will get according to fate then what is the advantage of doing work ? Whatever is written in his fate he will get that. In this way man leaves everything to fate. But he forgets that a person makes and change his own fate. If he will not work then what he will make and change. In this way man leaves everything to fate and becomes fatalist.

3. Opposite to National Unity. We can call the religion as opposite to National Unity. Generally every religion asks its followers to, go according to its rules and generally these rules are against other religion. While loving their religion, sometimes people start opposing other religions. This opposition results in religious narrowness and intolerance. This religious intolerance is dangerous for the unity of the country and even sometimes communal violence starts in different religions. In this way sometimes religion works against National Unity.

4. Religion Increases the Social Problems. There are certain custo’ms and rituals in every religion and according to priests and religious persons these customs and rituals are necessary for every person. Religious persons call their followers to go against other religion. Because of religion many problems in our country like child marriage, Sati system, Dowry system, no widow marriage, untouchability, poverty etc. came. Religion is responsible directly or indirectly for these problems. The government has made many laws to solve these problems but still religion is an obstacle in the way of their solution.

5. Religion is ah Obstacle in the Way of Change. Religion is always against change and is an obstacle in the way of change. Different types of inventions and discoveries are coming in the world. Because religion is always fundamentalist and that’s why it is against change. Any change of the society is opposed by religion. For example when a law was made against Sati system then it was opposed by religious persons. In this way religion is always against materialistic changes of the world.

Question 6.
Briefly discuss the characteristics of primitive, pastoral, agrarian and industrial economies.
Answer:
(i) Primitive Economy. Many tribes live in far off places in forests and mountains. Yet most of the tribes have joined the main stream due to means of transport and have also adopted the occupation of agriculture but still many tribes are there who still spend their life as hunters and food gatherers. They collect roots, fruits, honey etc. and even are hunting smaller animals. Some tribes also exchange many things. In this way they fulfil their needs in the absence of agriculture.

Those tribes are known as ancient tribes which fulfil their needs in this way. These people not only kill animals but also collect fruits, roots and honey from the jungles. In this way they fulfil their needs even without the presence of agriculture. We can come to know about their culture after looking at their way of hunting.

These societies lack tools and means because of which they are the shadow of ancient tribes. There is no concept of surplus production in their societies. It is so because they can neither produce any thing surplus nor they can keep the surplus production. They live like wanderers. Tribes of Chenchu, Katkari, Kames, Baija, Khariya, Kuch, Paliyan etc. live this type of life.

(ii) Pastoral Economy. Pastoral economy is one of the important parts of tribal economy. Tribal people rear animals for different purposes like to take milk, meat and wool and to carry weight. Pastoral tribes of India live a static and permanent life and none according to the season. Tribes of mountainous region move towards plains in the winter season and come back to their areas in summer season. The main pastoral tribe of India is the Gujjar tribe of Himachal Pradesh which rears buffaloes, cows and sheep for business purposes.

This custom also prevails in the Toda tribe of Tamilnadu. This tribe rears animals and gets milk from them. Milk is used either to exchange things or it is used to fulfil their own needs. Indian tribes generally live a permanent life. They live at one place, rear animals and get many things from them such as milk, wool, meat etc. They also trade in animals such as sheep, goat etc.

(iii) Agricultural economy. The main occupation of rural society is either agriculture or any of the related work because they are very much closely related with nature. Because they are closely related to nature, that’s why their views towards life are very much different.

Yet many other occupations like carpenter, blacksmith etc. are there in villages but they also make tools related to agriculture. Land is considered as a very important thing in tribal society and people like to live here because their life depends upon the land. Even the economic, system and development of people and villages depend upon agriculture.

(iv) Industrial economy. Urban economy can also be called industrial economy because urban economy depends upon industries. Very large industries are there in cities where thousands of people work with each other. Production is also on large scale due to large scale industries. Owners of these larger industries are different individuals.

Production is done for the market. They produce not only for internal markets of the country but for foreign markets as well. Even in some cases, production is being done only for foreign markets. Owners of these big industries produce things only for their profit and they exploit the labourers as well.

We can find a number of occupations and occupational diversity in urban societies. Family, in earlier times, was the unit of productions. All the functions were being done only in the family. But due to advent of urban areas, thousands of occupations and industries were developed. For example we confine many types of functions in a factory and we need specialised person to do any specific type to work.

Only the skilled person can do that specific work. In this way functions in cities are divided among different people because of which division of labour prevails in urban society. People are specialised in their work and that’s why specialisation is of great importance. In this way division of labour and specialisation are two important aspects of urban economy.

Question 7.
Write a note on division of labour.
Answer:
In 1893 Durkheim published his first book in French language called ‘De La Division du Trovail Social’. Yet it was his first writing but it was a strong base of his popularity. On this book only he got doctorate from Paris University in 1893. In this great book he has fully explained the social division of labour. Durkheim’s this book has been divided in three parts. In every part he has analysed the different aspects of labour.

In the first part of his book ‘Functions of Division of Labour’ he has tried to prove that division of labour is the base of social solidarity. With that from the point of view of scientific study he has explained different forms of Law, Types of solidarity, different forms of human relations, crime, punishment, social evolution and some problems of society. In second part of this book he has given detailed explanation of reasons and results of division of labour. In 3rd part of this book he has given some abnormal forms of division of labour.

1. Functions of Division of Labour. Durkheim accepts every , social fact as moral fact. Any social behaviour lives on the base of moral base. As a functionalist first of all Durkheim has given function of division of labour. According to him, division of labour is a social fact, that’s why he started his book from its functional analysis. First of all fourkheim has given the meaning of function.

He has given two meanings of function :
(а) Meaning of function is from system of movement which means from action.
(b) Second meaning of function is from this action or movement and from interrelation according to its needs which means The need to be fulfilled by action. Here Durkheim is using meaning of function from second point of view. In this way by function of division of labour his meaning is that by which basic of social existence is fulfilled by the process of division of labour. Function is that in the absence o’f which, the basic needs of its units cannot be fulfilled.

Generally it is been said that the function of division of labour is the development of society because it is a truth that with the development of division of labour and specialization, civilization in the societies increases. Because of division of labour the production force increases, material and intellectual aspect develops, leisure increases in general life and knowledge increases. That’s why generally division of labour is known as the source of civilization.

But Durkheim was against that. He said that the development of civilization is not the function of division of labour. According to him, the meaning of source is not the function. Increase in leisure, development of material and mental level comes due to result of division of labour. That’s why it is the result of this process, not the function. Meaning of function is not the result.

In the development of the society three kinds of development are included. Three types are :
(a) Industrial or economic aspect
(b) Intellectual aspect
(c) Scientific aspect.

Durkheim was of the view that all these three aspects of development are without moral facts. So with the development of industrial, intellectual and scientific aspect, crime, suicide and other immoral phenomena also increases in societies. So according to him the function of division of labour is not the development of civilization.

But what is the function of division of labour ? According to him to make new groups and their solidarity or unity are the functions of division of labour. He has tried to find any moral need related with the existence of society as the function of division of labour. According to him with the increase in members of society and their inter-relations, slowly and slowly the process of division of labour also develops.

In this process so many new business and social groups have been made. For the existence of society the unity or solidarity of these groups is must. Without the solidarity of these groups we cannot imagine the balance in social system. So solidarity is the moral need of different groups.

According to him this need of society is fulfilled by division of labour. On one side division of labour makes new social groups and with that it also helps in maintaining unity and collectivity of these groups. So the function of division of labour is to establish unity in society. Division of labour is related with the differences of functions of humans and these differences are the bases of social solidarity.

He has given factual base for this social reality. He was of the view that the important function is not that it increases the production with the divided work but it organises and unites them. So division of labour makes new social groups and produces unity among them.

(A) Law and Solidarity. Durkheim had the view .that the function of division of labour is to produce solidarity in society. Social solidarity is a moral fact. To clarify the social solidarity which came from division of labour classifies the laws. According to the classification of laws he has decided the types of social solidarity. To classify laws he has taken sanctions, related to that law, as base.

He has given two types of laws:
(i) Repressive law. Repressive laws can be called as Public laws.
These ar’e of two types.
(a) Penal law. These are related with giving suffering, causing loss, to kill and to obstract independence. We can call them organised Repressive laws.
(b) Diffused law. Some repressive laws are there which are spread in the whole society or group on the basis of morality. That’s why Durkheim is calling them diffused law. According to Durkheim, Repressive laws are related with criminal functions.

These laws explain the crime and its punishment. These laws also show the basic conditions of collective life of society. Every society has its basic circumstances. So in different societies repressive laws are also different. The power of these repressive laws is based in collective mind and collective mind gets power from equalities.

(ii) Restitutive law. Another type of law is the Restitutive law system. These laws provide balance to the imbalance produced in the human relations. In this group civil laws, business laws, constitutional laws, administrative laws are included. These laws are not related with , the whole society but are related with human. These laws are regulating the balance and imbalance produced in the personal relations of members of society. Restitutive laws are joining individuals and society with some middle institutions.

On the basis of these two types of laws according to Durkheim two types of solidarities can be made. These two types of solidarities are the result of two different types of lifestyles. Repressive laws are related with general nature of man and with equalities. But Restitutive laws are related with differences or with division of labour.

The type of solidarity which comes due to Repressive laws, according to Durkheim, is Mechanical Solidarity and the solidarity which comes due to Restitutive laws is called Organic Solidarity whose base is division of labour.

In this way according to Durkheim there are two types of social solidarities :
1. Mechanical Solidarity. According to Durkheim, Mechanical solidarity can be seen in the repressive laws of society. The bases of this solidarity are the equalities available in the members of the society. The society in which the life of members is full of equalities, where general norms of thoughts, beliefs, functions, lifestyle and ideal are there and the society which thinks, works as a collective unit on the basis of these equalities shows mechanical solidarity.

Its members are united like a machine. In old primitive societies mechanical solidarity was there. He was of the view that even crime helps in binding the people in solidarity. In this way there is existence of one social solidarity which comes out of definite conditions of consciousness which are normal for the members of any society. These can be shown by Repressive laws. These are based on the power of collective consciousness.

2. Organic Solidarity. According to Durkheim, the second type of solidarity is organic solidarity. The power of Repressive laws is in collective consciousness. Collective consciousness gets power from equalities. In primitive societies repressive laws were there because the base of social life were equalities. According to Durkheim, modern societies are influenced by division of labour and specialization in which instead of equalities, inequalities are the base. This difference of group or collective life gives importance to individual consciousness.

In modern societies man is not directly united with group. In these societies there is a lot of importance of mutual relations of humans. That’s why he was of the view that in modern societies instead of Repressive laws, Restitutive laws are important. In the societies which are based on differences humans are dependent upon each other. Every human can specialize in one field and for other works he is dependent upon others.

This inter-dependence of members of group or society and their personal inequalities force them to come closer to each other with the help of which solidarity in society would be established. To this type of solidarity Durkheim gives the name of organic solidarity. This can be seen in restitutive social system.

3. Contractual Solidarity. After analysing the mechanical and organic solidarity Durkheim has also written about one more solidarity which is known as Contractual Solidarity. According to Durkheim, the process of division of labour gives birth to contractual relations. People of a group are getting the services of each other on the basis of mutual contracts and mutually they are cooperating with each other.

It is right that in modern societies people are establishing cooperation and solidarity on the basis of contracts. But the function of division of labour is not to give birth to contractual solidarity. According to him, contractual solidarity is individual fact, but it is regulated by society.

2. Causes and Conditions. The second part of book ‘Division of Labour in Society’ is related with causes, conditions and results and these are given ahead :
Causes of Division of Labour. Durkheim has explained division of labour on Sociological basis. He has found the causes of division of labour in the conditions of social life and in the social needs produced from them. From this point of view, he has

divided the causes of division of labour in two parts :
(a) Primary Causes
(b) Secondary Causes.

(а) Increase in the size and density of Population. According to Durkheim, the increase in size and density of population is the central and primary reason of division of labour. He says that the increase of population has two aspects-increase in size of population and increase in density of population.

These both aspects give birth to division of labour. With the increase in population old primitive societies are disintegrating and new mixed societies are coming into being. Population started to concentrate in few centres. The density of population he has divided in two parts :

(i) Material Density:
From physical point of view concentration of people at one place is material density.

(ii) Moral Density:
Because of Material density relations of the people are increasing with which actions and reactions are increasing. The complexity which came out of increased rq,utual relations and inter-relations, Durkheim is calling dynamic or Moral Density.

(b) Unclarity of Collective Consciousness. In secondary reasons of division of labour he has given first place to unclarity of collective consciousness. In equality based societies, collective consciousness is quite strong because of which members of societies cannot be motivated by individual or personal point of view. Collective feelings are showing them the way.

Durkheim was of the view that division of labour and individual specialization is possible in that condition when instead of collective point of view, individual point of view will develop and when individual consciousness suppresses collective consciousness. So according to him, the development of division of labour will be slow and difficult if collective consciousness is strong and definite. If this collective consciousness will be loose enough then the division of labour vyill move with quite a good speed.

(c) Ancestral reason and division of labour. The second cause of the division of labour according to Durkheim is the decreasing influence of ancestral influence. How much more influence these ancestral qualities can exert on man that much less chances will be there for change. In other words for the development of division of labour it is must that we should not give importance to ancestral qualities. The development of the division of labour is possible only if there will be differences in the nature and behaviour of the people.

The result of classifying people on the base of their ancestral qualities and with binding them with their ancestors is that man has not been able to develop his special qualities and does not change. In this way it is an obstacle in the distribution of division of labour. He was of view that with the passage of time and change these ancestral bindings yvill become so weak that their ancestral qualities will also become weak. So slowly and slowly different qualities of people will develop and then division of labour will also develop.

Question 8.
Define economic institution. Write down the changes taking place in economic system.
Answer:
Every person has some of his basic needs like food, cloth and shelter. Man always does efforts to fulfil his basic needs. Because of these efforts, economic institutions come in front of us. But here one question arises that if economic activities of humans are being studied by Economics then what they are doing in Sociology ? Then its answer is that economic activities affect other aspects and institutions of human life like religion, family, marriage, kinship etc.

These institutions are of great importance in the human life. That’s why, because the economic institutions affect all the other institutions, interest of sociology has also increased to study these economic institutions. If any change comes in economic institutions then change also comes in all the other institutions. That’s why the importance of economic institutions has been increased. Now we will see that what are economic institutions.

Economic institutions are those institutions which arrange for the things for production, distribution and consumption for the people. Economic institutions are of great importance in society. That’s why different forms of society have been divided on the basis of economy or economic institutions like hunting society, agricultural society and industrial society. All the other institutions of society like family, marriage, religion etc. are affected by these economic institutions.

Economic institutions tell a person and to his coming generations that every society has some of its limited means. These institutions tell every person that he has to use those limited means, their production, distribution and consumption and how he has to use these means for every one. In this way it is a system with which people satisfy their needs and find the solutions of their economic problems. In this way the functions of economic institutions are the production, distribution, consumption and selection of exchange.

According to Jones, “The economic selection of Exchange, complex of techniques, ideas and customs relating to the exploitation of the environment for the satisfaction of subsistence needs.” According to Davis, “The basic ideas, norms,»and statuses which govern the allocation of scarce goods in any society whether the primitive or civilized, we call it economic institutions.” .

According to Ogburn and Nimkoff, “The activities of man in relation to fo,od and property constitute the economic institutions.”
In this way after looking at these given definitions we can say that the definite and organised forms of actions done by man to fulfil his basic needs are known as economic institutions.

Changes Coming in the Economic Institutions :
Right since the beginning of the 20th Century, many changes have started to come in the economic institutions

which are given below :

• Now production is done on a large scale and for this pupose, a new technique of‘Assembly Line’ has emerged. In this, humans and machines both help in producing a new thing.
• Large machines are used in the production so that it can be done on a large scale.
• Due to the process of globalisation, all the countries have opened up their economic barriers. Almost all the countries have reduced custom duties. That’s why goods made in a particular country are easily available everywhere.
• The process of Liberalisation has also brought many changes in the functioning of economic institutions. After 1991, Indian Government adopted the liberalisation policy which expanded the Indian economy. Many multi-national companies opened up their factories in India which reduced unemployment over here.
• Many computer based industries have opened up in India. B.P.O. Industry, Call centres, Software services etc. have played a very important role in earning foreign exchange for the country. It has connected Indian economy with the other economies. The use of machines in all the industries has been increased to a great extent.

Question 9.
Define education. Differentiate between formal and informal education with examples.
Answer:
Education is the most important mean of socialisation. It is the best method to transmit cultural values to the next generation. Education is of great help in maintaining balance with industrialisation, urbanisation and other processes. Education is not limited only to the bookish knowledge. It gives every type of knowledge to an individual regarding ways of living life.

It also develops many traits among individuals such as love, friendship, discipline etc. According to Durkheim, “Education is the influence exercised by the adult generation upon those who are not yet ready for adult life.”
According to Philips, “Education is the institution whose central point is collection of knowledge.” ‘

So we can say that education is a process which is a mixture of empirical knowledge and conceptual and practical ideas whose major aim is to establish balance between. an individual’s social and natural environment. It plays a very important role in social control.
Mainly education is of two types:
(i) Formal Education
(ii) Informal Education.

(i) Formal Education :
Formal education is the education which we get formally in school, college, university etc. Such education has definite curriculum and teachers teach according to this curriculum. Such education has a clear motive and that is allround development of an individual and to make him a better citizen of society. Such education is given according to a particular objective. It is having three levels- primary, college and university. Each level has a definite organisation which includes teachers, students and other staff.

(ii) Informal Education :
Informal education is the education which one never gets in school, college or university but he gets it from his daily experiences, views of other persons, family, neighbourhood, friends etc. It means that an individual always learns something from his daily life. It does not have a fixed time, fixed curriculum or a definite place. One can get it at any place and from any one. No degree is given for this but one becomes mature with informal education.

Question 10.
Discuss the views of functionalist sociologists on the role of education in society.
Answer:
If we observe the modern society, we come to know that no other factor has greatly contributed in changing society as education has contributed. Education has played a very important role in bringing change in society. With the increase in education, the first changes came in the European society, and later on in the second half of twentieth century, changes came in the Asian society. These changes completely revolutionized whole of society. Modernization in India came due to education. People in the Indian society, started taking education which brought allround development over here.

Change in the status of women, change in the status of lower castes, all this has happened due to education. That’s why for sociologists, education is a very important subject to study so that they could find its impact on society. As a factor of social change, sociologists show great interest in the study of education.

According to them, education changes a human from an animal to a cultural and civilized person. According to the French Sociologist Emile Durkheim, “Education is the influence exercised by the adult generation upon those who are not yet ready for adult life.”

It means that education exerts its impact on the coming generation with which it can prepare itself to live in society. Durkheim says that society can survive when homogeneity exists among members, which is reinforced by education. Only through education, a child learns the basic rules, norms, values, and ways to live in society.

Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore also highlighted the functional aspect of education. According to them, social stratification is a process by which able persons are given suitable status in society. This aim is achieved only through education and it ensures that suitable person should get a suitable place.