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Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class English Book Solutions English Main Course Book Poem 1 Open Thy Eyes and see Thy God Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 English Main Course Book Poem 1 Open Thy Eyes and see Thy God

Question 1.
Write the central idea of the poem.
(कविता का केन्द्रीय भाव लिखें।)
Answer:
Tagore says that we can’t find God in temples. We can’t find Him by chanting and singing. We can’t find Him by telling beads. He lives among poor labourers. So we should go and work with the poor if we want to find God.”

टैगोर कहता है कि हम ईश्वर को मन्दिरों में नहीं ढूंढ सकते हैं। हम उसे भजन बोल कर और गा कर नहीं ढूंढ सकते हैं। हम उसे माला फेर कर नहीं ढूंढ सकते हैं। वह ग़रीब मजदूरों के मध्य रहता है। इसलिए हमें ग़रीबों के साथ जा कर काम करना चाहिए यदि हम ईश्वर को ढूंढना चाहते हैं।

Question 2.
Why does the poet say that we should leave chanting, singing and telling of beads ?
(कवि यह क्यों कहता है कि हमें भजन बोलना, गाना और माला फेरना छोड़ देना चाहिए ?)
Answer:
The poet believes that God does not live in temples. We cannot find him by chanting, singing and telling beads. So the poet says that we should leave chanting and telling beads.

कवि मानता है कि ईश्वर मन्दिरों में नहीं रहता है। हम उसे भजन बोलकर, गाकर और माला फेरकर प्राप्त नहीं कर सकते। इसलिए कवि कहता है कि हम भजन बोलना और माला फेरना छोड़ दें।

Question 3.
Where can God be found ?
(ईश्वर को कहां पाया जा सकता है ?)
Answer:
We can find God where the tiller is tilling the hard land. We can find Him where the pathmaker is breaking stones. In other words, God lives among the poor hardworking people.

हम ईश्वर को उस जगह पा सकते हैं जहां किसान सख्त ज़मीन पर हल चला रहा होता है। हम उसे वहां देख सकते हैं जहां सड़कें बनाने वाला पत्थर तोड़ रहा होता है। अन्य शब्दों में, ईश्वर कठोर परिश्रम करने वाले ग़रीब लोगों के मध्य रहता है।

Question 4.
What does the poet suggest regarding the presence of God ?
(कवि ईश्वर की उपस्थिति के बारे में क्या सुझाव देता है ?)
Answer:
The poet says that God doesn’t live in temples. He lives among the poor hard working people.
कवि कहता है कि ईश्वर मन्दिरों में नहीं रहता है। वह कठिन परिश्रम करने वाले निर्धन लोगों के मध्य रहता है।

Question 5.
Write ‘True’ or ‘False’ against the following statements :
(a) God lives in temples.
(b) By chanting, singing and telling of beads we can reach God.
(c) God is there where the tiller is tilling the land.
(d) We should not work hard.
Answer:
(a) False
(b) False
(c) True
(d) False.

Question 6.
Do you agree with Tagore’s contention in his poem, ‘Open Thy Eyes and See Thy God’ ? Why?
(क्या आप इस कविता में टैगोर के विचारों से सहमत हैं ? क्यों ?)
Answer:
I fully agree with Tagore’s contention. True worship does not mean chanting and telling beads. It does not mean going to temples. It means working hard and helping the poor.

मैं टैगोर के विचारों से पूरी तरह सहमत हूं। सच्ची पूजा का अर्थ भजन बोलना और माला फेरना नहीं होता है। इसका अर्थ मन्दिरों को जाना नहीं होता है। इसका अर्थ होता है – कठिन परिश्रम करना और ग़रीबों की मदद करना।

Stanzas For Comprehension

Stanza 1

Leave this chanting and
singing and telling of beads !
Whom dost thou worship in this
lonely dark corner of a temple
with doors all shut ? Open thine
eyes and see thy God is not
before thee !

Questions
1. What does the poet want us to leave? Why?
2. The poet in this stanza asks a question. What is the question?
3. Our eyes are open. Why does the poet say ‘Open thine eyes”?
4. Who are these lines addressed to?
5. What does the poet want the worshipper of God to do?
Answer:
1. The poet wants us to leave chanting and telling beads in temples. He says that God doesn’t live in temples. We can’t find him there by the singing of hymns and telling of beads.
2. The poet asks whom we are worshipping in the lonely dark corner of the temple with doors all shut.
3. Our physical eyes are open but our eyes of the mind are closed. That is why the poet asks us to open our eyes.
4. The poet imagines someone singing hymns and telling beads in a dark corner of a temple. He addresses these lines to such a worshipper of God.
5. He wants the worshipper to open his eyes and see that God whom he is worshipping is not there before him.

Stanza 2

He is there where the tiller is
tilling the hard ground and where
the pathmaker is breaking stones.
He is with them in sun and in
shower, and His garment is covered
with dust. Put off thy holy mantle
and even like Him come
down on the dusty soil !

Questions

1. ‘Thy God is not before thee. Where can we find him?
2. Why are His garments covered with dust?
3. What is the tiller doing?
4. What is the pathmaker doing?
5. How does the poet think we can seek God?
Answers
1. We can find God where the tiller is tilling the hard land and where the pathmaker is breaking stones.
2. His garments are covered with dust because He lives among those who till the hard land and break stones.
3. He is tilling the hard land.
4. He is breaking stones.
5. The poet thinks we can seek God by working among the poor people such as the tillers and pathmakers.

Stanza 3

Deliverance ? Where is this deliverance
to be found ? ‘Our master himself
has joyfully taken upon him the bonds
of creation; He is bound with us all
for ever.

Question
1. What is meant by ‘deliverance’ ?
2. Does the poet think of deliverance to be a desirable thing?
3. Who is our master ?
4. What bonds has our master taken upon himself ?
5. How is He bound with us all for ever?
Answer:
1. ‘Deliverance’ means freedom from a life of toil.
2. The poet doesn’t think of deliverance to be a desirable thing.
3. God is our master.
4. He has taken upon himself the bonds of creation.
5. We all are God’s creation. Thus God is bound with us for ever.

Stanza 4

Come out of thy meditations and
leave aside thy flowers and incense !
What harm is there if thy clothes
become tattered and stained ? Meet
him and stand by him in toil and in the
sweat of thy brow.

Question
1. What does the poet say about our meditations ?
2. What does he want us to leave aside ? Why?
3. How will our clothes become tattered and stained ?
4. Does the poet see any harm if our clothes become tattered and torn ?
5. ‘Meet him ………’ Who does ‘him’ here refer to ?’
Answer:
1. The poet says that we can’t find God through our meditations. So we should give them up.
2. He wants us to leave aside the flowers and the incense. He says this because he feels that we can’t please God by offering any flowers or incense.
3. Our clothes will become tattered and torn if we go to work with tillers and pathmakers.
4. No, he doesn’t see any harm in this.
5. The word ‘him’ here refers to God.

Objective Type Questions

Answer the following in one word / phrase / sentence :

Question 1.
Name the poet of the poem, ‘Open Thy Eyes ….
Answer:
Rabindranath Tagore.

Question 2.
Where is the devotee, as given in the poem ?
Answer:
In a dark corner of a temple.

Question 3.
Who is there with the devotee ?
Answer:
He is sitting there all alone.

Question 4.
Where does God live ?
Answer:
He lives where tiller tills the hard ground.

Question 5.
Where can God be found ?
Answer:
He can be found where the poor people work hard.

Complete the following :

1. The devotee is sitting ……………….. in ………………
2. We can’t find God by …………………. and …………..
3. God lives where the poor people …………… hard and shed ………..
Answer:
1. all alone, a temple
2. chanting hymns, telling beads
3. work / labour, sweat.

Write True or False against each statement :

1. The devotee was sitting in his home, doing Pooja.
2. God cannot be found in temples.
3. God has taken upon himself the task of creation.
Answer:
1. False
2. True
3. True.

Choose the correct option for each of the following:

Question 1.
God can be found by ……………….
(a) chanting hymns
(b) telling the beads
(c) praising him day and night
(d) none of the above.
Answer:
(d) none of the above.

Question 2.
The garment of God, in this poem, is ……..
(a) studded with gems
(b) covered with dust
(c) shining brightly
(d) colourful.
Answer:
(b) covered with dust

Open Thy Eyes and see Thy God Poem Summary in English

Open Thy Eyes and see Thy God Introduction:

In this poem, Tagore says that the worship of idols is useless. He says that God can never be found in places of worship. He can be found where the tillers are tilling land. He can be found where the workers are sweating in the sun. Anyone who wants to find God, should go and work with the tillers and the pathmakers.

Moksha cannot be achieved through empty rituals. In fact, the very desire for deliverance is unholy. Even God has not given Himself deliverance. He always remains busy in the task of creation. A true devotee of God should also work tirelessly. He should work for the poor and the downtrodden.

Character of a Happy Man Summary in English:

The poet sees a devotee in a dark corner of a temple. The devotee is sitting all alone. All the doors of the temple are shut. The devotee is chanting hymns. He is telling beads. The poet asks the devotee whom he is worshipping. He asks him to open his eyes. He asks him to see that his God is not there before him. The poet means to say we can’t find God by chanting hymns. We can’t find Him by telling beads. God does not live in temples.

The poet says that God lives where the tiller tills the hard ground. He lives where the path maker is breaking stones. He lives with the poor labouring people. He lives with them in sun and shower. His garment is covered with dust. So the poet asks the devotee to put off his mantle of worship. Like God Himself, he should go and work with the poor. The poet means to say that God cannot be found in temples. He can be found in places where the poor work hard and shed their sweat.

Then the poet talks of deliverance or moksha. Deliverance means the freedom from labour. The poet says that there is no deliverance for anyone. Even God has no deliverance. He has to do hard labour. He has taken upon Himself the difficult job of creation. He performs this task joyfully.

So the poet asks the devotee to come out of the dark corner of his meditations. He should leave aside his flowers and incense. He should go and work among the poor. No harm would come if his clothes get stained. Rather he would be able to fulfil his desire. He would be able to meet God and stand by Him.

Open Thy Eyes and see Thy God Poem Summary in Hindi

Open Thy Eyes and see Thy God Introduction:

कविता का संक्षिप्त परिचय इस कविता में टैगोर निरर्थक मूर्ति-पूजा की आलोचना करता है। वह कहता है कि ईश्वर को कभी भी पूजास्थलों में ढूंढा नहीं जा सकता। उसे वहां ढूंढा जा सकता है, जहां किसान भूमि जोत रहे होते हैं और जहां मज़दूर लोग धूप में पसीना बहा रहे होते हैं। कोई भी व्यक्ति जो ईश्वर की तलाश करना चाहता है उसे किसानों के साथ और सड़कें बनाने वालों के साथ जा कर काम करना चाहिए। मोक्ष खोखले रीति-रिवाजों द्वारा प्राप्त नहीं किया जा सकता। वास्तव में मोक्ष की इच्छा करना ही एक अपवित्र बात है। स्वयम् ईश्वर ने भी अपने आप को मुक्ति प्रदान नहीं की है। वह सदा रचना के काम में लगा रहता है। ईश्वर के सच्चे भक्त को भी अथक रूप से काम करना चाहिए। उसे गरीबों और दलितों के लिए काम करते रहना चाहिए।

Open Thy Eyes and see Thy God Summary in Hindi:

कवि को किसी मन्दिर के एकान्त और अन्धेरे कोने में बैठा एक भक्त दिखलाई देता है। मन्दिर के सभी दरवाजे बन्द हैं। भक्त भजन गा रहा है और माला फेर रहा है। कवि उससे पूछता है कि वह किसकी पूजा कर रहा है। वह भक्त से कहता है कि वह अपनी आंखें खोले और देखे कि वहां उसके सामने ईश्वर नहीं है। कवि के कहने का भाव यह है कि ईश्वर को भजन गा कर अथवा माला फेर कर प्राप्त नहीं किया जा सकता है। ईश्वर मन्दिरों में नहीं रहता है। कवि कहता है कि ईश्वर उस जगह पर रहता है जहां खेतिहर मजदूर धरती जोत रहा है। वह उस जगह पर रहता है जहां सड़कें बनाने वाला मज़दूर पत्थर तोड़ रहा है। वह मेहनत करने वाले इन लोगों के साथ धूप तथा वर्षा में खड़ा रहता है। उसके वस्त्र मजदूरों के वस्त्रों की भान्ति धूल से भरे रहते हैं।

इसलिए कवि भक्त से कहता है कि वह अपने पूजा वाले वस्त्र उतार दे। स्वयं ईश्वर की भान्ति उसे गरीब लोगों के साथ जा कर काम करना चाहिए। कवि के कहने का भाव है कि ईश्वर को मन्दिरों में नहीं खोजा जा सकता है। उसे उस स्थान पर देखा जा सकता है जहां निर्धन लोग परिश्रम करते हैं और अपना पसीना बहाते हैं। कवि मुक्ति की बात करता है। मुक्ति का अर्थ होता है कि कठिन परिश्रम करने से छूट। कवि कहता है कि मुक्ति कहीं नहीं मिलती है। स्वयं ईश्वर को भी मुक्ति प्राप्त नहीं है। उसे भी परिश्रम करना पड़ता है। उसने अपने ऊपर संसार की रचना करने का कठिन काम लिया हुआ है। वह उस काम को खुशी-खुशी करता रहता है।

इसलिए कवि भक्त से कहता है कि वह अपनी समाधि को छोड़ दे। उसे अपने फूल और धूपबत्ती एक तरफ रख देने चाहिएं। उसे निर्धन लोगों के मध्य जा कर काम करना चाहिए। कोई हानि नहीं होगी यदि उसके वस्त्र फट जाएंगे अथवा गंदे हो जाएंगे। इसके विपरीत उसे अपनी इच्छा की प्राप्ति हो जाएगी। वह ईश्वर से मिलने और उसके साथ खड़ा होने के योग्य हो जाएगा।

Open Thy Eyes and see Thy God Translation in Hindi

Stanza 1

Leave this chanting and
singing and telling of beads !
Whom dost thou worship in this
lonely dark corner of a temple
with doors all shut ? Open thine
eyes and see thy God is not
before thee !

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. chanting-भजन गाना ; 2. telling of beads—माला फेरना ; 3. dost – do ; 4. thine-your, तुम्हारी ; 5. thee-you, तुम।

अनुवाद

छोड़ो यह भजन बोलना
और गाना तथा माला का फेरना !
किसकी पूजा कर रहे हो तुम इस
एकान्त अन्धेरे कोने में एक मन्दिर के
जिसके सब दरवाजे हैं बंद ? खोलो अपनी
आँखें और देखो तुम्हारा ईश्वर नहीं है
तुम्हारे सामने !

Stanza 2

He is there where the tiller is
tilling the hard ground and where
the pathmaker is breaking stones.
He is with them in sun and in
shower, and His garment is covered
with dust. Put off thy holy mantle
and even like Him come
down on the dusty soil !

कठिन शब्दार्थ-
1. tiller-खेती करने वाला मजदूर ; 2. tilling-खेती कर रहा, हल चला रहा ; 3. sun-धूप ; 4. garment-वस्त्र ; 5. mantle-ओढ़न।

अनुवाद
वह उस जगह है जहां किसान
चला रहा है हल, सख्त ज़मीन पर और जहां
सड़कें बनाने वाला, तोड़ रहा है पत्थर !
वह उनके साथ है, धूप और वर्षा में,
और उसका वस्त्र भरा हुआ है ।।
धूल से। उतार दो अपना पवित्र ओढ़न .
और आ जाओ उसी की भांति
नीचे धूल-भरी मिट्टी में !

Stanza 3

Deliverance ? Where is this deliverance
to be found ? Our master himself
has joyfully taken upon him the bonds
of creation; He is bound with us all
for ever.

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. deliverance-मुक्ति, मोक्ष ; 2. bonds—बन्धन ; 3. creation-संसार की रचना।

अनुवाद

मुक्ति ? यह मुक्ति कहां
मिलती है ? स्वयं हमारे स्वामी ने
प्रसन्नतापूर्वक लिया हुआ है बन्धन |
संसार की रचना का; वह बन्धा हुआ है हम सबसे
सदा के लिए।

Stanza 4

Come out of thy meditations and
leave aside thy flowers and incense !
What harm is there if thy clothes
become tattered and stained ? Meet
him and stand by him in toil and in the
sweat of thy brow.

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. meditations-समाधि, चिन्तन ; 2. aside-एक तरफ ; 3. incenseधूपबत्ती ; 4. tattered—कटे-फटे ; 5. stained—दाग-भरे ; 6. sweat of the brow-माथे (अर्थात् कड़ी मेहनत) का पसीना।

अनुवाद
जागो अपनी समाधि से और
रख दो एक तरफ अपने फूल और धूपबत्ती !
क्या होगा नुक्सान अगर तुम्हारे वस्त्र
हो जाएंगे कटे-फटे और दाग-भरे ? मिलो
उसे और उसकी मदद करो, अपनी मेहनत और
अपने माथे के पसीने के द्वारा।

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class English Book Solutions English Main Course Book Chapter 7 The Death of Abhimanyu Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 English Main Course Book Chapter 7 The Death of Abhimanyu

Answer the following questions in brief:

Question 1.
Why did Karna decline to be the Commander-in-Chief of the Kaurava army?
(कर्ण ने कौरव सेना का मुख्य सेनापति बनने से इन्कार क्यों कर दिया ?)
Answer:
Drona was older and more experienced than Karna. That was why Karna refused to be the Commander-in-Chief of the Kaurava army.
द्रोण कर्ण की अपेक्षा आयु में अधिक बड़ा था तथा अधिक अनुभवी था। इसी कारण से कर्ण ने कौरव सेना का मुख्य सेनापति बनने से इन्कार कर दिया।

Question 2.
What request did Duryodhana make to Drona ?
(दुर्योधन ने द्रोण से क्या प्रार्थना की ?)
Answer:
He requested Drona to make the plan of war in such a way that Yudhishthira could
be arrested. उसने द्रोण से प्रार्थना की कि वह युद्ध की योजना इस तरह बनाए कि युधिष्ठिर को बन्दी बनाया जा सके।

Question 3.
What happened on the eleventh day of the war?
(युद्ध के ग्यारहवें दिन क्या हुआ ?)
Answer:
Drona had planned to capture Yudhishthira. Arjuna wanted to keep near his brother and help him. But Susharma’s sons made it impossible for Arjuna to help Yudhishthira. Drona made his greatest attempt to capture Yudhishthira. But just then Bhima came to the help of his elder brother. Thus this day was saved by the Pandavas.

द्रोण ने युधिष्ठिर को बन्दी बनाने की योजना बनाई हुई थी। अर्जुन अपने भाई के पास ही बने रहना चाहता था और उसकी मदद करना चाहता था। किन्तु सुशर्मा के पुत्रों ने युधिष्ठिर की सहायता करना अर्जुन के लिए असम्भव बना दिया। द्रोण ने युधिष्ठिर को बन्दी बनाने के लिए अपना सबसे बड़ा यत्न किया। किन्तु तभी भीम अपने बड़े भाई की सहायता के लिए आ गया। इस प्रकार यह दिन पाँडवों ने बचा लिया।

Question 4.
Who came to the rescue of Yudhishthira when Drona tried to capture him ?
(युधिष्ठिर के बचाव के लिए कौन आ गया जब द्रोण ने उसे बन्दी बनाने की कोशिश की ?)
Answer:
It was Bhima who came there.
यह भीम था जो वहां आ गया।

Question 5.
What is a Chakravyuh ?
(चक्रव्यूह क्या होता है ?)
Answer:
It is a form of arranging an army during the war. The arrangement is in the shape of a wheel. That is why it is called Chakravyuh.
यह वह व्यवस्था होती है जो युद्ध के दौरान सेना को दी जाती है। यह व्यवस्था एक पहिए के आकार में होती है। इसी कारण से इसे चक्रव्यूह कहा जाता है।

Question 6.
Who knew how to pierce through Chakravyuh ?
(चक्रव्यूह को भेद कर अंदर जाना कौन जानता था ?)
Answer:
Only Arjuna, Krishna, Pradyumna and Abhimanyu knew this.
केवल अर्जुन, कृष्ण, प्रद्युम्न और अभिमन्यु इसे जानते थे।

Question 7.
What was Arjina’s vow ?
(अर्जुन की शपथ क्या थी ?)
Answer:
His vow was to kill Jayadrati by sunset the next day or die himself.
उसकी शपथ थी कि वह अगले दिन सूर्यास्त होने तक जयद्रथ को मार देगा अथवा स्वयं मर जाएगा।

Question 8.
Who killed Jayadratha and how ?
(जयद्रथ को किसने मारा तथा कैसे ?)
Answer:
It was Arjuna who killed Jayadratha. He shot his arrows at Jayadratha with a terrific speed. Thus he slashed Jayadratha’s head from his body.
यह अर्जुन था जिसने जयद्रथ को मारा। उसने अपने तीर जयद्रथ पर भयानक गति से छोड़े। इस तरह उसने जयद्रथ का सिर उसके शरीर से काट कर अलग कर दिया।

Answer the following questions in your own words:

Question 1.
Who was Abhimanyu ? How did he pierce through the Chakravyuh ? Who killed him and how?
(अभिमन्यु कौन था ? वह चक्रव्यूह को बींध कर कैसे प्रवेश कर गया ? उसे किसने मारा तथा कैसे ?)
Answer:
Abhimanyu was Arjuna’s son. Drona formed a Chakravyuh in order to capture Yudhishthira. Abhimanyu pierced through the Chakravyuh. The Kauravas surrounded him on all sides. The brave boy kept fighting all alone. But at last the Kauravas disarmed him, and killed him. Jayadratha was the most cruel of them. He cut off Abhimanyu’s limbs from his trunk.

अभिमन्य अर्जन का पुत्र था। द्रोण ने युधिष्ठिर को बन्दी बनाने के लिए एक चक्रव्यूह की रचना की। अभिमन्यु चक्रव्यूह को बींधता हुआ प्रवेश कर गया। कौरवों ने उसे सभी तरफ से घेर लिया। वीर बालक बिल्कुल अकेला लड़ता रहा। किन्तु अन्त में कौरवों ने उसे निहत्था कर दिया और उसे मार दिया। जयद्रथ उनमें सबसे निर्दय था। उसने अभिमन्यु के धड़ से उसके अंग काट कर अलग कर दिए।

Question 2.
How did Arjuna avenge his son’s death ?
(अर्जुन ने अपने पुत्र की मृत्यु का बदला कैसे लिया ?)
Answer:
Jayadratha had killed Abhimanyu in a very cruel manner. Arjuna vowed to kill Jayadratha by sunset the next day or die himself. Jayadratha tried to hide himself among the Kauravas. But Arjuna pierced through the heart of the enemy. His arrows slashed Jayadratha’s head from his body. Thus Arjuna avenged the death of his beloved son.

जयद्रथ ने अभिमन्यु को बहुत निर्दयतापूर्वक मार दिया था। अर्जुन ने शपथ ली कि वह अगले दिन सूर्यास्त होने तक जयद्रथ को मार देगा अथवा स्वयं मर जाएगा। जयद्रथ ने स्वयं को कौरवों के मध्य छिपाने की कोशिश की। किन्तु अर्जुन शत्रु को बींध कर मध्य तक पहुंच गया। उसके तीरों ने जयद्रथ का सिर उसके धड़ से अलग कर दिया। इस प्रकार अर्जुन ने अपने प्रिय पुत्र की मृत्यु का बदला ले लिया।

Tick (✓) the correct choice :

Question 1.
Abhimanyu was ………….
a. a coward
b. an ignorant young boy
c. a brave warrior
d. a leader.
Answer:
c. a brave warrior

Question 2.
Jayadratha was ………….
a. an honest man
b. a divine power
c. cruel and unprincipled
d. a true soldier.
Answer:
c. cruel and unprincipled

Question 3.
…………. played the most unscrupulous and mischievous role in the death of Abhimanyu.
a. Arjuna
b. Duryodhana
c. Jayadratha
d. Yudhishthira
Answer:
c. Jayadratha

Textual Vocabulary & Grammar

Match the words in column A with their antonyms in column B :

1. declined → accepted
2 older → younger
3. attack → defend
4. difficult → easy
5. disadvantage → advantage
6. careful → careless
7. standing → sitting
8. war → peace.

Match the words in column A with their meanings in column B :

1. avenge = to take revenge for a wrong or harmful act
2. unscrupulous = not based on principles or honesty
3. pierced = penetrated
4. armour = a protective shield or covering
5. fray = a fight or battle
6. arrested = taken into custody
7. severed = cut off or separated
8. incredible = which cannot be believed.

Fill in the following blanks with the words given in the box :

bubbling, crucial, appreciated, incredible, chosen, brave, enthusiasm , saved
Answer:
John was a brave boy. He was always bubbling with enthusiasm. He was chosen as the leader by his friends. He helped them in their crucial times. One day, he saved a boy from drowning in the river. His incredible courage was appreciated by all.

Change the following sentences from Direct to Indirect Speech :

1. She says “I have done my duty.”
2. He said, “I know her.”
3. You said, “I have got a prize.”
4. The teacher said, “Two and two make four.”
5. Seema said, “I am all right.”
6. You said to me, “She knows me very well.”
7. She said to me, “Is your brother intelligent ?”
8. The teacher said to the student, “Do not waste time.”
Answer:
1. She says that she has done her duty.
2. He said that he knew her.
3. You said that you had got a prize.
4. The teacher said that two and two make four.
5. Seema said that she was all right.
6. You told me that she knew you very well.
7. She asked me if my brother was intelligent.
8. The teacher advised the student not to waste time.

Correct the following sentences :

1. The class has less boys today.
2. I prefer milk than tea.
3. Do you have a five rupees note ?
4. Please lay down.
5. He has no informations.
6. He is angry at me.
7. I have written a poetry.
8. What is the time in your watch ?
Answer:
1. The class has fewer boys today.
2. I prefer milk to tea.
3. Do you have a five-rupee note ?
4. Please lie down.
5. He has no information.
6. He is angry with me.
7. I have written a poem.
8. What is the time by your watch?

Fill in the blanks with suitable pronouns :

1. Seema tried to save ………….. younger sister.
2. ……….. were sitting in the garden.
3. We shall always do …………. duty.
4. She lost ………….. purse in the fair.
5. This book is not
6. Only ………… students who work hard will get through.
7. You must behave ………… in the class.
8. They did not learn ………….. lessons.
Answer.
1. her
2. They
3. our
4. her
5. mine
6. those
7. yourself
8. their.

Write comparative and superlative degrees of the following adjectives :

Answer:

Pronunciation Practice

Note the silent letter in the words given below. Say each word aloud.

Creative Writing and Extended Reading

1. Abhimanyu was an intelligent, brave and fearless young boy. What inspiration do you derive from such
a character ? Write in 8-10 lines.
2. Some girls are very bold and determined. Read the book The Diary of a Young Girl (Anne Frank), Bantam Books, USA.
3. Relate the story of Anne’s life to your class- fellows.

Use Of Textual Words / Phrases

1. Declined – She declined my invitation.
2. Strategy – Let us work out a new strategy to achieve success.
3. Intention – He is humble and honest; his intentions are not bad.
4. Rescue — Nobody rescued the drowning boy.
5. Crucial — It is very crucial to decide what you want to be in your life.
6. Chariot – Chariots were used in ancient times by royal families.
7. Charioteer – Sri Krishna was Arjuna’s charioteer in the war of Mahabharata.
8. Entrap – He got entrapped into his cunningness.
9. Bubbling with enthusiasm — The students were going on a trip; they were bubbling with enthusiasm.
10. Pounce – The cat pounced upon the rat.
11. Incredible – I can’t believe this incredible story.
12. Subdue – All efforts were made to subdue the rebels.
13. Sever – His leg was severed into two pieces in the accident.
14. Unscrupulous.- He is using unscrupulous methods to succeed in his business.
15. Pierced – The arrow pierced his chest and he died on the spot.
16. Resistance – Our forces didn’t have to face any resistance from the enemy.
17. Impregnable – The country’s defence should be made impregnable.
18. Duel – The youth challenged his opponent to a duel.
19. Truce – Pakistan has signed a truce with the extremists.

objective type questions

Answer the following in one word / phrase / sentence :

Question 1.
Who wrote the chapter, ‘The Death of Abhimanyu’ ?
Answer:
S.B. Srivastava.

Question 2.
Who was Abhimanyu ?
Answer:
Arjuna’s son.

Question 3.
Who was Commander-in-Chief of the Kaurava army?
Answer:
Guru Drona.

Question 4.
What did Duryodhana request Drona to do ?
Answer:
To make the plan of war in such a way that Yudhishthira could be captured.

Question 5.
What did Drona do to capture Yudhishthira?
Answer:
He formed a Chakravyuh.

Question 6.
Who pierced through the ‘Chakravyuh’ ?
Answer:
It was Abhimanyu.

Question 7.
What did the Kauravas do when Abhimanyu entered the ‘Chakravyuh’ ?
Answer:
They surrounded him from all sides.

Question 8.
What did cruel Jayadratha do to Abhimanyu ?
Answer:
He cut off Abhimanyu’s limbs from his trunk.

Question 9.
What did Arjuna vow to avenge his son’s death?
Answer:
He vowed to kill Jayadratha by sunset the next day or die himself.

Question 10.
Who was Jayadratha ?
Answer:
The king of the Sindhus.

Complete the following:

1. ……………….. is a form of arranging an army during the war.
2. It was ……………… who killed Jayadratha.
3. ……………… made it impossible for Arjuna to help Yudhishthira.
4. ………….. came to the rescue of Yudhishthira.
5. Arjuna vowed to avenge.
6. ………………. and ……………… knew about the vow of Arjuna.
Answer:
1. Chakravyuh
2. Arjuna
3. Susharma’s sons
4. Bhima
5. his son’s death
6. Jayadratha,Kauravas.

Write True or False against each statement :

1. Jayadratha was given all care and protection by the Kauravas.
2. The Kauravas captured Yudhishthira in the Chakravyuh.
3. Arjuna pierced through the Kaurava army to kill Karna.
4. Arjuna was not aware of the time of the truce.
5. On the thirteenth day of the battle, Arjuna decided to bring the attack of his enemies to an end.
6. Arjuna was Abhimanyu’s father.
Answer:
1. True
2. False
3. False
4. False
5. True
6. True.

Choose the correct option for each of the following:

Question 1.
…… declined to be the Commander-in-Chief of the Kaurava army.
(a) Duryodhana
(b) Drona
(c) Karna
(d) Dushashna.
Answer:
(c) Karna

Question 2.
Drona formed a ‘Chakravyuh’ to capture ………..
(a) Arjuna
(b) Bhima
(c) Yudhishthira
(d) Krishna.
Answer:
(c) Yudhishthira

Question 3.
Jayadratha was the King of ………………
(a) Pandavas
(b) Sindhus
(c) Kauravas
(d) Yadavas.
Answer:
(b) Sindhus

Question 4.
The most cruel, unprincipled and decisive blow to Abhimanyu was given by ……………….
(a) Karna
(b) Duryodhana
(c) Drona
(d) Jayadratha.
Answer:
(d) Jayadratha.

The Death of Abhimanyu Summary in English

The Death of Abhimanyu Introduction:

This chapter gives an account of Abhimanyu’s death in the war of Mahabharata. Abhimanyu was a brave young boy. He was Arjuna’s son. Drona was the commander of the Kaurava forces. In order to trap Yudhishthira, he arranged his army in the form of a wheel. This formation was known as Chakravyuh. Yudhishthira did not know how to pierce through it. So he called Abhimanyu for help. Abhimanyu at once pierced through the rings of the Chakravyuh. There he was surrounded by the Kauravas. He was disarmed. Then he was killed mercilessly by Jayadratha who was the husband of Duryodhana’s sister. When Arjuna came to know of this, he was filled with deep, grief. He swore to kill Jayadratha by sunset the next day. He was able to do this with the help of Shri Krishna. Thus the death of Abhimanyu was avenged.

The Death of Abhimanyu Summary in English:

After the fall of Bhishma, Drona was made the Commander-in-Chief of the Kaurava army. It was the eleventh day of the war. Duryodhana asked Drona to have Yudhishthira arrested in some way. In order to keep Arjuna away from Yudhishthira, Susharma’s sons were sent to make a powerful attack on Arjuna. Now Drona made a great attempt to capture Yudhishthira. But just then Bhima came to the help of his elder brother. Thus the day was saved for the Pandavas.

On the thirteenth day of the battle, Arjuna decided to put an end to the attack of his enemies. He asked Krishna to drive his chariot to the place where Susharma’s sons had assembled. Seeing this, Drona arranged his army in the shape of a wheel. This arrangement was known as Chakravyuh. Drona wanted to trap Yudhishthira in his Chakravyuh and have him arrested. Now Yudhishthira did not know how to pierce through a Chakravyuh.

So he called Arjuna’s son, Abhimanyu for help. The brave boy at once pierced through the rings of the Chakravyuh. Now the Kauravas surrounded him from all sides. The brave boy kept fighting all alone. At last, the Kauravas disarmed him. He was killed mercilessly by Jayadratha who was the husband of Duryodhana’s sister. Now the sun had set, and all the warriors returned to their camps.

When Arjuna came to know of his son’s cruel death, he was in deep grief. He took a vow to kill Jayadratha by sunset the next day or die himself. When Jayadratha came to know of Arjuna’s vow, he was filled with terror. He wanted to run away but Duryodhana assured him of all protection. Duryodhana was certain that they would be able to protect Jayadratha the next day, and then Arjuna would end his life as he had vowed. And without Arjuna, there would be a sure victory for the Kauravas.

The next day came. The Kauravas surrounded Jayadratha from all sides so that Arjuna could never reach him. Arjuna made a fierce attack on the Kauravas. With great difficulty, he advanced step by step. At last, he pierced through the heart of the army. He was very close to the place where Jayadratha was. But suddenly Duryodhana sprang up before him and challenged him to a duel.

Arjuna directed his arrows towards Duryodhana. But his arrows seemed to have no effect on Duryodhana. It was because Duryodhana was wearing a magic armour. Now Arjuna started aiming his arrows at the unprotected limbs of Duryodhana. Duryodhana was soon tired. But by now the sun was going to set and then it would be the time of truce. Krishna knew this. With the help of his divine power, he covered the sun with mist. Thus none could know when the sun set that day.

With fresh courage, Arjuna continued to fight. At last, he was able to reach the place where Jayadratha was hiding in terror. Arjuna shot his arrows with terrific speed. His arrows slashed Jayadratha’s head from his body. Thus Arjuna avenged Abhimanyu’s death and fulfilled his vow.

The Death of Abhimanyu Summary in Hindi

The Death of Abhimanyu Introduction:

पाठ का संक्षिप्त परिचय यह पाठ महाभारत के युद्ध में अभिमन्यु की मृत्यु का वर्णन करता है। अभिमन्यु एक वीर बालक था। वह अर्जुन का पुत्र था। द्रोण कौरव सेनाओं का कमांडर था। युधिष्ठिर को घेरने के लिए उसने अपनी सेना को एक पहिए के आकार में व्यवस्थित कर लिया। इस व्यवस्था को चक्रव्यूह कहा जाता था। युधिष्ठिर इसमें से बींध कर निकलना नहीं जानता था। इसलिए उसने अभिमन्यु को सहायता के लिए बुलाया। अभिमन्यु तुरन्त चक्रव्यूह के घेरों को बींधता हुआ निकल गया। वहां उसे कौरवों ने घेर लिया। उसे निहत्था कर दिया गया। फिर उसका जयद्रथ जो दुर्योधन की बहन का पति था के द्वारा बेरहमी से वध कर दिया गया। जब अर्जुन को इसका पता चला तो वह गहरे दुःख से भर गया। उसने शपथ ली कि वह अगले दिन सूर्यास्त होने तक जयद्रथ को मार देगा। वह श्री कृष्ण की मदद से ऐसा करने के योग्य हो गया। इस प्रकार अभिमन्यु की मृत्यु का बदला ले लिया गया।

The Death of Abhimanyu Summary in Hindi:

पाठ का विस्तृत सार भीष्म के घायल हो जाने के बाद द्रोण को कौरव सेना का मुख्य सेनापति बना दिया गया। युद्ध का यह ग्यारहवां दिन था। दुर्योधन ने द्रोण से कहा कि वह किसी-न-किसी तरह युधिष्ठिर को बन्दी बना ले। अर्जुन को युधिष्ठिर से दूर किए रखने के लिए सुशर्मा के पुत्रों को अर्जुन पर एक शक्तिशाली आक्रमण करने के लिए भेजा गया। अब द्रोण ने युधिष्ठिर को बन्दी बनाने का एक भारी यत्न किया। किन्तु तभी भीम अपने बड़े भाई की सहायता के लिए आ गया। इस प्रकार पांडवों के लिए वह दिन सुरक्षा से निकल गया। युद्ध के तेरहवें दिन अर्जुन ने अपने शत्रुओं के आक्रमण का अन्त करने का निश्चय कर लिया। उसने कृष्ण

से कहा कि वह उसका रथ उस स्थान पर ले चले जहां सुशर्मा के पुत्र एकत्र हुए थे। यह देखकर द्रोण ने अपनी सेना को एक चक्र के रूप में व्यवस्थित कर लिया। इस व्यवस्था को चक्रव्यूह के नाम से जाना जाता था। द्रोण युधिष्ठिर को अपने चक्रव्यूह में फांसना चाहता था और उसे बन्दी बनाना चाहता था। अब युधिष्ठिर नहीं जानता था कि चक्रव्यूह को कैसे भेदा जाता है। इसलिए उसने अर्जुन के पुत्र अभिमन्यु को सहायता के लिए बुलाया। वीर पुत्र उसी क्षण चक्रव्यूह के घेरों को भेदता हुआ इसके अन्दर पहुंच गया। अब कौरवों ने उसे चारों ओर से घेर लिया। वीर पुत्र अकेला युद्ध करता रहा। अन्त में कौरवों ने उसे निहत्था कर दिया। उसे जयद्रथ ने निर्दयतापूर्वक मार गिराया जो दुर्योधन की बहन का पति था। सूर्य डूब चुका था और सभी योद्धा अपने-अपने शिविरों को वापस लौट गए।

जब अर्जुन को अपने पुत्र की निर्मम हत्या का पता चला तो वह अत्यन्त दुःखी हुआ। उसने शपथ ली कि अगले दिन सूर्यास्त से पहले वह जयद्रथ को मार डालेगा अन्यथा वह आत्महत्या कर लेगा। जब जयद्रथ को अर्जुन की शपथ का पता चला तो वह भय से भर गया। वह वहां से भाग जाना चाहता था परन्तु दुर्योधन ने उसे पूर्ण सुरक्षा का आश्वासन दिया। दुर्योधन निश्चित था कि वे अगले दिन जयद्रथ को बचाने में सफल रहेंगे और फिर अर्जुन अपनी जीवन-लीला समाप्त कर लेगा जैसी कि उसने शपथ ली थी। और अर्जुन के बिना कौरवों की जीत निश्चित होगी।

अगला दिन आया। कौरवों ने जयद्रथ को चारों ओर से घेर लिया ताकि अर्जुन उस तक कभी न पहुंच सके। अर्जुन ने कौरवों पर भयंकर आक्रमण कर दिया। बड़ी मुश्किल से वह कदम दर कदम आगे बढ़ा। अन्त में वह सेना को भेदता हुआ इसके अन्दर तक पहुंच गया। वह उस स्थान के बहुत निकट था जहां जयद्रथ छुपा बैठा था। परन्तु अचानक ही दुर्योधन उछल कर उसके सामने आ खड़ा हुआ और उसे द्वन्द्व युद्ध के लिए चुनौती देने लगा।

अर्जन ने अपने तीरों का रुख दुर्योधन की ओर मोड़ लिया। परन्तु उसके तीर दुर्योधन पर कोई प्रभाव डालते दिखाई नहीं दे रहे थे। ऐसा इसलिए था क्योंकि दुर्योधन एक जादुई कवच पहने हुए था। अब अर्जुन ने दुर्योधन के अरक्षित अंग अपने तीरों का निशाना बनाने शुरू कर दिए। दुर्योधन जल्दी ही थक गया। परन्तु इस समय सूर्य अस्त होने जा रहा था और फिर यह अस्थायी युद्ध विश्राम का समय होता। कृष्ण इस बात को जानते थे। अपनी दिव्य शक्ति की सहायता से उन्होंने सूर्य को धुंध से ढक दिया। इसलिए कोई न जान सका कि उस दिन सूर्य कब अस्त हुआ।

नये जोश के साथ अर्जुन ने युद्ध जारी रखा। अन्त में वह उस स्थान पर पहुंच गया जहां जयद्रथ डर कर छुपा बैठा था। अर्जुन ने अत्यन्त तीव्र गति से अपने तीर चलाए। उन्होंने जयद्रथ के सिर को उसके धड़ से अलग कर दिया। इस प्रकार अर्जुन ने अभिमन्यु की मौत का बदला ले लिया और अपनी शपथ पूरी की।

The Death of Abhimanyu Translation in Hindi

(Page 136-137) when Bhishma fell ………………. Duryodhana’s sister.

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. declined—अस्वीकार कर दिया; 2. offer-पेशकश, प्रस्ताव; 3. war strategy-युद्ध की योजना; 4. capture-बंदी बनाना; 5. launched—छोड़ दिया; 6. reckless-अन्धाधुंध; 7. desperateभयंकर; 8. crucial-अति महत्त्वपूर्ण; 9. rescue-बचाव; 10. chariot-रथ; 11. pierce-(चक्रव्यूह) भेद कर अन्दर घुसना; 12. bubbling with-से भरपूर; 13. enthusiasm-उत्साह, जोश; 14. charioteerसारथी; 15. pounced upon-टूट पड़ा; धावा बोल दिया; 16. fury-क्रोध; 17. eminent—निपुण; 18. incredible-अविश्वसनीय; 19. subdue-हराना, वश में करना; 20. disarming-निहत्था करना; 21. decisive–निर्णयकारी; 22. blow-प्रहार।

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When Bhishma fell, Kama was chosen to take his place as the Commander-in-Chief of the Kaurava army. But he declined the offer in favour of Drona, who was older and more experienced. Duryodhana requested Drona to plan the war strategy in such a way that Yudhishthira might be arrested. On the eleventh day of the war, Drona went to the battlefield, determined to capture Yudhishthira.

Arjuna was informed about the intentions of Drona, and he was fully cautious. In order to engage Arjuna away from Yudhishthira,’Susharma’s sons launched a mighty and reckless attack on Arjuna. Arjuna that day fought on two fronts. His attention and energy Were divided. The enemy made a desperate attack on Arjuna to keep him engaged. Arjuna found it difficult to divert his attention from the daring attack. Drona took advantage of this situation and made a most determined attempt to capture , Yudhishthira. At this crucial time Bhima came to the rescue of his elder brother. Somehow, the day was saved by the Pandavas.

On the thirteenth day of the battle, Arjuna decided to bring the attack of his enemies to an end. Arjuna, therefore, requested Krishna to drive his chariot to the place where Susharma’s sons had assembled. While Arjuna went to fight them, Drona arranged his army in the shape of a wheel. This was known as Chakravyuh. Only Arjuna, Krishna, Pradyumna and Abhimanyu knew how to pierce through it. Since, Arjuna and Pradyumna were fighting far away and Krishna would not fight, Drona tried to entrap Yudhishthira.

Yudhishthira called Abhimanyu and asked him if he would be of any help at this moment. A brave young boy, bubbling with enthusiasm, Abhimanyu immediately agreed to lead the army and pierce through the Chakravyuh. Abhimanyu knew only the art of entering the Chakravyuh but he knew nothing about carving his way out of it. Abhimanyu immediately asked his charioteer to drive towards the Chakravyuh at the gate of which Drona was standing.

Yudhishthira sent others to help Abhimanyu. The young lad pounced upon the enemies with great fury and broke the rings of the Chakravyuh. He pierced through the rings one after another. No sooner had he entered the Chakravyuh than the Kauravas surrounded him and stopped the other warriors of the Pandava army from reaching the place where Abhimanyu was fighting alone. Surrounded from all sides by such eminent warriors as Drona, Kama, Duryodhana, Dushahsana and Jaydratha, Abhimanyu, without the least sign of nervousness, fought with incredible courage and skill. The Kaurava warriors found it difficult – to subdue the lonely Abhimanyu.

At last they thought of disarming him first. His bow was cut into pieces, his sword was broken and his club was shattered. Now left with no weapon, he fought with the wheel of his chariot. At last, the wheel was also torn into pieces. Unarmed as he was, the Kaurava warriors killed him. The most cruel, unprincipled and decisive blow was given by Jayadratha, the king of the Sindhus and the husband of Duryodhana’s sister.

अनुवाद

जब भीष्म युद्ध में धराशायी हो गया तो कौरव सेना के सेनाधिपति के रूप में उसकी जगह लेने के लिए कर्ण को चुना गया। परन्तु उसने द्रोण के पक्ष में इस प्रस्ताव को अस्वीकार कर दिया जो उम्र में बड़ा और ज़्यादा अनुभवी था। दुर्योधन ने द्रोण से प्रार्थना की कि वह युद्ध नीति की योजना कुछ इस प्रकार से बनाए कि युधिष्ठिर को बंदी बना लिया जाए। युद्ध के ग्यारहवें दिन द्रोण युधिष्ठिर को बंदी बना लेने के दृढनिश्चय के साथ युद्ध के मैदान में गया। अर्जुन को द्रोण के इरादों की जानकारी मिल गई थी और वह परी तरह से सतर्क था।

अर्जन को यधिष्ठिर से दर यद्ध में व्यस्त रखने के लिए सशर्मा के पुत्रों ने अर्जुन पर एक शक्तिशाली और अन्धाधुंध आक्रमण कर दिया। अर्जुन उस दिन दो मोर्चों पर युद्ध करता रहा। उसका ध्यान और उसकी शक्ति बंट गए थे।शत्रु ने अर्जुन को व्यस्त रखने के लिए उस पर भयंकर आक्रमण कर दिया।

इस दुस्साहसी आक्रमण से अपना ध्यान हटा पाना अर्जुन को बहुत कठिन लगा। द्रोण ने इस स्थिति का लाभ उठाया और उसने युधिष्ठिर को बंदी बनाने का एक अत्यन्त दृढ़निश्चयी यत्न किया। इस नाजुक समय में अपने बड़े भाई को बचाने के लिए भीम आगे आया। किसी तरह पांडवों ने इस दिन को बचा लिया। युद्ध के तेरहवें दिन अर्जुन ने अपने शत्रुओं के आक्रमण का अन्त करने का निश्चय कर लिया। इसलिए अर्जुन ने कृष्ण से प्रार्थना की कि वह उसका रथ उस जगह ले चले जहां सुशर्मा के पुत्र एकत्रित हुए थे। जब अर्जुन उनसे युद्ध करने के लिए गया तो द्रोण ने अपनी सेना को एक चक्र के रूप में व्यवस्थित कर लिया।

इसे चक्रव्यूह कहा जाता था। केवल अर्जुन, कृष्ण, प्रद्युम्न और अभिमन्यु इसे भेदना जानते थे। क्योंकि अर्जुन और प्रद्युम्न बहुत दूर कहीं युद्ध कर रहे थे और कृष्ण ने युद्ध में भाग नहीं लेना था, द्रोण ने युधिष्ठिर को फंसाने का यत्न किया। युधिष्ठिर ने अभिमन्यु को बुलाया और उससे पूछा कि क्या वह इस समय कोई सहायता कर सकता था।

एक वीर नौजवान लड़का, अभिमन्यु जो जोश से भरपूर था, तुरन्त ही सेना का नेतृत्व करने और चक्रव्यूह को भेदने के लिए तैयार हो गया। अभिमन्यु केवल चक्रव्यूह में घुसने की कला जानता था परन्तु उसे इससे बाहर निकलने के लिए अपना रास्ता बनाना नहीं आता था। अभिमन्यु ने तुरन्त ही अपने सारथी से उस चक्रव्यूह की ओर रथ ले जाने के लिए कहा जिसके द्वार पर द्रोण खड़ा था। युधिष्ठिर ने अन्यों को अभिमन्यु की सहायता करने के लिए भेजा। वह नौजवान लड़का बहुत क्रोध के साथ शत्रुओं पर टूट पड़ा और उसने चक्रव्यूह के घेरे तोड़ दिए। वह एक के बाद एक घेरे को तोड़ता हुआ अंदर घुस गया।

अभी उसने चक्रव्यूह में प्रवेश किया ही था कि कौरवों ने उसे चारों ओर से घेर लिया और पांडवों की सेना के अन्य योद्धाओं को उस जगह पर पहुँचने से रोक दिया जहां अभिमन्यु अकेला युद्ध कर रहा था। चारों ओर से द्रोण, कर्ण, दुर्योधन, दुशासन और जयद्रथ जैसे निपुण योद्धाओं से घिरा अभिमन्य, घबराहट का तनिक भी चिन्ह प्रकट किए बिना, अविश्वसनीय साहस और निपुणता के साथ युद्ध करता रहा। कौरव योद्धाओं को एक अकेले अभिमन्यु को वश में करना मुश्किल लग रहा था। अन्त में उन्होंने पहले उसे निहत्था करने की योजना बनाई।

उसके धनुष को टुकड़ों में काट दिया गया, उसकी तलवार को तोड़ दिया गया और उसकी गदा को छिन्न भिन्न कर दिया गया। अब जब उसके पास कोई शस्त्र नहीं बचा था, वह अपने रथ के पहिए के साथ युद्ध करने लगा। अन्ततः पहिया भी टुकड़े टुकड़े कर दिया गया। क्योंकि वह निहत्था था, कौरव योद्धाओं ने उसे मार गिराया। सबसे अधिक क्रूर, सिद्धान्तहीन और निर्णयकारी प्रहार जयद्रथ द्वारा किया गया जो दुर्योधन की बहन का पति था और सिन्ध प्रदेश का राजा था।

(Page 137-138) The sun set………….. could not be saved.

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. truce – अस्थायी युद्धविराम; 2. trunk – धड़; 3. severed – कट कर अलग हुए; 4. heart-piercing – हृदय-विदारक; 5. unscrupulous – अनैतिक; 6. mischievous – शरारतपूर्ण; 7. vow – शपथ, सौगन्ध; 8. panic – भगदड़ मचना; 9. terror-stricken – आतंकित; 10. assured – विश्वास दिलाया; 11. victory – विजय; 12. fiercely – भयंकर रूप से; 13. pierced. – चीरता हुआ; 14. impregnable – अभेद्य; 15. sprang up – उछला; 16. duel – द्वन्द्व युद्ध, दो योद्धाओं के बीच लड़ा जाने वाला युद्ध; 17. mist – धुन्ध, कोहरा; 18. fray – युद्ध; 19. slashed – काट कर अलग कर दिया।

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The sun set. Truce was announced. All the warriors returned to their camps. Arjuna also came back after destroying Susharma’s sons. When the dead body of Abhimanyu, with limbs severed from the trunk, was brought, there were heart-piercing cries in the Pandava camp. Arjuna wept bitterly, so did other Pandavas and Krishna. Arjuna came to know that in the death of his son, the most unscrupulous and mischievous role was played by Jayadratha. He took a vow to kill Jayadratha next day by sunset or die himself.

When Jayadratha and the Kauravas knew about the vow of Arjuna, there was panic in the Kaurava camp. Jayadratha was so terror- stricken that he wanted to run away. Duryodhana assured him all protection. He made it clear that the entire. forces of the Kauravas would be dedicated to protect Jayadratha that day. If they succeeded in protecting Jayadratha that day, Arjuna would commit suicide.

This would mean a sure victory for the Kauravas in the war. Consequently, Jayadratha was so surrounded and protected by the Kauravas that Arjuna could never reach him. Arjuna fiercely attacked the Kauravas that day. He pierced through the Kaurava army through the lines of their elephants. Warriors of the Kauravas ran to and fro in great confusion. With whole-hearted devotion to the cause of finding out Jayadratha, Arjuna advanced ahead. He met with tough resistance at every step.

opposition of the Kauravas. With very great difficulty, he managed to pierce through the heart of the army. But suddenly Duryodhana sprang up and challenged him to a duel. Arjuna made repeated attacks on Duryodhana, but it appeared to him that his arrows had lost effectiveness. The fact was that Duryodhana was fighting with a magic armour on his body. He then started aiming his arrows at the unprotected limbs of Duryodhana. Duryodhana was soon exhausted. It was the time when the shades of evening started spreading over the battlefield.

Arjuna was aware of the time of truce. Krishna was watching everything carefully. He knew that the sun was to set soon. But before the hour of sunset drew near, Krishna, with the help of his power, covered the sun with a mist so thick that none could know when the sun set that day. The fighting continued. With fresh courage and strength, he jumped into the fray, and at last managed to reach the centre of the army formation where Jayadratha hid in great terror. Sighting Jayadratha there, Arjuna shot his arrows with terrific speed. They slashed the head of Jayadratha from his body. Thus the death of Abhimanyu was avenged, and Arjuna fulfilled

अनुवाद

सूर्य अस्त हो गया। अस्थायी युद्धविराम की घोषणा कर दी गई। सभी योद्धा अपने-अपने शिविर में लौट गए। अर्जुन भी सुशर्मा के पुत्रों का नाश करके लौट आया। जब अभिमन्यु का मृत शरीर उसके धड़ से कट कर अलग हुए अंगों के साथ लाया गया तो पांडवों के शिविर में हृदय-विदारक चीखो-पुकार मच गई। अर्जुन फूट-फूट कर रोने लगा। अन्य पांडवों और कृष्ण ने भी ऐसा ही किया। अर्जुन को पता चला कि उसके पुत्र की मृत्यु में सबसे अधिक अनैतिक और शरारतपूर्ण भूमिका जयद्रथ ने निभाई थी। उसने अगले दिन सूर्यास्त से पहले जयद्रथ को मार डालने या फिर स्वयं आत्महत्या कर लेने की शपथ ली।

जब जयद्रथ और कौरवों को अर्जुन की शपथ का पताचला तो कौरवों के शिविर में भगदड़ मच गई। जयद्रथ इतना ज्यादा आतंकित हो गया कि वह वहां से भाग जाना चाहता था। दुर्योधन ने उसे पूर्ण सुरक्षा का आश्वासन दिया। उसने यह बात स्पष्ट कर दी कि उस दिन कौरवों की सम्पूर्ण सेना जयद्रथ की रक्षा करने में जुटी रहेगी। यदि वे उस दिन जयद्रथ को बचा लेंगे तो अर्जुन आत्महत्या कर लेगा। इसका अर्थ होगा-युद्ध में कौरवों की निश्चित विजय। परिणामस्वरूप जयद्रथ कौरवों से इस प्रकार घिरा था और ऐसी उसकी रक्षा की जा रही थी कि अर्जुन उस तक कभी पहुंच ही नहीं सकता था। अर्जुन ने उस दिन कौरवों पर भयंकर आक्रमण किया।

वह कौरवों की सेना में उनके हाथियों की पंक्तियों को चीरता हुआ घुस गया। कौरवों के योद्धा भारी उलझन में इधर-उधर भागने लगे। जयद्रथ को ढूंढ निकालने के अपने उद्देश्य के लिए पूरे दिल से समर्पित अर्जुन आगे बढ़ता गया। हर कदम पर उसे कठोर विरोध का सामना करना पड़ा। कौरवों के अभेद्य विरोध के कारण वह बहुत परेशान था। बहुत कठिनाई के साथ वह कौरवों की सेना को भेदता हुआ उनके मध्य तक पहुँच गया। परन्तु

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class English Book Solutions English Main Course Book Chapter 6 Three Great Indians Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 English Main Course Book Chapter 6 Three Great Indians

Question 1.
What is the name given to the national uprising of 1857 ?
(1857 के राष्ट्रीय विद्रोह को क्या नाम दिया गया है ?)
Answer:
It is called the First War of Independence.
इसे स्वतन्त्रता की पहली लड़ाई कहा जाता है।

Question 2.
When and where was Laxmi Bai born ?
(लक्ष्मीबाई का जन्म कब और कहां हुआ ?)
Answer:
She was born on 16 November, 1834 in Varanasi.
उसका जन्म 16 नवम्बर, 1834 को वाराणसी में हुआ था।

Question 3.
What was her childhood name ?
(उसका बचपन का नाम क्या था ?)
Answer:
Manikarnika or Manu. (मणिकर्णिका या मनु।)

Question 4.
Who was she married to ?
(उसका विवाह किस से हुआ ?)
Answer:
She was married to Raja Gangadhar Rao.
उसका विवाह राजा गंगाधर राव से हुआ।

Question 5.
What happened to her son and husband ?
(उसके पुत्र तथा पति को क्या हुआ ?)
Answer:
Both of them had died by 1853.
सन् 1853 तक उन दोनों की मृत्यु हो गई थी।

Question 6.
Where did she join her forces with Tantya Tope ?
(तात्या टोपे के साथ उसकी सेनाएँ कहां शामिल हुईं ?)
Answer:
At Kalpi.
(कल्पी में।)

Question 7.
How is Udham Singh’s name linked with Jallianwala Bagh?
(उधम सिंह का नाम जलियांवाला बाग़ से कैसे जुड़ा है ?)
Answer:
He was the man who took revenge for the killings of Jallianwala Bagh. He killed General O’Dwyer who had ordered the firing and killed thousands of innocent men, women and children.

वह वही आदमी था जिसने जलियांवाला बाग़ की हत्याओं का बदला लिया। उसने जनरल ओ’डायर को मार दिया जिसने गोली चलाने का आदेश दिया था और हज़ारों मासूम पुरुषों, स्त्रियों और बच्चों को मार दिया था।

Question 8.
What was his pledge?
(उसकी शपथ क्या थी ?)
Answer:
His pledge was to avenge the massacre of Jallianwala Bagh.
उसकी शपथ थी – जलियांवाला बाग़ के नरसंहार का बदला लेना।

Question 9.
How did he take his revenge ?
(उसने अपना बदला कैसे लिया ?)
Answer:
He waited for 21 years. Then he went to England. There he shot General O’Dwyer dead in full view of a large gathering.
उसने 21 वर्ष तक प्रतीक्षा की। फिर वह इंग्लैंड गया। वहां उसने लोगों की एक भारी भीड़ के बिल्कुल सामने जनरल ओ’डायर को गोली मार कर मार दिया।

Write a short note on the each of the following:

Question 1.
Write a short note on the death of Rani Jhansi.
(रानी झांसी की मृत्यु पर एक संक्षिप्त नोट लिखिए।)
Answer:
The British forces had laid a siege on Jhansi. The Rani of Jhansi continued to fight from inside the fort. But, at last; she was forced to leave Jhansi. The British forces pursued her. She was defeated and surrounded from all sides. She was badly wounded. She died on the battlefield. It was 18 June 1858 when she died.

अंग्रेजी सेनाओं ने झांसी पर घेरा डाल रखा था। झांसी की रानी किले के अन्दर से लड़ती रही। किन्तु अन्त में वह झांसी छोड़ने को मजबूर हो गई। अंग्रेजी सेनाओं ने उसका पीछा किया। वह हार चुकी थी और चारों तरफ से घिरी हुई थी। वह बुरी तरह से घायल हो गई। वह युद्ध-क्षेत्र में मारी गई। यह 18 जून 1858 था जब उसकी मृत्यु हुई।

Question 2.
Write a short note on the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
(जलियांवाला बाग़ के नरसंहार पर एक संक्षिप्त नोट लिखिए।)
Answer:
It was the day of Baisakhi in 1919. A large number of people had gathered in Jallianwala Bagh. They were holding a peaceful meeting. The British General O’Dwyer ordered firing on them. Thousands of men, women and children were killed. Many jumped into a well to escape. They were suffocated to death. 1919

में बैसाखी का दिन था। भारी संख्या में लोग जलियांवाला बाग में एकत्रित हो रखे थे। वे एक शान्तिपूर्ण सभा कर रहे थे। अंग्रेज़ी जनरल ओ’डायर ने उन पर गोली चलाने का आदेश दे दिया। हज़ारों पुरुष, स्त्रियां तथा बच्चे मारे गए। बच पाने के लिए अनेकों ने एक कुएं में छलांग लगा दी। उनकी दम घुटने से मृत्यु हो गई।

Question 3.
Write a short note on the First War of Independence.
(स्वतन्त्रता के प्रथम संग्राम पर एक संक्षिप्त नोट लिखिए।)
Answer:
The First War of Independence was fought in 1857. The rulers of many Indian states rose up against the British. Tantya Tope and Laxmi Bai were the two most famous of them. Laxmi Bai was the Rani of Jhansi. The British forces had laid a siege on Jhansi. She was forced to leave Jhansi. The British forces surrounded her from all sides. She died on the battlefield. The other rulers were also defeated one by one. Thus, the First War of Independence was lost.

स्वतन्त्रता की पहली लड़ाई 1857 में लड़ी गई। अनेक भारतीय राज्यों के शासक अंग्रेजों के विरुद्ध खड़े हो गए। उनमें दो सबसे अधिक प्रसिद्ध थे – तात्या टोपे और लक्ष्मी बाई। लक्ष्मी बाई झांसी की रानी थी। अंग्रेजी सेनाओं ने झांसी को घेर रखा था। उसे झांसी छोड़ने पर मजबूर होना पड़ा। अंग्रेजी सेनाओं ने उसे सभी तरफ से घेर लिया। उसकी युद्ध-क्षेत्र में मृत्यु हो गई। अन्य शासक भी एक-एक करके हार गए। इस प्रकार स्वतन्त्रता का पहला संग्राम हारा गया।

Question 4.
Write a short note on the teachings of Sri Satguru Ram Singh Ji.
(श्री सतगुरू रामसिंह जी के उपदेशों पर एक संक्षिप्त नोट लिखिए।)
Answer:
Satguru Sri Ram Singh Ji preached his followers.
1. to believe in one God.
2. to lead a simple and honest life.
3. to be free from any kind of evil.
4. to help the poor and the needy.
5. to work for the freedom of the country.
6. to live like brothers.
7. to fight against such evils as child marriage, the dowry system, cow slaughter, non-vegetarianism, casteism and religious fanaticism.

श्री सतगुरू राम सिंह जी ने अपने अनुयायियों को उपदेश दिया कि वे
1. एक ईश्वर में विश्वास रखें।
2. सादा और ईमानदारी का जीवन बिताएं।
3. सभी तरह की बुराइयों से मुक्त रहें।
4. ग़रीबों और जरूरतमंदों की मदद करें।
5. देश की स्वतन्त्रता के लिए काम करें।
6. भाइयों की भान्ति रहें।
7. बाल-विवाह, दहेज प्रथा, गाय-वध, मांसाहारी होने, फिरकापरस्ती और धार्मिक कट्टरता के विरुद्ध लड़ें।

Textual Vocabulary & Grammar

Question 1.
Match the words in box A with their opposites given in box B :
Answer:
1. fresh → stale
2. entrance → exit
3. loyal → disloyal
4. bravery cowardice
5. barbarous → civilized
6. punish → reward
7. benevolence → malevolence
8. virtue → vice
9. refined → crude
10. optimist → pessimist
11. mortal → immortal.

Rewrite the following sentences by using one word for the underlined part of the sentence :

1. Your television set cannot be repaired.
2. The speaker addressed the assembly of listeners.
3. Holika had a device that could not be seen.
4. ‘My Experiments with Truth’ by Mahatma Gandhi is his life-story written by himself.
5. Satan said that he had a will that could not be conquered.
6. These windowpanes are such that will not allow the passage of light.
7. Usha is quite fond of entertaining guests.
Answer:
1. Your television set is irreparable.
2. The speaker addressed the audience.
3. Holika had an invisible device.
4. “My Experiments with Truth’ by Mahatma Gandhi is his autobiography.
5. Satan said that he had an inconquerable will.
6. These windowpanes are opaque.
7. Usha is quite hospitable.

Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions in the following sentences :

1. She was distressed at the break ……………… of her marriage.
2. The war broke …………….. at Kalpi.
3. The two countries broke …………….. their diplomatic relations.
4. We have been working since long; let us break ……………….. lunch.
5. The population growth has fallen ………………. five per cent.
6. Anju fell flat ……………….. her face …..
7. Romeo fell ………………. love with Juliet at first sight.
8. Write an essay on ‘The Rise and Fall …………….. the Mughal Empire’
9. Jhansi fell ……………….. the British.
10. He fell ……………… and wounded his leg.
Answer:
1. off 2. out 3. up 4. for 5. by 6. on 7. in 8. of 9. to 10. down.

Fill in the blanks with the articles a, an, the :

Rabindranath Tagore is the most famous man of letters. His literary production is vast and varied. He is a novelist as well as a playwright. He is an educationist as well as a freedom fighter. But above all, he is a poet. He is a great religious poet, one of the greatest that the world has ever produced. In 1913, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his collection of poems entitled ‘Gitanjali.

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate comparaties or superlatives of the adjectives given in the brackets :

1. Prevention is ……………. than cure. (good) :
2. Pen is …………… than the sword. (mighty).
3. Honour is …………….. to all than life. (dear).
4. Wordsworth was the …………… nature poet. (great)
5. Bill Gates is the …………….. man of the world today. (rich)
6. It is …………….. to preach than to practise. (easy)
7. Gold is …………. than any other metal. (costly)
8. The condition of some of the roads is much …………….. than it was five years ago. (good)
Answer:
1. better
2. mightier
3. dearer
4. greatest
5. richest
6. easier
7. costlier
8. better.

Objective Type Questions

Answer the following in one word / phrase / sentence :

Question 1.
Who wrote the chapter, ‘Three Great Indians ?
Answer:
The author iş anonymous.

Question 2.
Give the names of the three great Indians who have been described in this chapter.
Answer:
They are :
(i) Sri Satguru Ram Singh Ji
(ii) Rani Laxmi Bai and
(iii) Sardar Udham Singh.

Question 3.
Who was Sri Satguru Ram Singh Ji ?
Answer:
A great patriot and a social reformer.

Question 4.
What did he ask his followers to do?
Answer:
He asked his followers to fight for the freedom of the country.

Question 5.
Who was Laxmi Bai ?
Answer:
The brave Rani of Jhansi.

Question 6.
What did Laxmi Bai sacrifice for the country?
Answer:
She died fighting against the British forces and thus sacrificed her life for the country.

Question 7.
Who was Udham Singh ?
Answer:
One of the greatest martyrs of Mother India.

Question 8.
Who had ordered firing on the people gathered in Jallianwala Bagh on the day of Baisakhi ?
Answer:
It was the British General O’Dwyer.

Question 9.
Why did Udham Singh go to England ?
Answer:
To kill the British General O’Dwyer, the villain of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.

Question 10.
When was Udham Singh hanged ?
Answer:
On 30 July 1940.

Complete the following:

1. …………… declared Ram Singh a ‘guru’, a religious guide, in his childhood.
2. Satguru Ram Singh Ji’s first sermon was delivered ……..
3. ……………… became the most popular leader of the First War of Freedom (1857).
4. The Rani of Jhansi adopted ……………….. under the ‘Policy of Lapse’.
5. Rani joined her forces with …………………. at Kalpi.
6. Udham Singh was born at ………………… in
Answer:
1. Guru Balak Singh Ji
2. on the Baisakhi day in 1857
3. The Rani of Jhansi.
4. a son
5. Tantya Tope
6. Sunam, Sangrur district.

Write True or False against each statement :

1. Rani Lakshmi Bai was born in Varanasi.
2. Udham Singh killed General O’Dwyer in America.
3. The British forces under the leadership of O’Dwyer besieged Jhansi.
4. Rani Lakshmi Bai’s heroic battle against the British has become the subject of many folk songs and ballads.
5. The Punjabi word ‘Kuka’ stands for a “roar.
6. It was Udham Singh who introduced the concept of ‘Be Indian, buy Indian’.
Answer:
1. True
2. False
3. False
4. True
5. True
6. False.

Choose the correct option for each of the following:

Question 1.
Sri Bhaini Sahib is situated in ……….
(a) Ropar
(b) Chandigarh
(c) Amritsar
(d) Ludhiana.
Answer:
(d) Ludhiana.

Question 2.
Against the British policy of ‘Divide and Rule’, …………………. gave the slogan ‘Unite and Fighť.
(a) Sardar Udham Singh
(b) Satguru Ram Singh Ji
(c) Rani Laxmi Bai
(d) none of these three.
Answer:
(b) Satguru Ram Singh Ji

Question 3.
Rani Lakshmi Bai’s childhood name was ……
(a) Manikarnika
(b) Manikumari
(c) Maniratnam
(d) Maniratnika.
Answer:
(a) Manikarnika

Question 4.
Udham Singh waited for …………… to average the national insult of Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
(a) 21 years
(b) 27 years
(c) 29 years
(d) 23 years.
Answer:
(a) 21 years

Pronunciation Practice

Note the silent letters in the words listed below. Say these words aloud.

Creative Writing and Extended Reading

Read the stories of any two of the following great Indians and write 10-12 lines on each.

• Bal Gangadhar Tilak
• Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose
• Lala Lajpat Rai
• Manga! Pandey
• Veer Savarkar

2. Would you like to become a great man ? How can you achieve that aim? Discuss the subject in your class with the help of your teacher.

Use Of Textual Words / Phrases

1. Witnessed – I witnessed the whole incident from a distance.
2. Valiant – The valiant fighter fought to the last breath.
3. Shot in prominence – A young actor, who has recently risen, shot in prominence.
4. Exhort – He exhorted his followers to speak the truth.
5. Foeticide – The government has banned female foeticide.
6. Send to the gallows – Many freedom-fighters were sent to the gallows by the British rulers.
7. To be cowed down -Our freedom-fighters were not cowed down by the cruelties of the British.
8. Warrior – India has given birth to many valiant warriors.
9. Impact – Her speech made a great impact on everyone.
10. Ballad – He wrote several ballads in his lifetime.
11. Indomitable – He showed an indomitable courage in the battle field.
12. Appreciate – They appreciated my views.
13. Martial art – He is an expert in martial arts.
14. Annex – Kalinga was formally annexed to Ashoka’s territory after his victory.
15. Regiment – The Gorkha regiment took control of the town.
16. Rebel – He finally rebelled against his cruel father.
17. Representative – He is the sole representative of the company.
18. Pursue – The robbers were hotly pursued by the police.
19. Inflicted – The hunter inflicted many injuries on the tiger.
20. Inseparably – He is inseparably joined with this institute.
21. Revenge – His opponent was thirsting for revenge.
22. Massacre – The bloody massacre of innocent people was condemned by one and all.
23. Suffocate – Many passengers were suffocated inside the burning train.
24. Villain – The police have caught the villains.
25. Sentenced – The thief was sentenced to six months imprisonment.
26. Revolutionary – The revolutionary leaders were arrested by the forces.
27. Associated – Tea is traditionally associated with Darjeeling.
28. Pledged – He pledged to seek a revenge on the enemy.
29. Avenge – He avenged his father’s murder.
30. Point-blank range – He fired at him from a point-blank range.
31. Solidarity – The international solidarity should not be undermined at any cost.

Three Great Indians Summary in English

Three Great Indians Introduction:

This chapter gives brief sketches of three great Indians. They are :

• Sri Satguru Ram Singh Ji,
• Rani Laxmi Bai and
• Udham Singh.

Sri Satguru Ram Singh Ji was a great patriot and a social reformer. He fought against many social evils. He asked his followers to fight for the freedom of the country. Laxmi Bai was the brave Rani of Jhansi. She opposed the British rule. She died fighting against the British forces. Udham Singh was one of the greatest martyrs of Mother India. He went to England and killed the villain of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. He was arrested and sentenced to death. But his name will live for ever.

Three Great Indians Summary in English:

Mother India gave birth to many great men and women in the 19th and 20th centuries. They fought not only against the prevailing social evils but also against the British rule. They included such great souls as Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Tantya Tope, Rani Laxmi Bai, Dadabhai Naoroji, Khudi Ram Bose, Sri Aurobindo, Lala Lajpat Rai, Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru, Mahatma Gandhi and Bhagat Singh.

Sri Satguru Ram Singh Ji of Punjab was also a great social reformer and supporter of complete independence. He was born on 3 February, 1816 in a village in Ludhiana district. He was a guru of the Namdhari Sikhs. He gave his first sermon on the day of Baisakhi in 1857. He asked his followers to lead a simple and honest life. He wanted them to help the poor and to be free from all evils. He also wanted them to work for the country’s freedom: He was strongly opposed to such social evils as child marriage, drinking, casteism, nonvegetarianism, cow-slaughter and religious fanaticism.

He was against the British policy of ‘Divide and Rule’. He gave his followers the slogan of ‘Unite and Fight’. He started a movement of non-cooperation against the British rulers. It was he who introduced the concept of ‘Be Indian, buy Indian’. The followers of Satguru Ram Singh Ji raised a loud voice against the British. That was why they came to be known as ‘Kukas? They vowed to follow the teachings of their guru. So they were named Namdharis.

The Namdharis became a great force. The British rulers could not tolerate this. They let loose a reign of terror against the Kukas. A large number of them were put to death. Sri Satguru Ram Singh Ji was arrested. He was sent to jail in an unknown foreign land. But his spirit continues to guide his followers even today.

Rani Laxmi Bai was another great Indian. She was the Rani of Jhansi. She fought bravely against the British rule. She became the most popular leader in the First War of Independence (1857). Even her enemies appreciated her courage and her love of freedom.

Laxmi Bai was born on 16th December 1834 in Varanasi. Her childhood name was Manikarnika or Manu. She was married to Raja Gangadhar Rao of Jhansi. In 1851, she gave birth to a son.

Unfortunately both her son and her husband died by 1853. She adopted a son to be the king’s heir. But the British refused to accept him as the king of Jhansi, and took over the control of Jhansi. On 4 June, 1857, the soldiers stationed in Jhansi revolted against the British control. The Rani took the command in her own hands. The British forces laid a siege on Jhansi. The Rani continued to command her forces from inside the fort. But, at last, she had to leave Jhansi. She joined the forces of Tantya Tope at Kalpi. The British forces surrounded her from all sides. The Rani tried to escape but she was badly wounded. She breathed her last on the battlefield, on 18 June, 1858.

Udham Singh was one of the greatest martyrs of Mother India. He was the man who took revenge on General O’Dwyer who was the villain of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

On the day of Baisakhi in 1919, a large number of people had gathered in Jallianwala Bagh. They were holding a peaceful meeting. The British General O’Dwyer ordered firing on them. Thousands of men, women and children were killed. Many jumped into a well in order to save themselves. They were suffocated to death.

Udham Singh waited for 21 years to avenge this national insult. He went to England in 1940. There he shot O’Dwyer dead in full view of large gathering. Udham Singh was arrested and sentenced to death. He was hanged to death on 30 July the same year.

Three Great Indians Summary in Hindi

Three Great Indians Introduction:

परिचय यह पाठ तीन महान् भारतीयों के संक्षिप्त चित्र प्रस्तुत करता है, वे हैं-

• श्री सतगुरू राम सिंह जी;
• रानी लक्ष्मी बाई तथा
• उधम सिंह।

श्री सतगुरू राम सिंह जी एक महान समाज सुधारक और देशभक्त थे। वे अनेकों सामाजिक बुराइयों के विरुद्ध लड़े। उन्होंने अपने अनुयायियों से कहा कि वे देश की आजादी के लिए लड़ें। लक्ष्मी बाई झांसी की वीर रानी थी। उसने अंग्रेज़ी राज्य का विरोध किया। वह अंग्रेज़ी सेनाओं के विरुद्ध लड़ती हुई मारी गई। उधम सिंह भारत माता के सब से महान् शहीदों में से एक था। उसने इंग्लैण्ड जा कर जलियांवाले बाग़ के खलनायक को मौत के घाट उतार दिया। उसे बन्दी बना लिया गया और मृत्यु-दण्ड दे दिया गया। किन्तु उसका नाम अमर रहेगा।

Three Great Indians Summary in Hindi:

भारत माता ने उन्नीसवीं एवं बीसवीं शताब्दी में अनेक महान् पुरुषों और स्त्रियों को जन्म दिया। उन्होंने न केवल समाज में व्याप्त बुराइयों के विरुद्ध लड़ाई लड़ी बल्कि उन्होंने अंग्रेज़ी शासन के विरुद्ध भी संघर्ष किया। इन लोगों में बाल गंगाधर तिलक, तात्या टोपे, रानी लक्ष्मी बाई, दादाभाई नॉरोजी, खुदीराम बोस, श्री अरविन्द घोष, लाला लाजपत राय, पंडित जवाहर लाल नेहरू, महात्मा गांधी और भगत सिंह जैसे महान् लोग शामिल थे।

पंजाब के श्री सतगुरू राम सिंह जी भी एक महान समाज सुधारक और पूर्ण स्वतन्त्रता के समर्थक थे। उनका जन्म 3 फरवरी, सन् 1816 में लुधियाना जिले के एक गांव में हुआ। वह नामधारी सिखों के गुरू थे। उन्होंने अपना पहला प्रवचन सन् 1857 में बैसाखी वाले दिन दिया। उन्होंने अपने अनुयायियों से एक सादा और ईमानदार जीवन जीने के लिए कहा। वह चाहते थे कि उनके अनुयायी निर्धनों की सहायता करें और स्वयं को सब बुराइयों से मुक्त कर लें। वह चाहते थे कि उनके अनुयायी देश की स्वतन्त्रता के लिए भी संघर्ष करें। वह बाल विवाह, मदिरापान, जातिवाद, मांसाहार, गौ-हत्या और धार्मिक अन्धविश्वास जैसी सामाजिक बुराईयों के सख्त विरुद्ध थे।

वह अंग्रेजों की नीति-‘फूट डालो और राज करो’ के सख्त विरुद्ध थे। उन्होंने अपने अनुयायियों को ‘एक बनो और युद्ध करो’ का नारा दिया। उन्होंने अंग्रेज शासकों के विरुद्ध असहयोग आन्दोलन छेड़ दिया। यह श्री सतगुरू राम सिंह जी ही थे जिन्होंने ‘भारतीय बनो और भारत का माल खरीदो’ जैसे विचार का परिचय कराया। उनके अनुयायियों ने अंग्रेजों के विरुद्ध ऊंची आवाज़ उठाई। यही कारण था कि उन्हें ‘कूकों’ के नाम से जाना जाने लगा। उन्होंने अपने गुरू की शिक्षाओं का अनुसरण करने की शपथ ली। इसलिए उनका नाम नामधारी पड़ गया।

नामधारियों की एक बहुत विशाल सेना बन गई। अंग्रेज़ी शासक इसे बर्दाश्त नहीं कर पाए। उन्होंने कूकों के विरुद्ध एक आतंक पैदा करने वाला शासन शुरू कर दिया। उनमें से कई नामधारियों को मौत के घाट उतार दिया गया। श्री सतगुरू राम सिंह जी को गिरफ्तार कर लिया गया। उन्हें किसी अज्ञात विदेशी जगह पर जेल भेज दिया गया। परन्तु उनकी आत्मा आज भी उनके अनुयायियों का मार्गदर्शन करती है।

रानी लक्ष्मी बाई एक अन्य महान् भारतीय थी। वह झांसी की रानी थी। उसने अंग्रेज़ी शासन के विरुद्ध बहुत वीरतापूर्वक लड़ाई लड़ी। वह स्वतन्त्रता के प्रथम युद्ध (1857) में सबसे अधिक लोकप्रिय नेता बनी। यहां तक कि उसके शत्रुओं ने भी उसके साहस और स्वतन्त्रता के लिए उसके प्रेम की प्रशंसा की। लक्ष्मी बाई का जन्म 16 दिसम्बर 1834 को वाराणसी में हुआ था। उसका बचपन का नाम मणिकर्णिका अथवा मनु था। उसका विवाह झांसी के राजा गंगाधर राव के साथ हुआ। सन् 1851 में उसने एक पुत्र को जन्म दिया। परन्तु दुर्भाग्यवश सन् 1853 तक उसके पुत्र तथा उसके पति दोनों की मृत्यु हो गई। उसने राजा के उत्तराधिकारी के रूप में एक पुत्र को गोद ले लिया।

परन्तु अंग्रेजों ने उसे झांसी का राजा मानने से इन्कार कर दिया, तथा झांसी को अपने अधिकार में ले लिया। 4 जून सन् 1857 को झांसी में नियुक्त सैनिकों ने अंग्रेज़ी शासन के विरुद्ध विद्रोह कर दिया। रानी ने प्रशासन की बागडोर अपने हाथ में ले ली। अंग्रेजी सेनाओं ने झांसी पर कब्जा कर लिया। रानी ने किले के अन्दर से अपनी सेनाओं को निर्देश देना जारी रखा। परन्तु अन्त में उसे झांसी छोड़कर जाना पड़ा। कल्पी में वह तांत्या टोपे की सेना में शामिल हो गई। अंग्रेज़ी सेनाओं ने उसे चारों ओर से घेर लिया। रानी ने बच निकलने का यत्न किया। परन्तु वह बहुत बुरी तरह से घायल थी। 18 जून सन् 1858 में उसने युद्ध के मैदान में अपनी आखिरी सांस ली। उधम सिंह भारत माता के महान् शहीदों में से एक था। यही वह आदमी था जिसने उस जनरल ओ’ डायर से बदला लिया जो जलियांवाला बाग़ के नरसंहार का खलनायक था।

सन् 1919 में बैसाखी वाले दिन जलियांवाला बाग़ अमृतसर में बहुत बड़ी संख्या में लोग एकत्रित हुए। वे एक शान्तिपूर्ण सम्मेलन का आयोजन कर रहे थे। अंग्रेजी जनरल ओ’ डायर ने उन पर गोली चलाने का आदेश दे दिया। हजारों स्त्री, पुरुष, बच्चे और बूढ़े मारे गए। कई लोग स्वयं को बचाने के लिए कुएं में कूद पड़े। परन्तु वहां भी दम घुटने से उनकी मौत हो गई।

उधम सिंह ने इस राष्ट्रीय अपमान का बदला लेने के लिए 21 वर्ष तक प्रतीक्षा की। सन् 1940 में वह इंग्लैंड गया। वहां उसने विशाल जनसमूह के सामने ओ’ डायर को गोली मार दी। उधम सिंह को गिरफ्तार कर लिया गया और उसे मौत की सजा सुना दी गई। उसी वर्ष 30 जुलाई को उसे फांसी पर लटका दिया गया।

Three Great Indians Translation in Hindi

Sri Satguru Ram Singh Ji

(Page 125-126) The historic period of …. …….. the British rule

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. witnessed—देखा; 2. campaign-युद्ध; 3. prevailing-फैली हुई; 4. bannerझंडा; 5. revolt-विद्रोह; 6. valiant-बहादुर; 7. eradication—उन्मूलन, जड़ से उखाड़ फेंकना; 8. shot into prominence-एकदम से प्रसिद्ध होना; 9. sermon-धर्मोपदेश; 10. exhorted—बल दिया, 11. flocked—झुण्ड बना कर आना, एकत्रित हो कर आना; 12. foeticide-भ्रूण हत्या; 13. fanaticismउन्माद, 14. slaughter-हत्या। .

Text

The historic period of, 19th and 20th centuries witnessed the rise of many a great man in India who not only started a campaign against the social evils prevailing in the country but also raised a banner of revolt against the British Empire. “Freedom is our birthright,” declared Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Valiant fighters from all over the country—Tantya Tope, Rani Laxmi Bai, Dadabhai Naoroji, Khudi Ram Bose, Sri Aurobindo, Lala Lajpat Rai, Pandit Jawahar Lai Nehru, Mahatma Gandhi, Bhagat Singh to name just a few came to join the national struggle for freedom and the eradication of social ills.

An important name amongst them was that of Satguru Ram Singh of Punjab who gave birth to the great Kuka Movement that stood for social reforms and complete independence. Born on February 3, 1816 in the village Raiyan in district Ludhiana, this child shot into prominence when Guru Balak Singh Ji declared him a ‘gum’, a religious guide. From

his headquarters at Shri Bhaini Sahib in Ludhiana, the guru started preaching his divine message. His first sermon was delivered on the Baisakhi day in 1857. In his teachings, he exhorted the people to believe in one God, lead a simple, honest life free from any kind of evil, to help the poor and the needy and to work for the freedom of the country. Thousands became his followers and flocked to his discourses every day.

He strongly opposed child marriage, female foeticide, (The proper word should have been ‘infanticide‘ here.) taking of alcoholic drinks and non-vegetarian foods, dowry system, religious fanaticism, cow slaughter and casteism. He encouraged people to live like brothers and fight for the freedom of their country from the British rule.

अनुवाद

उन्नीसवीं और बीसवीं शताब्दी के ऐतिहासिक युग ने भारत में ऐसे कई महान व्यक्तियों का उदय देखा है जिन्होंने न केवल देश में व्याप्त सामाजिक बुराइयों के विरुद्ध युद्ध छेड़ा बल्कि अंग्रेजी साम्राज्य के विरुद्ध भी विद्रोह का झण्डा उठा लिया। “स्वतन्त्रता हमारा जन्मसिद्ध अधिकार है,” बाल गंगाधर तिलक ने घोषणा कर दी। समूचे देश भर से बहादुर योद्धा – कुछ एक का नाम लिया जाए तो – तांत्या टोपे, रानी लक्ष्मी बाई, दादाभाई नॉरोजी, खुदीराम बोस, श्री अरविन्द, लाला लाजपत राय, पण्डित जवाहर लाल नेहरू, महात्मा गांधी, भगत सिंह स्वतन्त्रता के लिए राष्ट्रीय संघर्ष में शामिल होने तथा सामाजिक बुराइयों को जड़ से उखाड़ फेंकने के लिए आगे आए।

उनमें से एक महत्त्वपूर्ण नाम था पंजाब के सतगुरू राम सिंह जी का, जिन्होंने महान् कूका आन्दोलन को शुरू किया जिसने सामाजिक सुधारों और पूर्ण स्वतन्त्रता के लिए अनेक कार्य किए। 1816 3 फरवरी, 1816 को लुधियाना जिले के गांव राईयां में जन्मा यह बालक एकदम से प्रसिद्ध हो गया जब गुरू बालक सिंह जी ने इसे ‘गुरू’, (अर्थात्) एक धार्मिक मार्गदर्शक, घोषित कर दिया। लुधियाना में अपने मुख्य

स्थल श्री भैणी साहिब में गुरू जी ने अपने अलौकिक संदेश का प्रचार करना शुरू किया। उनका पहला धर्मोपदेश (व्याख्यान) सन् 1857 में बैसाखी वाले दिन दिया गया। अपने उपदेश में उन्होंने लोगों पर एक ही ईश्वर पर विश्वास करने, सभी प्रकार की बुराइयों से मुक्त एक सादा और ईमानदार जीवन व्यतीत करने, निर्धनों और जरूरतमंदों की सहायता करने और देश की आज़ादी के लिए काम करने पर बल दिया। हजारों लोग उनके अनुयायी बन गए और उनके उपदेश सुनने के लिए प्रतिदिन झुण्ड के झुण्ड उमड़ पड़ते।

उन्होंने बाल विवाह, कन्या भ्रूण हत्या, (यहां उचित शब्द ‘शिशु हत्या’ होना चाहिए था।) नशीले पेयपदार्थों और मांसाहारी भोजन का सेवन, दहेज प्रथा, धार्मिक उन्माद, गौ हत्या और जातिवाद का विरोध किया। उन्होंने लोगों को भाइयों की तरह रहने और अंग्रेजी शासन से अपने देश की स्वतन्त्रता के लिए लड़ने को प्रेरित किया।

(Page 126-127) Against the British …………. and high thinking.

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. slogan-नारा; 2. called upon-आह्वान किया; 3. came down-दबा दिया; 4. reckoned – पहचान स्थापित होना; 5. inspired-प्रेरित; 6. patriotic-देशभक्ति से भरपूर; 7. let loose a reign of terror-आतंक का राज्य शुरू करना; 8. sent to the gallows-जेल भेज दिया गया; 9. allegiance-भक्ति ; 10. severed-काट कर अलग कर दिए; 11. liberty:-स्वतन्त्रता; 12. repressionदबाव; 13. enthusiasm —जोश, उत्साह; 14. flourish -फ्लना-फूलना; 15. stewardship—नेतृत्व।।

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The British rulers could not tolerate the rise of such an inspired patriotic force against them. They let loose a reign of terror against the Kukas. Nine Namdhari sikhs were sent to the gallows in 1871 while another 65 were blown up by cannon fire in an open field in 1872 at Malerkotla (Punjab). Amongst these martyrs was a twelve year old boy named Bishan Singh.

He was offered pardon on the condition that he should deny his allegiance to the Kuka cause. He angrily pounced upon the British officer (Mr. C6wen) and pulled out his beard. The enraged officer got both his hands severed and then beheaded him. The lovers of liberty refused to be cowed down by this repression but continued to fight with greater enthusiasm. Sri Satguru Ram Singh Ji was arrested and sent to jail in an unknown foreign land. His spirit continues to guide his followers even today.

The followers of Sri Satguru Ram Singh Ji continue to flourish today under the able stewardship of their holy gurus (presently Satguru Sri Jagjit Singh Ji Maharaj) and spread the message of universal brotherhood, national unity, secularism, simple living and high thinking.

अनुवाद

उन्होंने अग्रेज़ी नीति ‘फूट डालो और राज करो’ के विरुद्ध भारत के लोगों को ‘एक बनो, और संघर्ष करो’ का नारा दिया। उन्होंने अंग्रेज़ी शासकों के विरुद्ध एक असहयोग आन्दोलन चलाया और लोगों का आह्वान किया कि वे अग्रेजों का बॉयकाट कर दें। यह वो ही थे जिन्होंने देश में भारतीय बनो और भारतीय माल खरीदो’ के विचार का प्रचार किया। अंग्रेज़ी शासकों ने उनके गर्जते अनुयायियों को बुरी तरह से कुचल दिया। पंजाबी शब्द ‘कूका’ का अर्थ है एक ‘गर्जना’। श्री सतगुरू राम सिंह जी के अनुयायी जिन्होंने अंग्रेजों के विरुद्ध जोरदार आवाज़ उठाई, वे ‘कूका’ के नाम से प्रसिद्ध हो गए। इस आन्दोलन

के अनुयायियों को नामधारी नाम दिया गया। नामधारी सिखों की शीघ्र ही एक वीर सेना के रूप में पहचान स्थापित हो गई। अंग्रेज़ी शासक अपने विरुद्ध ऐसी एक प्रेरित देशभक्त सेना के उदय को सहन नहीं कर सके। उन्होंने ककों के विरुद्ध आंतक का राज्य शुरू कर दिया। सन् 1871 में 9 नामधारी सिखों को फांसी पर लटका दिया गया जबकि 65 अन्यों को सन् 1872 में मलेरकोटला (पंजाब) में एक खुले खेत में तोपों से उड़ा दिया गया। इन शहीदों में बिशन 1872 सिंह नामक एक बारह वर्षीय बालक भी था। उसे एक शर्त पर माफ़ी की पेशकश की गई कि वह कूका लहर के प्रति अपनी भक्ति से इन्कार करे। उसने क्रोधपूर्वकअंग्रेज़ी अफसर (मिस्टर कोवन) पर आक्रमण कर दिया और उसकी दाढ़ी खींच ली।

गुस्से से उबलते अफसर ने उसके दोनों हाथों को कटवा दिया और फिर उसका सिर धड़ से अलग कर दिया। आजादी के प्रेमियों ने इस दबाव के आगे झुकने से मना कर दिया बल्कि उन्होंने और अधिक उत्साह के साथ संघर्ष करना जारी रखा। श्री | सतगुरू राम सिंह जी को गिरफ्तार कर लिया गया और उन्हें किसी अज्ञात विदेशी जगह पर जेल भेज दिया गया। उनकी आत्मा आज भी अपने अनुयायियों का मार्गदर्शन करती है। श्री सतगुरू रामसिंह जी के अनुयायी आज भी अपने सतगुरुओं (जो आज कल सतगुरू श्री जगजीत सिंह जी महाराज) के योग्य नेतृत्व में फल-फूल रहे हैं और सम्पूर्ण भाईचारे, राष्ट्रीय एकता, धर्मनिरपेक्षता, सादा जीवन और उच्च विचार का संदेश फैला रहे हैं।

Rani Laxmi Bai

(Page 127-128) No other woman ……….. on the battlefield.

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. warrior-योद्धा; 2. impact-प्रभाव; 3. indomitable-अजेय, दृढ़; 4. adopted-गोद लिया; 5. recognize—प्रमाणित करना; 6. annexed-अपने में मिला लेना; 7. sepoy regiment-सैन्य दल; 8. representative-प्रतिनिधि; 9. besieged-घेर लिया; 10. inflicted defeat-हरा दिया; 11. retreat-जगह छोड़ कर कहीं और जाना।

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No other woman warrior in the history of India has made such a powerful impact on the minds of the Indian people as the Rani of Jhansi, Laxmi Bai. Her heroic battle against the British has become the subject of many folk songs and ballads all over the country. Her indomitable spirit as a fighter for the independence of her country was appreciated even by her enemies. Rani Laxmi Bai died fighting bravely for the sake of her country. The Rani of Jhansi became the most popular leader of the First War of Independence (1857).

Laxmi Bai was born on 16th November 1834, in Varanasi (U.P.). Her childhood name was Manikarnika or Manu. After the death of her mother she came to Bithur with her father. In Bithur, she learnt horse-riding and martial arts. When she was eight, she was married to Raja Gangadhar Rao of Jhansi and so she was called the ‘Rani of Jhansi’. In 1851, she gave birth to a son but by 1853, both her son and husband had died. The Rani of Jhansi adopted a son under the ‘Policy of Lapse’, but the British Government did not recognize the adopted son and annexed Jhansi in 1853. On 4th June 1857, the sepoy regiment stationed at Jhansi rebelled. The British control broke down in Jhansi, and the British representative himself asked the people to obey the Rani.

The British forces under the leadership of Sir Hugh Rose later besieged Jhansi. The Rani continued to command her forces from inside the fort but ultimately she was forced to leave Jhansi. She then managed to reach Kalpi where she merged her forces with those of the Nawab of Banda, Tantya Tope. The British forces pursued her at Kalpi also and inflicted defeat on Kalpi. The Rani was surrounded from all sides, and so, she now tried to organize a retreat. While doing so, she was fatally wounded on 18th June 1858. She breathed her last on the battlefield.

अनुवाद

भारत के इतिहास में किसी अन्य वीरांगना ने भारतीय लोगों के दिलों पर ऐसा शक्तिशाली प्रभाव नहीं छोड़ा है जितना कि झांसी की रानी लक्ष्मी बाई ने। अंग्रेजों के विरुद्ध उसका वीरतापूर्ण युद्ध देश भर में अनेकों लोकगीतों और लोक गाथाओं का विषय बन गया है। अपने देश की स्वतन्त्रता के लिए एक योद्धा के रूप में उसकी अजेय आत्मशक्ति की प्रशंसा यहां तक कि उसके शत्रुओं ने भी की। रानी लक्ष्मीबाई अपने देश की खातिर वीरतापूर्वक युद्ध करते हुए मृत्यु को प्राप्त हुई। स्वतन्त्रता के लिए हुए प्रथम युद्ध (1857) में झांसी की रानी सबसे अधिक लोकप्रिय नेता बनी।

लक्ष्मी बाई का जन्म 16 नवम्बर, सन् 1834 में 1834, वाराणसी (उत्तर प्रदेश) में हुआ। उसका बचपन का नाम था-मणिकर्णिका अथवा मनु। अपनी माता की मृत्यु के पश्चात् वह अपने पिता के साथ बिठुर आ गई। बिठुर में उसने घुड़सवारी और युद्ध कलाएं सीखीं। जब वह आठ वर्ष की थी तो उसका विवाह झांसी के राजा गंगाधर राव से कर दिया गया और इसीलिए उसे झांसी की रानी कहा जाता था। सन् 1851 में उसने एक पुत्र को जन्म दिया। परन्तु सन् 1853 तक उसके पति और पुत्र दोनों की मृत्यु हो चुकी थी।

झांसी की रानी ने ‘अवधि समाप्त होने की नीति’ के अन्तर्गत एक पुत्र को गोद लिया, परन्तु अंग्रेजी सरकार ने गोद लिए पुत्र को मान्यता नहीं दी और सन्1853 में झांसी को अपने साथ मिला लिया। 4 जून सन् 1857 को झांसी में स्थापित एक सैन्य दल ने विद्रोह कर दिया। झांसी में अंग्रेज़ों का नियन्त्रण टूट गया और अग्रेजों के प्रतिनिधि ने स्वयं लोगों से कहा कि वे रानी की आज्ञा का पालन करें। बाद में सर हग रोज़ के नेतृत्व में अंग्रेजी सेना ने झांसी को घेर लिया। रानी किले के भीतर से अपनी सेना का नेतृत्व करती रही परन्तु अन्त में उसे झांसी छोड़ने पर विवश कर दिया गया।

फिर वह किसी तरह कल्पी पहुंच गई और वहां उसने बन्द के नवाब, तात्या टोपे की सेनाओं के साथ अपनी सेनाएं मिला लीं। अंग्रेजी सेनाओं ने कल्पी तक उसका पीछा किया और कल्पी के मैदान में उसे हरा दिया। रानी चारों ओर से घिर चुकी थी और इसलिए उसने अब उस जगह से बच निकलने की कोशिश की। परन्तु ऐसा करते हुए 18 जून, 1858 को वह बुरी तरह घायल हो गई। उसने युद्ध क्षेत्र में अपनी आखिरी सांस ली।

Udham Singh

(Page 128-129) Udham Singh’s name …………….. of religion

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. inseparably-अटूट रूप से; 2. revenge-बदला; 3. gathering-सम्मेलन, सभा; 4. massacre-नरसंहार; 5. suffocated-दम घुटना; 6. fiery-उग्र; 7. associated-जुड़ा होना; 8. outrage-अपमान, कलंक; 9. at a point blank range-अति निकट से; 10. solidarity–अखण्डता; 11. propagating-बढ़ावा देना, प्रचार करना; 12. divisive-विघटनकारी।।

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Udham Singhs name is linked inseparably with Jallianwala Bagh. Tiewas the man who took his revenge on General O’Dwyer, the British officer who had ordered firing on a peaceful gathering at Amritsar on the Baisakhi Day in the year 1919. Thousands of men, women, children and old men died in the massacre. Many tried to escape by jumping into a nearby well but were suffocated to death. Udham Singh waited for 21 years to avenge this national insult. He killed the villain of the show in England on 13 March 1940. Udham Singh was arrested and sentenced to death on 30 July the same year.

This fiery revolutionary was born on 18 December 1899 at Sunam in Sangrur district of the Punjab. He was already associated with the struggle for freedom. Before sailing for England, he had been sentenced to jail as many as five times during the freedom struggle for various anti-government activities.

For Udham Singh, the Jallianwala Bagh massacre was a national outrage and ought to have been avenged; so he pledged to take his revenge. In 1937, he reached England after travelling through Europe. In London, he shot General O’Dwyer at a point-blank range in full view of a large gathering. Udham Singh was all for the unity and solidarity of the country. His life bears a lesson for all those who are propagating divisive ideas in the name of religion.

अनुवाद

उधम सिंह का नाम जलियांवाला बाग से अट्रट रूप से जुड़ा हुआ है। यह वही व्यक्ति था जिसने जनरल ओ’ डायर से अपना बदल लिया था, वो अंग्रेज़ अफसर जिसने सन् 1919 में अमृतसर में बैसाखी वाले दिन हो रहे एक शान्तिपूर्वक सम्मेलन पर गोली चलाने का आदेश दिया था। इस ननसंहार में हजारों की संख्या में पुरुष स्त्रियां, बच्चे और बूढ़े मारे गए। कई लोगों ने निकट के एक कुएं में कूद कर जान बचाने की कोशिश की परन्तु वे दम घुटने से मर गए। उधम सिंह ने इस राष्ट्रीय अपमान का बदला लेने के लिए 21 वर्ष तक प्रतीक्षा की। उसने इस कहानी के खलनायक को 13 मार्च, 1940 में इंग्लैंड में मार गिराया। उधम सिंह को गिरफ्तार कर लिया गया और उसी वर्ष 30 जुलाई को उसे फांसी पर लटका दिया गया।

इस उग्र आन्दोलनकारी का जन्म 18 दिसम्बर, सन् 1899 में पंजाब के संगरूर जिले में सुनाम में हुआ। वह स्वतन्त्रता संघर्ष के साथ पहले से ही जुड़ा हुआ था। इंग्लैंड जाने से पहले, उसे स्वतन्त्रता संघर्ष के लिए विभिन्न सरकार-विरोधी गतिविधियों के कारण पांच बार तक जेल जाना पड़ा। उधम सिंह के अनुसार जलियांवाला बाग़ में हुआ नरसंहार राष्ट्रीय अपमान की बात थी और जिसका बदला अवश्य लिया जाना चाहिए था; इसलिए उसने अपना बदला लेने की दृढ़ प्रतिज्ञा की। सन् 1937 में वह यूरोप से होता हुआ इंग्लैंड जा पहुंचा। लंदन में, उसने एक विशाल जनसमूह के बिल्कुल सामने बहुत निकट से जनरल ओ’ डायर पर गोली चला दी। उधम सिंह पूर्ण रूप से देश की एकता और अखण्डता के पक्ष में था। उसका जीवन उन सब के लिए एक सबक है जो धर्म के नाम पर विघटनकारी विचारों को बढ़ावा दे रहे हैं।

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 9 पथ की पहचान Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Hindi Chapter 9 पथ की पहचान

Hindi Guide for Class 8 PSEB पथ की पहचान Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) भाषा – बोध

I. शब्दार्थ-देखिए सप्रंसग व्याख्या में।

बटोही = मुसाफिर।
बाट = रास्ता।
अनगिनत = जिनकी गिनती न की जा सके, असंख्य।
निशानी = चिह्न।
मूक = खामोशी।
पंथी = मुसाफिर।
पंथ = मार्ग।
व्यर्थ = बेकार ।
असम्भव = नामुमकिन।
पथ = रास्ता।
पग = पैर।
अवधान = मन लगाना।
सरित् = नदी।
गिरि = पहाड़।
गह्वर = गड्ढा, खाई।
सुमन = फूल।
कंटकों = कांटों।
शर = तीर।

II. इन शब्दों/मुहावरों के अर्थ बताकर वाक्यों में प्रयोग करेंपथ, सुमन, अनगिनत, सहसा, बटोही, पैरों की निशानी छोड़ना, मन में बिठाना।

उत्तर:
पथ = मार्ग-व्यक्ति को. महापुरुषों के बताए हुए पथ का अनुसरण करना चाहिए।
सुमन = फूल-वाटिका में खिले हुए सुमन सबको अपनी ओर आकर्षित करते हैं। – अनगिनत = असंख्य, जिनकी गणना न हो सके-अनगिनत कीड़े-मकोड़े खेत पर मंडरा रहे हैं।
सहसा = अचानक-सीढ़ियों से सहसा पाँव फिसलने से मोहन को गम्भीर चोट लगी। बटोही = यात्री, मुसाफिर-थके-हारे बटोही ने वट-वृक्ष के नीचे आराम किया।
पैरों की निशानी छोड़ना = संकेत छोड़ना-श्रीकृष्ण ने गीता में पैरों की निशानी छोड़कर ही हमें कर्म का पाठ पढ़ाया है।
मन में बिठाना = याद रखना-अरे राघव, मन में बिठा लो कि तुम्हें कल तक वापस लौटना ही है।

(ख) विषय – बोध

प्रश्न 1.
कवि ने कविता में किस पथ की पहचान कर लेने का भाव प्रस्तुत किया
उत्तर:
कवि ने कविता में व्यक्ति को जीवन-पथ की पहचान कर लेने का भाव प्रस्तुत किया है।

प्रश्न 2.
‘अनगिनत राहियों’ से कवि ने किस ओर जाने का संकेत दिया है ?
उत्तर:
व्यक्ति के जीवन पथ में अनेक साथी मिलते हैं, परन्तु जो अपने पाँव के निशान छोड़ गए हैं, उन पर ही आगे बढ़ना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 3.
राही पथ पर अपनी निशानी कैसे छोड़ जाते हैं ?
उत्तर:
अपने अच्छे कारनामों से यात्री पथ पर अपनी निशानियाँ छोड़ जाते हैं, जो सबके लिए अनुकरणीय होती हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
सफल यात्री राह पर कैसे बढ़ता है ?
उत्तर:
सफल यात्री मार्ग की विघ्न-बाधाओं की परवाह किये बिना आगे बढ़ता है। वह अपने मार्ग को पूरी तरह पहचान कर लेता है।

प्रश्न 5.
राही को कब नहीं रुकना चाहिए ?
उत्तर:
साथियों के छोड़ जाने पर और बाधाएं आने पर भी राही को नहीं रुकना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 6.
इन पंक्तियों की व्याख्या करो-
है अनिश्चित किस जगह पर सरित, गिरि, गह्वर मिलेंगे,
है अनिश्चित किस जगह पर बाग़-वन सुन्दर मिलेंगे।
उत्तर:
हे यात्री ! यह पहले से निश्चित नहीं है कि जीवन-पथ पर कहाँ नदी, पर्वत और खाई मिलेंगे, किस समय कौन-सी कठिनाई का सामना करना पड़े, इस विषय में पहले से कोई अनुमान लगाना सम्भव नहीं। किस मार्ग पर सुन्दर बाग और वन मिलेंगे अर्थात् किस समय सुख का अनुभव होगा, इस विषय में भी पहले से कुछ नहीं कहा जा सकता। किस स्थान पर जीवन-यात्रा समाप्त हो जाएगी, यह भी पहले से नहीं जाना जा सकता। यह भी निश्चित नहीं कि कब सुख रूपी फूल और कब तीव्र चुभन पैदा करने वाले दुःख रूपी कांटे मिलेंगे। इस जीवन-पथ पर बढ़ते हुए कौन-से साथी अलग हो जाएंगे और कौन-से नए आ मिलेंगे यह भी पहले से जानना सम्भव नहीं। बस तू केवल इतना फैसला कर ले कि तुम्हारे मार्ग में भले ही कुछ आ जाए पर तू अपने पथ पर रुकेगा नहीं, अपितु निरन्तर आगे बढ़ता जाएगा। अतः हे पथिक ! तू चलने से पूर्व अपने मार्ग की पहचान कर ले। भाव है कि जीवन-पथ के यात्री के लिए यह अनिश्चित होता है कि उसे कहाँ सुख मिलेंगे और कहाँ दुःख।

(ग) व्यावहारिक व्याकरण

I. इन शब्दों के दो-दो पर्यायवाची शब्द लिखें

आँख – ……………….
पहाड़ – ……………….
नदी – ………………..
मुसाफिर – ………..
वन – ……………….
उत्तर:
आँख – नेत्र, नयन।
पहाड़ – पर्वत, गिरि।
नदी – सरिता, तटिनी।
मुसाफिर – यात्री, बटोही।
वन – अरण्य, कानन।

II. इन शब्दों के आगे ‘अ’ लगाकर विलोम शब्द बनाएँ

ज्ञात – ……………..
निश्चित – ……………..
सम्भव – ……………..
सफल – ……………..
सत्य – ……………..
उत्तर:
ज्ञात – अज्ञात।
निश्चित-अनिश्चित।
सम्भव – असम्भव।
सफल – असफल।
सत्य – असत्य।

III. अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक शब्द लिखें

(1) जो गिना न जा सके
(2) जो निश्चित न हो
(3) पथ पर चलने वाला।
उत्तर:
(1) अनगिनत
(2) अनिश्चित
(3) पथिक।

IV. ‘अनगिनत’, ‘अनुमान’ शब्द में ‘अन’ और ‘अनु’ उपसर्ग हैंइसी प्रकार ‘अन’ और ‘अनु’ उपसर्ग लगाकर नये शब्द बनाएँ

अन + होनी =………….
अन + जान =…………..
अन + मोल =………….
अन + अन्य =…………..
अनु + सार =………….
अनु + शासन =………….
अनु + मति =………….
अनु + करण। = ……….
उत्तर:
अन + होनी = अनहोनी
अन + जान = अनजान
अन + मोल = अनमोल
अन + अन्य = अनन्य
अनु + सार = अनुसार
अनु + शासन = अनुशासन
अनु + मति = अनुमति
अनु + करण = अनुकरण।

(घ) रचना बोध

प्रश्न 1.
कविता के आधार पर सभी विद्यार्थी जीवन का लक्ष्य’ विषय पर निबन्ध करें।
उत्तर:
‘जीवन का लक्ष्य’ निबन्ध के लिए विद्यार्थी व्याकरण के निबन्ध भाग में देखें।

PSEB 8th Class Hindi Guide पथ की पहचान Important Questions and Answers

बहुविकल्पीय प्रश्न निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर सही विकल्प चुनकर लिखें

प्रश्न 1.
चलने से पहले बटोही को किसकी पहचान करनी चाहिए ?
(क) साथी की
(ख) बाट की
(ग) बाहर की
(घ) वातावरण की।
उत्तर:
बाट की।

प्रश्न 2.
कवि किस पथ की पहचान की बात कर रहा है ?
(क) घर के
(ख) वन के
(ग) जीवन के
(घ) समाज के।
उत्तर:
जीवन के।

प्रश्न 3.
राही पथ पर अपने निशान कैसे छोड़ जाते हैं ?
(क) निशान लगाकर
(ख) धर्मशाला बनाकर
(ग) पक्का रास्ता बनाकर
(घ) अच्छे कार्य करने से।
उत्तर:
अच्छे कार्य करने से।

प्रश्न 4.
सफल यात्री किसकी चिंता नहीं करता ?
(क) साथी की
(ख) रास्ते की
(ग) वस्त्रों की
(घ) विघ्न बाधाओं की
उत्तर:
विघ्न बाधाओं की।

प्रश्न 5.
राही की आन क्या है ?
(क) सड़कें बनाना
(ख) साथी के साथ रहना
(ग) किसी की चिंता नहीं करना
(घ) सदा चलते रहना।
उत्तर:
सदा चलते रहना।

पथ की पहचान Summary

सप्रसंग व्याख्या

1. पूर्व चलने के बटोही, बाट की पहचान कर ले।
पुस्तकों में है नहीं, छापी गई इसकी कहानी,
हाल इसका ज्ञात होता है न औरों की जबानी,
अनगिनत राही गये इस राह से, उनका पता क्या,
पर गए कुछ लोग इस पर छोड़ पैरों की निशानी,
यह निशानी मूक होकर भी बहुत कुछ बोलती है,
खोल इसका अर्थ पंथी, पंथ का अनुमान कर ले,
पूर्व चलने के बटोही, बाट की पहचान कर ले।

शब्दार्थ:
बटोही = मुसाफिर। बाट = रास्ता। अनगिनत = जिनकी गिनती न की जा सके, असंख्य। निशानी = चिह्न। मूक = खामोशी। पंथी = मुसाफिर। पंथ = मार्ग।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत पद्यांश हमारी हिन्दी की पाठ्य-पुस्तक में संकलित श्री हरिवंश राय ‘बच्चन’ द्वारा रचित ‘पथ की पहचान’ नामक कविता में से लिया गया है। इसमें कवि ने जीवन मार्ग पर निरन्तर आगे बढ़ने की प्रेरणा दी है। जीवन-मार्ग पर चलने वाले मनुष्य को सावधान किया गया है।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहता है कि जीवन के मार्ग पर चलने वाले हे यात्री ! तू चलने से पहले रास्ते को समझ ले। इस जीवन के रास्ते की कहानी पुस्तकों में नहीं छापी गई है। दूसरे के मुँह से सुनकर भी इसका हाल ज्ञात नहीं होता। आज तक इस रास्ते पर अनगिनत यात्री जा चुके हैं, परन्तु उन सब का आज कुछ भी पता नहीं कि कहाँ गए, परन्तु कुछ लोग इस रास्ते पर अपने पैरों की निशानी छोड़ गए हैं। यह निशानी चुप रह कर भी बहुत कुछ बताती है। हे यात्री ! तू इसका अर्थ समझ कर अपने रास्ते का अनुमान लगा ले। मुसाफिर ! तू चलने से पहले अपने मार्ग की पहचान कर ले। भाव है कि जीवन-पथ का रास्ता बड़ा विस्तृत है। इस पर सोच-समझ कर चलना चाहिए।

विशेष:

1. कवि ने मानव को जीवन पथ पर आगे बढ़ते हुए जिन बातों को जानने की आवश्यकता होती है उसका पाठ पढ़ाया है।
2. भाषा सरल और सरस है।

2. यह बुरा है या कि अच्छा व्यर्थ दिन इस पर बिताना,
जब असम्भव छोड़ यह पथ दूसरे पर पग बढ़ाना,
तू इसे अच्छा समझ यात्रा सरल इससे बनेगी,
सोच मत केवल तुझे ही, यह पड़ा मन में बिठाना,
हर सफल पंथी यही विश्वास ले इस पर बढ़ा है,
तू इसी पर आज अपने चित्त का अवधान कर ले,
पूर्व चलने के बटोही बाट की पहचान कर ले।

शब्दार्थ : व्यर्थ = बेकार । असम्भव = नामुमकिन। पथ = रास्ता। पग = पैर। अवधान = मन लगाना।

प्रसंग:
यह पद्यांश ‘श्री हरिवंश राय बच्चन द्वारा लिखित ‘पथ की पहचान’ नामक कविता से लिया गया है। इसमें कवि ने मनुष्य को जीवन पथ पर निरन्तर आगे बढ़ने की प्रेरणा दी है। कवि जीवन-मार्ग पर चलने वाले मनुष्य को सावधान करते हुए कहते हैं

व्याख्या:
कवि कहता है कि हे पथिक! यह मार्ग बुरा है या अच्छा, इस बात के लिए सोच-सोचकर दिन बिता देना बेकार है। तू अपने पथ पर निरन्तर आगे बढ़ता जा, जबकि .इस रास्ते को छोड़कर दूसरे रास्ते पर चलना असम्भव है। जीवन का रास्ता एक ही है, उस पर चलना ही पड़ेगा, इसलिए यह सोचना व्यर्थ है कि यह बुरा है या अच्छा। तू इसी मार्ग को अच्छा जान ले, इससे तू रास्ते पर आसानी से चल सकेगा। यह मत सोच कि केवल तुझे ही मन में यह निश्चय करना पड़ा है, बल्कि हर एक सफल यात्री ने इसी विश्वास को लेकर इस रास्ते पर अपना मन लगा कर चलना शुरू किया है। तू भी आज. इसी रास्ते पर अपना मन लगा ले। हे यात्री ! चलने से पहले अपने मार्ग की पहचान कर ले। भाव है कि जब व्यक्ति कोई रास्ता अपना ले तो फिर उस पर बढ़ते रहना चाहिए।

विशेष:

1. कवि ने मनुष्य को जीवन में स्थिरता का परिचय दिया है और माना है कि उसे बार-बार अपने लक्ष्य को बदलना नहीं चाहिए।
2. भाषा सरल, सरस और भावपूर्ण है।

3. है अनिश्चित किस जगह पर सरित्, गिरि, गह्वर मिलेंगे,
है अनिश्चित किस जगह पर बाग, वन सुन्दर मिलेंगे,
किस जगह यात्रा खत्म हो जाएगी, यह भी अनिश्चित,
है अनिश्चित, कब सुमन, कब कंटकों के शर मिलेंगे,
कौन सहसा छूट जाएंगे, मिलेंगे कौन सहसा,
आ पड़े कुछ भी, रुकेगा तू न, ऐसी आन कर लें,
पूर्व चलने के बटोही, बाट की पहचान कर ले।

शब्दार्थ : सरित् = नदी। गिरि = पहाड़। गह्वर = गड्ढा, खाई। सुमन = फूल। कंटकों = कांटों। शर = तीर।

प्रसंग:
यह पद्यांश ‘पथ की पहचान’ नामक कविता से लिया गया है। यह श्री हरिवंश राय बच्चन द्वारा रचित है। इसमें कवि ने मनुष्य को जीवन पथ पर निरन्तर आगे बढ़ने की प्रेरणा दी है। कवि जीवन-मार्ग पर चलने वाले मनुष्य को सावधान करते हुए कहते हैं

व्याख्या:
हे यात्री ! यह पहले से निश्चित नहीं है कि जीवन-पथ पर कहाँ नदी, पर्वत और खाई मिलेंगे, किस समय कौन-सी कठिनाई का सामना करना पड़े, इस विषय में पहले से कोई अनुमान लगाना सम्भव नहीं। किस मार्ग पर सुन्दर बाग और वन मिलेंगे अर्थात् किस समय सुख का अनुभव होगा, इस विषय में भी पहले से कुछ नहीं कहा जा सकता। किस स्थान पर जीवन-यात्रा समाप्त हो जाएगी, यह भी पहले से नहीं जाना जा सकता। यह भी निश्चित नहीं कि कब सुख रूपी फूल और कब तीव्र चुभन पैदा करने वाले दुःख रूपी कांटे मिलेंगे। इस जीवन-पथ पर बढ़ते हुए कौन-से साथी अलग हो जाएंगे और कौन-से नए आ मिलेंगे यह भी पहले से जानना सम्भव नहीं। बस तू केवल इतना फैसला कर ले कि तुम्हारे मार्ग में भले ही कुछ आ जाए पर तू अपने पथ पर रुकेगा नहीं, अपितु निरन्तर आगे बढ़ता जाएगा। अतः हे पथिक ! तू चलने से पूर्व अपने मार्ग की पहचान कर ले। भाव है कि जीवन-पथ के यात्री के लिए यह अनिश्चित होता है कि उसे कहाँ सुख मिलेंगे और कहाँ दुःख।

विशेष:

1. कवि ने मनुष्य को निरन्तर आगे बढ़ने की प्रेरणा दी है।
2. भाषा सरल और सरस है।।

पथ की पहचान कविता का सार

‘पथ की पहचान’ कविता श्री हरिवंश राय ‘बच्चन’ की श्रेष्ठ रचना है। इसमें कवि मनुष्य को सम्बोधित करते हुए कहता है कि हे मनुष्य ! जीवन के मार्ग पर चलने से पहले तू उसकी पहचान कर ले, क्योंकि इसका ज्ञान लोगों के बताने या पुस्तकों से प्राप्त नहीं होगा। कुछ लोग जो जीवन-पथ पर अपने चिह्न छोड़ गए हैं, उनके आधार पर अपनी यात्रा आरम्भ करनी चाहिए। एक बार रास्ते में चलने के बाद अच्छे या बुरे का विचार नहीं करना चाहिए। दृढ़ संकल्प के साथ आगे बढ़ना चाहिए। इस रास्ते पर चलते हुए यह निश्चित नहीं कि कहाँ सुख मिलेंगे और कहाँ दुःख। कौन रास्ते में छोड़ जाएगा और कब तुम्हारी जीवनयात्रा समाप्त हो जाएगी। ये सारी बातें अनिश्चित हैं, परन्तु तू दृढ़ता के साथ आगे बढ़ता चल।
‘पथ की पहचान’ कविता श्री हरिवंश राय ‘बच्चन’ की श्रेष्ठ रचना है। इसमें कवि मनुष्य को सम्बोधित करते हुए कहता है कि हे मनुष्य ! जीवन के मार्ग पर चलने से पहले तू उसकी पहचान कर ले, क्योंकि इसका ज्ञान लोगों के बताने या पुस्तकों से प्राप्त नहीं होगा। कुछ लोग जो जीवन-पथ पर अपने चिह्न छोड़ गए हैं, उनके आधार पर अपनी यात्रा आरम्भ करनी चाहिए। एक बार रास्ते में चलने के बाद अच्छे या बुरे का विचार नहीं करना चाहिए। दृढ़ संकल्प के साथ आगे बढ़ना चाहिए। इस रास्ते पर चलते हुए यह निश्चित नहीं कि कहाँ सुख मिलेंगे और कहाँ दुःख। कौन रास्ते में छोड़ जाएगा और कब तुम्हारी जीवनयात्रा समाप्त हो जाएगी। ये सारी बातें अनिश्चित हैं, परन्तु तू दृढ़ता के साथ आगे बढ़ता चल।

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 8 बस चुप भली Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Hindi Chapter 8 बस चुप भली

Hindi Guide for Class 8 PSEB बस चुप भली Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) भाषा – बोध

I. शब्दार्थ

निगाह = नज़र।
जुबानदराजी = अधिक बोलने की आदत।
दस्तक = खटखटाना।
जहर उगलना = बुरा-भला कहना।
रामबाण औषधि = अचूक दवा।
नसीहतें = उपदेश।
बयान = वर्णन करना।
चटोरी = स्वाद लेने वाली।
रसना = जीभ।

II. इन मुहावरों को अपने वाक्यों में प्रयोग करें:

1. काला अक्षर भैंस बराबर
2. छाती पर मूंग दलना
3. फाँसी का फंदा चूमना
4. कान पकड़ना
5.मैदान में कूद पड़ना
6. राग अलापना
7. नमक खाना
8. अपना-सा मुँह लेकर चले जाना
9. जान के पीछे पड़ना
उत्तर:
1. काला अक्षर भैंस बराबर – आज के युग में काला अक्षर भैंस बराबर व्यक्ति को समाज में सम्मान प्राप्त नहीं होता।
2. छाती पर मूंग दलना – गणेशी का बदमाश पोता न पढ़ता है और न ही कोई काम करता है, बस बूढ़ी दादी की छाती पर मूंग दलता रहता है।
3. फाँसी का फंदा चूमना – भगत सिंह ने देश के लिए खुशी-खुशी फाँसी का फंदा चूम लिया था।
4. कान पकड़ना – मैं तो कान पकड़ता हूँ कि तुम्हारे घर अब कभी नहीं आऊँगा।
5. मैदान में कूद पड़ना – झांसी की रानी अंग्रेजों के व्यवहार से क्रोधित हो कर मैदान में कूद पड़ी थी।
6. राग अलापना – तेरी यहाँ कोई सुनवाई नहीं तो फिर क्यों अपना राग अलाप रहा है।
7. नमक खाना – तुम्हारा बरसों तक नमक खाया है इसलिए यह काम तो मुझे करना ही पड़ेगा।
8. अपना-सा मुँह लेकर चले जाना – अफ़सर ने जब गाँव वालों की बात सुनी ही नहीं तो वे अपना-सा मुँह लेकर चले गए।
9. जान के पीछे पड़ना – ये गुंडे तो तुम्हारी जान के पीछे पड़े हुए हैं इसलिए जल्दी पुलिस की सहायता प्राप्त करो।

(ख) विषय – बोध

I. सही पर (✓) और गलत पर (×) का चिह्न लगायें :

(क) जुबानदराजी बुरी आदत है?
(ख) मौन के बल पर कालिदास का विवाह राजकुमारी से नहीं हुआ था। ( )
(ग) निर्दय जुबान के कारण रहीम अन्तिम दिनों में परेशान हुए थे। ( )
(घ) बिहारी लाल और मुरारी लाल को साहब ने तरक्की दी थी। ( )
(ङ) चुनाव अभियान में लेखक ने खन्ना का पक्ष लिया था। ( )
उत्तर:
सही- क, ग।
गलत- ख, घ, ङ।

II. इन प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो वाक्यों में लिखें :

प्रश्न (क)
सब आफ़तों से बचने की रामबाण औषधि क्या है?
उत्तर:
सब आफ़तों से बचने की रामबाण औषधि मौन धारण कर लेना है।

प्रश्न (ख)
न चाहते हुए भी हम क्यों जुबानदराजी करते हैं?
उत्तर:
न चाहते हुए भी मन के भावों के कारण जुबान नियंत्रण में नहीं रहती है और हम जुबानदराजी करते हैं।

प्रश्न (ग)
जुबानदराजी के कारण मनसूर का क्या परिणाम हुआ?
उत्तर:
जुबानदराजी के कारण मनसूर को फांसी के फंदे पर झूलना पड़ा था।

प्रश्न (घ)
अपने ही घर में लेखक को मेहमान क्यों बनना पड़ा?
उत्तर:
लेखक को अपने किसी जान-पहचान वाले के बेटे की शादी में न चाहते हुए भी भागीदार बनने के कारण अपने ही घर में मेहमान बनना पड़ा था।

प्रश्न (ङ)
बिहारी लाल और मुरारी लाल की गवाही से लेखक ने मुक्ति किस युक्ति से ली?
उत्तर:
लेखक को झूठ-मूठ की भयंकर खाँसी का बहाना करने की युक्ति से बिहारी लाल और मुरारी लाल की गवाही से मुक्ति मिली थी।

III. चार या पाँच वाक्यों में उत्तर लिखें:

प्रश्न (क)
एक चुप सौ सुख’ इस तथ्य (सच्चाई) को अपनी युक्तियों से स्पष्ट करें।
उत्तर:
वास्तव में ही ‘एक चुप सौ सुख’ एक सच्चाई है। यदि दो मित्र आपस में किसी भी बात पर झगड़ पड़ें तो उन में से किसी एक का पक्ष नहीं लिया जा सकता। ऐसा करने से उन दो में से एक मित्र का दुश्मन बन जाना निश्चित होता है। लड़ाई-झगड़ा तो घर में भी हो जाता है। चुप रह कर किसी भी पक्ष का साथ न देना समस्या को कम ही करता है और अपने शत्रुओं और विरोधियों की संख्या को भी कम करता है।

प्रश्न (ख)
क्या हर स्थिति में चुप रहना चाहिए’ अपने विचार लिखें।
उत्तर:
हर स्थिति में चुप नहीं रहना चाहिए। ऐसा तो केवल वही कर सकता है जो मूर्ख हो या पागल हो। जब कोई अन्याय के रास्ते पर चलता हुआ किसी पर भी अनावश्यक रूप से अत्याचार कर रहा हो तो चुप नहीं रहना चाहिए। देखकर मक्खी नहीं निगली जा सकती। जब हमारे हितों को चोट लग रही हो या किसी पर भी अनर्थ ढाया जा रहा हो तो चुप नहीं रहना चाहिए, सदा चुप रहने वाले को लोग मूर्ख ही मानते हैं और जीवन जीते हुए मूर्ख कदापि नहीं बनना चाहिए। इसके लिए व्यवहार बुद्धि का प्रयोग करना चाहिए।

प्रश्न (ग)
बिहारी लाल और मुरारी लाल के झगड़े से बचने के लिए लेखक ने क्या नाटक किया?
उत्तर:
बिहारी लाल और मुरारी लाल के झगड़े से बचने के लिए लेखक ने अपने दफ़्तर के साहब से भयंकर खांसी का नाटक किया था। वह ज़ोर-जोर से खाँसी करते हुए लुढ़क गया था। उसने अपनी सांस रोक ली थी। उसे डिस्पैंसरी ले जाना पड़ा था।

प्रश्न (घ)
लेखक ने उलझनमयी परिस्थितियों कोर्ट कचहरी, शादी-मंगनी, चुनाव उपचुनाव-आदि से दूर रहने का संकेत क्यों दिया है ?
उत्तर:
जब हम किसी विषय पर चुप हो जाते हैं और किसी भी पक्ष के पक्ष या विपक्ष का साथ नहीं देते तो लोग हमें अपना शस्त्र नहीं बना पाते। वे हम से तब किसी गवाही की उम्मीद नहीं रखते। उन्हें लगता है कि हम उनके किसी काम के नहीं हैं। ऐसी स्थिति में हम कोट-कचहरी, शादी-मंगनी, चुनाव-उपचुनाव आदि चक्करों से बच जाते हैं।

(ग) व्यावहारिक व्याकरण

I. निम्नलिखित शब्दों में से उपसर्ग पृथक् करें :

1. अधिपति, अध्यक्ष, अध्यात्म, अधिराज।
2. अभिप्राय, अभिशाप, अभिलाषा, अभिमान।
3. अपराध, अपमान, अपशब्द, अपवाद।
4. अतिशय, अतिनिर्धन, अत्याचार, अत्यावश्यक।
5. अनुवाद, अनुचर, अनुरूप, अनुकरण।
6. अवगुण, अवनति, अवस्था, अवसर।
7. उपमान, उपवन, उपकार, उपमंत्री।
8. निर्भय, निर्दोष, निर्वाह, नीरोग (निर्)
9. निस्तार, निश्चल, निष्प्राण, निष्प्रभ (निस / निश / निष् । निः)
10. परिचय, परिमाण, परिक्रमा, परिवर्तन।
उत्तर:
1. अधि
2. अभि
3. अप
4. अति
5. अनु
6. अव
7. उप
8. निर्
9. निस / निश / निष् / निः
10. परि।

II. समस्तपदों को अलग करें (विग्रह)

जुबान दराजी = ……………….
वाणी-संयम = ……………….
योग-साधना = ……………….
तन-मन = ……………….
शरणागत = ……………….
रसोईघर = ……………….
आपबीती = ……………….
अनपढ़ = ……………….
उत्तर:
जुबान दराजी = जुबान की दराजी
वाणी-संयम = वाणी का संयम
योग-साधना = योग की साधना
तन-मन = तन और मन
शरणागत = शरण में गत
रसोई घर = रसोई के लिए घर
आप बीती = अपने पर बीती
अनपढ़ = नहीं पढ़ा है जो/ न पढ़ा

PSEB 8th Class Hindi Guide बस चुप भली Important Questions and Answers

बहुविकल्पीय प्रश्न निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर सही विकल्प चुनकर लिखें

प्रश्न 1.
किस पर लगाम लगाने से सभी काम शीघ्रता और शांति से हो जाते हैं ?
(क) हाथों पर
(ख) पैरों पर
(ग) जुबान पर
(घ) मन पर।
उत्तर:
जुबान पर।

प्रश्न 2.
जुबानदराजी के कारण किसे फाँसी पर झूलना पड़ा
(क) महमूद को
(ख) मनसूर को
(ग) मुनव्वर को
(घ) मुज़रूह को।
उत्तर:
मनसूर को।

प्रश्न 3.
गवाही नहीं देने से मुक्ति कैसे मिलती है ?
(क) बेहोश होकर
(ख) बीमार होकर
(ग) खांसी के दौरे से
(घ) विदेश भाग कर।
उत्तर:
खांसी के दौरे से।

प्रश्न 4.
रहीम के अनुसार अनुचित बात कहने पर जूते किसे पड़ते हैं ?
(क) मुँह को
(ख) खोपड़ी को
(ग) पीठ को
(घ) टांगों को
उत्तर:
खोपड़ी को।

प्रश्न 5.
विधानसभा के चुनाव अभियान का काम संभालने से बचने के लिए लेखक कहाँ चले गए ?
(क) दिल्ली
(ख) शिमला
(ग) अमृतसर
(घ) पटियाला।
उत्तर:
दिल्ली

बस चुप भली Summary

बस चुप भली पाठ का सार

युगों से समझदार लोग सभी प्रकार की मुसीबतों से बचने के लिए एक ही बात कहते आएं हैं कि ‘एक चुप सौ सुख’। जुबान पर लगाम लगाने से सभी काम शीघ्रता और शांति से पूरे हो जाते हैं लेकिन जुबान है कि मुँह में टिकती ही नहीं। जरा-सी बात पर गज भर लंबी हो कर यह बाहर निकल आती है और झगड़े का बड़ा कारण बन जाती है। बुजुर्गों की चुप रहने की नसीहत धरी-की-धरी रह जाती है। चुप रहना आसान नहीं है पर इसके फ़ायदे बहुत हैं। मूर्ख और अनपढ़ कालिदास केवल चुप रहने के कारण सुंदर राजकुमारी का पति बन गया था और वहीं अपने युग का सबसे बड़ा दार्शनिक मन्सूर जोबस हर बात को बोलने के कारण फांसी के फंदे पर लटका दिया गया था। तभी तो रहीम को कहना पड़ा था कि जुबान अच्छी-बुरी सब बातें कह कर स्वयं तो दाँतों के पीछे मुँह में जा छिपती है और जूते बेचारी खोपड़ी को खाने पड़ते हैं। पिछले विधानसभा चुनाव के समय मुहल्ले के दो लोग लेखक के घर पधारे।

वे दोनों चाहते थे कि लेखक महोदय उनके लिए चुनावअभियान का सारा कार्यभार संभाल लें। लेखक ने उन दोनों को किन्हीं विशेष एहसानों के कारण साफ-साफ मना तो करना नहीं था, इसलिए उन्होंने उन्हें एक कागज़ पर लिख कर बताया कि वे मौन व्रत पर थे और अगले दिन बताएंगे कि वे उन दोनों में से किस के लिए काम करेंगे। अगले दिन सुबह-सवेरे वे दिल्ली चले गए और विवाद से बच गए। दफ़्तर में बिहारी लाल और मुरारी लाल ने आपस में जोरदार झगड़ा किया, तोड़-फोड़ भी कर दी। बड़े साहब ने उन दोनों के कहने पर लेखक को गवाह के रूप में बुलाया। संकट से बचने के लिए लेखक ने भयंकर खाँसी के दौरे का नाटक किया। लेखक को तो डिस्पैंसरी भेज दिया गया पर बिहारी-मुरारी दोनों की तरक्की रोक दी गई थी जिसका सारा दोष दोनों ने लेखक पर डाला। एक बार मुहल्ले के कुछ बुजुर्गों ने अपने होनहार पुत्र को विवाह के लिए लड़की पक्ष को दिखाने हेतु लेखक का घर चुन लिया। लेखक चाह कर भी उन्हें ना नहीं कह सका जिसका परिणाम है कि अब उसका मेहमानखाना लड़के-लड़की वालों के आपसी झगड़ों का पंचायत घर बना हुआ है। लेखक का यही मानना है कि कोर्ट-कचहरी, शादी-मंगनी, चुनाव-उपचुनाव, सिफ़ारिश, गवाही, जमानत आदि से दूर ही रहना चाहिए। यदि ऐसा नहीं किया जा सकता तो जुबान अवश्य खोलनी पड़ेगी और जुबान का रस तो निश्चित रूप से दुःखदायी होता ही है।

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Religion Book Solutions Chapter 5 General Introduction to Puranas, Upanishads and Shastras Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Religion Chapter 5 General Introduction to Puranas, Upanishads and Shastras

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Discuss in brief but meaningful the salient features of Purana literature and its importance in Hinduism.
Or
Discuss the importance of Puranas in Hinduism.
Or
Give a brief account of important Puranas.
Or
Discuss in brief but meaningful the subject-matter of Puranas.
Or
Explain how Puranas were written?
Or
What is meant by Puranas? Give a brief account of the various Puranas.
Or
Write in brief about the Puranas.
Or
Give information about famous five Puranas.
Answer:
The Puranas are the ancient texts of the Hindus. The Purana means ancient. They have been written in Sanskrit. No definite period is given for their writing. These are not a creation of single century. They are described in the Atharvaveda, Upanishads and epics. There have been made changes in them from time to time and new chapters were added to them. The Puranas were given their final touch in the Gupta period. Hence the Puranas have been written by several writers.

The Puranas were called the Fifth Veda and the Shudras were given the permission to read them. The total number of Purans are 18. These Puranas have been divided into three parts. There Eire 6 PurEihas in each part and they Eire called Shiva, Vaishnava, and Brahman Pur ana.

These parts are as follows :

1. Shiva Purana :

• Vayu
• Linga
• Skanda
• Agni
• Matsya
• Kurma.

2. Vaishnava Purana :

• Vishnu
• Bhagvata
• Narada
• Garuda
• Padma.

3. Brahman Purana :

• Brahman
• Brahmand
• Brahmavaivrata
• Markandeya
• Bhavishya and
• Vamana.

The prevalent Vedic and Non-Vedic religious beliefs, myths and stories are compiled in the Puranas. Myths are those stories that have no proof, but they Eire very popular. Each Purana is divided into five parts. These parts are :

1. Search: It describes about the creation of the world.
2. Pratisarga: It gives a description about the development, destruction and recreation of the world.
3. Vansh: It gives a description of the lineage of the famous kings and Rishis.
4. Manzanar: It gives a description of the great battles fought on this earth and the important event in each of them.
5. Vanshanucharita: It gives a description of the kings of great lineage and the feats of the Rishis.

What is worth remembering here is that we do not have the original Puranas with us. What we have with us today as the Puranas, may not necessarily have the. descriptions as per the above divisions. A brief description of the Puranas is as follows :

1. The Brahman Purana: It is also called the Adi Purana. It has 14,000 shlokas in it. Most of it describes the pilgramage places of India. Besides this, it also gives a description of Krishana, Rama, Surya, famous royal families, earth, hell,’ various castes and about Varna Ashrama system.

2. The Padma Purana: This is the biggest Purana. It has almost 55,000 shlokas in it. It describes the Srishti Khand, Bhumi KhEind, Swarga Khand and Pataal Khand. It gives a detailed description of the Vishnu Katha and Rama Katha. Besides these, this Purana also describes about the holy places and fasts. Several stories pertaining to myths Eire Eilso recorded in it.

3. The Vishnu Purana: This Purana has 23,000 shlokas in it.*It says that Vishnu is the supreme god. He alone has created the world and protects it. Famous among the stories given in it are the stories of Prahlad and Dhruva. It also describes the strange things about this world and the people of heaven. It gives a description of several famous lineages. In the fifth and last part, the various miraculous deeds of Krishna have been discussed.

4. The Vayu Purana : This Purana has 11,000 shlokas in it. It describes several stories associated with the glory of Shiva. For this reason, it is also called the Shiva Pursina. It describes several lineages. It has great historical importance because it is based on facts. It also gives the geographical description which is quite useful.

5. The Bhagvata Purana : Most popular among the Puranas associated with Lord Vishnu is the Bhagavata Purana. It gives a description of several stories associated with the life of Lord Krishna. It also says that Lord Buddha and the founder of Sankhya philosophy, Kapil are incarnations of Vishnu. This Purana is not very important from historical point of view.

6. The Narada Purana : This Purana consists of 25,000 shlokas. This Purana is related to the worship of Vishnu. It gives a detailed description of the prevalent ‘ education in ancient India. It does not give a description of the lineages.

7. The Markandeya Purana : There are 900 shlokas in this Purana. It gives a detailed description of the Vedic gods Indra, Surya and Agni etc. It also gives a description of several famous lineages.

8. The Agni Purana : This Purana has 15,400 shlokas. According to a belief, this Purana was narrated to Rishi Vashisht by Agni god himself. This Purana is associated with Shaivism. It throws ample light on several important subjects like war tactics, methods to perform the yajans, astrology, geography, law, grammar, medicine, fasts, donation, marriage etc. Undoubtedly, this Purana is like an encyclopaedia.

9. The Bhavishya Purana : This Purana has 14,000 shlokas in it. There are several stories related to the gods Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva and Surya. It also describes several ancient royal families and sages. Besides these, it also discusses several rituals which were performed at that time.

10. The Brahmavaivarta Purana : This Purana has 18,000 shlokas in it. This Purana tells Brahman as the creator of this universe. It gives a detailed description of Lord Krishna’s life. It also describes about Radha. In it, Ganesha has been called is an incarnation of Krishna.

11. The Linga Purana : This Purana has 11,000’shlokas in it. This Purana is associated with Shaivism. It describes about the incarnations of Shiva, fasts and holy places. It preaches to worship the linga as a form of Shiva.

12. The Varaha Purana: It has 10,700 shlokas in it. It giyes a detailed description of the worship of Vishnu in the incarnation of Varaha. It also gives a description related to Shiva, Durga and Ganesha.

13. The Skanda Purana : It was a large Purana. It describes 51,000 shlokas in it. This Purana is not available now. Information about it can be gathered from examples cited in the other texts. This Purana mainly describes about the worship of Shiva. Besides this, it gives useful information about the several holy places and temples of India.

14. The Vamana Purana : There are 10,000 shlokas in this Purana. Most of this Purana describes about the worship of gods like Shiva, Vishnu and Ganesha etc. It also describes several mythical stories.

15. The Kurina Purana : There are 18,000 shlokas in this Purana. It describes the worship of the Kurma incarnation of Vishnu. It gives a description of several mythical stories.

16. The Matsya Purana: It has 14,000 shlokas in it. This Purana is a conversation between a matsya (fish) and Manu. When this world was destroyed then this fish saved man. It gives a detailed description of several famous royal families. Besides these, there is a description of several fairs and pilgrimages.

17. The Garura Purana : There are 18,000 shlokas in this Parana. There is a description of the methods involved in the worhship of Vishnu. It gives important information about the yajnas, astrology, grammar, social science, physical education and ghosts and spirits. It gives detailed information about the last rites, sati system and pitra shradhs.

18. The Brahmanda Parana : There are 12,000 shlokas in this Pur ana. This Purana was read by Brahman. It gives a description about several dynasties and pilgramages. Importance of the Pur anas The Puranas present a detailed picture of the ancient Indian culture. The customs and traditions prevalent in Hinduism today are a gift of the Puranas. These Puranas throw ample light on the religious beliefs of the Hindus, the methods of worship of the gods and goddesses, fasts, shradhs, birth, marriage and rites performed at the time of death.

Idol worship and belief in incarnation is also a gift of the Puranas. These Puranas popularized the tradition of worship of forefathers further. People were inspired to donate. The description of the popular dynasties given in the Puranas proved to be quite useful historically.

The description of the pilgramages and temples gives us important infbrmation about the contemporary art. Besides these, the Puranas throw ample light on the social, economic and political condition of ancient India. Undoubtedly, it would be no exaggeration if the Puranas are called the encyclopaedia of Indian culture. Dr. R.C. Hazra has aptly remarked, “The Puranas have played a very important part in the life of the Hindus for more than two thousand years.

They have brought home to the common man the wisdom of the saints of the highest order without creating any discord. The authors of these works took every individual into consideration and made such prescriptions as would benefit him in.his social and religious life.”

Question 2.
Discuss in brief but meaningful the subject matter and importance of Upanishads.
Or
Give a brief account and importance and meaning of Upanishads.

Or
Discuss the contents of Upanishads and their importance.
Or
Explain the subject-matter of Upanishadls.
Or
Write a short note on the main teachings of the Upanishads.
Or
Discuss the main teachings of the Upanishads.
Or
What do you know about the main teachings of the Upanishads?
Or
What do you know about the main doctrines of the Upanishads?
Or
What is meant by Upanishads? Give a brief account of their main features.
Or
Give introduction about the Upanishads.
Or
Write about the m$dn teachings of the Upanishads. Name two earliest Upanishads.
Or
What is meant by Upanishads? Describe any two of them in brief.
Answer:
The Upanishads are considered as the true origin of Indian philosophy. Upanishads are those texts which incorporate in them the spiritual knowledge of the „ world of highest order just as pearls are held together in a string. The lustre o’f these pearls helps to eradicate the inner darkness of a person and, he is illuminated to such an extent that it outshines the light of the even sun. It would be no exaggeration to say that the Upanishads are the prime source of Indian philosophy. The word Upanishad is made from a combination of three words. The word ‘Up’ means near, ‘Ni’ means devotion and ‘Shad’ means to sit. Thus the word Upanishad’ means sitting beside with complete devotion.

In fact, Upanishad is such knowledge which a guru gives to his students secretly. The Upanishads are also called Vedanta because they are considered to be consequential part of the Vedas. Vedanta means the last knowledge. This means that there is no knowledge beyond or after Upanishads. The Upanishads were composed by different sages between 1000 B.C. and 300 B.C. The total number of all Upanishads is 108. Upanishads like Isha, Kena, Prashna, Mundaka, Taittiriya, Aitareya, Chhandogya, Brihadaranyaka Shvetashvatara, Kaushitaki and Katha are considered the most important. The main teachings of the Upanishads are as follows :

1. Nature of Self : The word Self has been frequently used in the Upanishads because it is considered as the ultimate source of all knowledge. Self is the omnipresent living element. This element forms the basic foundation of all elements. This assumes a living form and resides in the hearts of all people. This is Brahman or the Atman (Absolute). For this reason, the Self is considered as the source of all light. According to the Upanishads, the Self is the only element about which there is no doubt. The Self is the determined strength. It is not transitory. It itself forms the basis of all transitory elements. For this reason, it is unchanging itself.

2. Nature of the Absolute : The word ‘Brahman’ is derived from an element of Sanskrit language called ‘Briha’ which means to grow or to proceed. From philosophical point of view, Brahman is an element which led to the creation of the visible world. Brahman is considered as an epitome of the power of man and nature. He is the master of unlimited powers because he himself is boundless. He is all pervading and the light of all lights. Despite being the basis of all virtues it is called Nirguna. He is the source of complete knowledge. It is impossible to describe his knowledge in words. Undoubtedly, he is the basic cause and foundation of the entire world.

3. Identity of Self and the Absolute : The sages have considered the Self and Brahman as a single entity in the Upanishads. They were considered as one basic element. For this reason, in the Upanishads, the words Self and the Absolute are used interchangeably at- several places. The distinction is only in words but not in meaning or element. There is only one primary element. He is sometimes called Self and sometimes called the Absolute. Just as a river joins the sea, so does the Self sublime with the Parmatman. Because the Self and the Absolute are one, therefore they cannot be differentiated. In brief, the Upanishadic philosophy looks like an ocean in a drop.

4. Creation of the World : There are several instances of the description of the creation of the world in the Upanishads. It tells that Brahman (the Absolute) created the world. Prior to the creation of the world, Brahman was present in its own Self. Then Brahman decided to express Himself in various forms. In this manner, began the creation of the world.

5. Belief in Karma Theory : The Upanishads believed in the Karma Theory. According to this, each person had to pay for his deeds (Karmas). The fruits of the deeds of the previous birth would have to be borne during the present birth. The fruits of the deeds of this birth would be borne in the next birth. The joys and sufferings of our lives depend upon our own deeds. Hence we should always indulge in good deeds and keep a distance from evil deeds. It is due to one’s ill deeds that a man gets separated from the Parmatman and continues to be a part of the vicious circle of transmigration.

6. Moral Virtues : The Upanishads have greatly emphasised on moral virtues. It is only when one adopts the moral virtues then he can swim across the ocean of this life. These virtues are :

• Always speak the truth.
• Love all beings.
• Think of others’ misery as one’s own.
• Keep distance from pride, greed and evil thinking,
• Do not indulge in stealing or robbing,
• Obey the tenets of religion.
• Do not show laxity towards the study of the Vedas, education, deities and forefathers,
• Be sincere towards social welfare,
• Respect your guru.

7. Maya : The Upanishads have thrown ample light on the principle of Maya. The world and its elements have been referred to as Maya. Ignorant men run after the attractive elements of this world. To acquire them, they do not hesitate to use even the worst meAnswer:Maya veils one’s intelligence and renders man to be trapped in the cycle of transmigration. An intelligent man understands the mystery of Maya and so does not fall a prey to this vicious Maya. Only such persons attain salvation (Moksha).

8. Moksha : The attainment of Moksha is the prime objective of a man’s life. Through Karma, a man is subjected to the sufferings of transmigration. The Atman inside the body is the partner to all joys and sufferings. Till the time, the Atman is trapped in the body, it cannot free itself of joys and sufferings. Ignorance is the prime cause of all bonds of man. When this ignorance is destroyed, man is freed from all bonds and he attains salvation.

Moksha is the last step of ladder of man’s knowledge upon reaching there, he achieves all. Nothing supersedes the joy of attaining Moksha. According to the Upanishads, Moksha can be attained only through knowledge. The famous historian Dr. S.N. Sen has aptly remarked, “The Upanishads are rich in deep philosophical content and are the bed¬rock on which all the latter philosophical development rests.”

Question 3.
Explain the meaning and nature of Self and the Absolute.
Or
What is the relationship between Self and the Absolute? Explain.
Answer:
A detailed information in context of the Self and Brahman has been given in the Upanishads. What is the Self? What is meant by Brahman? What is the form of these two and what is the relationship between these two, a brief description in this context is given as follows :

(A) Nature of Self
The word Self has been used quite often in the Upanishads because they are considered to be a storehouse of complete knowledge. Self is the omnipresent living element. This element is the basic foundation of all elements (both materialistic and non-materialistic). It takes the form of a living being and resides in all hearts. It is Brahman or the Absolute. For this reason, Self is called the flame of all flames. The form of Self has been described in the Upanishads in the following manner :

1. Self is Certain Being: According to the Upanishads, the Self is the only thing which cannot be put to doubt. Self is a certain being. It does not need to be proved because it is self evident. It is considered to be a basis of all materialistic and non- materialistic elements. No experience is without the Self being involved in it, but it does not experience. It is the witness to all experiences.

2. Self is Permanent: Self is permanent. It is not transitory. It is the basis of all temporary things. Hence, it cannot be changed. It is beyond all psychological actions
and hence it is not affected by worldly changes. In fact, it is the creator of all changes but lives in its past. Hence one cannot deny the permanence of Self.

3. The Doctrine of Five Layers : To understand the form of Self, the Taittiriya Upanishad gives the Doctrine of the Five Layers. These five layers are :

• Annamayi Kosh : It is a non-living and lifeless element. It comes at a materialistic level.
• Pranmayi Kosh : It comes at a living level. It includes all flora and fauna.
• Manomayi Kosh : It comes at a stage of consciousness. It is the objective of life.
• Vigyanmayi Kosh : It is at a level of self consciouness. In it consciousness develops logical intellect.
• Anandmayi Kosh : It is the true level of the Self. It destroys the spirit of diversity and differentiation.

The first four layers become a part of this pleasure (Anand) which is the last stage of their development. Hence the Doctrine of Five Layers proves that the Self is pure, living form of pleasure.

4. The Four Stages : The Mandukya Upanishad tries to explain the four stages of Self on the basis of consciousness. These four stages are :

• The Stage of Wakefulness : In this stage the heart experiences pleasure from things of the world with the help of his senses.
• The Stage of Dreams : In this stage consciousness presents several pictures (reflections) in itself.
• The Stage of beep Sleep : It is the stage of deep sleep. The pleasure experienced in this stage is not real.
• The Turiya Stage : It is a religious state. All ignorance gets destroyed here. The state of pleasure that the Self attains at this stage is indescribable.

(B) Nature of the Absolute:

The word ‘Brahman’ is derived from an element ‘Briha’ in Sanskrit language which means to grow, increase and sprout. It can thus give a philosophical conclusion that Brahman is that element that has created this visual world. Brahman is considered-: to be a form of a person and nature is considered to be a form of power. His powers are unlimited because he Himself is without boundation. He is considered to be omnipotent and the source of all fight.

He is Nirguna (Attributeless) despite being the basis of all forms. He is the storehouse of all knowledge. It is impossible to describe his knowledge in words. Undoubtedly, He is the root cause and basis of the entire universe. A brief description of the form of the Absolute is as follows :

1. Absolute is Qualified Essence: The Upanishads have referred to the sages as the form of the Absolute at several places. The Mundaka Upanishad talks about the form of the Absolute as being present everywhere south-north, west-east, above the sky and below the earth. The Absolute is the universe. Brihadaranyaka Upanishad states that initially there was the Absolute alone but when he attained form, it became omnipresent.

The Chhandogya Upanishad says that the Brahman reaches everyone through all actions, all desires, all fragrances and all tastes. In short, it implies that Absolute is all in one.

2. Absolute is Attributeless Essence : The Upanishads refer to the Absolute as the attributeless essence. It has no form, colour, shape etc. For this reason it can neither be seen nor can it be understood. The Mundaka Upanishad says that the Brahman is neither visible, nor receivable and without clan, eyes, ears, hands and feet etc. Shankar says that the Brahman is the cause of all the universe but it cannot be converted into it. It is the basis of all changes. Since the Absolute is nondescriptive, it has been described using the words ‘Neti, Neti’ (no end, no end).

3. Absolute is the Cause of World : The Upanishads call the Absolute as the cause of the world. According to the Taittiriya Upanishad, it is Brahman which leads to the creation of all things and because of which they continue to be in existence and in the end they become a part of it. The Chhandogya Upanishad calls the Absolute as ‘Tajlan’ which means that which originates from the Absolute, lives with the help of its support and in the end becomes an inseparable part of it. It implies that the Absolute gave an expression to this world and its origin and end is caused by the Absolute.

4. Absolute is the Source of Light: The Upanishads consider the Absolute as the source of light. The sun, moon, stars etc. give light as parts of the light of the Absolute. The light of the Absolute should not be considered to be a form of the materialistic light because the materialistic light can be seen with the eyes but the light of the Absolute can be seen only through the power of Yoga. The spiritual light of the Absolute is present in all the things of this worl’d.

5. Absolute is Existence : The Absolute is considered to be of existence according to the Upanishads. In philosophy, Absolute means existence. The Absolute is the basis of all existence. Wherever there is existence, it is because of the Absolute. The Absolute is not dependent on anything for its existence but it is considered to be the foundation of the existence of all creatures and elements. Consequently, the Absolute is considered to be the form of all truth.

6. Absolute is Bliss : The Absolute is called a bliss in the Upanishads. What is worth remembering here is that this bliss is not like the other pleasures of the world. It is limitless and endless like the sea of pleasure. It is due to the bliss of the Absolute that all creatures are bom in this universe. It is the cause of life of all creatures. Each creation experiences this pleasure on the basis of one’s potential. In the end, all the creatures get immersed in this pleasure. There is no end to this pleasure of the Absolute because it is the form of complete bliss.

Identity of Self and the Absolute:

The sages in the Upanishads have made no distinction between the Self and the Absolute. They considered it as one basic element. For this reason, they often use the terms Self and the Absolute interchangeably. The distinction is merely that of words but there is no distinction of meaning or element. The basic element of this world is only one. It is sometimes called Self and sometimes called the Absolute. Just as a river meets the sea and becomes a part of it, similarly the Self becomes a part of the Absolute. Because the form of Self and the Absolute is one, hence, they cannot be distinguished. In brief, looking for the ocean in one drop or one drop in the ocean is what the Upanishadic philosophy is all about.

Question 4.
Give a brief account of the main teachings of Bhagvadgita.
Or
Explain the basic teachings of Bhagvadgita.
Or
Discuss in detail the Karamayoga.
Answer:
The Bhagvadgita is a part of the Mahabharata. It is more popularly known by the name Gita. There are 18 chapters and 700 shlokas (verses) in it. The sermon of Gita was given by Lord Krishna to Aijuna before the battle of Mahabharata began. The ideology imparted by Gita was usually beyond the comprehension of the common man. The ideas of Gita have a magical impact on the common people. It is for this reason, that the Gita is dear to all the Hindus even today. Ramanuja (1017—1137) wrote a commentary on Bhagvadgita and interpreted its teachings.

It has been translated into many languages of the world. Its most popular English translation have been done by Edwin Arnold under the title, The Song Celestial. A brief description of the main teachings of the Gita is as follows :

1. God : The Gita calls the Parmatman (God) as the creator of all world. He is one. He is omnipotent and present in all creatures and objects. He is the creator, preserver and destroyer of all creatures. God is the basis of all knowledge, truth, joy, sorrow, violence, non-violence, courage, happiness, fame and disrespect etc. The tenth chapter of the Gita says, “I am the initiator of everything. Everything is borne out of me. Knowing this, the intelligent men with full devotion worship me.” God is immortal. He is free from the bonds of birth and death. He is the greatest of all.

2. Atman : According to the Gita, the body is not the Atman (soul). The circle of birth and death is related to the body and not the Atman. The Soul is the indestructible element. The water, wind, weapons etc. have no impact on the Atman. Neither does it bom, nor does it die. Just as a man removes his old and tattered clothes to wear new ones, similarly the Atman discards old bodies to enter into new ones.

3. Karamayoga : Karamayoga is a famous principle of the Gita. No creature can spend a single moment without Karma. A person who is able to control his senses and work selflessly is called Karamayogi and those persons who fall a victim to their senses and work to show off are called hypocrite. Except Karamayogi (Karma which does not desire of any fruits), the rest are all full of bonds. Hence, the Gita inspires a man to be a Karamayogi. According to the Gita, every Karma bears fruit which has to be borne by the person. It is never possible that a person performs an action and escapes its fruit. It is an inevitable principle. The fruits of one’s deeds lead one into the vicious circle of transmigration.

He bears the sufferings of fruit of the deeds of the previous birth and through new deeds, gathers the fruits of this birth to move on to the next birth. As a consequence of his deeds, man attains several stages of life, the highest being the Parampad which is his highest goal. Only through Karamayoga man can attain Parampad.

4. Bhaktiyoga : Bhaktiyoga is counted among the three main paths of the Gita. Bhakti is of several types :

• Prapti Bhakti : It is a kind of bhakti in which the devotee comes with a pious heart in the shelter of God and gets detached from the materialistic elements,
• Swarth Bhakti : Most of the bhakti in this world is purposeful. The reason for this is that some people resort to bhakti after they are hassled by troubles and they want to get rid of them,
• Jnana Bhakti: Such bhagats deeply study the Shastras to fulfil their desire of knowledge and by God’s grace are able to attain true knowledge,
• Nirguna Bhakti : This is a kind of bhakti in which God is considered omnipresent in all forms and thus he serves all the creatures.
• Saguna Bhakti : In this kind of bhakti, the devotee with a pure heart pays devotion to the idol of his god.
• Kirtan Bhakti : In this bhakti, the devotee constantly indulges in Kirtan in the name of God.
• Shravana Bhakti : This type of bhakti is for the less educated. For this reason, they cannot deeply study the Shastras. Consequently, they listen to the sermons of Shastras from the others and tread on the path of bhakti. All these forms of bhakti are considered as a source of Mukti (salvation).

5. Jnanayoga : According to the Bhagvadgita, the fire of knowledge reduces all the bonds of Karma to ashes. For this reason, there is no purer a thing than knowledge in this world. This knowledge is not limited to the knowledge of ordinary elements. It actually means pure knowledge of the Soul. This is called Jnanayoga. Of Karmayoga, Bhaktiyoga and Jnanayoga, Jnanayoga receives prominence because without the knowledge of the Soul, a man can neither be a true Karamayogi nor can he be a true devotee.

After attaining human form, the creature who is not able to attain the knowledge of the Soul can never attain freedom from the bondage of cycle of Karma. Knowledge is the best way to attain salvation because knowledge sets the seed of Karma on fire and a burnt seed cannot give rebirth to a plant.

Question 5.
What do you know about the three paths shown in the Bhagwadgita for the benefit of mankind?
Or
Which are the three Yogas mentioned in the Bhagvadgita? Discuss.
Or
How many Yogas are referred to in the Bhagvadgita? Discuss in detail.
Or
Which are three Yogas mentioned in the Bhagvadgita? Discuss Bhaktiyoga.
Answer:
The Bhagvadgita or the Gita is one of the sacred texts of the Hindus. It gives a simple solution in clear words to all the problems of human life. The Gita does not suggest any one way of life for the attainment of salvation. It says that if every man’s behaviour is different from the other, then there ought to be different ways of reaching one’s ultimate goal. There are three ways of doing this Karamayoga, Bhaktiyoga and Jnanayoga. A man chooses his own path of life according to his nature and interest.

1. Karamayoga : Karamayoga is a famous principle of the Gita. No creature can spend a single moment without Karma. A person who is able to control his senses and work selflessly is called Karamayogi and those persons who fall a victim to their senses and work to show off are called hypocrite. Except Karamayogi (Karma which does not desire of any fruits), the rest are all full of bonds. Hence, the Gita inspires a man to be a Karamayogi. According to the Gita, every Karma bears fruit which has to be borne by the person. It is never possible that a person performs an action and escapes its fruit. It is an inevitable principle. The fruits of one’s deeds lead one into the vicious circle of transmigration.

He bears the sufferings of fruit of the deeds of the previous birth and through new deeds, gathers the fruits of this birth to move on to the next birth. As a consequence of his deeds, man attains several stages of life, the highest being the Parampad which is his highest goal. Only through Karamayoga man can attain Parampad.

2. Bhaktiyoga : Bhaktiyoga is counted among the three main paths of the Gita. Bhakti is of several types :

• Prapti Bhakti : It is a kind of bhakti in which the devotee comes with a pious heart in the shelter of God and gets detached from the materialistic elements,
• Swarth Bhakti : Most of the bhakti in this world is purposeful. The reason for this is that some people resort to bhakti after they are hassled by troubles and they want to get rid of them,
• Jnana Bhakti: Such bhagats deeply study the Shastras to fulfil their desire of knowledge and by God’s grace are able to attain true knowledge,
• Nirguna Bhakti : This is a kind of bhakti in which God is considered omnipresent in all forms and thus he serves all the creatures.
• Saguna Bhakti : In this kind of bhakti, the devotee with a pure heart pays devotion to the idol of his god.
• Kirtan Bhakti : In this bhakti, the devotee constantly indulges in Kirtan in the name of God.
• Shravana Bhakti : This type of bhakti is for the less educated. For this reason, they cannot deeply study the Shastras. Consequently, they listen to the sermons of Shastras from the others and tread on the path of bhakti. All these forms of bhakti are considered as a source of Mukti (salvation).

3. Jnanayoga : According to the Bhagvadgita, the fire of knowledge reduces all the bonds of Karma to ashes. For this reason, there is no purer a thing than knowledge in this world. This knowledge is not limited to the knowledge of ordinary elements. It actually means pure knowledge of the Soul. This is called Jnanayoga. Of Karmayoga, Bhaktiyoga and Jnanayoga, Jnanayoga receives prominence because without the knowledge of the Soul, a man can neither be a true Karamayogi nor can he be a true devotee.

After attaining human form, the creature who is not able to attain the knowledge of the Soul can never attain freedom from the bondage of cycle of Karma. Knowledge is the best way to attain salvation because knowledge sets the seed of Karma on fire and a burnt seed cannot give rebirth to a plant.

Question 6.
What do you know about Nishkama Karma of Bhagvadgita?
Answer:

Karamayoga : Karamayoga is a famous principle of the Gita. No creature can spend a single moment without Karma. A person who is able to control his senses and work selflessly is called Karamayogi and those persons who fall a victim to their senses and work to show off are called hypocrite. Except Karamayogi (Karma which does not desire of any fruits), the rest are all full of bonds. Hence, the Gita inspires a man to be a Karamayogi. According to the Gita, every Karma bears fruit which has to be borne by the person. It is never possible that a person performs an action and escapes its fruit. It is an inevitable principle. The fruits of one’s deeds lead one into the vicious circle of transmigration.

He bears the sufferings of fruit of the deeds of the previous birth and through new deeds, gathers the fruits of this birth to move on to the next birth. As a consequence of his deeds, man attains several stages of life, the highest being the Parampad which is his highest goal. Only through Karamayoga man can attain Parampad.

Question 7.
Who gave the lesson contained in the Bhagvadgita and to whom? Of the three Yogas in the Gita, write about the Bhakti Yoga.
Answer:
The preachings given in the Bhagvadgita were given by Lord Krishna to Aijuna.

Bhaktiyoga : Bhaktiyoga is counted among the three main paths of the Gita. Bhakti is of several types :

• Prapti Bhakti : It is a kind of bhakti in which the devotee comes with a pious heart in the shelter of God and gets detached from the materialistic elements,
• Swarth Bhakti : Most of the bhakti in this world is purposeful. The reason for this is that some people resort to bhakti after they are hassled by troubles and they want to get rid of them,
• Jnana Bhakti: Such bhagats deeply study the Shastras to fulfil their desire of knowledge and by God’s grace are able to attain true knowledge,
• Nirguna Bhakti : This is a kind of bhakti in which God is considered omnipresent in all forms and thus he serves all the creatures.
• Saguna Bhakti : In this kind of bhakti, the devotee with a pure heart pays devotion to the idol of his god.
• Kirtan Bhakti : In this bhakti, the devotee constantly indulges in Kirtan in the name of God.
• Shravana Bhakti : This type of bhakti is for the less educated. For this reason, they cannot deeply study the Shastras. Consequently, they listen to the sermons of Shastras from the others and tread on the path of bhakti. All these forms of bhakti are considered as a source of Mukti (salvation).

Question 8.
What do you mean by Dharma Shastras? Write a note on the main Dharma Shastras.
Or
Which subjects have been touched in Dharma Shastras? Explain.
Or
What is Dharma Shastra? Explain any one of the Dharma Shastra.
Or
What is Shastra? Give brief description of any Hindu Scripture (Shastra).
Or
Write a brief note on Hindu Scriptures (Shastras).
Or
Describe the main features of Shastras.
Or
Explain the importance of Dharma Shastras.
Or
Describe Dharma Shastras.
Answer:
The Dharma Shastras Eire ancient texts of the Hindus. These are also called Smritis. Of these Dharma Shastras, the most famous are Manu’s Dharma Shastra or Manu Smriti. Besides this, the Smritis composed by Yajnavalkaya, Vishnu and Narda are also important. The historians disagree on the period of the composition of the Dharma Shastras. The common view is that they were created between 1st B.C. and Ith B.C. These Dharma Shastras are composed in Sanskrit. In these, the Vishnu Sihriti is composed in prose whereas the rest of the three Dharma Shastras are written in the form of a poem.

These Dharma Shastras render light on the religious, social, political and economic regulations of ancient India explicitly. Consequently, these Dharma Shastras are a valuable source for us to know about the condition of the people of that time. A brief description of the main Dharma Shastras is as follows :

1. Manu Smriti : Manu Smriti is also known by the name Manu Samhita. It was composed by Manu. Manu is considered as the world’s first law giver. In his compositions, he has given important information about the origin of Dharma and its sources. It clearly defines the roles of the Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras. The Brahmanas occupied the highest position in society whereas the Shudras were considered the lowest. In it, human life is divided into four ashramas i.e. Brahmacharya, Grihastha, Vanaprastha and Sanyasa and the associated responsibilities and importance is also described in it.

In it, Manu has also described the rules that the kings should follow. According to this, the king should appoint a Council of Ministers to run the administration of the state. The king should least interfere in the local administration. Manu believed that we should respect and serve our parents, teachers and elders.

If they are angry with usr we should not lose our temper. Because we can never repay them for what they have done for us. A person who disrespects them should be fined with 100 pana. According to Manu, women should not be given the right to study the Vedas or the right to property. Their ideas should never be trusted. They should not be given freedom. He was in favour of early marriage. He opposed widow remarriage and Niyoga practices.

According to Manu, people should lead a simple and pious life. According to him, wicked and evil doers have to face several difficulties in hell. He was strictly against gambling. According to him, the government should fix the prices of goods. Besides these subjects, Manu has also given information about Yoga, Meditation, Transmigration and Moksha in his composition.

2. Yajnavalkya Smriti : Though Yajnavalkya Smriti is brief as compared to Manu Smriti but it is important in several aspects. The description in it is bound by principles and the language is lucid. It is considered to be composed between 100 B.C. and 300 B.C. Yajnavalkya Smriti is divided into three chapters. The first chapter deals with the values right from conception to marriage, the duties of a wife, the rights and duties of the four Vamas, the rules of charity, the rules for observing shradhas and the fruits of observing them, the appropriate qualities of a ruler and his ministers, judicial system and the penance for criminals and the tax system explicitly.

The second chapter gives the difference between Dharma Shastra and Artha Shastra. Rights to property, the rules relating to slavery, gambling, theft, rape, border disputes . are given in great details. The third chapter renders light on the last rites, period of sorrow, means of attaining purity, Atman, path to Moksha, evil doers, yogis, means to attain knowledge of the Atman, hell, objectives of remorse, killing of creatures etc.

The Yajnavalkya Smriti and Manu Smriti differ on certain issues. Manu on one hand has allowed a Brahmana to marry the daughter of a Shudra, on the other hand Yajnavalkya opposed it. Manu has criticised Niyoga whereas Yajnavalkya was in favour of it. Manu believed that the widows should have no right over property whereas Yajnavalkya was completely in favour of it. Manu was strictly against gambling whereas Yajnavalkya did not consider it bad. He was in favour of bringing it under the control of the government to obtain revenue. Yajnavalkya has provided important and useful information about biology and medical science in his Smriti.

3. Vishnu Smriti : This Smriti was composed between 100 A.D. and 300 A.D. It was written in the form of prose. In it some shlokas have been taken from Manu and Yajnavalkya’s Smritis. In Vishnu Smriti, the Aryan region has been described more explicitly than Manu Smriti. It covers almost the whole of India. It proves that during the period when Vishnu Smriti was composed, the Aryans had spread in the whole of India. The rulers were the focus of administration.

To expand their empires and protect their subjects was their prime duty. A Council of Ministers was appointed to help the king to run the administration efficiently, The ministers were appointed primarily on the basis of their abilities and loyalty towards the state. The smallest unit of administration was called Gram (village). To give fair justice to the subjects was the prime responsibility of the ruler. Vishnu Smriti gives a detailed description of the types of crimes and the punishments awarded for them.

The Manu Smriti describes that due to their highest position in society there should be no tax imposed on the Brahmans but the Vishnu Smriti favoured it. Vishnu Smriti was against gambling and considered it as a blot on society. It believed in the Varna system and Ashrama system prevalent in society. The Shudras too could become ascetics whereas according to the Manu Smriti they could not attain Sanyasa. During this period, the situation of women worsened.

This can be guaged from the fact that the Sati system began during this period. Vishnu Smriti emphasises on the fact that people should lead simple and pious life. They should not even speak to the crooked people. Vishnu Smriti also describes the coins namely yava, masha, swama, nishak, kishnal etc. It proves that trade at that time was not only conducted through the barter system but also by coins.

4. Narda Smriti : This Smriti was composed between 100. A.D. and 400 A.D. This Smriti has some shlokas from the Manu Smriti but it has its own qualities. The king appointed spies to keep him informed of the incidents of the kingdom. Kul, Shreni and Gana were institutions for social welfare. These institutions made their own policies and rules. The king interfered less in the internal affairs of these institutions. The Narda Smriti gives a detailed account of the judicial process of the state. The king was considered as the supreme justice of the state. His decisions were final.

If a thief was not caught, the king had to give an amount equivalent to the value of things lost from his treasury. Anyone who sheltered the thief or bought the stolen goods was considered equally guilty and deserved a punishment. Different punishments were awarded for different crimes. To be proved innocent, one had to go through seven tests which have been described in it.

Narda was in favour of bringing gambling under government control so that the government could earn some income from it. He was not in favour of a widow being given the property of her husband. He supported widow-remarriage and Niyoga traditions. He described the 15 kinds of slaves prevalent in society. Their duty was to serve the main three castes. They had no right to own property.

There was a system of partnership in business and the profit or loss was to be distributed proportionately among the partners. Narda has described the coins called dinar, pana and swama. He laid down some rules for the learning of students and artisAnswer:They had to go to the workshops of their masters to learn work. They could not leave their masters before the prescribed period of learning or else they were heavily penalised.

It is clear from the above mentioned description that the Dharma Shastras render great light on the various laws and traditions and customs. They are very important from historical point of view. Dr. R.C. Majumdar has aptly remarked, “The Dharma Shastras, also called Smritis, have played a very important part in Hindu life during the last two thousand years. Although the Vedas are regarded as the ultimate sources of dharma, in practice it is the Smriti works to which the Hindus all over India turn for the real exposition of religious duties and usages. They are also regarded as the only authentic sources of Hindu law and social customs.”

Question 9.
What is meant by Manu Smriti? What subjects have been discussed in it?
Or
What do you know about Manu Smriti? Explain.
Answer:
The Manu Smriti is counted^irst amongst the few in the Dharma Shastras. It is also called the Manava Dharma Shastra. It was composed between 200 B.G. and 200 A.D. There are 27,000 shlokas in it and there are 12 chapters in it. It is written in Sanskrit in poem form. Manu is considered to be the first law giver to the world. In his creation, Manu has thrown ample light on the religious, social, political and economic regulations of India, during the contemporary era. A brief description of these regulations is as given below :

1. Four Sources of Dharma : The biggest contribution of Manu towards Indian heritage is his information about the four sources of Dharma. According to him, Vedas are the first source of Dharma. They give the basic element to all the religions of the world. The second source is Smriti. Smriti implies all those things that are written on the basis of one’s memory power. Smriti is different from Shruti. Shruti includes those things which are directly heard from the Absolute.

Dharma Shastras come under Smriti and the Vedas come under Shruti. A person who obeys the laws given in the Shruti and Smriti, attains fame in one’s lifetime and becomes the recepient of extreme pleasure in the next birth. The third source is the recognised customs and traditions but they should be based on good behaviour. The fourth source is that which is followded by the Self but that too should be based on good behaviour.

2. Administrative Laws : The Manu Smriti renders a great significance to the role of the king. He was the chief of the state. He was considered to be a form of God. His main duty was to protect Dharma and his subjects. It was essential for his subjects to follow his orders. The king was absolute. He used to form a Council of Ministers comprising 7 or 8 ministers with the objective of running the administration properly. Mukhyamatya was the head of this council and he was usually a Brahmana.

It explicitly describes the capabilities of the ministers and their duties, rules of battle, taxes imposed by the king over his subjects. Manu was not in favour of imposing taxes on the Brahmanas. Even the handicapped were not taxed. For administrative convenience, every kingdom was divided into several administrative units. The smallest administrative unit was Gram (village) which was headed by the Gramini. The king hardly interfered in the local administration.

3. Judicial Administration : Manu contributed commendably towards the field of law. He was the first person who distinguished between the civil and criminal laws. He considered it to be the first duty of the king to give fair justice. The ruler established several courts in his kingdom. The Kul, Shreni and Gana were also given the right to establish their own courts. If not satisfied by the decision of the court, any appellant could plead before the ruler. Manu has described 18 types of crimes like default in repayment of loan, breach of trust, breaking one’s promise, stealth, robbery, defamation, succession relation, extra marital affairs, non-payment of dues, border disputes etc.

Different punishments have been fixed for different crimes. Manu was not in favour of awarding death sentence to the Brahmanas. To make the criminals commit their crimes, they were even made to go through a fire test or a water test. In brief, there was no branch of the modem law system that remained untouched by Manu.

4. Varna System : Manu was in favour of the*prevalent Varna system. According to him, the Brahmanas were bom out of the mouth of the Absolute, the Kshatryias emerged from his arms, the Vaishyas from the stomach and the Shudras from his feet. The Brahmanas had the highest position in society. Their main work was to study the Vedas and help others to study them, to perform yajnas for the benefit of others, giving and taking donations, to act as the judge and the chief advisor of the ruler. They were expected to lead a pious and simple life. The main work of the Kshatriyas was to protect people.

Besides this they had been asked to study the Vedas, perform yajnas and give gifts. The primary works of a Vaishya were trade- commerce, agriculture and cattle rearing. They too could study the Vedas. The work of the Shudras was to serve the above mentioned three castes selflessly. They were not allowed to study the Vedas.

5. The Four Ashramas : Considering human life span to be approximately of 100 years, Manu has divided it into 4 Ashramas of 25 years each. They were Brahmacharya Ashrama, Grihastha ashrama, Vanaprastha Ashrama and Sanyasa Ashrama. All these Ashramas were fixed for the above mentioned three castes. The first ashrma was Brahmacharya. In it a child attained knowledge from the age of 5 years to the age of 25 years. Grihastha Ashrama was from 25 to 50 years. In it man marries in order to
have children. He took complete responsibility of their rearing.

It was esssential for every family to have a son. Vanaprastha Asharma was from 50 to 75 years. In it a man left his home and went to the forest to lead the life of an ascetic. The fourth and the last ashrama was Sanyasa. It was from 75 to 100 years. In it a man lived like a Sanyasi and tried to attain salvation.

6. Views about Women: Manu was not in favour of giving independence to women. He was of the view that a woman should be taken care of by her father when unmarried, by her husband when married and by her sons if her husband dies. He said that women put men on the wrong path. He was not in favour of believing what women said. Manu had favoured child marriage. He said that women should get married between the age of 8 to 12 years. Manu opposed widow remarriage and the system of Niyoga.

According to Niyoga system, a widow could marry her brother-in-law to produce a son. Manu was not in favour of giving property rights to women. She could only obtain ‘Istree Dhan’ which she got with herself as dowry. Despite all the restrictions that were placed on women, Manu respected women greatly in the form of a housewife. He said, “God resides where women are respected, and if women are not respected, religious rites are futile”.

7. Some Other Views : Manu has advised people to lead a holy and pious life. He said that an evil person always lives in suffering. He considered liars as the greatest thieves. Such evil doers go straight to hell. He said that parents, teachers and elders should always be respected. Whoever does not do so, should be punished. Manu has also thrown light on the rules pertaining to commercial trade. In the words of A.A. MacDonell,“No work has enjoyed so great a reputation and authority, throughout India for centuries as the Manava Dharmashastra, also called the Manu Smriti.”

Question 10.
Write short notes on any two of the following :

1. Puranas
2. Upanishads
3. Shastras.

Answer:
The Puranas are the ancient texts of the Hindus. The Purana means ancient. They have been written in Sanskrit. No definite period is given for their writing. These are not a creation of single century. They are described in the Atharvaveda, Upanishads and epics. There have been made changes in them from time to time and new chapters were added to them. The Puranas were given their final touch in the Gupta period. Hence the Puranas have been written by several writers.

The Puranas were called the Fifth Veda and the Shudras were given the permission to read them. The total number of Purans are 18. These Puranas have been divided into three parts. There Eire 6 PurEihas in each part and they Eire called Shiva, Vaishnava, and Brahman Pur ana.

These parts are as follows :

1. Shiva Purana :

• Vayu
• Linga
• Skanda
• Agni
• Matsya
• Kurma.

2. Vaishnava Purana :

• Vishnu
• Bhagvata
• Narada
• Garuda
• Padma.

3. Brahman Purana :

• Brahman
• Brahmand
• Brahmavaivrata
• Markandeya
• Bhavishya and
• Vamana.

The prevalent Vedic and Non-Vedic religious beliefs, myths and stories are compiled in the Puranas. Myths are those stories that have no proof, but they Eire very popular. Each Purana is divided into five parts. These parts are :

1. Search: It describes about the creation of the world.
2. Pratisarga: It gives a description about the development, destruction and recreation of the world.
3. Vansh: It gives a description of the lineage of the famous kings and Rishis.
4. Manzanar: It gives a description of the great battles fought on this earth and the important event in each of them.
5. Vanshanucharita: It gives a description of the kings of great lineage and the feats of the Rishis.

What is worth remembering here is that we do not have the original Puranas with us. What we have with us today as the Puranas, may not necessarily have the. descriptions as per the above divisions. A brief description of the Puranas is as follows :

1. The Brahman Purana: It is also called the Adi Purana. It has 14,000 shlokas in it. Most of it describes the pilgramage places of India. Besides this, it also gives a description of Krishana, Rama, Surya, famous royal families, earth, hell,’ various castes and about Varna Ashrama system.

2. The Padma Purana: This is the biggest Purana. It has almost 55,000 shlokas in it. It describes the Srishti Khand, Bhumi KhEind, Swarga Khand and Pataal Khand. It gives a detailed description of the Vishnu Katha and Rama Katha. Besides these, this Purana also describes about the holy places and fasts. Several stories pertaining to myths Eire Eilso recorded in it.

3. The Vishnu Purana: This Purana has 23,000 shlokas in it.*It says that Vishnu is the supreme god. He alone has created the world and protects it. Famous among the stories given in it are the stories of Prahlad and Dhruva. It also describes the strange things about this world and the people of heaven. It gives a description of several famous lineages. In the fifth and last part, the various miraculous deeds of Krishna have been discussed.

4. The Vayu Purana : This Purana has 11,000 shlokas in it. It describes several stories associated with the glory of Shiva. For this reason, it is also called the Shiva Pursina. It describes several lineages. It has great historical importance because it is based on facts. It also gives the geographical description which is quite useful.

5. The Bhagvata Purana : Most popular among the Puranas associated with Lord Vishnu is the Bhagavata Purana. It gives a description of several stories associated with the life of Lord Krishna. It also says that Lord Buddha and the founder of Sankhya philosophy, Kapil are incarnations of Vishnu. This Purana is not very important from historical point of view.

6. The Narada Purana : This Purana consists of 25,000 shlokas. This Purana is related to the worship of Vishnu. It gives a detailed description of the prevalent education in ancient India. It does not give a description of the lineages.

7. The Markandeya Purana : There are 900 shlokas in this Purana. It gives a detailed description of the Vedic gods Indra, Surya and Agni etc. It also gives a description of several famous lineages.

8. The Agni Purana : This Purana has 15,400 shlokas. According to a belief, this Purana was narrated to Rishi Vashisht by Agni god himself. This Purana is associated with Shaivism. It throws ample light on several important subjects like war tactics, methods to perform the yajans, astrology, geography, law, grammar, medicine, fasts, donation, marriage etc. Undoubtedly, this Purana is like an encyclopaedia.

9. The Bhavishya Purana : This Purana has 14,000 shlokas in it. There are several stories related to the gods Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva and Surya. It also describes several ancient royal families and sages. Besides these, it also discusses several rituals which were performed at that time.

10. The Brahmavaivarta Purana : This Purana has 18,000 shlokas in it. This Purana tells Brahman as the creator of this universe. It gives a detailed description of Lord Krishna’s life. It also describes about Radha. In it, Ganesha has been called is an incarnation of Krishna.

11. The Linga Purana : This Purana has 11,000’shlokas in it. This Purana is associated with Shaivism. It describes about the incarnations of Shiva, fasts and holy places. It preaches to worship the linga as a form of Shiva.

12. The Varaha Purana: It has 10,700 shlokas in it. It giyes a detailed description of the worship of Vishnu in the incarnation of Varaha. It also gives a description related to Shiva, Durga and Ganesha.

13. The Skanda Purana : It was a large Purana. It describes 51,000 shlokas in it. This Purana is not available now. Information about it can be gathered from examples cited in the other texts. This Purana mainly describes about the worship of Shiva. Besides this, it gives useful information about the several holy places and temples of India.

14. The Vamana Purana : There are 10,000 shlokas in this Purana. Most of this Purana describes about the worship of gods like Shiva, Vishnu and Ganesha etc. It also describes several mythical stories.

15. The Kurina Purana : There are 18,000 shlokas in this Purana. It describes the worship of the Kurma incarnation of Vishnu. It gives a description of several mythical stories.

16. The Matsya Purana: It has 14,000 shlokas in it. This Purana is a conversation between a matsya (fish) and Manu. When this world was destroyed then this fish saved man. It gives a detailed description of several famous royal families. Besides these, there is a description of several fairs and pilgrimages.

17. The Garura Purana : There are 18,000 shlokas in this Parana. There is a description of the methods involved in the worhship of Vishnu. It gives important information about the yajnas, astrology, grammar, social science, physical education and ghosts and spirits. It gives detailed information about the last rites, sati system and pitra shradhs.

18. The Brahmanda Parana : There are 12,000 shlokas in this Pur ana. This Purana was read by Brahman. It gives a description about several dynasties and pilgramages. Importance of the Pur anas The Puranas present a detailed picture of the ancient Indian culture. The customs and traditions prevalent in Hinduism today are a gift of the Puranas. These Puranas throw ample light on the religious beliefs of the Hindus, the methods of worship of the gods and goddesses, fasts, shradhs, birth, marriage and rites performed at the time of death.

Idol worship and belief in incarnation is also a gift of the Puranas. These Puranas popularized the tradition of worship of forefathers further. People were inspired to donate. The description of the popular dynasties given in the Puranas proved to be quite useful historically.

The description of the pilgramages and temples gives us important infbrmation about the contemporary art. Besides these, the Puranas throw ample light on the social, economic and political condition of ancient India. Undoubtedly, it would be no exaggeration if the Puranas are called the encyclopaedia of Indian culture. Dr. R.C. Hazra has aptly remarked, “The Puranas have played a very important part in the life of the Hindus for more than two thousand years.

They have brought home to the common man the wisdom of the saints of the highest order without creating any discord. The authors of these works took every individual into consideration and made such prescriptions as would benefit him in.his social and religious life.”

The Upanishads are considered as the true origin of Indian philosophy. Upanishads are those texts which incorporate in them the spiritual knowledge of the „ world of highest order just as pearls are held together in a string. The lustre o’f these pearls helps to eradicate the inner darkness of a person and, he is illuminated to such an extent that it outshines the light of the even sun. It would be no exaggeration to say that the Upanishads are the prime source of Indian philosophy. The word Upanishad is made from a combination of three words. The word ‘Up’ means near, ‘Ni’ means devotion and ‘Shad’ means to sit. Thus the word Upanishad’ means sitting beside with complete devotion.

In fact, Upanishad is such knowledge which a guru gives to his students secretly. The Upanishads are also called Vedanta because they are considered to be consequential part of the Vedas. Vedanta means the last knowledge. This means that there is no knowledge beyond or after Upanishads. The Upanishads were composed by different sages between 1000 B.C. and 300 B.C. The total number of all Upanishads is 108. Upanishads like Isha, Kena, Prashna, Mundaka, Taittiriya, Aitareya, Chhandogya, Brihadaranyaka Shvetashvatara, Kaushitaki and Katha are considered the most important. The main teachings of the Upanishads are as follows :

1. Nature of Self : The word Self has been frequently used in the Upanishads because it is considered as the ultimate source of all knowledge. Self is the omnipresent living element. This element forms the basic foundation of all elements. This assumes a living form and resides in the hearts of all people. This is Brahman or the Atman (Absolute). For this reason, the Self is considered as the source of all light. According to the Upanishads, the Self is the only element about which there is no doubt. The Self is the determined strength. It is not transitory. It itself forms the basis of all transitory elements. For this reason, it is unchanging itself.

2. Nature of the Absolute : The word ‘Brahman’ is derived from an element of Sanskrit language called ‘Briha’ which means to grow or to proceed. From philosophical point of view, Brahman is an element which led to the creation of the visible world. Brahman is considered as an epitome of the power of man and nature. He is the master of unlimited powers because he himself is boundless. He is all pervading and the light of all lights. Despite being the basis of all virtues it is called Nirguna. He is the source of complete knowledge. It is impossible to describe his knowledge in words. Undoubtedly, he is the basic cause and foundation of the entire world.

3. Identity of Self and the Absolute : The sages have considered the Self and Brahman as a single entity in the Upanishads. They were considered as one basic element. For this reason, in the Upanishads, the words Self and the Absolute are used interchangeably at- several places. The distinction is only in words but not in meaning or element. There is only one primary element. He is sometimes called Self and sometimes called the Absolute. Just as a river joins the sea, so does the Self sublime with the Parmatman. Because the Self and the Absolute are one, therefore they cannot be differentiated. In brief, the Upanishadic philosophy looks like an ocean in a drop.

4. Creation of the World : There are several instances of the description of the creation of the world in the Upanishads. It tells that Brahman (the Absolute) created the world. Prior to the creation of the world, Brahman was present in its own Self. Then Brahman decided to express Himself in various forms. In this manner, began the creation of the world.

5. Belief in Karma Theory : The Upanishads believed in the Karma Theory. According to this, each person had to pay for his deeds (Karmas). The fruits of the deeds of the previous birth would have to be borne during the present birth. The fruits of the deeds of this birth would be borne in the next birth. The joys and sufferings of our lives depend upon our own deeds. Hence we should always indulge in good deeds and keep a distance from evil deeds. It is due to one’s ill deeds that a man gets separated from the Parmatman and continues to be a part of the vicious circle of transmigration.

6. Moral Virtues : The Upanishads have greatly emphasised on moral virtues. It is only when one adopts the moral virtues then he can swim across the ocean of this life. These virtues are :

• Always speak the truth.
• Love all beings.
• Think of others’ misery as one’s own.
• Keep distance from pride, greed and evil thinking,
• Do not indulge in stealing or robbing,
• Obey the tenets of religion.
• Do not show laxity towards the study of the Vedas, education, deities and forefathers,
• Be sincere towards social welfare,
• Respect your guru.

7. Maya : The Upanishads have thrown ample light on the principle of Maya. The world and its elements have been referred to as Maya. Ignorant men run after the attractive elements of this world. To acquire them, they do not hesitate to use even the worst meAnswer:Maya veils one’s intelligence and renders man to be trapped in the cycle of transmigration. An intelligent man understands the mystery of Maya and so does not fall a prey to this vicious Maya. Only such persons attain salvation (Moksha).

8. Moksha : The attainment of Moksha is the prime objective of a man’s life. Through Karma, a man is subjected to the sufferings of transmigration. The Atman inside the body is the partner to all joys and sufferings. Till the time, the Atman is trapped in the body, it cannot free itself of joys and sufferings. Ignorance is the prime cause of all bonds of man. When this ignorance is destroyed, man is freed from all bonds and he attains salvation.

Moksha is the last step of ladder of man’s knowledge upon reaching there, he achieves all. Nothing supersedes the joy of attaining Moksha. According to the Upanishads, Moksha can be attained only through knowledge. The famous historian Dr. S.N. Sen has aptly remarked, “The Upanishads are rich in deep philosophical content and are the bed¬rock on which all the latter philosophical development rests.”

The Dharma Shastras Eire ancient texts of the Hindus. These are also called Smritis. Of these Dharma Shastras, the most famous are Manu’s Dharma Shastra or Manu Smriti. Besides this, the Smritis composed by Yajnavalkaya, Vishnu and Narda are also important. The historians disagree on the period of the composition of the Dharma Shastras. The common view is that they were created between 1st B.C. and Ith B.C. These Dharma Shastras are composed in Sanskrit. In these, the Vishnu Sihriti is composed in prose whereas the rest of the three Dharma Shastras are written in the form of a poem.

These Dharma Shastras render light on the religious, social, political and economic regulations of ancient India explicitly. Consequently, these Dharma Shastras are a valuable source for us to know about the condition of the people of that time. A brief description of the main Dharma Shastras is as follows :

1. Manu Smriti : Manu Smriti is also known by the name Manu Samhita. It was composed by Manu. Manu is considered as the world’s first law giver. In his compositions, he has given important information about the origin of Dharma and its sources. It clearly defines the roles of the Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras. The Brahmanas occupied the highest position in society whereas the Shudras were considered the lowest. In it, human life is divided into four ashramas i.e. Brahmacharya, Grihastha, Vanaprastha and Sanyasa and the associated responsibilities and importance is also described in it.

In it, Manu has also described the rules that the kings should follow. According to this, the king should appoint a Council of Ministers to run the administration of the state. The king should least interfere in the local administration. Manu believed that we should respect and serve our parents, teachers and elders.

If they are angry with usr we should not lose our temper. Because we can never repay them for what they have done for us. A person who disrespects them should be fined with 100 pana. According to Manu, women should not be given the right to study the Vedas or the right to property. Their ideas should never be trusted. They should not be given freedom. He was in favour of early marriage. He opposed widow remarriage and Niyoga practices.

According to Manu, people should lead a simple and pious life. According to him, wicked and evil doers have to face several difficulties in hell. He was strictly against gambling. According to him, the government should fix the prices of goods. Besides these subjects, Manu has also given information about Yoga, Meditation, Transmigration and Moksha in his composition.

2. Yajnavalkya Smriti : Though Yajnavalkya Smriti is brief as compared to Manu Smriti but it is important in several aspects. The description in it is bound by principles and the language is lucid. It is considered to be composed between 100 B.C. and 300 B.C. Yajnavalkya Smriti is divided into three chapters. The first chapter deals with the values right from conception to marriage, the duties of a wife, the rights and duties of the four Vamas, the rules of charity, the rules for observing shradhas and the fruits of observing them, the appropriate qualities of a ruler and his ministers, judicial system and the penance for criminals and the tax system explicitly.

The second chapter gives the difference between Dharma Shastra and Artha Shastra. Rights to property, the rules relating to slavery, gambling, theft, rape, border disputes . are given in great details. The third chapter renders light on the last rites, period of sorrow, means of attaining purity, Atman, path to Moksha, evil doers, yogis, means to attain knowledge of the Atman, hell, objectives of remorse, killing of creatures etc.

The Yajnavalkya Smriti and Manu Smriti differ on certain issues. Manu on one hand has allowed a Brahmana to marry the daughter of a Shudra, on the other hand Yajnavalkya opposed it. Manu has criticised Niyoga whereas Yajnavalkya was in favour of it. Manu believed that the widows should have no right over property whereas Yajnavalkya was completely in favour of it. Manu was strictly against gambling whereas Yajnavalkya did not consider it bad. He was in favour of bringing it under the control of the government to obtain revenue. Yajnavalkya has provided important and useful information about biology and medical science in his Smriti.

3. Vishnu Smriti : This Smriti was composed between 100 A.D. and 300 A.D. It was written in the form of prose. In it some shlokas have been taken from Manu and Yajnavalkya’s Smritis. In Vishnu Smriti, the Aryan region has been described more explicitly than Manu Smriti. It covers almost the whole of India. It proves that during the period when Vishnu Smriti was composed, the Aryans had spread in the whole of India. The rulers were the focus of administration.

To expand their empires and protect their subjects was their prime duty. A Council of Ministers was appointed to help the king to run the administration efficiently, The ministers were appointed primarily on the basis of their abilities and loyalty towards the state. The smallest unit of administration was called Gram (village). To give fair justice to the subjects was the prime responsibility of the ruler. Vishnu Smriti gives a detailed description of the types of crimes and the punishments awarded for them.

The Manu Smriti describes that due to their highest position in society there should be no tax imposed on the Brahmans but the Vishnu Smriti favoured it. Vishnu Smriti was against gambling and considered it as a blot on society. It believed in the Varna system and Ashrama system prevalent in society. The Shudras too could become ascetics whereas according to the Manu Smriti they could not attain Sanyasa. During this period, the situation of women worsened.

This can be guaged from the fact that the Sati system began during this period. Vishnu Smriti emphasises on the fact that people should lead simple and pious life. They should not even speak to the crooked people. Vishnu Smriti also describes the coins namely yava, masha, swama, nishak, kishnal etc. It proves that trade at that time was not only conducted through the barter system but also by coins.

4. Narda Smriti : This Smriti was composed between 100. A.D. and 400 A.D. This Smriti has some shlokas from the Manu Smriti but it has its own qualities. The king appointed spies to keep him informed of the incidents of the kingdom. Kul, Shreni and Gana were institutions for social welfare. These institutions made their own policies and rules. The king interfered less in the internal affairs of these institutions. The Narda Smriti gives a detailed account of the judicial process of the state. The king was considered as the supreme justice of the state. His decisions were final.

If a thief was not caught, the king had to give an amount equivalent to the value of things lost from his treasury. Anyone who sheltered the thief or bought the stolen goods was considered equally guilty and deserved a punishment. Different punishments were awarded for different crimes. To be proved innocent, one had to go through seven tests which have been described in it.

Narda was in favour of bringing gambling under government control so that the government could earn some income from it. He was not in favour of a widow being given the property of her husband. He supported widow-remarriage and Niyoga traditions. He described the 15 kinds of slaves prevalent in society. Their duty was to serve the main three castes. They had no right to own property.

There was a system of partnership in business and the profit or loss was to be distributed proportionately among the partners. Narda has described the coins called dinar, pana and swama. He laid down some rules for the learning of students and artisAnswer:They had to go to the workshops of their masters to learn work. They could not leave their masters before the prescribed period of learning or else they were heavily penalised.

It is clear from the above mentioned description that the Dharma Shastras render great light on the various laws and traditions and customs. They are very important from historical point of view. Dr. R.C. Majumdar has aptly remarked, “The Dharma Shastras, also called Smritis, have played a very important part in Hindu life during the last two thousand years. Although the Vedas are regarded as the ultimate sources of dharma, in practice it is the Smriti works to which the Hindus all over India turn for the real exposition of religious duties and usages. They are also regarded as the only authentic sources of Hindu law and social customs.”

Short Answer Type Questions (Type 1):

Question 1.
Describe the salient features of Puranas Literature in brief but meaningful.
Or
What is meant by Puranas?
Answer:
The Puranas are the ancient texts of the Hindus. The Purana means ancient, ’hey have been written in Sanskrit. There have been made changes in them from me to time and new chapters were added to them. Hence the Puranas have been itten by several writers. The Puranas were called the Fifth Veda and the Shudras re given the permission to read them. The total number of Purans are 18. These Puranas have been divided into three parts. There are six Puranas in each part and they are called Shiva, Vaishnava and Brahman Purana.

Question 2.
What is discussed in the Puranas?
Answer:
The prevalent Vedic and Non-Vedic religious beliefs, myths and stories are compiled in the Puranas. Each Purana is divided into five parts. These parts are :

• Sarga : It describes about the creation of the world.
• Pratisarga : It gives a description about the development, destruction and recreation of the world.
• Vansh : It gives a description of the lineage of the famous kings and Rishis.
• Manvantar : It gives a description of the great battles fought on this earth and the important event in each of them.
• Vanshanucharita : It gives a description of the kings of great lineage and the feats of the Rishis.

Question 3.
Describe in brief but meaningfully the two popular Puranas.
Answer:

• The Brahman furana : It is also called the Adi Purana. It has 14,000 shlokas in it. Most of it describes the pilgrimage places of India. Besides this, it also gives a description of Krishna, Rama, Surya, famous royal families, earth, hell, various castes, Varna Ashrama system and about Shradhs.
• The Padma Purana : This is the biggest Purana. It has almost 55,000 shlokas in it. It describes the Srishti Khand, Bhumi Khand, Swarga Khand and Pataal Khand. It gives a detailed description of the Vishnu Katha and Rama Katha. Besides these, this Purana also describes about the holy places and fasts.

Question 4.
Describe the importance of Puranas Literature.
Answer:
The Puranas present a detailed picture of the ancient Indian culture. The customs and traditions prevalent in Hinduism today are a gift of the Puranas. These Puranas throw ample light on the religious beliefs of the Hindus, the methods of worship of the gods and goddesses, fasts, shradhas, birth, marriage and rites performed at the time of death. Idol worship and belief in incarnation is also a gift of the Puranas. These Puranas popularized the tradition of worship of forefathers further. People were inspired to donate. The description of the popular dynasties given in the Puranas proved to be quite useful historically.

Question 5.
What do you mean by the Upanishads?
Answer:
The Upanishads are those texts which describe knowledge. They are 108 in number and they were composed by different hermits between 550 B.C. to 100 B.C. These throw light on the indepth spiritual subjects. These try to tell what soul is and what is its relation to the Supreme Soul. They have tried to solve severa mysteries pertaining to life and death.

Question 6.
What is the nature of Self and Absolute according to the Upanishads?
Answer:

• Nature of Self: The word Self has been frequently used in the Upanisha because it is considered as the ultimate source of all knowledge. Self is the omniorese living element. This element forms the basic foundation of all elements. This assumes a living form and resides in the hearts of all people.
• Nature of the Absolute : The word ‘Brahman’ is derived from an element of Sanskrit language called ‘Briha’ which means to grow or to proceed. From philosophical point of view, Brahman is an element which led to the creation of the visible world. Brahman is considered as an epitome of the power of man and nature. He is the master of unlimited powers because he himself is boundless. He is all pervading and the light of all lights.

Question 7.
According to Upanishads ‘Brahma’ is formless. Elucidate.
Or
According to Upanishads Brahma is the creator of Universe. Discuss.
Answer:
Brahman is considered as an epitome of the power of man and nature. He is the master of unlimited powers because he himself is boundless. He is all pervading and the light of all lights. Despite being the basis of all virtues it is called Nirguna. He is the source of complete knowledge. It is impossible to describe his knowledge in words. Undoubtedly, he is the basic cause and foundation of the entire world.

Question 8.
What is meant by Moksha according to the Upanishads?
Answer:
According to the Upanishads, the attainment of Moksha is the prime objective of a man’s life. Through Karma, a man is subjected to the sufferings of transmigration. The Atman inside the body is the partner to all joys and” sufferings. Till the time, the Atman is trapped in the body, it cannot free itself of joys and sufferings. Ignorance is the prime cause of all bonds of man. When this ignorance is destroyed, man is freed from all bonds and he attains salvation. –

Question 9.
Write a short note on Bhagvadgita.
Answer:
The Bhagvadgita is one of the sacred texts of the Hindus. The Bhagvadgita is a part of the Mahabharata. It is more popularly known by the name Gita. There are 18 chapters and 700 shlokas in it. The sermon of Gita was given by Lord Krishna to Arjuna before the battle of Mahabharata began. The ideas of Gita have a magical impact on the common people. It is for this reason, that the Gita is dear to all the Hindus even today. It gives a simple solution in clear words to all the problems of human life.

Question 10.
Write a short note on the Karmayoga.
Answer:
Karamyoga is a famous principle of the Gita. No creature can spend a single moment without Karma. A person who is able to control his senses and works selflessly is called Karamayogi and those persons who fall a victim to their senses and works to show off are called hypocrite. Except Karamayoga (Karma which does not desire of my fruits), the rest are all full of bonds. Hence, the Gita inspires a man to be a laramayogi. Acce ding to the Gita, every Karma bears fruit which has to be borne by e person. It is never possible that a person performs an action and escapes its fruit.

Question 11.
What do you mean by Jnanayoga?
Answer:
According to the Bhagvadgita, the fire of knowledge reduces all the bonds of Karma to ashes. For this reason, there is no purer a thing than knowledge in this world. This knowledge is not limited to the knowledge of ordinary elements. It actually means pure knowledge of the Soul. This is called Jnanayoga. Knowledge is the best way to attain salvation because knowledge sets the seed of Karma on fire and a burnt seed cannot give rebirth to a plant.

Question 12.
What are the Dharma Shastras?
Answer:
The Dharma Shastras are ancient texts of the Hindus. Of these Dharma Shastras, the most famous are Manu’s Dharma Shastra or Manu Smriti. Besides this, the Smritis composed by Yajnavalkaya, Vishnu and Narda are also important. These Dharma Shastras are composed in Sanskrit.

Short Answer Type Questions (Type-2):

Question 1.
Describe the salient features of Puranas Literature in brief but meaningful.
Or
What is meant by Puranas?
Answer:
The Puranas are the ancient texts of the Hindus. The Pur ana means ancient. They have been written in Sanskrit. No definite period is given for their writing. These are not a creation of any single century. They are described in the Atharvaveda, Upanishads and epics. There have been made changes in them from time to time and new chapters were added to them. The Puranas were given their final touch in the Gupta period. Hence the Puranas have been written by several writers. The Puranas were called the Fifth Veda and the Shudras were given the permission to read them. The total number of Purans are 18. These Puranas have been divided into three parts. There are six Puranas in each part and they are called Shiva, Vaishnava and Brahman Purana.

These parts are as follows :

(1) Shiva Purana :

• Vayu
• Linga
• Skanda
• Agni
• Matsya
• Kurina.

(2) Vaishnava Purana :

• Vishnu
• Bhagvata
• Narada
• Garura
• Padma.

(3) Brahman Purana :

• Brahman
• Brahmand
• Brahmavaivrata
• Markandeya
• Bhavishya
• Vamana.

Question 2.
What is discussed in the Puranas?
Answer:
The prevalent Vedic and Non-Vedic religious beliefs, myths and stories are compiled in the Puranas. Myths are those stories of which there is no proof, but they are very popular. Each Purana is divided into five parts. These parts are :

• Sarga : It describes’ about the creation of the world.
• Pratisarga : It gives a description about the development, destruction and recreation of the world.
• Vansh : It gives a description of the lineage of the famous kings and Rishis.
• Manvantar : It gives a description of the great battles fought on this earth and the important event in each of them.
• Vanshanucharita : It gives a description of the kings of great lineage and the feats of the Rishis.

What is worth remembering here is that we do not have the original Puranas with us. What we have with us today as the Puranas, may not necessarily have the descriptions as per the above divisions.

Question 3.
Give a brief account of any five Puranas.
Answer:
(1) The Brahman Purana : It is also called the Adi Purana. It has 14,000 shlokas in it. Most of it describes the pilgrimage places of India. Besides this, it also gives a description of Krishna, Rama, Surya, famous royal families, earth, hell, various castes, Varna Ashrama system and about Shradhs.

(2) The Padma Purana : This is the biggest Purana. It has almost 55,000 shlokas in it. It describes the Srishti Khand, Bhumi Khand, Swarga Khand and Pataal Khand. It gives a detailed description of the Vishnu Katha and Rama Katha. Besides these, this Purana also describes about the holy places and fasts.

(3) The Vishnu Purana : This Purana has 23,000 shlokas in it. It says that Vishnu is the supreme god. He alone has created the world and protects it. It also describes the strange things about this world and the people of heaven. It gives a description of several famous lineages.

(4) The Vayu Purana : This Purana has 11,000 shlokas in it. It describes several stories associated with the glory of Shiva. For this reason, it is also called the Shiva Purana. It describes several lineages. It has great historical importance.

(5) The Bhagvata Purana : Most popular among the Puranas associated with Lord Vishnu is the Bhagavata Purana. It gives a description of several stories associated with the life of Lord Krishna.

Question 4.
Describe the importance of Puranas Literature.
Or
What are the main features of Puranas literature?
Or
Puranas are very important in Hinduisim. Discuss.
Answer:
The Puranas present a detailed picture of the ancient Indian culture. The customs and traditions prevalent in Hinduism today are a gift of the Puranas. These Puranas throw ample light on the religious beliefs of the Hindus, the methods of worship of the gods and goddesses, fasts, shradhas, birth, marriage and rites performed at the time of death. Idol worship and belief in incarnation is also a gift of the Puranas. These Puranas popularized the tradition of worship of forefathers further. People were inspired to donate.

The description of the popular dynasties given in the Purana?’ proved to be quite useful historically. The description of the pilgrimages and temples gives us important information about the contemporary art. Besides these, the Puranas throw ample light on the social, economic and political condition of ancient India. Undoubtedly, it would be no exaggeration if the Puranas are called the encyclopaedia of Indian culture.

Question 5.
What do you mean by the Upanishads?
Or
Describe the name of five Upanishads and their importance.
Or
Give informations about Upanishads literature.
Answer:
The Upanishads are those texts which describe knowledge. Since they are the last part of the Vedas, they are also called the Vedanta. They are 108 in number and they were composed by different hermits between 1000-500 B.C. These throw light on the indepth spiritual subjects. These try to tell what soul is and what is its relation to the Supreme Soul. They have tried to solve several mysteries pertaining to life and death. They throw ample light on subjects like Karma, Moksha, Maya and Transmigration. Dr. S.R. Goyal has rightly said, “The Upanishadic philosophy is rightly regarded as the source of all Indian Philosophy.”

Question 6.
What is the nature of Self and Absolute according to the Upanishads?
Answer:
1. Nature of Self: The word Self has been frequently used in the Upanishads because it is considered as the ultimate source of all knowledge. Self is the omnipresent living element. This element forms the basic foundation of all elements. This assumes a living form and resides in the hearts of all people. This is Brahman or the Parmatman
Or
According to Upanishads Brahma is the creator of Universe. Discuss.
Answer:
The word ‘Brahman’ is derived from an element of Sanskrit language called ‘Briha’ which means to grow or to proceed. From philosophical point of view, Brahman is an element which led to the creation of the visible world. Brahman is considered as an epitome of the power of man and nature. He is the master of unlimited powers because he himself is boufidless. He is all pervading and the light of all lights. Despite being the basis of all virtues it is called Nirguna. He is the source of complete knowledge. It is impossible to describe his knowledge in words. Undoubtedly, he is the basic Cause and foundation of the entire world.

Question 8.
What do you know about the Doctrine of Five Layers?
Answer:
To understand the form of Self, the Taittiriya Upanishad gives the Doctrine of the Five Layers. These five layers are :

1. Annamayi Kosh : It is a non-living and lifeless element. It comes at a materialistic level.
2. Pranmayi Kosh : It comes at a living level. It includes all flora and fauna.
3. Manomayi Kosh : It comes at a stage of consciousness. It is the objective of life.
4. Vigyanmayi Kosh : It is at a level of self consciousness. In it consciousness develops logical intellect.
5. Anandmayi Kosh : It is the true level of the Self. It destroys the spirit of diversity and differentiation.

The first four layers become a part of this pleasure (Anand) which is the last stage of their development. Hence the Doctrine of Five Layers proves that the Self is pure, living form of pleasure.

Question 9.
What is meant by Moksha according to the Upanishads?
Answer:
According to the Upanishads, the attainment of Moksha is the prime objective of a man’s life. Through Karma, a man is subjected to the sufferings of transmigration. The Atman inside the body is the partner to all joys and sufferings. Till the time, the Atman is trapped in the body, it cannot free itself of joys and sufferings. Ignorance is the prime cause of all bonds of man. When this ignorance is destroyed, man is freed from all bonds and he attains salvation. Moksha is the last step of ladder of man’s knowledge. Upon reaching there he achieves all. Nothing supersedes the joy of attaining Moksha. According to the Upanishads, Moksha can be attained only through knowledge.

Question 10.
Write a short note on Bhagvadgita.
Answer:
The Bhagvadgita is one of the sacred texts of the Hindus. The Bhagvadgita is a part of the Mahabharata. It is more poularly known by the name Gita. There are 18 chapters and 700 shlokas in it.

The sermon of Gita was given by Lord Krishna to Arjuna before the battle of Mahabharata began. The ideology imparted by Gita was usually beyond the comprehension of the common man. The ideas of Gita have a magical impact on the common people. It is for this reason, that the Gita is dear to all the Hindus even today. It gives a simple solution in clear words to all the problems of human life. The Gita does not suggest any one way of life for the attainment of salvation.

It says that if every man’s behaviour is different from the other, then there ought to be different ways of reaching one’s ultimate goal. There are three ways of doing this : Karamayoga, Bhaktiyoga and Jnanayoga. A man chooses his own path of life according to this nature and interest.

Question 11.
Write a short note on the Karmayoga.
Answer:
Karamyoga is a famous principle of the Gita. No creature can spend a single moment without Karma. A person who is able to control his senses and works selflessly is called Karamayogi and those persons who fall a victim to their senses and works to show off are called hypocrite. Except Karamayoga .(Karma which does not desire if any fruits), the rest are all, full of bonds. Hence, the Gita inspires a man to be ,a Karamayogi. According to the Gita, every Karma bears fruit which has to be borne by the person. It is never possible that a person performs an action and escapes its fruit.

It is an inevitable principle. The fruits of one’s deeds lead one into the vicious circle of transmigration. He bears the sufferings of fruit of the deeds of the previous birth and through new deeds, gathers the fruits of this birth to move on to the next birth. As a consequence of his deeds, man attains several stages of life, the highest being the Parampad which is his highest goal. Only the Karamyoga can help man attain Parampad.

Question 12.
Give a brief account of the Bhaktiyoga.
Answer:
Bhaktiyoga is counted among the three main paths of the Gita. Bhakti is of several types :

(1) Prapti Bhakti : It is a kind of bhakti in which the devotee comes with a pious heart in the shelter of God and gets detached from the materialistic elements,

(2) Swarth Bhakti : Most of the bhakti in this world is purposeful. The reason for this is that some people resort to bhakti after they are hassled by troubles and they want to get rid of them.

(3) Jnana Bhakti: Such bhagats deeply study the Shastras to fulfil their desire of knowledge and by God’s grace are able to attain true knowledge.

(4) Nirguna Bhakti: This is a kind of bhakti in which God is considered omnipresent in all forms and thus. He serves all the creatures,

(5) Saguna Bhakti: In this kind of bhakti, the devotee with a pure heart pays devotion to the idol of his god.

(6) Kirtan Bhakti : In this bhakti, the devotee constantly indulges in Kirtan in the name of God.

(7) Shravana Bhakti: This type of bhakti is for the less educated. For this reason, they cannot deeply study the Shastras. Consequently, they listen to the sermons of Shastras from the others and tread on the path of bhakti. All these forms of bhakti are considered as a source of Mukti (salvation).

Question 13.
What do you mean by Jnanayoga?
Answer:
According to the Bhagvadgita, the fire of knowledge reduces all the bonds of Karma to ashes. For this reason, there is no purer a thing than knowledge in this world. This knowledge is not limited to the knowledge of ordinary elements. It actually means pure knowledge of the Soul. This is called Jnanayoga. Of Karmayoga, Bhaktiyoga and Jnanayoga, Jnanayoga receives prominence because without the knowledge of the Soul, a man can neither be a true Karamayogi nor can he be a true devotee.

After attaining human form, the creature who is not able to attain the knowledge of the Soul can never attain freedom from the bondage of cycle of Karma. Knowledge is the best way to attain salvation because knowledge sets the seed of Karma on fire and a burnt seed cannot give rebirth to a plant.

Question 14.
Describe in brief but meaningful the salient features of Dharma Shastras.
Or
What are the Dharma Shastras?
Or
Describe Dharma Shastras.
Or
Describe the importance of Shastra literature.
Answer:
The Dharma Shastras are ancient texts of the Hindus. These are also called Smritis. Of these Dharma Shastras, the most famous are Manu’s Dharma Shastra or Manu Smriti. Besides this, the Smritis composed by Yajnavalkaya, Vishnu and Narda are also important. The historians disagree on the period of the composition of the Dharma Shastras. The common view is that they were created between 1st B.C. and 5th B.C. These Dharma Shastras are composed in Sanskrit.

In these, the Vishnu Smriti is composed in prose whereas the rest of the three Dharma Shastras are written in the form of a poem. These Dharma Shastras render light on the religious, social, political and economic regulations of ancient India explicitly. Consequently, these Dharma Shastras are a valuable source for us to know about the condition of the people of that time.

Question 15.
Write a short note on the Manu Smriti.
Or
Give information about Manu Smriti.
Answer:
Manu Smriti is also known by the name Manu Samhita. It was composed by Manu. Manu is considered as the world’s first law giver. In his compositions, he has given important information about the origin of Dharma and its sources. It clearly defines the roles of the Brahmanas, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras. The Brahmanas occupied the highest position in society whereas the Shudras were considered the lowest. In it, human life is divided into four ashramas i.e. Brahmacharya, Grihastha, Vanaprastha and Sanyasa and the associated responsibilities and importance is also described in it.

In it, Manu has also described the rules that the kings should follow. According to this, the king should appoint a Council of Ministers to run the administration of the state. The king should least interfere in the local administration. Manu believed that we should respect and serve our parents, teachers and elders. If they are angry with us, we should not lose our temper. Because we can never repay them for what they have done for us. According to Manu, women should not be given the right to study the Vadas or the right to property.

Question 16.
What do you mean by the Four Ashramas?
Answer:
Considering human life span to be approximately 100 years, Manu has divided it into four Ashramas of 25 years each. They were Brahmacharya Ashrama, Grihastha ashrama, Vanaprastha Ashrama and Sanyasa Ashrama. All these Ashramas were fixed for the above mentioned three castes. The first ashrma was Brahmacharya. In it a child attained knowledge from the age of 5 years to the age of 25 years. Grihastha Ashrama was from 25 to 50 years.

In it man indulged in marriage to produce children. He took complete responsibility of their rearing. It was essential for every family to have a son. Vanaprastha Asharma was from 50 to 75 years. In it a man left his home and went to the forest to lead the life of an ascetic. The fourth and the last ashrama was Sanyasa. It was from 75 to 100 years. In it a man lived like a Sanyasi and tried to attain salvation.

Question 17.
What views are given about women in’Manu Smriti?
Answer:
Manu was not in favour of giving independence to women. He was of the view that a woman should be taken care of by her father when unmarried, by her husband when married and by her sons once her husband dies. ‘He said that women put men on the wrong path. He was not in favour of believing what women said. Manu had favoured child marriage. He said that women should get married between the age 8 to 12 years. Manu opposed widow remarriage and the system of Niyoga. According to Niyoga system, a widow could marry her brother-in-law to produce a son.

Manu was not in favour of giving property rights to women. She could only obtain Tstree Dhan’ which she got with herself as dowry. Despite all the restrictions that were placed on women, Manu respected women greatly in the form of a housewife. He said, “God resides where women are respected, where women are not respected, religious rites are futile”.

Question 18.
What do you know about Yajnavalkya Smriti?
Answer:
Though Yajnavalkya Smriti is brief as compared to Manu Smriti but it is important in several aspects. The description in it is bound by principal and the language is lucid. It is considered to be composed between 100 B.C. and 300 B.C. Yajnavalkya Smriti is divided into three chapters. The first chapter deals with the values right from conception to marriage, the duties of a wife, the rights and duties of the four Varnas, the rules of charity, the rules for observing shradhas and the fruits of observing them, the appropriate qualities of a ruler and his ministers, judicial system and the penance for criminals and the tax system explicitly.

The second chapter gives the difference between Dharma Shastra and Artha Shastra, rights to property, the rules relating slavery, gambling, theft, rape, border disputes in great details. The third chapter renders light on the last rites, period of sorrow, means of attaining purity, Soul, path to Moksha, evil doers, yogis, means to attain knowledge of the Soul, hell, objectives of remorse, killing of creatures etc.

Question 19.
Write a short note on the Vishnu Smriti.
Answer:
The Vishnu Smriti was composed between 100 A.D. and 300 A.D. It was written in the form of prose. In it some shalokas have been taken from Manu and Yajnavalkya’s Smritis. In Vishnu Smriti, the Aryan region has been described more explicitly than Manu Smriti. It covers almost the whole of India. It proves that during the period when Vishnu Smriti was composed, the Aryans had spread in the whole of India. The rulers were the focus of administration. To expand their empires and to protect their subjects was their prime duty. A Council of Ministers were appointed to help the king to run the administration efficiently. The ministers were appointed primarily on the basis of their abilities and loyalty towards the state.

The smallest unit of administration was called Gram (village). To give fair justice to the subjects was a prime responsibility of the ruler. Vishnu Smriti gives a detailed description of the types of crimes and the punishments awarded for them. Vishnu Smriti was against gambling and considered it as a blot on society. It believed in the Varna system and Ashrama system prevalent in sociey. During this period, the situation of women worsened. This can be guaged from the fact that the Sati system began during this period.

Question 20.
What do you know about the Narda Smriti?
Answer:
This Smriti was composed between 100 A.D„,and 400 A.D. This Smriti has some shlokas from the Manu Smriti but it has its own qualities. The king appointed spies to keep him informed of the incidents of the kingdom. Kul, Shreni and Gana were institutions for social welfare. These institutions made their own policies and rules. The king interfered less in the internal affairs of these institutions. The Narda Smriti gives a detailed account of the judicial process of the state. The king was considered as the supreme justice of the state. His decisions were final.

If a thief was not caught, the king had to give an amount equivalent to the value of things lost from his treasury. Anyone who sheltered the thief or bought the stolen goods was considered equally guilty and deserved a punishment. Different punishments were awarded for different crimes. To be proved innocent, one had to go through seven tests which have been described in it. Narda was in favour of bringing gambling under government control so that the government could earn some income from it. He was not in favour of a widow being given the property of her husband. He supported widow-remarriage and Niyoga traditions. He described the 15 kinds of slaves prevalent in society.

Answer in One Word to One Sentence:

Question 1.
What is meant by the Puranas?
Answer:
The Puranas mean ancient/the oldest.

Question 2.
In which language were the Puranas written?
Answer:
Sanskrit.

Question 3.
Which is known as the fifth Veda?
Answer:
Puranas.

Question 4.
How many Puranas are there?
Or
Give the total number of Puranas.
Answer:
18.

Question 5.
In how many groups the Puranas have been classified?
Answer:
The Puranas have been classified in three groups.

Question 6.
Name the three groups of the Puranas.
Answer:

• Shiva Puranas,
• Vaishnava Puranas,
• Brahman Puranas.

Question 7.
Name any two famous Puranas.
Answer:
Shiva Puranas and Vaishnava Purana.

Question 8.
Mention any one Purana included in Shiva Puranas.
Answer:
Linga Purana.

Question 9.
Mention any one Purana included in Vaishnava Puranas.
Answer:
Vishnu Purana.

Question 10.
Mention any one Purana included in Brahama Puranas.
Answer:
Brahmanda Purana.

Question 11.
In how many parts each Purana has been divided?
Answer:
Five parts.

Question 12.
In what part of the Purana the origin of the world has been described?
Answer:
Sarga part.

Question 13.
Which part of the Purana is considered historically important?
Answer:
Fifth part.

Question 14.
Which is the oldest of the Puranas?
Answer:
Brahman Purana.

Question 15.
By what other name the Brahman Purana is known?
Answer:
Adi Purana.

Question 16.
How many shlokas are there in the Brahman Purana?
Answer:
14,000 shlokas.

Question 17.
Which is the largest Purana?
Answer:
Padama Purana.

Question 18.
How many shlokas Padama Purana has?
Answer:
55,000 shlokas.

Question 19.
Of how many shlokas Vishnu Purana contains?
Answer:
23,000 shlokas.

Question 20.
By what other name Vayu Purana is known?
Answer:
Shiva Purana.

Question 21.
Bhagvata Purana is related with which god?
Answer:
Bhagvata Purana is related with Vishnu.

Question 22.
How many shlokas Narada Purana contains?
Answer:
25,000 shlokas.

Question 23.
With which god Narada Purana is associated?
Answer:
Lord Vishnu.

Question 24.
Which Purana has the least number of shlokas’?
Answer:
Markandeya Purana.

Question 25.
How many shlokas Markandeya Purana contains?
Answer:
900 shlokas.

Question 26.
Name any two gods mentioned in the Markandya Purana?
Answer:

• Indra,
• Agni.

Question 27.
With which god Bhavishya Purana is associated?
Answer:

• Brahman,
• Vishnu,
• Shiva,
• Surya.

Question 28.
How many shlokas does Skanda Purana contain?
Answer:
51,000 shlokas.

Question 29.
With which god Skanda Purana is associated?
Answer:
Lord Shiva.

Question 30.
Between whom the dialogue goes on in Matsaya Purana?
Answer:
There is a dialogue between the Matsaya (Fish) and Manu.

Question 31.
With which god Garura Purana is associated?
Answer:
Lord Vishnu.

Question 32.
Mention any one subject of the Puranas.
Answer:
The origin of the world.

Question 33.
What is meant by Upanishad?
Answer:
To sit close with absolute reverence.

Question 34.
Why are the Upanishads called Vedanta?
Answer:
They are the finale of the Vedas.

Question 35.
In which language the Upanishads are composed?
Answer:
Sanskrit.

Question 36.
When were the Upanishads composed?
Answer:
During 550 to 100 B.C.

Question 37.
What is the total number of Upanishads?
Answer:
108.

Question 38.
Give the nunfber of main Upanishads.
Answer:
The main Upanishads are eleven.

Question 39.
Write the name of famous five Upanishads.
Or
Name any two Upanishads.
Answer:

• Isha,
• Kena,
• Katha,
• Prasma,
• Taittiriya.

Question 40.
Mention first two Upanishads.
Answer:

• Brihadaranyka,
• Chhandogya.

Question 41.
When were Brihadaranyka and Chhandogya Upanishads composed?
Answer:
During 550 to 450 BC.

Question 42.
Mention any two subjects of the Upanishads.
Answer:

• The nature of soul,
• The principle of Karma.

Question 43.
Is soul impermanent according to the Upanishads?
Answer:
No.

Question 44.
Mention two Upanishadic moral principles.
Answer:

• Always speak the truth,
• Love living beings.

Question 45.
What according to the Upanishads is the ultimate aim of life?
Answer:
To attain Moksha.

Question 46.
The Bhagvadgita forms a part of which epic?
Answer:
The Bhagvadgita is a part of Mahabharata.

Question 47.
In which language was the Bhagvadgita composed?
Answer:
It was composed in Sanskrit.

Question 48.
How many shlokas the Bhagvadgita contain?.
Answer:
700 shlokas.

Question 49.
What does Bhagvadgita mean?
Answer:
It means Divine Song.

Question 50.
Who gave the sermon to whom in the Bhagvadgita?
Answer:
Lord Krishna gave sermon to Aijuna.

Question 51.
How many Yogas are mentioned in the Bhagvadgita?
Answer:
Three Yogas have been mentioned in the Bhagvadgita.

Question 52.
What are the three Yogas mentioned in the Gita?
Answer:
They are Karamayoga, Bhaktiyoga and Jnanayoga.

Question 53.
Mention any one of Gita’s sermon.
Answer:
Man has to reap the fruit of his Karma.

Question 54.
How many type of Bhaktis are mentioned in the Bhagvadgita?
Answer:
The Gita mentions seven types of Bhaktis.

Question 55.
Mention any one types of Bhaktis expostulated in the Gita.
Answer:
Jnana Bhakti.

Question 56.
Who translated the Gita into English first of all?
Answer:
Edwin Arnold.

Question 57.
Who wrote commentary on the Gita?
Answer:
Ramanuja wrote commentary on the Gita.

Question 58.
What is meant by Dharma Shastras?
Or
What are the Dharma Shastras?
Answer:
They are the ancient law books of the Hindus.

Question 59.
Mention any one Dharma Shastras.
Answer:
Manu Smriti.

Question 60.
In which language Dharma Shastras were written?
Answer:
Sanskrit.

Question 61.
Which is the oldest Dharma Shastra?
Answer:
Manu Shastra.

Question 62.
Who is said to be the progenitor of mankind?
Answer:
Manu is believed to be the progenitor of mankind.

Question 63.
Who was the author of Manu Smriti?
Answer:
Manu.

Question 64.
By what other name Manu Smriti is known?
Answer:
Manava Dharma Shastra.

Question 65.
Which Dharma Shastra prescribes the duties of four varanas?
Answer:
Manu Smriti.

Question 66.
In how many Ashramas human life has been divided?
Answer:
Four Ashramas.

Question 67.
Mention any one Ashrama.
Answer:
Grihastha Ashrama.

Question 68.
Does Manu,Smriti allow the Shudras to read the Vedas?
Answer:
No.

Question 69.
How many sources of Dharma Manu Smriti mention?
Answer:
Four.

Question 70.
Mention any one source of Dharma as mentioned by Manu.
Answer:
The Vedas.

Question 71.
Which Dharma Shastra was against gambling?
Answer:
Vishnu Smriti.

Question 72.
Which Dharma Shastra favoured widow marriage.
Answer:
Narda Smriti.

Question 73.
What subjects have been discussed in Dharma Shastras?
Answer:
Rules of conduct and customs.

Fill in the Blanks:

1. The puranas means ……………
Answer:
ancient/the oldest.

2. The Puranas were written in ……………
Answer:
Sanskrit.

3. The Puranas are …………. in number.
Answer:
18.

4. Each Purana has been divided into …………… parts.
Answer:
five.

5. In …………… the origin of the the world has been’ described.
Answer:
Sarga.

6. The …………… gives a description of the lineage of the famous Kings and Rishis.
Answer:
Vanshanucharita.

7. The Brahman Purana is also known as …………….
Answer:
Adi Purana.

8. The biggest Purana was the …………… Purana.
Answer:
Padma.

9. The Vayu Purana is also called the …………… Purana.
Answer:
Shiva.

10. The Narada Purana contains …………….. Shlokas.
Answer:
25000.

11. The Garur Purana consists …………….. Shlokas.
Answer:
18000.

12. The ……………… Purana is the shortest of all the Puranas.
Answer:
Markandeya.

13. The Upanishads are also called …………..
Answer:
The Vedanta.

14. The Upanishads preached the principle of ……………. layers.
Answer:
five.

15. The Bhagvadgita is a part of the …………….
Answer:
Mahabharata.

16. The Bhagvadgita contains ……………. Shlokas.
Answer:
700.

17. Gita’s sermon was given by ……………..
Answer:
Lord Krishana.

18. ………….. Yogas have been mentioned in the Bhagvadgita.
Answer:
Three.

19. The Dharam Shastras were written in ……………..
Answer:
Sanskrit.

20. …………… is believed to be the progenitor of mankind.
Answer:
Manu.

21. Manu Smriti is also known as …………….. Dharam Shastra.
Answer:
Manava.

22. Manu Smriti does ……………… allow giving property rights and reading Vedas facility to women.
Answer:
not.

True Or False:

1. The Puranas were written in Sanskrit language.
Answer:
True

2. The Puranas were called the Fifth Veda.
Answer:
True

3. The Puranas are 10 in number.
Answer:
False

4. The Brahman Purana is the biggest Purana.
Answer:
False

5. The Padma Purana has 55000 shlokas in it.
Answer:
True

6. The Vayu Purana is also known as the Shiva Purana.
Answer:
True

7. The Bhagvata Purana is associated with the glory of Shiva.
Answer:
False

8. The Narada Purana is related to the worship of Vishnu.
Answer:
True

9. The Agni Purana was the shortest among the Puranas.
Answer:
False

10. The Bhavishya Purana has 14,000 shlokas in it.
Answer:
True

11. There are 51,000 shlokas in the Skanda Purana.
Answer:
True

12. The Matsya Purana is conversation between a fish and Manu.
Answer:
True

13. The total number of Upanishads is 108.
Answer:
True

14. The Upanishads were written in Pali language.
Answer:
False

15. The Upanishads give the Doctrine of Five layers.
Answer:
True

16. Bhagvadagita is a part of the Ramayana.
Answer:
False

17. The Bhagvadgita has 18 chapters.
Answer:
True

18. The Sermon of Gita was given by Lord Krishna to Aijuna.
Answer:
True

19. The Bhagvadgita has a belief in four Yogas.
Answer:
False

20. The ancient law texts of Hindus are called the Dharma Shastras.
Answer:
True

21. Manu Smriti was composed by Yajnavalkya.
Answer:
False

22. Manu is considered as the progenitor of mankind.
Answer:
True

23. The Narda Smriti was in favour of the widow’s marriage.
Answer:
True

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. What is the total number of Puranas?
(a) 6
(b) 10
(c) 15
(d) 18
Answer:
(d) 18

2. In which language were the Puranas written?
(a) Hindi
(b) Punjabi
(c) Sanskrit
(d) English
Answer:
(c) Sanskrit

3. In how many groups the Puranas have been classified?
(a) 3
(b) 4
(c) 5
(d) 6.
Answer:
(a) 3

4. Which of the following is not a Shiva Purana?
(a) The Vayu
(b) The Vishnu
(c) The Skanda
(d) The Linga
Answer:
(b) The Vishnu

5. Which part of the Puranas contains description of the lineage of the famous kings and rishis?
(a) Vansh
(b) Vaushanu Charita
(c) Sarga
(d) Manvantar
Answer:
(a) Vansh

6. Which of the following is the oldest Purana?
(a) The Brahman Purana
(b) The Padma Purana
(c) The Vishnu Purana
(d) The Agni Purana
Answer:
(a) The Brahman Purana

7. Which of the following is the largest Purana?
(a) The Vishnu Purana
(b) The Skanda Purana
(c) The Vamana Purana
(d) The Padma Purana
Answer:
(d) The Padma Purana

8. What is the total number of shlokas in the Padma Purana?
(a) 15,000
(b) 23,000
(c) 51,000
(d) 55,000
Answer:
(d) 55,000

9. Which of the following is the smallest Purana?
(a) The Varana Purana
(b) The Vamana Purana
(c) The Padma Purana
(d) The Markandeya Purana
Answer:
(d) The Markandeya Purana

10. Which of the following Puranas contain the details of last rites?
(a) The Narada Purana
(b) The Vayu Purana
(c) The Garur Purana
(d) The Bhavishya Purana
Answer:
(c) The Garur Purana

11. What is the total number of Upanishads?
(a) 6
(b) 11
(c) 18
(d) 108
Answer:
(d) 108

12. Which of the following is not a Upanishad?
(a) Isha
(b) Kena
(c) Chhandogaya
(d) Skanda
Answer:
(d) Skanda

13. Who gave the sermon in the Bhagvadgita?
(a) Lord Krishna Ji
(b) Aijuna
(c) Lord Rama Ji
(d) Shiva
Answer:
(a) Lord Krishna Ji

14. The Bhagvad Gita is a part of which of the following texts?
(a) rrhe Ramayana
(b) The Mahabharata
(c) The Buddha Charita
(d) The Katha vathu
Answer:
(b) The Mahabharata

15. How many sMokas are there in Bhagvadgita?
(a) 500
(b) 700
(c) 800
(d) 900
Answer:
(b) 700

16. What are the ancient law texts called?
(a) Vedas
(b) Mahabharata
(c) Ramayana
(d) Dharam Shastras
Answer:
(d) Dharam Shastras

17. Which of the following is also known as Manava Dharma Shastra?
(a) Yajnavalkya Smriti
(b) Manu Smriti
(c) Vishnu Smriti
(d) Narada Smriti
Answer:
(b) Manu Smriti

18. Who is called Progenitor of mankind?
(a) Narada
(b) Vishnu
(c) Manu
(d) Yajnavalkya
Answer:
(c) Manu

19. Which of the following Puranas was against the freedom of women?
(a) Manu Smriti
(b) Narda Smriti
(c) Vishnu Smriti
(d) Yajnavalkya Smriti
Answer:
(a) Manu Smriti

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class English Book Solutions English Main Course Book Chapter 5 The Discovery of Moon Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 English Main Course Book Chapter 5 The Discovery of Moon

Answer the following questions in your own words:

Question 1.
Name the two astronauts who landed on the moon.
(उन दो अंतरिक्ष यात्रियों के नाम बताओ जो चांद पर उतरे थे।)
Answer:
Armstrong and Edwin.
(आर्मस्ट्रांग तथा एडविन।)

Question 2.
What was the name of their spacecraft?
(उनके अन्तरिक्षयान का क्या नाम था?)
Answer:
Apollo-11. (अपोलो-11)

Question 3.
Which two countries had worked out programmes for the exploration of the moon ?
(चांद की खोज के लिए किन-किन देशों ने योजनाएँ तैयार की थी ?)
Answer:
The USA and the USSR.
(संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका और सोवियत संघ ने।)

Question 4.
How did the Soviet Union feel about carrying on this exploration ?
(सोवियत संघ इस अभियान को जारी रखने के सम्बन्ध में क्या महसूस करता था ?)
Answer:
The Soviet Union did not feel it necessary to land man on the moon. It believed that scientific instruments were enough to carry on the exploration.
सोवियत संघ मनुष्य को चांद पर भेजना ज़रूरी नहीं मानता था। इसका विश्वास था कि खोज को जारी रखने के लिए वैज्ञानिक यन्त्र पर्याप्त थे।

Question 5.
Why have the scientists declared moon unfit for human habitation ?
(वैज्ञानिकों ने ऐसी घोषणा क्यों कर दी है कि चांद मानव के निवास के लिए उपयुक्त नहीं है ?)
Answer:
There is no air or water on the moon. There is no atmosphere. Cosmic dust keeps falling on it all the time. That is why scientists think it unfit for man’s living.

चांद पर कोई हवा या पानी नहीं है। वहां कोई वातावरण नहीं है। वहां पर हर समय अन्तरिक्षी धूल गिरती रहती है। इसी कारण वैज्ञानिक लोग समझते हैं कि यह मनुष्य के रहने के लिए उपयुक्त नहीं

Question 6.
According to the scientists, how can moon be made habitable for men ?
(वैज्ञानिकों के अनुसार चांद को मनुष्यों के लिए रहने योग्य कैसे बनाया जा सकता है?)
Answer:
The moon has some elements that contain oxygen. Scientists think that this oxygen should be separated from the elements. Then the moon can be made fit for man’s living.

चांद पर कुछ ऐसे तत्त्व हैं जिनमें ऑक्सीजन है। वैज्ञानिक समझते हैं कि इस ऑक्सीजन को तत्त्वों से अलग कर दिया जाना चाहिए। फिर चांद को मनुष्य के रहने के लिए उपयुक्त बनाया जा सकता है।

Question 7.
Name the metals found on the moon.
(चांद पर मिलने वाली धातुओं के नाम लिखिए।)
Answer:
Aluminium, titanium and iron.
ऐल्युमिनियम, टायटेनियम तथा लोहा।

Question 8.
Have the traditional beliefs about moon proved true ?
(क्या चांद के बारे में पारम्परिक विचार सच्चे साबित हुए हैं?).
Answer:
The traditional beliefs have proved to be untrue. The information gathered about the moon has proved them wrong.
पारम्परिक विचार ग़लत साबित हुए हैं। चांद के बारे में इकट्ठी की गई जानकारी ने उन्हें ग़लत साबित कर दिया है।

Textual Vocabulary & Grammar

Match the words in column A with their meanings in column B.

1. Astronaut-a person who travels and works in spacecraft.
2. Spacecraft-a vehicle that travels in space.
3. Misconception—a belief not based on correct information.
4. Shatter—to destroy completely.
5. Desolate—a place that is empty or without people.
6. Traditional-older methods and ideas.
7. Element-chemical substance made of atoms.
8. Tempted—to get attracted.
9. Resources-something that can be used to help in achieving an aim.

Fill in the blanks with words given in the box.

planet; satellite; orbit; man-made; constant; face; rotate; phenomenon; heavenly

Answer:
The word ‘satellite’ comes from the Latin word ‘satellitis’ meaning attendant. The moon is Earth’s satellite. It is our planet’s constant companion in space. The moon takes exactly the same time to rotate round its axis once as the earth takes to rotate on its axis once. That is why we see the same face of the moon on earth. Scientists took an idea from this phenomenon and developed artificial satellites. Satellites are heavenly bodies that revolve round a planet. They are also called the moons of the planet. Artificial satellites are man-made objects which are put into orbit with the help of rockets.

Rewrite the following paragraph in the past tense.

There is a function at our school. The whole school is decorated with balloons, strips of coloured paper, flowers and blinking lights. All the students are excited. They do their best. The performers wait for their turn at the backstage.
Answer:
There was a function at our school. The whole school was decorated with balloons, strips of coloured paper, flowers and blinking lights. All the students were excited. They did their best. The performers waited for their turn at the backstage.

Fill in the blanks with the correct tense form of the verbs given in brackets :

1. Two U.S. astronauts …………. (land) on the moon on July 20, 1969.
2. The astronauts ………….. (bring) back samples of lunar rocks to earth.
3. These samples ………… (analyse) by the scientists. (passive)
4. The astronauts ………… (find) no evidence of life on the moon.
5. Some useful metals like aluminium and iron ………….. (find) on the moon. (passive)
Answer:
1. landed
2. brought
3. were analysed
4. found
5. were found.

Pronunciation Practice

Say the following words aloud. Take care that you pronounce the cluster of consonants correctly.

Creative Writing and Extended Reading

1. Read the chapter on Solar System in your General Science book. Write a brief note on it.
2. What do you know about India’s progress in the field of space travel ? Name the satellites put into the orbit by India.
3. Read the story of Kalpana Chawla, the space heroine who lost her life during a space exploration mission in the USA. Write 10-12 lines on her achievements.

Use Of Textual Words / Phrases

1. Astronaut – An astronaut has to go through tough training.
2. Avenues – Several avenues are open to us.
3. Exploration – We need to carry out a full exploration of all the alternatives.
4. Expedition – The Indian expedition to Mount Everest is leaving next month.
5. Misconception – Let me first deal with some common misconceptions.
6. Heavenly – The heavenly bodies are worshipped in certain countries.
7. Appropriate – Your dress is not appropriate for this function.
8. Robot – In some factories robots are used to assemble machinery.
9. Endangered – The giant panda is an endangered species.
10. Decade – I have been in this job for the last two decades.
11. Shattered – The vase hit the floor and shattered.
12. Desolate – He felt desolate when his only brother died in an accident.
13. Inhabitable – These islands are not inhabitable.

Objective Type Questions

Answer the following in one word / phrase / sentence :

Question 1.
Who wrote the chapter, ‘The Discovery of Moon’ ?
Answer:
The author is anonymous.

Question 2.
What does this chapter tell us ?
Answer:
It tells us about the various attempts that have been made to reach the moon and gain knowledge about it.

Question 3.
Name the first two men who landed on the moon ?
Answer:
Armstrong and Edwin.

Question 4.
What did Armstrong and Edwin do on the moon ?
Answer:
They collected samples of the lunar soil.

Question 5.
Which countries had made programmes for the exploration of the moon ?
Answer:
The USA and the USSR.

Question 6.
Who was sitting in Eagle–2 waiting for the return of Armstrong and Edwin ?
Answer:
It was Michael Collins.

Question 7.
How, according to some scientists, can moon be made suitable for man’s living?
Answer:
By separating oxygen from the elements which contain oxygen.

Question 8.
Which is the only natural satellite of the earth ?
Answer:
Moon.

Question 9.
What is the age of the moon ?
Answer:
About 4600 million years.

Question 10.
What keeps falling on the moon all the time ?
Answer:
Solar dust.

Complete the following :

1. Two ……………… astronauts landed on the moon on July 20, 1969.
2. The ……………….. sent its astronauts and the ………………… sent its spaceships for the exploration of the moon.
3. The ……………… felt it unnecessary to land a man on the moon.
4. There is no ………………. on the moon.
5. The information gathered about the moon has proved the traditional beliefs
6. In the glare of the sun, lunar rocks reach a temperature of ………….
Answer:
1. American
2. USA, USSR
3. Soviet Union
4. air or water
5. wrong
6. 110 °C.

Write True or False against each statement :

1. The atmosphere at the moon is fit for man’s living.
2. The Soviet scientists sent a spacecraft called Apollo–11.
3. Moon is not a self-luminous body.
4. A robot was found to be as good as a man to carry out experiments on moon’s surface.
5. Mars is the Earth’s only natural satellite.
6. Poets and lovers compare the faces of their beloveds to the moon.
Answer:
1. False
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. False
6. True.

Choose the correct option for each of the following:

Question 1.
As Apoll-11 remained on the surface of the moon, ………………. revolved round the moon.
(a) Lunar Orbit
(b) Pioneer-1
(c) Luna-16
(d) Eagle-2.
Answer:
(d) Eagle-2.

Question 2.
The moon is ………… by the sun only.
(a) revolved
(b) lighted
(c) rotated
(d) glared.
Answer:
(b) lighted

Question 3.
The surface of the moon is pitted with craters caused by …
(a) planets
(b) satellites
(c) meteorites
(d) orbits.
Answer:
(c) meteorites

Question 4.
The metals found on the moon are
(a) aluminium
(b) iron
(c) titanium
(d) all of these three.
Answer:
(d) all of these three.

The Discovery of Moon Summary in English

The Discovery of Moon Introduction:

This chapter tells about the various attempts that have been made to reach the moon and gain knowledge about it. The USA and the USSR were the two countries that made these attempts. The first men to land on the moon were two Americans Armstrong and Edwin. They landed there on July 20, 1969. The Russians didn’t send any man. They sent a robot in September 1970. A lot of information has been gathered about the moon. This information has shattered many traditional beliefs about the moon. It is now known that the moon is a dead world. It has no air, water or atmosphere. Yet poets and lovers continue to compare the faces of their beloveds with the beauty of the moon.

The Discovery of Moon Summary in English:

Two American astronauts, Armstrong and Edwin, landed on the moon on July 20, 1969. They were the first men to set foot on the moon. They collected samples of the lunar soil. Then they came back with their spacecraft Apollo-11. They left on the moon some machines and instruments. These machines and instruments kept sending their observations about the moon. This great event opened new avenues in the field of space exploration.

After the successful expedition of Apollo-11, a number of other space flights were made to the moon. Thus very useful and wonderful information about the moon was collected. This new information removed all kinds of wrong beliefs about the moon. The USA and the USSR were two countries that made programmes for the exploration of the moon. The USA sent its astronauts. The USSR sent its spaceships. The Soviet Union thought it more appropriate to carry on exploration with the help of scientific instruments only. In September 1970, the Soviet scientists sent a spacecraft called Luna-16. It carried a robot that was placed on the surface of the moon. It was found that a robot was as good as a man to carry out experiments on the moon’s surface.

Moreover, it was less expensive. Above all, human life was not endangered. Researches on the moon have shown that the moon is an absolutely desolate place. There is no atmosphere. There is no air or water. So it is not fit for man’s living. Of course, it has some useful metals like aluminium, titanium and iron. But men has not been tempted to use them so far. Some scientists feel that moon can be made suitable for man’s living by separating oxygen from the elements which contain oxygen.

Space flights have been made to other planets also. But moon is the only heavenly body where man has landed. Since the moon has been found to be a dead world, no programmes have been made for its further exploration. Today we know all the important facts about the moon. It is the only natural satellite of the earth. It is about one-fourth of the earth in its diameter. Its distance from the earth is 384,405 km. It orbits the earth once a month. It always keeps the same face turned towards the earth. The moon is the same age as the earth about 4600 million years. It is not a self-luminous body. It is lighted by the sun only. In the glare of the sun, it becomes as hot as 110°C. In the shadows it is as cold as -100°C.

Thus there are no attractive facts about the moon. It is a dead, dry and desolate world. Yet poets and lovers continue to compare the faces of their beloveds with the beauty of the moon.

The Discovery of Moon Summary in Hindi

The Discovery of Moon Introduction:

यह लेख उन विभिन्न यत्नों के बारे में बताता है जो चांद पर पहुंचने के लिए और इसके सम्बन्ध में ज्ञान प्राप्त करने के लिए किए गए हैं। अमरीका तथा रूस दो देश थे जिन्होंने ये यत्न किए। चांद पर पांव रखने वाले पहले दो आदमी थे-अमरीका के आर्मस्ट्रांग और एडविन। वे वहां 20 जुलाई 1969 को पहुंचे। रूसियों ने कोई आदमी न भेजा। उन्होंने सितम्बर 1970 में एक रोबोट भेजा। चांद के बारे में बहुत जानकारी प्राप्त कर ली गई है। इस जानकारी ने चांद के बारे में अनेकों पारम्परिक धारणाओं को छिन्न-भिन्न कर दिया है। अब पता चल गया है कि चांद एक मृत संसार है। वहां कोई पानी, हवा या वातावरण नहीं है। फिर भी कवि और प्रेमी लोग अपनी प्रेमिकाओं के चेहरों की तुलना चांद की सुन्दरता से करते रहते हैं।

The Discovery of Moon Summary in Hindi:

दो अमरीकी अन्तरिक्ष यात्री 20 जुलाई 1969 को चांद पर उतरे। चांद पर पांव रखने वाले वे पहले व्यक्ति थे। उन्होंने चांद की मिट्टी के नमूने एकत्रित किए। फिर वे अपने अन्तरिक्षयान अपोलो-11 के साथ वापस आ गए। वे चांद के ऊपर कुछ मशीनें और यन्त्र छोड़ आए। ये यन्त्र और मशीनें चांद के बारे में अपने अवलोकन भेजते रहे।

इस महान घटना ने अन्तरिक्ष खोज के क्षेत्र में नए मार्ग खोल दिए। अपोलो-11 के सफल अभियान के बाद अनेकों अन्य अन्तरिक्ष उड़ानें चांद तक की गईं। इस प्रकार चांद के बारे में बहुत लाभदायक और अद्भुत जानकारी इकट्ठी कर ली गई। इस नई जानकारी ने चांद के बारे में सभी ग़लत धारणाएं समाप्त कर दी। अमरीका और रूस दो देश थे जिन्होंने चांद की खोज-सम्बन्धी कार्यक्रम बनाए।

अमरीका ने अपने अन्तरिक्ष यात्री भेजे। रूस ने अपने अन्तरिक्षयान भेजे। सोवियत संघ ने इस बात को अधिक उपयुक्त माना कि खोज का काम वैज्ञानिक यन्त्र के द्वारा जारी रखा जाए। सितम्बर 1970 में सोवियत वैज्ञानिकों ने लूना-16 नामक एक अन्तरिक्षयान भेजा। इसमें एक रोबेट था जिसे चांद के तल पर छोड़ दिया गया। ऐसा देखा गया कि चांद के तल पर प्रयोग करने के लिए एक रोबोट उतना ही ठीक था जितना कि कोई आदमी। इसके अतिरिक्त इसका खर्च कम पड़ता था। सब से बड़ी बात, मानव जीवन ख़तरे में नहीं पड़ता था।

चांद के ऊपर होने वाली खोजों ने यह बता दिया है कि चांद एक बिल्कुल वीरान जगह है। वहां कोई वातावरण नहीं है। वहां कोई पानी या हवा नहीं है। इसलिए यह मनुष्य के रहने के लिए उपयुक्त नहीं है। निस्सन्देह इस पर ऐल्युमिनियम, टायटेनियम और लोहे जैसी कुछ लाभदायक धातुएं हैं। किन्तु अभी तक मनुष्य उन्हें इस्तेमाल करने को आकर्षित नहीं हुआ है।

कुछ वैज्ञानिक ऐसा महसूस करते हैं कि चांद को आदमी के रहने के लिए उपयुक्त बनाया जा सकता है, यदि ऑक्सीजन को वहां पाए जाने वाले ऐसे तत्त्वों से अलग कर दिया जाए जिनमें ऑक्सीजन विद्यमान है। अन्य ग्रहों को भी अन्तरिक्ष उड़ानें की गई हैं। किन्तु केवल चांद ही ऐसा आकाशीय पिण्ड है जहां आदमी उतरा है। क्योंकि चांद एक मृत संसार पाया गया है, इसकी और अधिक खोज करने के लिए कोई आगे की योजनाएं नहीं बनाई गई हैं।

आज हम चांद के विषय में सभी महत्त्वपूर्ण तथ्यों को जानते हैं। यह धरती का एकमात्र प्राकृतिक उपग्रह है। अपने व्यास में यह धरती का लगभग एक-चौथाई है। इसकी धरती से दूरी 384,405 किलोमीटर है। यह महीने में एक बार धरती का चक्कर काटता है। यह सदा अपना वही पक्ष धरती की तरफ़ झुकाए रखता है। चांद की आयु उतनी ही है जितनी कि धरती की-लगभग 4,600 मिलीयन वर्ष।

यह आत्म-दीप्त पिण्ड नहीं है। इसे केवल सूर्य का प्रकाश ही मिलता है। सूर्य की तेज़ चमक में यह 110°C तक गर्म हो जाता है। छाया वाली जगहों में यह –100°C तक ठण्डा हो जाता है। इस प्रकार चांद के सम्बन्ध में कोई आकर्षक विशेषताएँ नहीं है। यह एक मृत, सूखा और वीरान संसार है। फिर भी कवि और प्रेमी लोग अपनी प्रेमिकाओं के चेहरों की तुलना चांद की सुन्दरता के साथ करते हैं।

The Discovery of Moon Translation in Hindi

(Page 115-116) On July 20, 1969 ……… his two companions.

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. astronauts – अन्तरिक्ष यात्री ; 2. emerging – बाहर निकलते हुए ; 3. spacecraft – अन्तरिक्षयान ; 4. avenues – मार्ग 5. exploration. – खोज ; 6. lunar – चांद सम्बन्धी ; 7. observations – अवलोकन ; 8. observatories – वेधशालाएँ।

Text

On July 20, 1969, two American astronauts, Armstrong and Edwin, emerging from the spacecraft Apollo-11, became the first men to set foot on the moon. This great event opened new avenues in the field of space and moon exploration. After collecting samples of the lunar soil, these two astronauts returned to their spacecraft Apollo-11. However, they left such 11 instruments and machines on the moon which continued to send their observations about the moon to the observatories on the earth. Apollo 11 was locked with another space craft Eagle. As Apollo-ll remained on the surface of the moon, Eagle-2 revolved round the moon. Aboard the Eagle-2 was a third astronaut Michael Collins, who waited for the return of his two companions.

अनुवाद

20 जुलाई 1969 को दो अमरीकी अन्तरिक्षयात्री, आर्मस्ट्रांग और एडविन, अपोलो-11 नामक अन्तरिक्षयान में से बाहर निकलने पर ऐसे पहले व्यक्ति बन गए जिन्होंने चांद पर पांव रखा। इस महत्त्वपूर्ण घटना ने अन्तरिक्ष और चांद सम्बन्धी खोज के क्षेत्र में नए मार्ग खोल दिए। चांद की मिट्टी के नमूने एकत्रित करने के बाद, ये दोनों अन्तरिक्ष यात्री अपने अन्तरिक्षयान अपोलो को लौट आए। किन्तु वे चांद पर ऐसे यन्त्र और मशीनें छोड़ आए जो चांद के बारे में अपने अवलोकन धरती पर की वेधशालाओं को भेजते रहे। अपोलो-11 ईगल-2 नाम के एक अन्य अन्तरिक्षयान से जुड़ा हुआ था। जिस दौरान अपोलो-11 चांद की धरती पर रहा, ईगल-2 चांद के चक्कर काटता रहा। ईगल-2 में एक तीसरा अन्तरिक्ष यात्री माइकल कॉलिन्ज सवार था, जो अपने दो साथियों के लौटने की प्रतीक्षा करता रहा।

(Page 116)

After this successful ………… which contain oxygen.

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. expedition – अभियान ; 2. series – श्रृंखला ; 3. manned – मानव-संचालित ; 4. misconceptions – ग़लत धारणाएं ; 5. glimpse – नज़ारा ; 6. spaceship — अन्तरिक्षयान ; 7. planets – ग्रह ; 8. robot – यन्त्रमानव ; 9. decades – दशक ; 10. shattered – छिन्न-भिन्न कर दिए ; 11. absolutely – पूरी तरह से ; 12. desolate – निर्जन ; 13. inhabitation – निवास ; 14. tempted – आकर्षित ; 15. exploit – लाभ उठाना, काम में लाना ; 16. elements – तत्त्व।

Text

After this successful expedition, a series of Apollo spacecraft for making more manned space flights to moon was started. These flights made available extremely useful and wonderful information about the moon. This new information removed all kinds of mis-conceptions about the moon from the minds of the people the world over.

The discovery of moon formed an important part of the space programme. Besides earth, it was the only heavenly mass where man landed and had a glimpse of it. Spacecraft have been landed on other planets too, but man has yet to set his foot on any of these heavenly bodies. The USSR and the USA had worked out programmes for the exploration of moon. The USSR sent there its spaceships, whereas the USA sent its astronauts. The exploration of planets is still going on but there is no more any programme for further exploration of moon.

The Soviet Union did not feel it necessary to land man on the moon. It thought it more appropriate to send spaceships and to carry on exploration with the help of scientific instruments only. The Soviet scientists sent a spacecraft called Luna-16 on the moon in September, 1970. It carried a robot that was placed on the surface of the moon. A robot was found to be as good as a man to carry out experiments on moon’s surface. Moreover, it was also less expensive and above all, human life was not endangered.

Researches on moon for over three decades have shattered many traditional beliefs about it. The moon is an absolutely desolate place where there is no water and air. The Soviet scientists have declared it unfit for human inhabitation. Of course some useful metals like aluminium, titanium and iron have been found on moon but man has not been tempted to exploit these metal resources of moon. However, some scientists still feel that moon can be made inhabitable for men by separating oxygen from elements which contain oxygen.

अनुवाद

इस सफल अभियान के बाद मानव-चालित अन्तरिक्ष उड़ानें करने के लिए अपोलो अन्तरिक्षयानों की एक श्रृंखला शुरू कर दी गई। इन उड़ानों ने चांद के बारे में अत्यन्त लाभदायक तथा अद्भुत जानकारी उपलब्ध करा दी। इस नई जानकारी ने पूरे संसार भर में लोगों के मनों से चांद के बारे में सभी तरह की ग़लत धारणाओं को दूर कर दिया।

चांद-सम्बन्धी खोज अन्तरिक्ष कार्यक्रम का एक महत्त्वपूर्ण हिस्सा थी। धरती के अतिरिक्त केवल यही एक आकाशीय पुंज था जहां मानव ने पांव रखा. हो और इसका नज़ारा लिया हो। अन्य ग्रहों पर भी अन्तरिक्षयान उतारे गए हैं।किन्तु इन आकाशीय पुंजों में से किसी के भी ऊपर मनुष्य ने अभी अपना कदम रखना है। सोवियत संघ तथा संयुक्त राज्य अमरीका ने चांद सम्बन्धी खोज करने के लिए योजनाएँ बनाई थीं।

सोवियत संघ ने अपने अन्तरक्षि यान भेजे, जबकि संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका ने अपने अन्तरिक्ष यात्री भेजे। ग्रहों की खोज अब भी जारी है किन्तु चांद सम्बन्धी और अधिक खोज करने के लिए अब और कोई कार्यक्रम नहीं है।

सोवियत संघ ने मनुष्य को चांद पर भेजना ज़रूरी न समझा। इसने इस बात को अधिक उपयुक्त माना कि अन्तरिक्षयान भेजे जाएँ तथा केवल वैज्ञानिक यन्त्रों की सहायता से ही खोज का काम चलाया जाए। सोवियत वैज्ञानिकों ने लूना-16 नामक एक अन्तरिक्षयान सितम्बर 1970 को चांद पर भेजा। इसमें एक रोबोट था जिसे चांद के तल पर रख दिया गया।

चांद के तल पर प्रयोग करने के लिए एक रोबोट को उतना ही ठीक पाया गया जितना कि एक आदमी को। इसके अतिरिक्त यह कम खर्चीला भी था, और सब से बड़ी बात यह है कि मानव जीवन को ख़तरे में न डाला गया।तीन दशक से अधिक समय की खोजों ने इसके सम्बन्ध में अनेकों पारम्परिक विश्वासों को छिन्न-भिन्न कर दिया है। चांद एक पूरी तरह से बंजर जगह है जहां कोई पानी तथा हवा नहीं है। सोवियत वैज्ञानिकों ने इसे मानव के निवास के लिए अनुपयुक्त घोषित कर दिया है।

निस्सन्देह ऐल्युमिनियम, टायटेनियम, और लोहेजैसी कुछ लाभदायक धातुएं चांद पर पाई गई हैं किन्तु चांद के इन साधनों को इस्तेमाल में लाने के लिए मनुष्य लालायित नहीं हुआ है। तो भी कुछ वैज्ञानिक अब भी ऐसा महसूस करते हैं कि चांद को मनुष्यों के लिए रहने योग्य बनाया जा सकता है, ऐसे तत्त्वों से ऑक्सीजन को अलग करके जिनमें ऑक्सीजन विद्यमान है।

(Page 117) Today we know ………………….. this lovely satellite.

कठिन शब्दार्थ-1. satellite – उपग्रह ; 2. parent – मूल ; 3. orbits – के गिर्द घूमता है ; 4. pitted – गड्ढे बने होना ; 5. meteorites – उल्का -पिण्ड ; 6. self-luminous – आत्म-दीप्त ; 7. phases – कलाएँ ; 8. delay – देरी ; 9. cosmic – अन्तरिक्ष ; 10. glare – तेज़ चमक ; 11. dull – नीरस।

Text

Today we know all the important facts about the moon. It ¡s the Earth’s only natural satellite. Compared to satellites of other planets, it is very large in relation to its parent planet. It is a quarter of the earth’s diameter measuring 3476 km. Its distance from the earth is 384,405 km. It orbits the earth once a month, keeping the same face turned towards earth as it does so. Its surface is pitted with craters caused by meteorites.

The moon is the same age as the earth, about 4,600 million years. The moon is not a self-luminous body. The earth and the moon travel around a common centre of gravity in space. As the moon orbits the earth, different amounts of its sunlit surface are visible from the earth. This produces the cycle known as Phases of the moon. We can see the full-moon and no-moon once in a month, and for rest of the days it appears in its phases. The average daily delay in moon-rise and moon-set is about 50 minutes. The moon is lacking water and it

has no atmosphere. A very light ‘rain’ of cosmic dust continually falls here. In the glare of the sun, lunar rocks reach a temperature of 110°C more than the boiling point of water. But in shadows the temperature goes down to less than —100°C. In spite of the knowledge of these ‘dull’ facts about the moon, poets and lovers continue to sing of the beauties of this heavenly body and compare the faces of their beloveds to this lovely satellite.

अनुवाद

आज हम चांद के बारे में सभी महत्त्वपूर्ण बातों को जानते हैं। यह धरती का एक-मात्र प्राकृतिक उपग्रह है। अन्य ग्रहों के उपग्रहों की तुलना में, यह अपने मुख्य ग्रह के हिसाब से बहुत बड़ा है। यह धरती के व्यास का एक चौथाई है जो 3476 किलोमीटर है। इसकी 3476 km. धरती से दूरी 384,405 किलोमीटर है। यह महीने में एक बार धरती का चक्कर काटता है, तथा ऐसा करते समय यह धरती की तरफ़ अपना वही तल घुमाए रखता है। इसका तल बड़े-बड़े गड्ढों से भरा हुआ है जो उल्का-पिण्डों के द्वारा बने हैं।

चांद की आयु धरती की आयु जितनी ही है, लगभग 460 करोड़ वर्ष चांद एक आत्म-दीप्त पुंज नहीं है। धरती तथा चांद अन्तरिक्ष में एक सांझे गुरुत्व आकर्षण केन्द्र के गिर्द घूमते हैं। जब चांद धरती का चक्कर लगाता है, तो सूर्य के प्रकाश से रोशन हुए इसके तल की विभिन्न मात्राएं धरतीपर से दिखाई देती हैं। इससे एक चक्र पैदा हो जाता है जिसे चांद की कलाएँ कहा जाता है।

हम पूर्ण चांद तथा शून्य (अमावस का) चांद महीने में एक बार देख सकते हैं, तथा अन्य दिनों में यह अपने विभिन्न आकारों में दिखाई देता है। चांद के उदय और अस्त होने में 50 minutes. प्रतिदिन की औसतन देरी लगभग 50 मिनट की होती है। चांद पर कोई पानी नहीं है तथा वहां कोई वातावरण नहीं है। यहां अन्तरिक्षी धूल की बहुत हल्की वर्षा निरन्तर होती रहती है। सूर्य की तेज़ चमक में चांद पर की चट्टानें 110°C के तापमान पर पहुंच जाती हैं, जो पानी के उबाल बिन्दु से ज्यादा है।

किन्तु छाया वाली जगहों में तापमान -100°C से कम हो जाता है। चांद के सम्बन्ध में इन रुचिहीन तथ्यों की जानकारी के बावजूद कवि और प्रेमी इस आकाशीय पुंज की सुन्दरता के बारे में गाते रहते हैं तथा अपनी प्रेमिकाओं के चेहरों की तुलना इस सुन्दर उपग्रह से करते रहते हैं।

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Religion Book Solutions Chapter 4 Introduction to Vedic Literature Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Religion Chapter 4 Introduction to Vedic Literature

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Describe the salient features of Vedic literature in brief but meaningful.
Or
Discuss the salient features of Vedic literature.
Or
Describe the salient features and importance of Vedic literature.
Or
What is meant by Vedic literature? Explain briefly the early and later Vedic literature.
Or
Give a brief introduction of Vedic literature. Write short notes on four Vedas as well.
Or
Explain the main features and importance of the Vedic literature.
Or
Give a brief introduction about, the Vedic literature.
Or
Describe the salient features of vedic literature.
Answer:
Vedic literature implies that literature which was composed by the Aryans and this literature is considered to be a storehouse of valuable knowledge. It describes the solutions to the spiritual and other problems of life. Undoubtedly the main objective behind the composition of Vedic literacture was religious but it also gives a clear indication of the social, economic and political life of the people of the early Vedic period.

For this reason, this literature is considered to be a trustworthy source of the ancient Indian history. It is completely written in Sanskrit. On the basis of the time of composition, the Vedic literature can be divided into two parts : the early Vedic understand their meanings.

There are different Brahmanas in each Veda. Most famous among the Brahmanas are Aitareya Brahmana, Taittiriya Brahmana, Gopatha Brahmana and Shatpatha Brahmana etc. They have been written in prose. They give us knowledge about the methods of performing yajnas and sacrifices. These also give a complete description of the brave deeds of the popular kings. The Brahmanas . have great historic value.

3. The Aranyakas : These texts are a part of the Brahmanas. These texts have been written about the ascetics who lived in the forests. They emphasie more on the spiritual subjects and moral duties. They also explain about the customs associated with yajnas and sacrifices. Aitareya Aranyaka, Kaushitaki Aranyaka, Taittiriya Aranyaka and Brihada Aranyaka are the names of a few very popular texts.

4. The Upanishads : The Upanishads are those texts which describe knowledge. Since they are the last part of the Vedas, they are also called the Vedanta. They are 108 in number and they were composed by different hermits between 1000-500 B.C. Famous among these are Isha, Kena, Katha, Prashna, Mundaka, Aitareya, Chhandogya, Brihad Aranyaka, Kaushitaki and Shveta Shvatara. These throw light. on the indepth spiritual subjects.

These try to tell what soul is and what is its relation to the Supreme Soul. They have tried to solve several mysteries pertaining to life and death. They throw ample light on subjects like Karma, Moksha, Maya and Transmigration. Dr. S.R. Goyal has rightly said, “The Upanishadic philosophy is rightly regarded as the source of all Indian Philosophy.”

(B) Later Vedic Literature:

The Vedangas, Sutras, Upavedas, Puranas, Dharama shastras and Epics are . included in the later Vedic period. The literature composed during this period is also, called Smriti because this was composed by the hermits based on their knowledge.

1. The Vedangas: The Vedangas imply a part of the Vedas. They are 6 in number, and they are related to different subjects. They are Shiksha, Chhanda, Kalpa, Viyakarana, Nirukta and Jyotisha. Most important is the Kalpa Vedanga which describes the customs and traditions of the Aryans Vedangas are important to comprehend the Vedas properly and to recite them properly.

2. The Sutras: A new style of writing emerged in literature in the later Vedic, period. This was called the Sutra. These tried to indicate more meaning in fewer words. Their main objective was that the people may easily memorize the Vedic literature. These can be divided into three categories.

Srauta Sutra: It describes the yajnas, sacrifices, and other religious customs and traditions.

Griha Sutra: This Sutra is the most important Sutra among all the Sutras. It describes all the duties to be performed by human beings from birth to death.

Dharma Sutra: It gives a description of the laws and traditions prevalent then. The Upavedas :

3. The Upavedas are an aid to the Vedas. These are four in number.

• Ayurveda: It describes medicinal herbs.
• Dhanurveda: It describes the art of fighting battles.
• Gandharvaveda: It throws light on the subjects pertaining to music.
• Shilpa Veda: It gives information related to art and architecture.

4. The Dharmashastras: The Dharmashastras are the law texts of the Hindus. These are also called the Smriti Grants. Of these, Manu Smriti is the oldest and the most important Dharmashastra. Besides this, the other important Shastras are Yajnavalkya Smriti, Vishnu Smriti and Narad Smriti. These throw ample light on the four castes, ashramas, daily rites to be performed, duties of the rulers and the judicial system. Hence the Dharmashastras are very important from the historical point of view.

5. The Puranas : The Puranas mean ancient. It is one of our important sources to know about ancient history. There are 18 Puranas in all. Popular among them are Vishnu, Bhagvata, Matsya and Vayu Purana. Each Purana has been divided into five parts. The first part deals with the origin of the world, the second discusses the second origin of the world, the third discusses the lineage of gods, the fourth discusses the Mahayugas and the fifth discusses the famous dynasties. Historically, the fifth part of Puranas is the most beneficial.

6. Six Schools of Indian Philosophy: There are six well-known schools of Hindu philosophy, popularly known as Darshanas or Shastras. In these testaments, many wise Rishis had tried to explain intricate philosophical thoughts connecting God, soul, death and birth. The higher philosophy indicates how superior was the deep wisdom of the Aryans How were the Aryans ahead of others and how could they check the temptations of materialism.

• Sankhya Shastra of Kapila: Rishi Kapila is the author of this Shastra. He denies the existence of God and asserts that matter (prakrit) and soul are the only two realities. It is through the formation and reformation of matter and soul, the creation takes place.
• Yoga Shastra of Patanjali: It is directly related to the Yoga and suggests the practice of Yoga’ with the object of achieving God.
• Nyaya Shastra of Gautama: Rishi Gautama has expounded a philosophy that God can be realised through right thinking and right knowledge.
• Vaisheshik Shastra of Kanad: Rishi Kanad holds the view that the whole world is an assimilation of atoms, which are indestructible.
• Purva Mimansa of Jamini: Jamini’s philosophy throws light on the sacrifices and religous rites of the Aryans which is a key to the attainment of Mukti.
• Uttar Mimansa of Vyasa: Rishi Vyasa advocates worshipping of God. God is supreme, omnipotent and omnipresent. Therefore, He alone should be worshipped with utmost sincerity and devotion.

7. The Epics : The Ramayana and the Mahabharata are two famous epics of the later Vedic period. The Ramayana was written by Maharishi Valmiki. It has 24,000 shalokas in it. The main subject of the Ramayana is the battle between Sri Ramchandra and Ravana. The Mahabharata is the biggest epic of India. It was written by Rishi Veda Vyasa. It has more than 1,00,000 shalokas in it. The Bhagvadgita is a part of the Mahabharata. The main subject of the Mahabharata is the battle between the Pandvas and the Kauravas.

These two epics throw ample light on the religious, social, political and economic conditions of the people at that time. Professor H.V. Sreenivasa Murthy has rightly said, “The two great epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata throw a flood of light on various aspects of human culture. They have to a large extent, moulded the character and life of our people. Thus they form the strongest link between India, old and new.”

Importance of the Vedic Literature:

The Vedic literature occupies a special place in Indian history. It is called the heart and soul of Hinduism; The reason for this is that this literature describes in great detail the basic principles of Hindu philosophy. How was this earth created? What is Atman (Soul)? What is its connection with the Parmatman? What is Moksha and how is it attained? What is Karma? What is knowledge? Why does man keep wandering in the vicious circle of vices?

These are a few mysterious questions the answers to which are clearly given in the later Vedic literature. Hence the Vedic literature acts as a pillar of Hinduism. Besides this, the literature is a valuable source of information about the social, political and economic life of people.

In brief, the Vedic literature acted as a mirror for the Indian culture? It has been a source of inspiration for the authors and scholars of not only India but abroad as well. Undoubtedly, it is a matter of great pride for us. In the words of the famous historians B.P. Saha and K.S. Behera, “The Vedic literature is a magnificient contribution of the Aryans to the Indian culture and civilisation. No doubt, the Vedas are predominantly religious literature but the Vedas directly indicate about religious, social, economic and political conditions of the time.”

Question 2.
Explain the following :

1. Puranas
2. Upanishads
3. Rigveda
4. Shastras.

Answer:

(1) Puranas : The Puranas mean ancient. It is one of our important sources to know about ancient history. There are 18 Puranas in all. Popular among them are Vishnu, Bhagvata, Matsya and Vayu Purana. Each Purana has been divided into five parts. The first part deals with the origin of the world, the second discusses the second origin of the world, the third discusses the lineage of gods, the fourth discusses the Mahayugas and the fifth discusses the famous dynasties. Historically, the fifth part of Puranas is the most beneficial.

(2) Upanishads : The Upanishads are those texts which describe knowledge. Since they are the last part of the Vedas, they are also called the Vedanta. They are 108 in number and they were composed by different hermits between 1000-500 B.C. Famous among these are Isha, Kena, Katha, Prashna, Mundaka, Aitareya, Chhandogya, Brihad Aranyaka, Kaushitaki and Shveta Shvatara. These throw light. on the indepth spiritual subjects.

These try to tell what soul is and what is its relation to the Supreme Soul. They have tried to solve several mysteries pertaining to life and death. They throw ample light on subjects like Karma, Moksha, Maya and Transmigration. Dr. S.R. Goyal has rightly said, “The Upanishadic philosophy is rightly regarded as the source of all Indian Philosophy.”

3. Rigveda : Vedic literature implies that literature which was composed by the Aryans and this literature is considered to be a storehouse of valuable knowledge. It describes the solutions to the spiritual and other problems of life. Undoubtedly the main objective behind the composition of Vedic literacture was religious but it also gives a clear indication of the social, economic and political life of the people of the early Vedic period.

For this reason, this literature is considered to be a trustworthy source of the ancient Indian history. It is completely written in Sanskrit. On the basis of the time of composition, the Vedic literature can be divided into two parts : the early Vedic understand their meanings.

4. Shastras : There are six well-known schools of Hindu philosophy, popularly known as Darshanas or Shastras. In these testaments, many wise Rishis had tried to explain intricate philosophical thoughts connecting God, soul, death and birth. The higher philosophy indicates how superior was the deep wisdom of the Aryans How were the Aryans ahead of others and how could they check the temptations of materialism.

• Sankhya Shastra of Kapila: Rishi Kapila is the author of this Shastra. He denies the existence of God and asserts that matter (prakrit) and soul are the only two realities. It is through the formation and reformation of matter and soul, the creation takes place.
• Yoga Shastra of Patanjali: It is directly related to the Yoga and suggests the practice of Yoga’ with the object of achieving God.
• Nyaya Shastra of Gautama: Rishi Gautama has expounded a philosophy that God can be realised through right thinking and right knowledge.
• Vaisheshik Shastra of Kanad: Rishi Kanad holds the view that the whole world is an assimilation of atoms, which are indestructible.
• Purva Mimansa of Jamini: Jamini’s philosophy throws light on the sacrifices and religous rites of the Aryans which is a key to the attainment of Mukti.
• Uttar Mimansa of Vyasa: Rishi Vyasa advocates worshipping of God. God is supreme, omnipotent and omnipresent. Therefore, He alone should be worshipped with utmost sincerity and devotion.

Question 3.
Describe the salient features of four Vedas in brief but meaningful.
Or
Discuss in brief four Vedas and their importance in, the field of Religion.
Or
How many Vedas are there? Explain with their names in brief but meaningful.
Or
How Vedas were written? Discuss any two in brief.
Or
Discuss in brief but iqeaningful the importance of four Vedas.
Or
Describe the main features of Vedas.
Or
Write the names of the four Vedas. Explain in brief any two Vedas.
Or
Write about the main characteristics of the Vedas. Name any two of the Vedas.
Or
Write in brief about the four Vedas.
Or
What do you know about the Vedas?
Or
Name the four Vedas. Explain Rigveda in detail.
Or
Discuss the subject-matter of the Rigveda. Name the four Vedas.
Or
Throw light on the subject-matter of the Rigveda.
Or
What are the total number of Vedas? Explain any two Vedas.
Or
Describe the main contents of Rigveda and Samaveda.
Answer:
The Vedas have the highest position in Vedic literature. There are four Vedas. Their names are Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda and Aharvaveda. The Atharvaveda was added to the count of Vedas in the end. For this reason, the first three Vedas are also known by the name of ‘Terai’. These Vedas have been written in Sanskrit. These are considered to be the most sacred texts of Hinduism. The word Veda has been derived from the element ‘Vid’ which means knowledge or to know.

In other words, the Vedas can be called the storehouse of knowledge of the a This knowledge had been acquired by Rishis. For this reason, the Vedas have also been called ‘Smriti’ The Vedas were composed between 1500 B.C. and 600 B.C. Undoubtedly, the Vedas are a valuable source to know about the religious, social, political and economic history of the Aryans A brief description of the features of the Vedas is as follows :

1. The Rigveda : The Rigveda is the ancient and the most important of all the Vedas of the Aryans Rig has been derived from the word ‘Rik’ which means the mantras chanted while worshipping. For this reason, the Rigveda is also called a collection of mantras composed in devotion of the gods. The Rigveda was composed between 1500-1000 B.C. It was a time when the Aryans lived in Punjab. The Rigveda is an exhaustive text. It has 1028 suktas (hymns). Each sukta has several mantras. The total number of mantras in the Rigveda are 10,562.

These have been divided into ten chapters. Some chapters are big while some are small. The first and tenth chapter (mandal) are the lengthiest. Both the mandals have 191 stanzas each. The second to seventh mandals are considered to be the heart of the Rigveda. They are considered to be older than the rest of the mandals. The ninth chapter has in it the mantras devoted to Lord Soma only.

The Rigveda has the maximum number of mantras (250) in devotion of Lord Indra. 200 mantras are in devotion of Agni. The rest are devoted to Varan, Suryar Rudra, ‘ Soma, Usha, Ratri and Saraswati. All these gods and goddesses were considered to be a symbol of natural forces. These gods were very powerful and great. They used to acquire human form and when appeased by the devotion of their devotees, blessed them with several boons. They were worshipped to obtain victory in battles, obtain wealth, a comfortable and long life and children. Several Rishis have written mantras in the Rigveda. Popular among them were Vishwamitra, Bhardwaj, Vashishtha, Vamadeva, Atri, Kanva and Gritsmada.

The Rigveda has mantras by women like y Apala Ghosha, Vishwavara, Mudgalini and Lopamudra etc. The famous Gayatri Mantra is also given in the Rigveda which is read by the Hindus even today. Though the Rigveda was composed from religious point of view yet it has great historical importance as well.

2. The Samaveda : The word Sama means melodious songs. For this reason, it is also called a collection of melodious songs. It has a total of 1875 mantras. Of these, only 75 mantras are new and the rest have been extracted from the Rigveda. These mantras have been divided into two parts which are called Poorvarachika and Uttarrachika. There are 650 mantras in the Poorvarachika whereas there are 1225 mantras in the Uttarrachika.

The mantras were sung melodiously during the performance of yajnas. The priests who used to sing these mantras were called the Udagatris. These mantras were sung in the seven swaras. Three types of musical instruments were used while singing the mantras i.e. Venu, Dudubhi and Veena. Undoubtedly, the Samaveda can be called the first and the most valuable source of Indian music.

3. The Yajurveda : Yajur implies yajna and Yajurveda is a text that consists of the mantras recited at the time of performance of yajnas. It has 2086 mantras in it. These mantras have been divided into 40 chapters. A part of the Yajurveda is in prose and a part of it is in poetic form. It is believed that this Veda was composed in Kurukshetra. The objective of this Veda was to tell about the procedure to be followed during the performance of yajnas.

The priests who helped while performing the yajnas were called ‘Adhavaryu’. The yajnas were performed in order to appease the gods so that they could fulfil the desires of their devotees. Hence, this Veda was centred around ‘Karmakanda’. It also tells about the measures to acquire divine powers. This Veda is divided into two parts i.e. Shukla Yajurveda and Krishna Yajurveda. The Shukla Yajurveda describes only the mantras whereas the Krishna Yajurveda also gives their meanings. This Veda gives us valuable information about the social and religious lives of the Aryans

4. The Atharvaveda : The Atharvaveda was composed in the end. Its name came from the name of Atharvana Rishi. He was the master of magical powers and was famous for destroying ghosts and spirits. Infact, the Atharvaveda is actually a collection of mantras related to black magic. It gives methods to control the powers of ghosts and witches. This proves that there was a drastic change in the religious life of the Aryans by then. Besides this, this Veda also describes the cure of the several diseases. This Veda is also called the Brahmaveda because this Veda was written by Brahman priests.

They took the aid of Agni to protect human beings from ghosts and spirits. There are a total 731 hymns and approximately 6000 mantras. Of these, approximately 1200 mantras have been taken from the Rigveda. This Veda has been divided into 20 chapters. Its 20th chapter is the longest which comprises of 928 mantras.

Question 4.
Describe Yajurveda among four vedas.
Answer:

The Yajurveda : Yajur implies yajna and Yajurveda is a text that consists of the mantras recited at the time of performance of yajnas. It has 2086 mantras in it. These mantras have been divided into 40 chapters. A part of the Yajurveda is in prose and a part of it is in poetic form. It is believed that this Veda was composed in Kurukshetra. The objective of this Veda was to tell about the procedure to be followed during the performance of yajnas.

The priests who helped while performing the yajnas were called ‘Adhavaryu’. The yajnas were performed in order to appease the gods so that they could fulfil the desires of their devotees. Hence, this Veda was centred around ‘Karmakanda’. It also tells about the measures to acquire divine powers. This Veda is divided into two parts i.e. Shukla Yajurveda and Krishna Yajurveda. The Shukla Yajurveda describes only the mantras whereas the Krishna Yajurveda also gives their meanings. This Veda gives us valuable information about the social and religious lives of the Aryans.

Question 5.
What is meant by Vedic literature? What are the main subjects of the Vedic literature?
Or
Examine the important aspects of the Vedas.
Or
Which main subjects are touched in Rigveda? Mention the total number of hymns given in Rigveda.
Or
Write about the subject-matter of Rigveda. Write a brief note on the Purush-Sukta hymn.
Or
Write about the main features of Hinduism.
Or
Give an account of the religious thoughts of Vedas.
Or
Explain the spiritual importance of Vedas.
Answer:
The Vedic literature primarily describes the principles of Hinduism. It gives a description of polytheism, monotheism and henotheism. It even describes the means of pleasing the gods through yajnas and sacrifices. It also describes how the world was created? What is Atman and what is Brahman? What is the relationship between the Atman and Brahman? What is the principle of Karma and Transmigration? What is Moksha and how can it be obtained? What is heaven and hell? A brief description of these thoughts is given below :

1. Polytheism : It is clear from the description in the Rigveda that in the beginning the Aryans worshipped the forces of nature as god. Each shining, thundering and bright looking beautiful object or power was considered as a god or a goddess. According to the Rigveda, the Aryans worshipped 33 gods. These .were divided into three parts. These were : gods of the heaven, gods of earth and the gods between the heaven and the earth. All these gods were considered powerful and great. At one time, a particular god was worshipped and at another instance another deity was worshipped. This popularised the principle of polytheism.

2. Monotheism : During the Vedic Age, there was always the principle of polytheism behind the principle of monotheism. In many places in the Rigveda, Indra is spoken of as the sole Lord of the universe, and Brahman, the sole spirit of all gods, “All gods are one, only the saints have described them differently”. The Ish Upanishad says, “He is fire, He is sun, He is the wind, He is the moon, He is Shukra, He is Brahman, He is water and He is the sole Lord. He is the sole source of light.” It is clear from these examples that the Aryans believed in one omnipotent god.

3. Henotheism : Although the Aryans believed in several gods yet none of them was considered superior or inferior. Each was considered great in his own right and each of them was praised with the same devotion. The deity related to a region was considered supreme in that region. A verse in Rigveda cites, ‘O deities ! None of you is inferior, none of you is a small child. You all are great.” In this manner, the Aryans considered all their gods equal.

4. Yajnas and Sacrifices: To appease the gods and goddesses, the Aryans indulged in several yajnas during the Vedic period. These were conducted methodically with all the rituals so that the deity may not get displeased due to any mistake. First a vedi was built for the yajnas. Then the pious fire was ignited. In this fire ghee, milk, rice and somras were poured. Several animals like goat, sheep and horses were sacrificed during the yajnas.

The small yajnas were conducted at the family level whereas the bigger yajnas were conducted by the elite class. During the post Vedic period, these yajnas had become a complex process. There was a hope or desire for victory in battles, acquisition of wealth, obtaining a child and happy family life behind performing these yajnas. According to Dr. S.R. Goyal, “Vedic religion was essentially a religion of yajnas or sacrifices. The worshipper offered some oblations to god with the chanting of prayers and expected that God would grant him desired boon in return.”

5. How was the world created? : How was the world created? The Nasdia Sukta of Rigveda gives us important information with regard to this. It tells us that before the creation of the world, there was the presence of God alone. There was darkness all around without Him. It was then that God decided to create the world. Not only did he create men, animals, birds, etc. but also created the sun, the moon, the stars, mountains, seas, rivers and flowers etc. The Upanishads have also repeatedly described that the Brahman had created the whole universe.

6. What is Self? : The Aryans believed in Self. The .word Self has been often used in the Upanishads. It is omnipresent. The living element in all creatures is the Self. For this reason, this is called the source of all light. It is Brahman or God. It assumes a living role and resides in the hearts of all beings. The Self is immortal. It continues to enter from one body to the other till it attains freedom from all Karmas. After this, it sublimes with Brahman. In this manner, there is no distinction between Self and Brahman.

7. What is Absolute? : The Upanishads vividly describe the Absolute (the Brahman). It is the Brahman who is the creator of this world. He is the master of unlimited powers. He is capable of doing everything. He is the source of all fights. He is the true heart and an epitome of happiness. He is the store-house of complete knowledge. His description is beyond words. He is immortal. Brahman is the Atman, the Self. For this reason, there is no basic distinction between Brahman and the Self.

8. Worship of Forefathers : The Rigveda gives a description of the worship of forefathers. The forefathers resided in heaven. They were the ancestors of the Aryans Their worship was considered equivalent to the worship of gods. There are several verses in the Rigveda in their devotion. It was expected that the worship of the forefathers would help protection of their descendants, would eradicate their problems, would bless them with wealth, power, long fife and children. With time, the devotion of the Aryans towards the worship of their forefathers increased manifold.

9. Rita and Dharman : The Rigveda and the other Vedic texts have described the words Rita and Dharman several times. Rita implies the process that runs the functioning of this world. It is according to the Rita that the sun rises in the morning. The sun, moon and stars appear bright. The earth revolves around the sun. It eradicates all darkness to spread light. Rita is therefore a universal truth.

Anrita (myth) is the opposite of Rita. Dining the time of the Upanishads, the word Dharma replaced the word Rita. The word ‘Dharman’ means law. These were constructed by the gods. These were applicable to the materialistic world, men and sacrifices. The good men led their lives according to Dharman.

10. Karma and Transmigration : The Vedic literature has time and again mentioned that man is the maker of his own luck. What he sows, so shall he reap. If he performs good deeds, he would be free from the vicious circle of transmigration and attain Moksha (salvation). If he indulges in ill-deeds, he would always be sad and troubled and he would under no circumstances receive freedom from transmigration, A man’s deeds follow him just like his own shadow.

11. Moksha : The attainment of Moksha is the prime objective of the life of a man’s life. Due to his ignorance and lack of knowledge, man spends his entire life running after the attainment of materialistic ends. He indulges in materialistic pleasures and thinks that he has achieved everything by acquiring wealth. He forgets that everything in this world is momentary. He is forever trapped in these cobwebs and is never able to get freedom.

When man is able to overcome his ignorance, all his doubts get eradicated. He knows all and attains freedom from all bonds of the world. This is the condition of Moksha. The Atman sublimes with the Parmatman and he attains happiness forever.

12. Faith in Heaven andi Hell: The Vedic literature describes that the Aryans believed in heaven and hell. According to them, those who lead their lives according to the moral principles, give charity and do not give any trouble to anyone reside in heaven after their death. This is a place where all the gods .reside. It is a place of full happiness. On the other hand, the sinners and wicked men go to hell after death. The Pin-anas etc. give a detailed description of the grave miseries in hell.

13. Purusha-Sukta: The Purusha-Sukta is described in the tenth chapter of the Rigveda. According to this, Brahman had created the Brahmanas from his mouth, the Kshatriyas from his arms, the Vaishyas from his thighs and Shudras from his feet. This led several historians to believe that the caste system had gained popularity during the Rigvedic period. But nowhere else is it mentioned in the Rigveda in this context.

It is said that the Purusha-Sukta was. created several hundred years after the Rigveda. Its language is different from the Rigveda. It is clear from the Purusha- Sukta that at that time the four Varnas i.e. Brahmanas, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras had come into existence. The Brahmanas served as purohits (priests), the Kshatriyas fought battles, the Vaishyas undertook farming and trade and the Shudras worked to serve the rest three Varnas.

Short Answer Type Questions (Type-1):

Question 1.
Describe in brief but meaningful the salient features of Rigveda.
Or
Discuss the importance of Rigveda’ in Vedic literature.
Or
Write a short note on Rigveda.
Answer:
The Rigveda is the .oldest and the most important of all the Vedas of the Aryans It was composed between 1500-1000 B.C. It has 1028 suktas in it which have been divided into 10 chapters.Each hymn has several mantras. The total number of mantras given in the Rigveda is 10,552. The maximum number of mantras are in praise of Indra. They are 250 in number. The Rigveda is considered to be the most valuable source of knowing about the lives of the Aryans

Question 2.
What do you know about the Samaveda?
Answer:
The word Sama means melodious songs. For this reason Samaveda is also called a collection of melodious songs. It has a total of 1875 mantras. Of these, only 75 mantras are new and the rest have been extracted from the Rigveda. The mantras were sung melodiously during the performance of yajnas. The priests who used to sing these mantras were called the Udagatris. Undoubtedly, the Samaveda can be called the first and the most valuable source of Indian music.

Question 3.
Give a brief account of the Yajurveda.
Answer:
Yajur implies yajna and Yajurveda is a text that consists of the mantras recited at the time of performance of yajnas. It has 2086 mantras in it. A part of the Yajurveda is in prose and a part of it is in poetic form. The objective of this Veda was to tell about the procedure to be followed during the performance of yajnas. The priests who helped while performing the yajnas were called ‘Adhavaryu’. The yajnas were performed in order to appease the gods so that they could fulfil the desires of their devotees. Hence, this Veda was centred around ‘Karmakanda’.

Question 4.
Write a short note on the Atharvaveda.
Or
What do you know about Atharvaveda? Explain.
Answer:
The Atharvaveda was composed in the end. In fact, the Atharvaveda is actually a collection of mantras related to black magic. It gives methods to control over the powers of ghosts and witches. This provps that there was a drastic change in the religious life of the Aryans by then. Besides this, this Veda also describes the cure of the several diseases. This Veda is also called the Brahmaveda because this Veda was written by Brahman priests.

Question 5.
What is the importance of the six Shastras of Philosophy?
Or
Describe the importance of Khat Darshan.
Answer:
There are six well-known schools of. Hindu philosophy, popularly known as Darshanas or Shastras. These are

• Sankhya Shastra of Kapila
• Yoga Shastra of Patanjali
• Nyaya Shastra of Gautama
• Vaisheshik Shastra of Kanad
• Purva Mimansa of Jamini
• Uttar Mimansa of Vyasa. In these testaments, many wise ishis tried to explain intricate philosophical thoughts connecting God, soul, death ad birth.

Question 6.
What do you mean by Epics and their importance?
Answer:
The Ramayana and the Mahabharata are two famous epics of the later Vedic period. The Ramayana was written by Maharishi Valmiki. It has 24,000 shlokas in it. The main subject of the Ramayana is the battle between Ramchandra and Ravana. Mahabharata is the biggest epic of India. It was written by Rishi Veda Vyasa. It has more than 1,00,000 shlokas in it. The Bhagvadgita is a part of the Mahabharata. The main subject of the Mahabharata is the battle between the Pandvas and the Kauravas. These two epics throw ample light on the religious, social, political and economic conditions of the people at that time.

Question 7.
Describe the importance of Vedic Literature.
Or
What is the importance of the Vedic Literature?
Or
Describe the prominent features of the vedic literature.
Answer:
The Vedic literature occupies a special place in Indian history. It is called the heart and soul of Hinduism. The reason for this is that this literature describes in great detail the basic principles of Hindu philosophy. How was this earth created? What is Atman? What is its connection with the Parmatman? What is Moksha and how is it attained? What is Karma? What is knowledge? Why does man keep wandering in the vicious circle of vices? These are a few mysterious questions the answers to which are clearly given in the later Vedic literature.

Question 8.
Give a brief account of the main two subjects of the Vedic Literature.
Answer:

• Henotheism : Although the Aryans believed in several gods yet none of them was considered superior or inferior. Each was considered great in his own right and each of them was praised with the same devotion. The deity related to a region was considered supreme in that region.
• Yajnas and Sacrifices : To appease the gods and goddesses, the Aryans indulged in several yajnas during the Vedic period. These were conducted methodically with all the rituals. The small yajnas were conducted at the family level whereas the bigger yajnas were conducted by the elite class. During the post Vedic period, these yajnas had become a complex process. There was a hope or desire for victory in battles, acquisition of wealth, obtaining a child and happy family life behind performing these yajnas.

Question 9.
What is meant by Self and Absolute according to Vedic Literature?
Answer:

• What is Self? : The Aryans believed in Self. The word Self has been often used in the Upanishads. It is omnipresent. The living element in all creatures is the Self. For this reason, this is called the source of all light. It is Brahman or God.
• What is Absolute? : The Upanishads vividly describe the Absolute (the Brahman). It is the Brahman who is the creator of this world. He is the master of unlimitei powers. He is capable of doing everything. He is the source of all lights. He is immorta

Question 10.
What do you mean, by Rita and Dharman?
Answer:
The Rigveda and the other Vedic texts have described the words Rita and Dharman several times, Rita implies the process that runs the functioning of this world. It is according to the Rita that the sun rises in the morning. The sun, moon and stars appear bright. The earth revolves around the sun. It eradicates all darkness to spread light. Rita is therefore a universal truth. Anrita (myth) is the opposite of Rita. During the time of the Upanishads, the word Dharman replaced the word Rita. The word ‘Dharman’ means law. These were constructed by the gods.

Question 11.
What is meant by Moksha according to Vedic Literature?
Answer:
According to the Vedic Literature, the attainment of Moksha is the prime objective of a man’s life. Due to his ignorance and lack of knowledge, man spends his entire life running after the attainment of materialistic ends. When man is able to overcome his ignorance, all his doubts get eradicated. He knows all and attains freedom from all bonds of the world. This is the condition of Moksha. The Soul sublimes with the Supreme Soul and attains happiness forever.

Question 12.
What do you know about Purusha Sukta?
Answer:
The Purusha Sukta is described in the tenth chapter of the Rigveda. According to this, Brahman had created the Brahmanas from his mouth, the Kshatriyas from his arms, the Vaishyas from his thighs and Shudras from his feet. It is clear from the Purusha Sukta that at that time the four Vamas i.e. Brahmanas, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras had come into existence. The Brahmanas served as purohits (priests), the Kshatriyas fought battles, the Vaishyas undertook farming and trade and the Shudras worked to serve the above mentioned three Varnas.

Short Answer Type Questions (Type-2):

Question 1.
Discuss the importance of Rigveda in Vedic liturature.
Or
Write a short note on Rigveda.
Answer:
The Rigveda is the oldest and the most important of all the Vedas of the Aryans It is perhaps the oldest book. It was composed between 1506-1000 B.C. It ‘S 1028 suktas in it which have been divided into 10 chapters. These hymns were iposed by Rishis who were men of great insight and wisdom. Each hymn has mantras. The total number of mantras given in the Rigveda is 10,552. Mantras idressed to various gods and goddesses.

The maximum number of mantras are lise of Indra. They are 250 in number. The gods and goddesses described in the Rigveda symbolised natural forces. They were worshipped for victory in battle, obtaining wealth, children and a comfortable life. The Rigveda is considered to be the most valuable source of knowing about the lives of the Aryans

Question 2.
What do you know about the Samaveda?
Answer:
The word Sama means melodious songs. For this reason Samaveda is also called a collection of melodious songs. It has a total of 1875 mantras. Of these, only 75 mantras are new and the rest have been extracted from the Rigveda. These mantras have been divided into two parts which are called Poorvarachika and Uttarrachika. There are 650 mantras in the Poorvarachika whereas there are 1225 mantras in the Uttarrachika. The mantras were sung melodiously during the performance of yajnas. The priests who used to sing these mantras were called the Udagatris.

These mantras were sung in the seven swaras. Three types of musical instruments were used while singing the mantras i.e. Venu, Dudubhi and Veena. Undoubtedly, the Samaveda can be called the first and the most valuable source of Indian music.

Question 3.
Give a brief account of the Yajurveda.
Answer:
Yajur implies yajna and Yajurveda is a text that consists of the mantras recited at the time of performance of yajnas. It has 2086 mantras in it. These mantras have been divided into 40 chapters. A part of the Yajurveda is in prose and a part of it is in poetic form. It is believed that this Veda was composed in Kurukshetra. The objective of this Veda was to tell about the procedure to be followed during the performance of yajnas. The priests who helped while performing the yajnas were called ‘Adhavaryu’. The yajnas were performed in order to appease the gods so that they could fulfil the desires of their devotees.

Hence, this Veda was centred around ‘Karmakanda’. It also tells about the measures to acquire divine powers. This Veda is divided into two parts i.e. Shukla Yajurveda and Krishna Yajurveda. The Shukla Yajurveda describes only the mantras whereas the Krishna Yajurveda also gives their meanings. This Veda gives us valuable information about the social and religious lives of the Aryans

Question 4.
Write a short note on the Atharvaveda.
Or
What do you know about Atharvaveda? Explain.
Answer:
The Atharvaveda was composed in the end. Its name came from the name of Atharvana Rishi. He was the master of magical powers and was famous for destroying ghosts and spirits. In fact, the Atharvaveda is actually a collection of mantras related to black magic. It gives methods to control over the powers of ghosts and witches. This proves that there was a drastic change in the religious life of the Aryans by ther Besides this, this Veda also describes the cure of the several diseases.

This Veda also called the Brahmaveda because this Veda was written by Brahman prie They took the aid of Agni to protect human beings from ghosts and spirits. Ther a total 731 stanzas and approximately 6000 mantras. Of these, approximately mantras have been extracted from the Rigveda. This Veda has been divided which comprises of 928 mantras.

Question 5.
What is the importance of the six schools of Indian Philosophy?
Answer:
There are six well-known schools of Hindu philosophy, popularly known as Darshanas or Shastras. In these testaments, many wise Rishis tried to explain intricate philosophical thoughts connecting God, soul, death and birth. The higher philosophy indicates how the deep wisdom of the Aryans was superior, how they were ahead of others and how they could check the temptations of materialism.

1. Sankhya Shastra of Kapila : Rishi Kapila is the author of this Shastra. He denies the existence of God and asserts that matter (prakrit) and soul are the only two realities. It is through the formation and reformation of matter and soul, the creation takes place.
2. Yoga Shastra of Patanjali : It is directly related to the Yoga and suggests the practice of Yoga for achieving God.
3. Nyaya Shastra of Gautama : Rishi Gautama has expounded a philosophy that God can be realised through right thinking and right knowledge.
4. Vaisheshik Shastra of Kanad : Rishi Kanad holds the view that the whole world is an assimilation of atoms, which are indestructible.
5. Purva Mimansa of Jamini : Jamini’s philosophy throws light on the sacrifices and religious rites of the Aryans which is a key to the attainment of Mukti.
6. Uttar Mimansa of Vyasa : Here Rishi Vyasa advocates worshipping of God. God is supreme, omnipotent and Maker of everything. Therefore, He should be worshipped with utmost sincerity and devotion.

Question 6.
What do you mean by Epics and their .importance?
Answer:
The Ramayana and the Mahabharata are two famous epics of the later Vedic period. The Ramayana was written by Maharishi Valmiki. It has 24,000 shlokas in it. The main subject of the Ramayana is the battle between Ramchandra and Ravana. Mahabharata is the biggest epic of India. It was written by Rishi Veda Vyasa. It has more than 1,00,000 shlokas in it. The Bhagvadgita is a part of the Mahabharata. The main subject of the Mahabharata is the battle between the Pandvas and the Kauravas. These two epics throw ample light on the religious, social, political and economic conditions of the people at that time.

Question 7.
Describe the vedic literature.
Or
Describe the importance of Vedic Literature.
Or
What is the importance of the Vedic Literature?
Or
Describe the prominent features of the vedic literature.
Answer:
The Vedic literature occupies a special place in Indian history. It is called the heart and soul of Hinduism. The reason for this is that this literature describes in great detail the basic principles of Hindu philosophy. How was this earth created? What is Atman? What is its connection with the Parmatman? What is Moksha and how is it attained? What is Karma? What is knowledge? Why does man keep wandering in the vicious circle of vices? These are a few mysterious questions the answers to which are clearly given in the later Vedic literature.

Hence the Vedic literature acts as a pillar of Hinduism. Besides this, the literature is a valuable source of information about the social, political and economic life of people. In brief, the Vedic literature acted as a mirror for the Indian culture. It has been a source of inspiration for the authors and scholars of not only India but abroad as well. Undoubtedly, it is a matter of great pride for us.

Question 8.
Describe the number of Vedas and their contents in brief but meaningful.
Or
Give a brief account of the main subjects of the Vedic Literature.
Or
Describe the prominent features of Vedic literature.
Answer:
The number of Vedas are four. The main subjects of the vedic literature are as follows :

(1) Henotheism : Although the Aryans believed in several gods yet none of them Was considered superior or inferior. Each was considered great in his own right and each of them was praised with the same devotion. The deity related to a region was considered supreme in that region.

(2) Yajnas and Sacrifices : To appease the gods and goddesses, the Aryans indulged in several yajnas during the Vedic period. These were conducted methodically with all the rituals. The small yajnas were conducted at the family level whereas the bigger yajnas were conducted by the elite class. During the post Vedic period, these yajnas had become a complex process. There was a hope or desire for victory in battles, acquisition of wealth, obtaining a child and happy family life behind performing these yajnas.

(3) How was the world created? : How was the world created? The Nasdia Sukta of Rigveda gives us important information with regard to this. It tells us that before the creation of the world, there was the presence of God alone. There was darkness all around without Him. It was then that God decided to create the world.

(4) What is Self? : The Aryans believed in Self. The word Self has been often used in the Upanishads. It is omnipresent. The living element in all creatures is the Self. For this reason, this is called the source of all light. It is Brahman or God.

(5) What is Absolute? : The Upanishads vividly describe the Absolute (the Brahman). It is the Brahman who is the creator of this world. He is the master of unlimited powers. He is capable of doing everything. He is the source of all lights. He is immortal.

Question 9.
What do you mean by Rita and Dharman?
Answer:
The Rigveda and the other Vedic texts have described the words Rita and Dharman several times. Rita implies the process that runs the functioning of this world. It is according to the Rita that the sun rises in the morning. The sun, moon and stars appear bright. The earth revolves around the sun. It eradicates all darkness to spread light. Rita is therefore a universal truth. Anrita (myth) is the opposite of. Rita.

During the time of the Upariishads, the word Dharman replaced the word Rita. The word ‘Dharman’ means law: These were constructed by the gods. These were applicable to the materialistic world, men and sacrifices. The good men led their lives, according to Dharman.

Question 10.
What is meant by Moksha according to Vedic Literature?
Answer:
According to the Vedic Literature, the attainment of Moksha is the prime objective of a man’s life. Due to his ignorance and lack of knowledge, man spends his.: entire life running after the attainment of materialistic ends. He indulges in materialistic pleasures and thinks that he has achieved everything by acquiring wealth. He forgets that everything in this world is momentary. He is forever trapped in these cobwebs and is never able to get freedom.

When man is able to overcome his ignorance, all his doubts get eradicated. He knows all and attains freedom from all bonds of the world. This is the condition of Moksha. The Soul sublimes with the Supreme Soul and attains happiness forever.

Question 11.
What do you know about Purusha Sukta?
Answer:
The Purusha Sukta is described in the tenth chapter of the Rigveda. According to this, Brahman had created the Brahmanas from his mouth, the Kshatriyas from his arms, the Vaishyas from his thighs and Shudras from his feet. This led several historians to believe that the caste system had gained popularity during the Rigvedic period. But nowhere else is it mentioned in the Rigveda in this context. It is said that the Purusha Sukta was created several hundred years after the Rigveda.

Its language is different from the Rigveda. It is clear from the Purusha Sukta that at that time the four Varnas i.e. Brahmanas, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras had come into existence. The Brahmanas served as purohits (priests), the Kshatriyas fought battles, the Vaishyas undertook farming and trade and the Shudras worked to serve the- above mentioned three Varnas.

Answer in One Word to One Sentence:

Question 1.
What do you mean by the Vedic literature?
Answer:
The Vedic literature means the literature written by the Aryans.

Question 2.
In which language the Vedic literature was written?
Answer:
Sanskrit.

Question 3.
How many parts does the Vedic literature has?
Answer:
Two parts.

Question 4.
At what of time the Vedas were written?
Answer:
1500-600 BC.

Question 5.
Who composed the Vedas?
Answer:
The Vedas were composed by the Rishis as divine ordinance.

Question 6.
What does ‘Shruti’ mean?
Answer:
‘Shruti’ implies that part of Vedic literature which the Rishis composed at the instance of divine revelation.

Question 7.
What is meant by ‘Smriti’?
Answer:
Smriti form that part of Vedic literature which the Rishis created out of their personal understanding of the world.

Question 8.
What is meant by the Veda?
Answer:
Reservoir of knowledge.

Question 9.
Give the number of the Vedas.
Answer:
Four.

Question 10.
Who classified the four Vedas?
Answer:
‘Rishi’ Ved Vyasa Ji.

Question 11.
Mention the name of the Vedas.
Or
Write the names of four Vedas.
Answer:
The Rigveda, the Samaveda, the Yajurveda and the Atharvaveda.

Question 12.
Which is the most ancient and important Veda?
Answer:
Rigveda.

Question 13.
When was the Rigveda composed?
Answer:
1500 to 1000 BC.

Question 14.
How many Suktas does the Rigveda contain?
Answer:
1028 Suktas.

Question 15.
How many Mandals does the Rigveda contain?
Answer:
Ten Mandals.

Question 16.
Write the total number of hymns given in the Rigveda.
Or
How many Mantras does the Rigveda contains?
Answer:
10,552 Mantras.

Question 17.
To which deity the largest number of Mantras have been dedicated in the Rigveda?
Answer:
Lord Indra.

Question 18.
How many Mantras in the Rigveda have been dedicated to Lord Indra?
Answer:
250 Mantras.

Question 19.
Mention the names of Rishis whose Mantras are given in the Rigveda.
Or
Mention any two Rishis whose Mantras the Rigveda contains.
Answer:

• Vamadeva,
• Vishvamitra.

Question 20.
Mention the name of women whose Mantras find space in the Rigveda.
Or
Tell the name of any two women who have contributed Mantras to Rigveda.
Answer:

• Apala,
• Ghosha.

Question 21.
The Gayatri Mantra finds mention in which Veda?
Answer:
Rigveda.

Question 22.
Which Veda is considered the source of Indian music?
Answer:
Samaveda.

Question 23.
How many Mantras does the Samaveda contain?
Answer:
1875 Mantras.

Question 24.
By what name was the purohit (priest) addressed who recited Mantras?
Answer:
Udagatri.

Question 25.
Which Veda contains the Mantras recited at Yajna?
Answer:
Yajurveda.

Question 26.
How was the priest offering sacrifice at the time of Yajna addressed?
Answer:
Hotri.

Question 27.
In what two parts Yajurveda is divided?
Answer:

• Shukla Yajurveda,
• Krishna Yajurveda.

Question 28.
Which was the last Veda to be composed?
Answer:
Atharvaveda.

Question 29.
How many Suktas does the Atharvaveda has?
Answer:
731 Suktas.

Question 30.
Which Veda contains Mantras related to black magic?
Answer:
Atharvaveda.

Question 31.
Mention two Vedas which formed part of tri-vidya.
Answer:

• The Rigveda,
• The Samaveda.

Question 32.
Why were the Brahmanas composed?
Answer:
To simplify the understanding of the Vedas.

Question 33.
Mention any two Brahmanas compositions.
Answer:

• Aitreya Brahmana,
• Taittiriya Brahmana.

Question 34.
Name the hooks enunciating the code of conduct for those ascetics who lived in the forests.
Answer:
Aranayakas.

Question 35.
What is meant by Vedangas?
Answer:
Constituent of the Veda.

Question 36.
Mention any two Vedangas.
Answer:

• Shiksha,
• Kalpa.

Question 37.
Which Vedanga reflects socio-religio customs of the Aryans?
Answer:
Kalpa Vedanga.

Question 38.
Name any two Sutras.
Answer:

• Srauta Sutra,
• Griha Sutra.

Question 39.
How many are the Upvedas?
Answer:
Four.

Question 40.
Mention any two of the Upvedas.
Answer:

• Ayurveda,
• Dhanurveda.

Question 41.
Which Veda describes about medicines and herbs?
Answer:
Atharavaveda.

Question 42.
Mention the name of Upveda that describes the art of war.
Answer:
Dhanurveda.

Question 43.
On whcih subject the Gandharvaveda throws light?
Answer:
Art of music.

Question 44.
Who composed the Yoga Shastra?
Answer:
Patanjali.

Question 45.
Mention any two Shastras.
Answer:
Yoga Shastra and Nyaya Shastra.

Question 46.
Mention two great epics of India.
Answer:

• The Ramayana,
• The Mahabharata.

Question 47.
Which is the greatest epic of India?
Answer:
Mahabharata.

Question 48.
Who composed Mahabharata?
Answer:
Maharishi Ved Vyasa Ji.

Question 49.
The Mahabharata consists of how many shlokas?
Answer:
The Mahabharata contains one lakh shlokas.

Question 50.
Who composed the Ramayana?
Answer:
Maharishi Valmiki Ji.

Question 51.
Give the number of shlokas in the Ramayana.
Answer:
24,000 shlokas.

Question 52.
Mention any two main subjects of the Vedic literature.
Answer:

• What is self?
• Rita and Dharman.

Question 53.
How many gods are mentioned in the Rigveda?
Answer:
33.

Question 54.
Which Sukta of the Rigveda mentions about the origin of the world?
Answer:
Nasdia Sukta of the Rigveda describes about the origin of the world.

Question 55.
What according to the Vedic literature is the ultimate aim of human life?
Answer:
The attainment of Moksha.

Question 56.
Which Sukta of the Rigveda mentions about four castes?
Answer:
Purusha Sukta.

Fill in the Blanks:

1. Vedas are …………… in number.
Answer:
four

2. The ………….. is the oldest and the most important veda.
Answer:
Rigveda

3. The Rigveda contains a total of …………… Suktas.
Answer:
1028

4. The Samaveda is also called ………….. Granth.
Answer:
Gaayan

5. The …………… contains the mantras recited at Yegna.
Answer:
Yajurveda

6. The …………… contains the dscription of herbal medicine used to cure diseases.
Answer:
Atharvaveda

7. The Upanishads are ………….. in number.
Answer:
108

8. The Vedangas imply a part of …………
Answer:
Vedas

9. The Vedangas are …………… in number.
Answer:
six

10. The ………….. describes the art of fighting battles.
Answer:
Dhanurveda

11. The ………….. throws light on the subjects pertaining to music.
Answer:
Gandharvaveda

12. The writer of the Yoga Shastra was …………..
Answer:
Patanjali.

13. The name of the author of the Nyaya Shastra was ………….
Answer:
Gautama

14. The Ramayana was written by ……………..
Answer:
Maharishi Valmiki Ji

15. The Mahabharata was composed by ……………
Answer:
Maharishi Ved Vyasa Ji

16. The priest who offered the sacrifice at the time of Yajna was adressed as ……………..
Answer:
Hotri

True Or False:

1. The Rigvedic literature is also called Saruti.
Answer:
True

2. The Vedas are eight in number.
Answer:
False

3. The Rigveda is oldest and important Veda of the Aryans.
Answer:
True

4. The Vedas were written in Pali language.
Answer:
False

5. Maharishi Ved Vyasa Ji classified the Vedas.
Answer:
True

6. The Rigveda has been divided into 10 mandals.
Answer:
True

7. Maximum number of mantras are in praise of Agni in the Rigveda.
Answer:
False

8. Udagatri were those priests who recited mantras.
Answer:
True

9. The Yajurveda is the Veda which contains the mantras recited at the time of Yajnas.
Answer:
True

10. The Atharvaveda is also known as the Brahamaveda.
Answer:
True

11. The Brahmanas are part of the Upanishads.
Answer:
False

12. The Upanishads are total 108 in number.
Answer:
True

13. The Kalpa Vedanga is the most important Vedanga.
Answer:
True

14. The Dharma Sutra gives a description of prevalent laws and traditions of the Maurayan period.
Answer:
False

15. There are four Upvedas.
Answer:
True

16. The Ayurveda describes the art of war.
Answer:
False

17. Rishi Kapila is the author of Sankhya Shastra.
Answer:
True

18. The Ramayana was composed by Maharishi Valmiki Ji.
Answer:
True

19. The Mahabharata consists of 24000 shlokas.
Answer:
False

20. The attainment of Moksha is the ultimate aim of human life according to Vedic literature.
Answer:
True

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. In which language the Vedic literature was written?
(a) Pah
(b) Prakrit
(c) Hindi
(d) Sanskrit
Answer:
(d) Sanskrit

2. What is the total number of Vedas?
(a) 4
(b) 5
(c) 6
(d) 18
Answer:
(a) 4

3. By which Rishi Vedas were divided?
(a) Ved Vyasa
(b) Vissh
(c) Vishwamitra
(d) Gautam
Answer:
(a) Ved Vyasa

4. Which of the following is the oldest and Important Veda?
(a) The Rigveda
(b) The Samaveda
(c) The Yajurveda
(d) The Atharvaveda
Answer:
(a) The Rigveda

5. Which of the following is not a Veda?
(a) The Gandharva Veda
(b) The Samaveda
(c) The Yajurveda
(d) The Atharvaveda
Answer:
(a) The Gandharva Veda

6. How many suktas are there in the Rigveda?
(a) 1028
(b) 1875
(c) 731
(d) 10,552
Answer:
(a) 1028

7. Which of the following Veda is not in the Tri-vedya?
(a) The Atharvaveda
(b) The Yajurveda
(c) The Samaveda
(d) The Rigveda.
Answer:
(a) The Atharvaveda

8. Which Veda contains the Mantras recited at Yajna?
(a) The Rigveda
(b) The Samaveda
(c) The Yajurveda
(d) The Atharvaveda
Answer:
(c) The Yajurveda

9. The Aranyakas are part of which literature?
(a) The Upanishads
(b) The Brahmanas
(c) The Dharmashastras
(d) The Mahabharta
Answer:
(b) The Brahmanas

10. What is the total number of the Upanishads?
(a) 18
(b) 108
(c) 48
(d) 128
Answer:
(b) 108

11. Which of the following Upavedas describes medicinal herbs?
(a) Ayurveda
(b) Dhanurveda
(c) Gandharvaveda
(d) Shilpaveda
Answer:
(a) Ayurveda

12. Which of the following composes Yoga Shastra?
(a) Kapila
(b) Patanjali
(c) Gautama
(d) Vyasa
Answer:
(b) Patanjali

13. Who composed The Ramayana?
(a) Maharishi Ved Vyasa Ji
(b) MaharishiValmiki Ji
(c) Maharishi Vishwamitra Ji
(d) Maharishi Gautama Ji
Answer:
(b) MaharishiValmiki Ji

14. How many shlokas are there in the Ramayana?
(a) 14,000
(b) 20,000
(c) 24,000
(d) 26,000
Answer:
(c) 24,000

15. Who wrote the Mahabharta?
(a) Maharishi Ved Vyasa Ji
(b) Maharishi Balmiki Ji
(c) Maharishi Gautma Ji
(d) Maharishi Vashishtha Ji
Answer:
(a) Maharishi Ved Vyasa Ji

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 7 गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Hindi Chapter 7 गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी

Hindi Guide for Class 8 PSEB गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) भाषा – बोध

I. शब्दार्थ

दशम् = दसवें।
दुर्लभ = जिनका मिलना कठिन हो।
तेजस्वी = शक्तिशाली।
बलात् = बलपूर्वक, ज़बरदस्ती।
अल्पावस्था = छोटी आयु।
आक्रमण = हमला।
मैत्री = मित्रता।
कृपाण = तलवार।
निधन = स्वर्गवास।
नेतृत्व करना = अगुवाई करना।

II. मुहावरों और लोकोक्तियों का वाक्यों में प्रयोग करो

1. छक्के छुड़ाना –
2. होनहार बिरवान के होत चीकने पात –
3. काम तमाम करना –
4. हिम्मत न हारना –
5. वीरगति को प्राप्त होना –
6. तलवार के घाट उतारना –
7. खूब फलना –
8. फूलना –
9. बीड़ा उठाना –
10. मौत को गले लगाना –
11. ईंट से ईंट बजाना –
12. प्राण फूंक देना –
13. जान से खेलना –
उत्तर:
1. छक्के छुड़ाना – शिवाजी ने मुग़ल सेना के छक्के छुड़ा दिए थे।
2. होनहार बिरवान के होत चीकने पात – गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह की बचपन में ही अद्भुत योग्यता इस बात की परिचायक थी कि होनहार बिरवान के होत चीकने पात।
3. काम तमाम करना – तलवार के एक ही वार से उसने डाकू का काम तमाम कर दिया।
4. हिम्मत न हारना – अनेक संकटों के बाद भी गुरु जी ने हिम्मत न हारी।
5. वीरगति को प्राप्त होना – युद्ध में अनेक भारतीय सैनिक वीरगति को प्राप्त हो गए थे।
6. तलवार के घाट उतारना – वीर सैनिक ने शत्रु को तलवार के घाट उतार दिया।
7. खूब फलना – फूलना-ईश्वर की कृपा से हमारा व्यापार खूब फल-फूल गया है।
8. बीड़ा उठाना – मैंने देश की सेवा करने का बीड़ा उठा लिया है।
9. मौत को गले लगाना – गरीब किसान ने उधार न चुका पाने के कारण नदी में कूद कर मौत को गले लगाया था।
10. ईंट से ईंट बजाना – चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य ने अपने विरोधियों की ईंट से ईंट बजा दी थी।
11. प्राण फूंक देना – सेठ जी की सहायता ने युवक में प्राण फूंक दिये थे।
13.जान से खेलना – जान से खेलकर राहुल ने अपने पिता को डाकुओं से बचा लिया था।

(ख) विषय – बोध

I. इन प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो वाक्यों में लिखें :

प्रश्न (क)
भारतीय इतिहास में गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी का नाम क्यों प्रसिद्ध है ?
उत्तर:
गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह के त्याग, बलिदान और वीरता के कारण ही उनका नाम भारतीय इतिहास में प्रसिद्ध है।

प्रश्न (ख)
गोबिन्द राय ने पिता को बलिदान के लिए प्रेरणा क्यों दी ?
उत्तर:
गोबिन्द राय ने अपने पिता गुरु तेग़ बहादुर को हिन्दू-धर्म की रक्षा के लिए बलिदान देने की प्रेरणा दी।

प्रश्न (ग)
गुरु जी के प्रिय खेल क्या-क्या थे ?
उत्तर:
गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी के प्रिय खेल हथियार चलाना, घुड़सवारी करना, साथियों की दो टोलियाँ बनाकर नकली युद्ध करना आदि थे।

प्रश्न (घ)
‘पाऊँटा’ शब्द का क्या अर्थ है ?
उत्तर:
पाऊँटा का अर्थ है पाँव टिकाना। जिस स्थान पर गुरु जी ने पाँव टिकाए, वह स्थान पाऊँटा साहिब के नाम से प्रसिद्ध हुआ।

प्रश्न (ङ)
गुरु जी ने सेना क्यों सजाई ?
उत्तर:
गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी ने धर्म की रक्षा और औरंगज़ेब के अत्याचारों का मुकाबला करने के लिए सेना सजाई।

प्रश्न (च)
जफरनामा के विषय में आप क्या जानते हैं ?
उत्तर:
निडर और साहसी गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी ने औरंगज़ेब को जो फ़ारसी में पत्र लिखा था उसे जफ़रनामा कहते हैं।

II. इन प्रश्नों के उत्तर चार या पाँच वाक्यों में लिखें :

प्रश्न (क)
गोबिन्द राय का बचपन ‘होनहार बिरवान के होत चीकने पात’ कहावत को कैसे चरितार्थ करता है ?
उत्तर:
गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी जब बाल्यावस्था में ही थे, तो उनमें महानता के गुण झलकने लगे थे। तीर-तलवार चलाना, घुड़सवारी करना आदि उनके प्रिय खेल थे। जब कश्मीरी पंडित फ़रियाद लेकर गुरु तेग़ बहादुर जी के पास आनन्दपुर आए तो उस समय गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी केवल नौ वर्ष के थे। उन्होंने अपने पिता गुरु तेग़ बहादुर जी को धर्म की रक्षा तथा अत्याचारों के विरुद्ध बलिदान देने की प्रेरणा दी। गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी की इन्हीं विशेषताओं के कारण यह लोकोक्ति उन पर पूर्णतया चरितार्थ होती है, ‘होनहार बिरवान के होत चीकने पात।’

प्रश्न (ख)
गुरु जी ने खालसा पंथ की स्थापना कैसे की ?
उत्तर:
गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी ने सन् 1699 को वैशाखी के पर्व पर आनन्दपुर साहिब में दरबार सजाया। भरी सभा में उन्होंने बलिदान के लिए पाँच शिष्यों की माँग की। सभा में सन्नाटा छा गया। फिर दिल्ली का जाट धर्मदास, द्वारिका का धोबी मुहकम चन्द, जगन्नाथ का कहार हिम्मत राय और लाहौर का क्षत्रिय दयाराम और विदर का नाई साहब चन्द बलिदान के लिए सामने आए। गुरु जी एक-एक करके उन्हें अपने तम्बू में ले जाते और उन्हें वहाँ बैठा देते। इस तरह पाँच प्यारों का चुनाव किया गया। उन्हें अमृत छकाया। ‘पाँच ककार धारण कराये। स्वयं भी अमृत पिया। इस तरह धर्म की रक्षा के लिए खालसा पंथ की स्थापना की।

प्रश्न (ग)
“इन पुत्रन के सीस, पर, वार दिए. सुत चार,
चार मुए तो क्या भया, जीवित कई हजार।”
इन पंक्तियों का क्या भाव है?
उत्तर:
मुग़ल सेना से लड़ते हुए गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी ने अपने एक जाट शिष्य की हवेली को ही किला बना कर शत्रु का सामना किया। उनके दो पुत्र अजीत सिंह और जुझार सिंह युद्ध में वीरगति को प्राप्त हो गए। छोटे दोनों पुत्र जोरावर सिंह और फतेह सिंह को सरहिन्द के सूबेदार ने जीवित ही दीवार में चिनवा दिया पर उन्होंने अपना धर्म नहीं बदला। माता सुन्दरी के आँसुओं को देखकर गुरु जी ने भरी सभा में कहा था-

इन पुत्रन के सीस पर, वार दिए सुत चार,
चार मुए तो क्या भया, जीवित कई हजार।

अर्थात् मेरे हज़ारों शिष्य पुत्रों के समान हैं। मैंने चार पुत्रों का बलिदान इन्हीं की रक्षा के लिए किया है। वे चार मर भी गए तो कोई बड़ी बात नहीं, जबकि मेरे कई हज़ार पुत्र जीवित हैं।

प्रश्न (घ)
‘सुभ करमन से कबहूँ न टरौ’ पंक्ति का क्या भाव है?
उत्तर:
गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी स्वभाव से मानवतावादी थे। वे किसी भी अवस्था में जीवन की राह में आने वाली मुसीबतों और कठिनाइयों से भयभीत नहीं होते थे। धर्म और जाति की रक्षा के लिए वे सदा तत्पर रहते थे। ‘सुभ करमन से कबहूँ न टरौ’ से तात्पर्य है कि मैं जीवन की राह पर शुभ कार्यों को पूरा करने से कभी भी भयभीत न होऊँ। मैं सदा जाति और धर्म के लिए श्रेष्ठ कार्य करता रहूँ।

प्रश्न (ङ)
“मैं हूँ परम पुरख का दासा। देखन आयो जगत तमासा” पंक्ति का भाव स्पष्ट करें।
उत्तर:
गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी पूर्ण रूप से ईश्वर में विश्वास रखते हुए अपने कर्तव्यपथ पर डटे रहे थे। “मैं हूँ परम पुरख का दासा। देखन आयो जगत तमासा” के द्वारा उन्होंने यही माना है कि मैं परम पिता परमात्मा का दास हूँ और उनके द्वारा रचे गए संसार रूपी इस तमाशे को देखने के लिए ही धरती पर आया हूँ। इस संसार की सुंदरता-बदसूरती, अच्छाई-बुराई, कोमलता-कठोरता, सच-झूठ, प्रेम-घृणा आदि सब सांसारिक तमाशे ही हैं। महान् आत्मा होते हुए भी एक सामान्य व्यक्ति की तरह गुरु जी ने इस संसार में रह कर परमात्मा के तमाशे ही तो देखे थे।

प्रश्न (च)
गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी का व्यक्तित्व अलौकिक था, स्पष्ट करें।
उत्तर:
गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी का व्यक्तित्व निस्संदेह रूप से अलौकिक था। उन्होंने धर्म, जाति और देश के लिए अपने युग को दिशा-निर्देश ही नहीं दिया था बल्कि स्वयं तलवार हाथ में थाम कर इन्सानियत के दुश्मनों को संसार से दूर भी कर दिया था। वे अवतार पुरुष थे जिन्होंने निर्जीवों में प्राण फूंक दिये थे, कायरों को वीरता का पाठ पढा दिया था और वीरों को शेर की तरह बहादुर बना दिया था। उनके एक-एक सिंह में लाखों से जूझने की अद्भुत शक्ति थी। उन्होंने अपनी अलौकिक क्षमता से धर्म, जाति और राष्ट्र को नया जीवन प्रदान कर दिया था। वै महान् बोद्धा, दीन-दुखियों के संरक्षक, महान् संत, धर्म और संस्कृति के उद्धारक, खालसा पंथ के संस्थापक और मानवतावादी होने के कारण लौकिक न हो कर अलौकिक थे।

(ग) व्यावहारिक व्याकरण

I. अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक शब्द लिखें

जो विश्वास के योग्य हो – ……………
जो निडरता से कार्य करे – ……………
जो कभी न मरे – ……………
आक्रमण करने वाला – ……………
धर्म से सम्बन्धित – ……………
दूर की सोचने वाला – ……………
जो घोड़े की सवारी करे – ……………
जानने की इच्छा रखने वाला – ……………
उत्तर:
1. जो विश्वास के योग्य हो – विश्वसनीय, विश्वासपात्र
2. जो निडरता से कार्य करे – निर्भीक/निडर
3. जो कभी न मरे – अमर
4. आक्रमण करने वाला – आक्रमणकारी/हमलावर
5. धर्म से सम्बन्धित – धार्मिक
6. दूर की सोचने वाला – दूरदर्शी
7. जो घोड़े की सवारी करे – घुड़सवार
8. जानने की इच्छा रखने वाला – जिज्ञासु

II. निम्नलिखित समास का विग्रह करके समास का नाम बतायें :

शस्त्र विद्या = ……………
धर्म परिवर्तन = ……………
महापुरुष = ……………
पुत्र इच्छा = ……………
युद्ध साम्रगी = ……………
भयभीत = ……………
पंजाब = ……………
उत्तर:
शस्त्र विद्या = शस्त्र की विद्या – संबंध तत्पुरुष समास
धर्म परिवर्तन = धर्म का परिवर्तन – संबंध तत्पुरुष समास
महापुरुष = महान् है पुरुष जो – कर्मधारय समास
पुत्र इच्छा = पुत्र की इच्छा – संबंध तत्पुरुष समास
युद्ध साम्रगी = युद्ध के लिए सामग्री – संप्रदान तत्पुरुष समास
भयभीत = भय से भीत – करण तत्पुरुष समास
पंजाब = पाँच आबों (नदियों) का समूह-द्विगु समास।

III. सन्धि-विच्छेद करें

अत्याचारी = ……………
युवावस्था = ……………
अल्पावस्था = ……………
भाषानुवाद = ……………
रामायण = ……………
दुर्लभ = ……………
विद्याभ्यास = ……………
सम्मान = ……………
उत्तर:
संधि विच्छेद
अत्याचारी = अति + आचारी।
युवावस्था = युवा + अवस्था।
अल्पावस्था = अल्प + अवस्था।
भाषानुवाद = भाषा + अनुवाद।
रामायण = राम + आयन।
दुर्लभ = दुः + लभ।
विद्याभ्यास = विद्या + अभ्यास।
सम्मान = सम् + मान।

IV. विशेषण बनाएँ

साहित्य + इक = साहित्यिक
सम्प्रदाय + इक = ………
धर्म + इक = ……………
संस्कृति + इक = ………
साहस + इक = …………..
स्वभाव + इक = ………..
उत्तर:
विशेषण
साहित्य + इक = साहित्यिक
सम्प्रदाय + इक = साम्प्रदायिक
धर्म + इक = धार्मिक
संस्कृति + इक = सांस्कृतिक
साहस + इक = साहसिक
स्वभाव + इक = स्वाभाविक।

V. ‘प्रहार’ और ‘प्रशिक्षित’ में ‘प्र’ उपसर्ग है। ‘निर्जीव’ में ‘निर्’ और ‘दुर्लभ’ में ‘दुर्’ उपसर्ग है। इन तीनों उपसर्गों का प्रयोग करते हुए पाँच-पाँच शब्द लिखें।

उत्तर:
प्र – प्रगति, प्रमाण, प्रवीण, प्रचण्ड, प्रवृत्ति।
निर् – निर्लज्ज, निर्लोभ, निर्बल, निर्धन, निर्जन।
दुर् – दुर्दशा, दुर्जन, दुर्गम, दुराचार, दुर्लभ।

(घ) रचनाबोध

प्रश्न 1.
गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी पर एक निबन्ध लिखें।
उत्तर:
निबन्ध-लेखन भाग देखिए।

PSEB 8th Class Hindi Guide गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी Important Questions and Answers

बहुविकल्पीय प्रश्न निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर सही विकल्प चुनकर लिखें

प्रश्न 1.
श्री गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी सिखों के कौन-से गुरु थे ?
(क) द्वितीय
(ख) चतुर्थ
(ग) अष्टम
(घ) दशम्।
उत्तर:
दशम्।

प्रश्न 2.
श्री गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी का जन्म कब हुआ था ?
(क) 22-12-1646
(ख) 22-12-1666
(ग) 22-12-1665
(घ) 22-12-1664.
उत्तर:
22-12-1666.

प्रश्न 3.
श्री गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी का जन्म कहाँ हुआ था ?
(क) पटियाला
(ख) पटना
(ग) पाटन
(घ) पालमपुर।
उत्तर:
पटना।

प्रश्न 4.
श्री गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी का बचपन का नाम क्या था ?
(क) गोबिन्द राय
(ख) गोबिन्द राम
(ग) गोबिन्द सिंह
(घ) गोबिन्द लाल।
उत्तर:
गोबिन्द्र राय।

प्रश्न 5.
श्री गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी ने गुरु पद कब ग्रहण किया था ?
(क) 11-11-1657
(ख) 11-11-1670
(ग) 11-11-1675
(घ) 11-11-1660.
उत्तर:
11-11-1675.

प्रश्न 6.
पाऊँटा साहिब का किला कब बना था?
(क) 1680
(ख) 1682
(ग) 1683
(घ) 1685.
उत्तर:
1685.

प्रश्न 7.
पाँच प्यारों का चुनाव कहाँ हुआ था ?
(क) पटना साहिब में
(ख) नांदेड़ में
(ग) आनन्दपुर साहिब में
(घ) अमृतसर में।
उत्तर:
आनन्दपुर साहिब में।

प्रश्न 8.
गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी के कितने पुत्रों ने बलिदान दिया था ? ।
(क) दो
(ख) तीन
(ग) चार
(घ) पाँच।
उत्तर:
चार।

प्रश्न 9.
‘जफरनामा’ किस भाषा की रचना है ?
(क) अरबी
(ख) फ़ारसी
(ग) संस्कृत
(घ) गुरुमुखी।
उत्तर:
फ़ारसी।

प्रश्न 10.
खालसा पंथ की स्थापना सन् 1699 ई० को किस दिन हुई थी ?
(क) लोहड़ी के
(ख) वैशाखी के
(ग) दीपावली के
(घ) दशहरा के।
उत्तर:
वैशाखी के।

गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी Summary

गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी पाठ का का सार

गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी सिखों के दशम गुरु थे। वे अनेक गणों के भंडार थे। वे धीर. वीर. त्यागी और तेजस्वी महापुरुष थे। उन्होंने देश धर्म की रक्षा के लिए अपने चारों पुत्रों का बलिदान दिया। वे महान् योद्धा थे। वे सूर्य के समान तेजस्वी थे। उन्होंने कायरों को वीर बनाया और वीरों को सिंह बना दिया था।

गुरु जी का जन्म 22 दिसम्बर, सन् 1666 ई० को पटना (बिहार) में हुआ। उनका बचपन का नाम गोबिन्द राय रखा गया। उनके पिता गुरु तेग़ बहादुर जी थे। उनकी माता जी श्रीमती गुजरी जी थीं। गोबिन्द राय जी का बचपन भी असाधारण था। शस्त्र और शास्त्र विद्या से उन्हें बड़ा प्रेम था।

गुरु तेग़ बहादुर परिवार सहित पटना से आनन्दपुर आ गए। देश में औरंगजेब का शासन था। भयभीत कश्मीरी गुरु तेग़ बहादुर जी की शरण में आए। उन्होंने हिन्दू-धर्म की रक्षा के लिए प्रार्थना की। गुरु तेग़ बहादुर जी ने कहा-“स्थिति किसी महापुरुष का बलिदान चाहती है।” पास बैठे नौं वर्षीय पुत्र गोबिन्द राय ने कहा-“पिता जी, आप से बढ़ कर बलिदान योग्य महापुरुष कौन हो सकता है ?” पुत्र की इच्छा को समझ कर गुरु जी ने दिल्ली पहुँच कर चाँदनी चौक में अपना शीश भेंट कर दिया।

श्री गोबिन्द राय ने 11 नवम्बर, सन् 1675 को गुरु-पद ग्रहण किया। उन्होंने गुरु-गद्दी पर बैठकर ही धर्म की रक्षा का बीड़ा उठाया। उन्होंने पाँच सिखों को संस्कृत पढ़ने के लिए काशी भेजा। सन् 1685 ई० में उन्होंने यमुना के किनारे एक किला बनवाया जिसका नाम पाऊँटा साहिब रखा गया। वहाँ गुरु जी ने अपनी सैन्य शक्ति को बढ़ाया। गुरु जी की बढ़ती शक्ति से पहाड़ी राजा उनके शत्रु बन गए। औरंगजेब भी क्रोधित हो उठा। सन् 1699 ई० में वैशाखी के दिन गुरु जी ने आनन्दपुर साहिब में दरबार सजाया। वहाँ आपने पाँच प्यारों का चुनाव किया। वहाँ खालसा पंथ की स्थापना की। गुरु जी ने अपना नाम गोबिन्द सिंह रखा। धर्म की रक्षा करने के लिए अन्याय तथा अत्याचार के विरुद्ध संघर्ष किया। उन्होंने अपने चारों पुत्रों को देश धर्म के लिए बलिदान कर दिया।
गुरु जी ने औरंगज़ेब को फ़ारसी में एक पत्र लिखा। इसे ‘जफ़रनामा’ कहा जाता है। औरंगज़ेब को इसमें धिक्कारा गया था। गुरु जी नन्देड़ (महाराष्ट्र) में रहने लगे। वहाँ से उन्होंने बन्दा बहादुर को अत्याचार का दमन करने के लिए पंजाब भेजा। उसने सरहिन्द की ईंट से ईंट बजा दी। गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी 7 अक्तूबर, सन् 1708 ई० को स्वर्ग सिधार गए। उनके महान् आदर्श आज भी हमारे प्रेरणा स्रोत हैं।

 

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 6 मुँह बोले बेटे Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Hindi Chapter 6 मुँह बोले बेटे

Hindi Guide for Class 8 PSEB मुँह बोले बेटे Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) भाषा बोध

I. शब्दार्थ

दुर्घटना = दुर् + घटना = बुरी घटना
असमर्थ = शक्ति के बाहर
निरुत्तर = निर् + उत्तर = उत्तर न देना
गति = चाल
चौकस = सतर्क
शीघ्र = जल्दी
फुर्ती = तेजी
अनुरोध = प्रार्थना
लथपथ = भीगा हुआ, तर। .
समीप = पास
दर्पण = शीशा
पर्याप्त = काफी
इशारा = संकेत
दंग = हैरान
तिराहा = तीन रास्तों का समूह
प्रभाव = असर।

II. इन शब्दों को अपने वाक्यों में प्रयुक्त करें

दुर्घटना – ……………..
निरुत्तर – ……………..
चौकस – ……………..
लथपथ – ……………..
प्रभाव – ……………..
दंग – ……………..
उत्तर:
दुर्घटना – बस दुर्घटना में कई लोग मारे गए।
निरुत्तर – गुरु जी के कथन पर सब निरुत्तर हो गए।
चौकस – यात्रा करते समय चौकस रहना चाहिए।
लथपथ – सब घायल खून से लथपथ थे।
प्रभाव – महात्मा जी के भाषण का बड़ा प्रभाव हुआ।
दंग – मोहन के आने पर सब दंग रह गए।

III. मुहावरों का वाक्यों में प्रयोग करें

1.  झाँसा देना – ……………..
2. चम्पत हो जाना – ……………..
3. जान में जान आना – ……………..
4. धोखा खाना – ……………..
5. आँख लगना – ……………..
6. लहूलुहान होना – ……………..
7. जान के लाले पड़ना – ……………..
8. ढांढ़स बंधाना – ……………..
9. साँस फूलना – ……………..
10. दंग रह जाना – ……………..
11. चपेट में आ जाना – ……………..
12. चौकसी बरतना – ……………..
13. बंटाधार हो जाना – ……………..
उत्तर:
1. झाँसा देना – आज के राजनीतिज्ञ जनता को झांसा देने में बहुत चतुर हैं।
2. चम्पत हो जाना – लुटेरा पुलिस को देखते ही चम्पत हो गया।
3. जान में जान आना – सुरेश के सकुशल लौटने पर सब की जान में जान आ गई।
4. धोखा खाना – जनता नेताओं से बार-बार धोखा खाती रहती है।
5. आँख लगना – ठण्डी हवा के झोंके से सुधा की आँख लग गई।
6. लहूलुहान होना – दुर्घटना में सभी यात्री लहूलुहान हो गए।
7. जान के लाले पड़ना – सब यात्रियों को अपनी-अपनी जान के लाले पड़े थे।
8. ढांढ़स बंधाना – दुर्घटना स्थल पर लोगों ने बढिया को ढांढस बंधाया।
9. साँस फूलना – पहाड़ी की चढ़ाई पर साँस फूलने लगता है।
10. दंग रह जाना – छोटी-सी बच्ची की चतुराई भरी बातें सुन कर मैं तो दंग रह गया हूँ।
11. चपेट में आ जाना – दो कारों की टक्कर की चपेट में बेचारा साइकिल वाला भी आ गया था।
12. चौकसी बरतना – बिजली के उपकरणों को हाथ लगाते समय हमेशा चौकसी बरतनी चाहिए।
13.बंटाधार हो जाना – तुम्हारे बहकावे में आकर मेरी परीक्षा का भी बंटाधार हो गया है।

(ख) विषय बोध

I रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति करें

(1) दो बसों की ……….. हो गई थी।
उत्तर:
टक्कर

(2) मार्च का ……….. था।
उत्तर:
महीना

(3) नौजवान …… वाली दुकान से …. खरीद लाया।
उत्तर:
दवाइयों, टीका

(4) हम ……… पास हैं।
उत्तर:
बी० ए०

(5) नौकरी की ………… में हैं।
उत्तर:
तलाश।

II. इन प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो वाक्यों में लिखें :

प्रश्न (क)
घटना स्थल से शिमला कितनी दूर था?
उत्तर:
घटना स्थल से शिमला पाँच मील दूर था।

प्रश्न (ख)
सोहन लाल खन्ना चण्डीगढ़ से कहाँ जा रहे थे?
उत्तर:
सोहन लाल खन्ना चण्डीगढ़ से शिमला जा रहे थे।

प्रश्न (ग)
डॉ० सोहन लाल खन्ना बस से उतरने के लिए कितनी देर इन्तजार करते रहे?
उत्तर:
सोहन लाल खन्ना बस से उतरने के लिए पाँच मिनट इन्तजार करते रहे।

प्रश्न (घ)
जब दुर्घटना घटित हुई तब कौन-सा महीना था?
उत्तर:
जब दुर्घटना घटी, उस समय मार्च का महीना था।

प्रश्न (ङ)
कितने युवक डॉ० खन्ना की ओर लपके ?
उत्तर:
दो युवक डॉ० खन्ना की ओर लपके।

III. इन प्रश्नों के उत्तर चार या पाँच वाक्यों में लिखें :

प्रश्न (क)
दुर्घटना होने के बाद जब डॉ० खन्ना की आँख खुली तो उन्होंने क्या अनुभव किया?
उत्तर:
जब बसों के टकराने से डॉ० खन्ना की आँख खुली तो वह दस-बीस सैकण्ड तक यह न समझ पाये कि वह सपना देख रहे थे कि सचमुच कोई दुर्घटना हुई है। उनके निचले होंठ और ठोडी के बीच के भाग से खून टपक रहा था। उन्हें दर्द हो रही थी। उन के सफेद स्वैटर पे खून के धब्बे थे।

प्रश्न (ख)
दोनों लड़कों ने डॉ० खन्ना की किस प्रकार सहायता की?
उत्तर:
दोनों लड़कों ने डॉ० खन्ना की बहुत सहायता की। बस से उतरने पर उनका भारी सामान उठा लिया। फिर वे उन्हें घायल अवस्था में एक अस्पताल ले गए। अपने पास से पैसे खर्च करके उन्हें टीका लगवाया। तदन्तर उन्हें पंचायत भवन पहुंचाया।

प्रश्न (ग)
‘मुँह बोले बेटे’ कहानी का उद्देश्य स्पष्ट करें।
उत्तर:
‘मुँह बोले बेटे’ कहानी का उद्देश्य यह है कि मुसीबत और कष्ट में फंसे व्यक्ति की नि:स्वार्थ भाव से सहायता करनी चाहिए। स्वयं कष्ट सहकर भी दूसरों की मदद करनी चाहिए। व्यर्थ में किसी पर सन्देह नहीं करना चाहिए। सभी इन्सान स्वार्थी या धोखेबाज नहीं होते। बेरोज़गार और सुविधाविहीन लोग भी परोपकारी होते हैं और वे सेवाभाव का कोई मूल्य नहीं चाहते।

(ग) व्यावहारिक व्याकरण

I. कारक ढूंढ़ कर नाम बताएँ

(1) दो बसों की टक्कर हो गई।
(2) चण्डीगढ़ से शिमला के लिए चले थे।’
(3) बाज़ार में काफ़ी भीड़ थी।
(4) लड़कों ने डॉ० खन्ना की बहुत सेवा की।
(5) दोनों लड़के डॉ० खन्ना के मुँह बोले बेटे बन गए।
(6) डॉ० खन्ना ने अपनी आप बीती सुनाई।
(7) स्ट्रेचर से उतर कर चप्पल पहनी।
(8) हे भगवान्! रक्षा करो।
(9) लड़कों को पैसे दिए।
(10) दर्पण में देखना चाहते थे।
उत्तर:
(1) बसों की-सम्बन्ध
(2) चण्डीगढ़ से-अपादान, शिमला के लिए-कर्म
(3) बाज़ार में-अधिकरण
(4) लड़कों ने-करण, खन्ना का-संबंध।
(5) दोनों लड़केकर्ता, खन्ना के-संबंध
(6) खन्ना ने-कर्ता
(7) स्ट्रेचर से-अपादान
(8) हे भगवान्संबोधन
(9) लड़कों को-सम्प्रदान
(10) दर्पण में-अधिकरण।

II. इन वाक्यों में सकर्मक क्रिया पर गोला लगायें तथा अकर्मक क्रिया को रेखांकित करें :

(i) दो बसों की टक्कर हो गई थी।
(ii) नींद का झोंका आया।
(ii) वे खिड़की से सटी सीट पर बैठे थे।
(iv) दोनों एक साथ बोले।
(v) खन्ना साहब ने दोनों ओर निगाह दौड़ाई।
(vi) दोपहर का समय था।
(vii) उसने अपना वाहन रोक दिया।
(viii) मार्च का महीना था।
उत्तर:
(i) बसों की टक्कर हो गई-सकर्मक
(ii) नींद का झोंका आया-अकर्मक
(iii) सीट पर बैठे थे-सकर्मक
(iv) दोनों एक साथ बोले-अकर्मक
(v) दोनों ओर निगाह दौड़ाई-अकर्मक
(vi) दोपहर का समय था-अकर्मक
(vii) वाहन रोक दिया-सकर्मक
(viii) मार्च का महीना था-अकर्मक।

III. विराम चिह्न लगायें

• एक युवक ने हँसते हुए कहा हम ही आपको पंचायत भवन पहुँचाएँगे
• बस हमारे पीछे पीछे चले आओ
• मुँह खोलने में कष्ट होने पर भी शिष्टाचार के नाते उन्होंने पूछ ही लिया बेटा तुम क्या काम करते हो
• डॉक्टर ने पूछा कहिए दादा कैसा लग रहा है
• उन्होंने कहा हाँ अब ठीक हूँ

उत्तर:

• एक युवक ने हँसते हुए कहा- “हम ही आपको ‘पंचायत भवन’ पहुँचाएँगे।” ।
• बस, हमारे पीछे-पीछे चले आओ।
• मुँह खोलने में कष्ट होने पर भी शिष्टाचार के नाते उन्होंने पूछ ही लिया, “बेटा! तुम क्या काम करते हो?”
• डॉक्टर ने पूछा, “कहिए दादा! कैसा लग रहा है?”
• उन्होंने कहा, “हाँ! अब ठीक हूँ।”

IV. विशेषण बनायें।

नीचे = निचला
ऊपर = …………….
आगे = …………….
भीतर = …………….
पीछे = …………….
बाहर = …………….
उत्तर:
नीचे = निचला
ऊपर = ऊपरी
आगे = अगला
भीतर = भीतरी
पीछे = पिछला
बाहर = बाहरी।

V. यद्यपि-तथापि, जो-सो, यदि-तो, क्योंकि-इसलिए आदि योजकों को प्रयोग करते हुए वाक्य बनाएँ।

उत्तर:
यद्यपि-तथापि – यद्यपि वह ग़रीब है, तथापि ईमानदार है।
जो-सो – जो उचित समझो, सो लिखो।
यदि-तो – यदि तुम वहाँ गए तो मेरा काम करते आना।।
क्योंकि-इसलिए – क्योंकि वह बीमार हो गया, इसलिए परीक्षा नहीं दे सका।

VI. शब्दों के शुद्ध रूप लिखें

दूरघटना – …………….
लहूलुहान – …………….
सवारिया – …………….
वयोवरदध – …………….
अनूरोध – …………….
उत्तर:
अशुद्ध रूप – शुद्ध रूप
दूरघटना – दुर्घटना
लहूलूहान – लहूलुहान
सवारिया – सवारियाँ
वयोवरदध – वयोवृद्ध
अनूरोध – अनुरोध।

VII. समस्त पद विग्रह करें

पंचायत-भवन = …………….
दुर्घटना-स्थल = …………….
गंतव्य-स्थलों = …………….
उत्तर:
(1) पंचायत का भवन।
(2) दुर्घटना का स्थल।
(3) गंतव्य का स्थल।

(घ) रचना भाग

I. अपने मित्र को आँखों देखी दुर्घटना का विवरण देते हुए पत्र लिखो।

उत्तर:
181-मॉडल टाऊन,
पटियाला।
दिसंबर 18, 20….
प्रिय परमजीत,
नमस्ते।

आशा है कि घर में सभी प्रसन्नचित होंगे। मैं काफी दिन से तुम्हें पत्र लिखने की सोच रहा था। लेकिन परीक्षाओं के कारण ऐसा नहीं कर पाया। आज स्कूल से लौटते समय मैंने एक ऐसी दुर्घटना देखी जिसे तुम्हें बताने के लिए मैं चाह कर भी स्वयं को रोक नहीं पा रहा हूँ। तुम्हें तो पता ही है कि मेरा स्कूल और घर का फासला बहुत कम है और मुझे वहाँ पहुंचने में मुश्किल से पांच मिनट लगते हैं। आज जब छुट्टी के बाद मैं स्कूल से घर की ओर चला तो स्कूल के गेट से कुछ आगे एक मोटा आवारा सांड सड़क किनारे खड़ा था। वह बिल्कुल शांत था। एक रिक्शा चालक वहीं पास ही सड़क पर खड़ा था। शायद वह सवारी का इंतजार कर रहा था। अचानक सांड को पता नहीं क्या हुआ? उसने दो-तीन बार अपने अगले खुर जमीन पर ज़ोर से मारे और उस रिक्शा चालक की ओर सिर झुका कर तेज़ी से भागा और सीधा उसके पेट में टक्कर मार दी। उसके सींग उस बेचारे के पेट में जा घुसे। सांड ने अपना सिर पीछे किया। खून से रंगा हुआ रिक्शा चालक चीख भी नहीं पाया था कि सांड ने उसे अपने पाँव से कुचल डाला। जब तक लोग सांड को काबू कर पाते तब तक बेचारा रिक्शा वाला खून से लथपथ सड़क किनारे मृत रूप में पड़ा था। यह देखकर सब सन्न रह गए थे। यह दृश्य मेरे लिए अति भयानक था। ईश्वर ऐसा कभी किसी को न दिखाए। मेरा मन अभी भी अन्दर ही अन्दर डर रहा है। बाकी फिर कभी लिखूगा।
माता-पिता जी को मेरा प्रणाम कहना।
तुम्हारा मित्र,
रमनीत सिंह।

II. यदि आपकी किसी ने संकट के समय सहायता की हो तो उसे 50 शब्दों में लिखें।

उत्तर:
पिछले सोमवार मैं स्कूल नहीं गया था। पेट में तेज दर्द था जो दवाई लेने के बाद भी ठीक नहीं हुआ था। मम्मी ने मुझे स्कूल न जाने के लिए कहा था और स्वयं ही पड़ोस में रहने वाले आलोक को मेरी छुट्टी का प्रार्थना-पत्र दे आई थी। लगभग दो-तीन घंटे बाद पेट दर्द ठीक हो गया और मैं पिता जी की दुकान पर चला गया। उन्होंने मुझे बिजली का बिल जमा कराने के लिए पैसे दिए। मैं साइकिल पर बिल जमा कराने गया। बिल जमा करा के जब लौट रहा था तो मेरा साइकिल एक स्कूटर वाले से टकरा गया। मैं सड़क पर जा गिरा था। मेरा सिर सड़क से टकरा गया था। मुझे इसके बाद कुछ पता नहीं। मुझे एक आदमी उठा कर डॉक्टर के पास ले गया था। मेरी आँखें जब खुली तो वह मेरे पास था। उसने मेरी पट्टी करवाई थी। वही मुझे मेरे घर छोड़ कर गया था। मैं उसकी सद्भावना और सहायता को अपने जीवन में कभी नहीं भुला पाऊँगा।

PSEB 8th Class Hindi Guide मुँह बोले बेटे Important Questions and Answers

बहुविकल्पीय प्रश्न निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर सही विकल्प चुनकर.लिखें

प्रश्न 1.
एक बस चण्डीगढ़ से कहाँ जा रही थी ?
(क) कांगड़ा
(ख) मनाली
(ग) शिमला
(घ) सोलन।
उत्तर:
शिमला।

प्रश्न 2.
दूसरी बस शिमला से कहाँ जा रही थी ?
(क) चण्डीगढ़
(ख) रोपड़
(ग) अमृतसर
(घ) लुधियाना।
उत्तर:
चण्डीगढ़।

प्रश्न 3.
किस बस का ड्राइवर खून से लथपथ था ?
(क) शिमला की
(ख) चण्डीगढ़ की
(ग) सोलन की
(घ) रोपड़ की।
उत्तर:
चण्डीगढ़ की।

प्रश्न 4.
डॉ० सोहनलाल खन्ना किस सीट पर बैठे थे ?
(क) सातवीं
(ख) आठवीं
(घ) दसवीं।
उत्तर:
नौवीं।

प्रश्न 5.
एम्बुलेंस कितने घायलों को अस्पताल ले गई ?
(क) चार
(ख) पाँच
(ग) छः
(घ) सात।
उत्तर:
छः।

प्रश्न 6.
वैन के किस ड्राइवर ने खन्ना साहब को अस्पताल तक पहुँचाया ?
(क) पारसी
(ख) खान
(ग) सिक्ख
(घ) पंडित।
उत्तर:
सिक्ख।

प्रश्न 7.
खन्ना साहब को युवकों ने कहाँ पहुँचाया ?
(क) उनके घर
(ख) पंचायत भवन
(ग) होटल
(घ) धर्मशाला।
उत्तर:
पंचायत भवन।

प्रश्न 8.
कितने युवकों ने खन्ना साहब की सहायता की ?
(क) दो
(ख) तीन
(ग) चार
(घ) पांच।
उत्तर:
दो।

प्रश्न 9.
युक्क खन्ना साहब के लिए क्या खरीद कर लाए ?
(क) फल
(ख) भोजन
(ग) टीका
(घ) दवा।
उत्तर:
टीका

प्रश्न 10.
खन्ना साहब ने युवकों को कितने रुपए का नोट देना चाहा ?
(क) पचास
(ख) सौ
(ग) दो सौ
(घ) पाँच सौ।
उत्तर:
पचास।

प्रश्न 11.
युवक कितने पढ़े-लिखे थे ?
(क) मैट्रिक
(ख) बारहवीं
(ग) बी. ए.
(घ) एम. ए.।
उत्तर:
बी.ए.।

प्रश्न 12.
युवकों को किसकी तलाश थी ?
(क) मकान की
(ख) भोजन की
(ग) नौकरी की
(घ) समान की।
उत्तर:
समान की।

मुँह बोले बेटे Summary

मुँह बोले बेटे कहानी का सार

‘मुँह बोले बेटे’ नामक कहानी इन्सानियत का पाठ पढ़ाने वाली एक कहानी है। दो बसों में टक्कर हो गई। एक बस चण्डीगढ़ से शिमला जा रही थी, दूसरी शिमला से चण्डीगढ़। चण्डीगढ़ वाली बस का ड्राइवर खून से लथपथ अपनी सीट में फँसा कराह रहा था। डॉ० सोहन लाल खन्ना नौवीं सीट पर बैठे थे। वह शिमला जा रहे थे। वे नींद के झोंके में थे। जैसे ही टक्कर हुई वह अगली सीट से टकरा गए। खून की कुछ बूंदें टपक पड़ी। सभी सवारियों को अपनी जान के लाले पड़े थे। सभी बस से उतरने लगे। सब उतरने की जल्दी में थे। डॉ० सोहन लाल खन्ना सब के बाद बस से उतर सके। उनका रुमाल खून से तर-बतर हो चुका था। बस से उतरने पर दो युवक खन्ना साहब की ओर बढ़े। एक ने उनका अटैची थाम लिया और दूसरे ने बैग।

पुलिस की सूचना पर एक एम्बुलेंस की गाड़ी आई। वह छः घायलों को अस्पताल ले गई। इनमें एक महिला भी थीं। रोकने पर भी कोई वाहन वहाँ न रुकता था। लोग दुर्घटना के लिए कंकरीट को दोष दे रहे थे। खन्ना साहब को यह डर था कि कहीं दोनों युवक सामान लेकर चंपत न हो जाएं। युवकों के अनुरोध पर खन्ना साहिब ने पहाड़ी सड़क पर चढ़ने का इरादा बना लिया। एक किलोमीटर चलने के बाद तिराहा आया। इतने में एक वैन आई। उसका ड्राइवर एक सिक्ख नौजवान था। वह उन्हें अस्पताल तक पहुँचाने को तैयार हो गया। दोनों युवक और खन्ना साहब उसमें सवार हो गए। दस-बारह मिनट बाद वैन एक चौड़ी सड़क पर जा रुकी। अब तीनों अस्पताल तक पहुँचने के लिए छोटे रास्ते पर चल पड़े। खन्ना साहब अब भी शंकित थे। थोड़ी देर में एक सरकारी अस्पताल में पहुँच गए। डॉक्टर ने खन्ना साहब को स्ट्रेचर पर लिटाया और चोट पर दवाई का फाहा रख दिया। डॉक्टर के कहने पर एक नौजवान दवाइयों वाली दुकान से टीका खरीद लाया।

खन्ना साहब की कमर में टीका लगाया गया। खन्ना साहब ने स्वस्थ मन से कहाअब वह ठीक है। पहाड़ी-साहित्य-गोष्ठी का समय दस बजे था। खन्ना साहब ने कहाडॉक्टर साहब आपका भी धन्यवाद है, और इन दोनों बेटों का भी। उन्होंने लड़कों से कहा बेटा ! इंजैक्शन कितने का आया ? अपने पैसे ले लो। मुझे एक कुली कर दो, जो पंचायतभवन पहुँचा दे। एक युवक ने हँसते हुए कहा-हम ही आपको पंचायत भवन पहुँचाएंगे।

दूसरे ने कहा-वहीं आपसे इंजैक्शन के पैसे ले लेंगे। डॉक्टर की फीस और माल ढुलाई का भाड़ा भी लेंगे। तीनों पंचायत भवन की ओर चल पड़े। पूछने पर दोनों युवकों ने बताया कि वे बी० ए० पास थे और वे किसी नौकरी की तलाश में थे। अब खन्ना साहब पंचायत भवन पहुँच गए थे। खन्ना साहब ने लड़कों को पचास रुपये का नोट देते हुए कहा-‘बेटा’, यह लो दवाई के पैसे। अपने घर का पता बता दो। युवकों ने कहा-आपने हमें बार-बार बेटा कहा है। पैसे देकर हमारी इन्सानियत पर धब्बा न लगाएं। खन्ना साहब के मन में उन ‘मुँह बोले बेटों’ के सद् कारनामे याद आने लगे।