This PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 1 Kharif Crops will help you in revision during exams.
PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 1 Kharif Crops
→ Kharif crops are sown in June-July or during the monsoon season.
→ Kharif crops are harvested in October-November.
→ Kharif crops are categorized as cereals, pulses and oilseed, cotton, cane, Kharif fodders.
→ Some of the Kharif cereal crops are Rice, Basmati, Maize, Mash, Groundnut, Cotton, Sugarcane, Sorghum, and Bajra.
→ Paddy is also known as Jeeri, dhaan, Jhona.
→ China is at the top position in the production of rice, and in India West, Bengal is at the top position.
→ The area under the cultivation of Paddy is 28 lakh hectares in Punjab.
→ The average production from this is 60 quintals per hectare.
→ Paddy crop needs high temperature, high humidity, prolonged sunshine, a lot of water for its growth.
→ Medium to heavy soil is good for Paddy. Loamy soils are the best.
→ Improved varieties of rice are P.R.123, P.R.122, P.R.121, P.R.118, P.R.116, P.R.124.
→ The seed rate or seed requirement for rice is 8 kg per acre sown in an area of about 6.5 maria nurseries.
→ The time of nursery sowing for rice is from 15th to 30th May.
→ Nursery is grown on polythene sheets if a paddy transplanter (mechanical planter) is used for transplanting.
→ Transplanting of the seedlings is done in the second fortnight of June when seedlings become 20-25 cm tall or have 6-7 days.
→ Weeds like Swank and Mothers are found in the Paddy crop.
→ Direct seeding of rice is recommended for medium to heavy soils.
→ The crop should be harvested when the ears are nearly ripe and straw has turned yellow.
→ Insects that affect the paddy crop are rice stemborer, leaf folder, planthopper, and his.
→ Varieties of Basmati rice are Punjab basmati-3, Pusa Punjab basmati-1509, Pusa basmati-1121.
→ Nursery of Pusa basmati 1509 is sown in the second fortnight of June and that of Punjab Basmati 3 and Pusa basmati 1121 is sown in the first fortnight of June.
→ High doses of nitrogen application to basmati should be avoided.
→ In the production of Maize, the United States of America is at the top position in the world whereas Andhra Pradesh is at the top position in India.
→ Maize occupies 1 lakh 25 thousand hectares of area in Punjab. The average yield of maize is 15 quintals per acre.
→ Maize needs an environment that is considerably moist and warm from germination to flowering.
→ Varieties of Maize PMHl, PMH2 are for normal use and special purpose varieties are Punjab Sweet Corn-1 and Pearl Popcorn.
→ The seed rate for Pearl popcorn is 7 kg per acre whereas for other varieties it is 8 kg per acre.
→ Maize is sown from the end of May to the last week of June.
→ 4-6 irrigations are required for maize.
→ Mainly maize borer pest affects the maize crop.
→ Diseases that affect maize are seed rot and blight, stalk rot, etc.
→ Kharif pulse crops are Moong, Mash and Oilseed crops are groundnut and sesamum.
→ Soybean belongs to both pulses as well as oilseed categories.
→ India is a leading country in the production of pulses but the consumption of pulse is also high in India. Therefore there is a need to import pulses.
→ Moong crop occupies 5 thousand hectares in Punjab. Its average yield is 350 kg per acre.
→ Moong requires a hot climate. Well-drained loamy to a loam soil is suitable for Moong.
→ Soils which are saline-alkaline or waterlogged are not suitable for Moong.
→ Improved varieties of Moong are PAU-911, M.L.-818.
→ Moong is sown in the second fortnight of July.
→ Weeds are controlled in Moong by using Basalin and Treflan before sowing.
→ Harvest the Moong crop when about 80% of pods are mature.
→ Moong crop can be attacked by green Jasid, whitefly, hairy caterpillar, pod borer, aphid, etc.
→ Mash cultivation spreads over an area of 2 thousand hectares in Punjab and its average yield is 180 kg per acre.
→ Improved varieties of Mash are Mash 114, Mash 338.
→ When most of the leaves shed and pods turn greyish black, then harvest the crop.
→ The United States of America is at the top position in the world and Madhya Pradesh is at the top position in India, in the production of Soyafcean.
→ Some of the major uses of Soyabean – edible oil, soya milk and its products, bakery products, antibiotics, and fresh green beans.
→ Soybean requires a warm climate.
→ Improved varieties of Soyabean are S.L.-958, S.L.-744.
→ The seed rate for Soyabean is 25-30 kg seed per acre.
→ Soybean is sown in the first fortnight of June.
→ The crop is ready to harvest when all the leaves fall off and the color of pods changed.
→ Insects that attack soybean are hairy caterpillars, whitefly, etc.
→ A disease that can affect Soyabean yellow mosaic virus.
→ The highest oilseed producing country in the world is the United States of America and the highest oilseed producing state in India is Rajasthan.
→ Groundnut production is highest in China in the world and in India, it is in Gujarat.
→ Groundnut occupies 1500 hectares in Punjab.
→ The average yield of groundnut in Punjab is 7 quintals per acre.
→ Varieties of groundnut are S.G. 99, S.G. 84.
→ The seed rate (Kernels) for groundnut is 38-40 kg per acre.
→ The crop of groundnut is mature, it is indicated by uniform yellowing of the leaves and when older leaves fall off.
→ Insects/Pests which attack groundnut are Aphid, white grub, and hairy caterpillar.
→ Diseases that affect groundnut – collar rot, seed rot, Tikka, or Cercospora leaf-spot.
→ Cotton is sowed for textile and sugarcane is sown for getting sugar.
→ The fodder crop of Kharif is maize, Sorghum, and Bajra.
→ The highest production of cotton is in China in the world and in Gujarat in India.
→ Cotton occupies 5 lakh hectares in Punjab.
→ The average lint yield is 230 kg per acre in Punjab.
→ A hot and dry climate is needed for cotton.
→ Varieties of cotton are
- B.T. varieties – RCH 650, NCS 855, Ankur 3028, MRC 7017,
- non-B.T hybrid varieties – LHH-144,
- Normal varieties – L.H. 2108.
→ Desi cotton varieties-hybrid-PAU 626H, Simple variety F.D.K.124, L.D. 694.
→ The time of sowing for cotton is 1 April to 15 May.
→ Weeds found in cotton are It sit, Madhana/Makra, etc.
→ Pests/insects of cotton – Sucking pests like Jassid, aphid, whitefly, and mealybug. Tobacco caterpillar, pink bollworm, spotted bollworm, American bollworm.
→ Diseases of cotton are Leaf curl, bacterial Wight, wilt, track, and para will.
→ Production of sugarcane is highest in Brazil in the world and in India it is in Uttar Pradesh.
→ Sugarcane occupies 80 thousand hectares in Punjab.
→ The yield of sugarcane is about 280 quintals per acre. The average recovery of sugar is 9.4% from this.
→ A hot climate is required for sugarcane (i.e. tropical climate). Well-drained loamy soil is suitable for sugarcane.
→ Spring cane varieties are early maturing varieties that are CoJ-89.
→ Seed rate for cane crop is twenty thousand three budded set or four budded sets 15 thousand, or five budded sets-12 thousand for one acre.
→ Cane is sown from mid-February to the end of March.
→ Autumn cane crop varieties are CoJ-85, CoJ -83.
→ Autumn cane crop is sown from 20 September to 20 October.
→ Pests that may attack cane crops are Pyrilla, whitefly, termite, and different types of borers.
→ Diseases that may affect cane crops are Red rot, smut, wilt, red stripe, top rot, and stinking rot.
→ An adult animal needs 40 kg of green fodder per day.
→ Maize is the major fodder crop of Kharif. It is available for harvesting in 50 to 60 days.
→ The maize crop used for fodder is J-1006.
→ The seed rate for fodder crops of maize is 30 kg per acre.
→ Animals are happier to eat Sorghum (Jowar or chart).
→ Sorghum needs a hot and dry climate.
→ Varieties of Sorghum are S.L. 44.
→ The seed rate for Sorghum is 20-25 kg per acre.
→ To get early green fodder, Sorghum is sown in the middle of March.
→ The suitable time for sowing sorghum is from mid of June to mid of July.
→ More nutrients become available from Sorghum if harvesting is done from pre-boot to milk stage.
→ Varieties of Bajra (pearl millet) are P.H.B.F-1, F.B.C-16.
→ The seed rate for Bajra is 6-8 kg per acre.
→ Insects/pests for the Bajra crop are Root bugs, grasshoppers.
→ Diseases of bajra are green ear, downy mildew, and ergot.