Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 13 National Integration Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.
PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 13 National Integration
Long Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Define National Integration. Write suggestions to solve the problems of National Integration in India.
Or
Define National Integration. Explain the difficulties faced in way of National Integration.
Or
Explain three obstacles in the way of National Integration and also give any three suggestions to maintain National Integration in India.
Answer:
National Integration is our basic need. It means national unity or combining all the people of the nation into a single whole. It is a particular sentiment that binds together all people in one common bond. National integration refers to social and political integration within a nation-state. National integration is identifiable by the psychological or attitudinal criterion of an individual’s sense of belonging to his or her own nation. National integration includes nation-building and state-building.
A psychological and educational process……… involving the development of a feeling of unity, solidarity and cohesion, in the hearts of people, a sense of common citizenship (destiny) and a feeling of loyalty to the nation.
National Integration promotes political stability. It is essential to preserve our hard won independence. This problem has assumed new dimensions due to disruptive and divisive forces of communalism and linguism which are raising their ugly head in different parts of the country.
Today India is free but it is like a house divided against its own self. Instead of national integration or unity there is national disintegration. Anti-social and anti-national forces are gaining ground. Prof. R. Bhaskaran rightly observes that we feel the dire need of national integration as there is every fear that clashes can occur here in India due to casteism, communalism, linguism and provincialism. These are the expressions of narrow outlook and activities of the citizens and groups who pursue personal interests above national interests. Though the Indian government has strived to solve the problem of national integration, yet it exists even today.
Hindrances in The Way of National Integration:
There are innumerable hindrances in the way of National Integration owing to linguistic fanaticism, regionalism, separatist tendencies and communalism. Some of these obstacles are as under:
1. Language:
India is a multi-lingual nation. According to the population statistics collected in 1961, 1018 languages are spoken in India and 26 are prominent. They are Hindi, Punjabi, Assamese, Gujarati, Marathi, Bengali, Urdu, English, Tamil, Sindhi, etc. The states were reorganised in 1956 on the lingual basis to promote national integration. But it too, couldn’t solve the problem. Clashes took place in Mumbai over Gujarati and Marathi languages resulting in the division of Mumbai into two parts—Maharashtra and Gujarat in 1960.
Punjab was reconstituted in 1966 on lingual basis, resulting in the formation of Haryana. There is wide-spread grouping in India on the language issue and people are averse to consider this problem open-mindedly, so much so that even now there is no consensus about the national language and though the Constitution has made Hindi the official language, it has been opposed by the southern states in general and by Tamil Nadu in particular.
2. Communalism:
Communalism poses a strong challenge to National Integration. India was partitioned because of Hindu-Muslim communalism and these communal disputes are recurrent even in free India. Communal riots many a time took place in Ranchi, Jabalpur, Indore, Ahmedabad, Aligarh, Muradabad, Jammu & Kashmir. No part of the country is free from communal disturbances. In some parts of the country, religious places are being used for political purposes which is most unfortunate. The communal feelings totally mar the feeling of national unity and hinder the path of National Integration.
3. Casteism:
Casteism is another obstruction in the way of National Integration. Dr. Radhakrishnan, the then Vice-President of India, expressed his view in this context while addressing the first National Integration Conference. He opined that casteism is to be eliminated as a social evil, but it has emerged as a political and administrative evil. Casteism is being staked to win elections and absorb more people in jobs. Shri Jai Prakash Narayan once commented— casteism is the most prominent political party in India. Casteism has crept even into administrative fields.
4. Regionalism:
Regionalism poses another threat to National Integration. Regionalism is largely an outcome of economic and political reasons. The regions which are backward economically launch agitations for their economic development. Even political parties resort to regionalism to strengthen their stand. Akali Dal in Punjab, D.M.K. and Anna D.M.K. in Tamil Nadu, Telgu Desam in Andhra Pardesh —all depended upon regionalism to make themselves strong.
5. Poverty:
Poverty is the greatest hindrance in the way of National Integration. Indian society is replete with poverty. The poor are frustrated to see another class of society being prosperous and so the desperate politicans exploit it to satisfy their political ambitions.
6. Unacceptability of the basic values of the Constitution:
All the political parties do not accept the basic values of the Constitution. The communist and communal parties primarily are opposed to the basic values of Constitution.
7. Lack of Education:Majority of the people in India are illiterate and so the leaders with vested interests easily lead the common people to the path of agitation. Selfish political leaders play with the sentiments of innocent people in the name of religion, caste, language and provincialism to grind, their own axe.
8. Failure of Socialism:
According to Prof. Govind Ram Verma, failure of socialism has all the more complicated problem of National Integration. Had socialism succeeded, all would have enjoyed its fruit. But now unemployment, backwardness, poverty, economic inequality discourage emotional integration creating various political problems.
9. Corruption:
Indian Administration is the very embodiment of corruption which hinders National Integration. People have lost faith in Administration and an atmosphere of chaos and misrule prevails. Such disruptive tendencies severely challenge National Integration.
10. Government’s Policy:
The Government’s policy is considered to be another obstacle in the process of National Integration. The government has miserably failed in curbing disintegrating forces. The Congress leaders have raised voices against casteism, regionalism, communalism from time to time, but it has promoted regionalism and casteism in practice.
11. Sons of the Soil Theory:
Sons of the Soil theory is a serious threat to National Integration. This theory has practically nullified the concept of single Indian citizenship, thereby shaking the very foundation of India’s national unity.
12. Role of Political Parties:
The role of some of the political parties in the process of national integration has been disintegrative and negative. Regional Political Parties have spread the virus of communalism and casteism in the country and thereby they have weakened the process of national integration.
Methods to Remove Hindrances in the way of National Integration:
It is imperative to eliminate all obstacles to achieve National Integration. Here are some of the steps to get rid of these stumbling blocks.
1. Economic Development:
The country should be economically developed to bring about national integration. The possibilities of National Integration can be enhanced by overcoming unemployment, economic inequality, poverty and by properly sharing economic benefits.
2. Reforms in Political Atmosphere:
The political atmosphere in the country should be improved to effect National Integration. The people of different communities, castes and regions lack mutual faith and the same should be inculcated to improve political atmosphere in the country. It will ultimately help in achieving National Integration.
3. Proper Educational System:
Proper Educational System is as vital step to bring about National Integration. The country should have a uniform educational pattern aimed at inculcating the spirit of nationalism among the students who are the future citizens. The teachers in the educational institutions should be nationalists to the backbone.
4. Secularism should be real:
India has been declared a secular state in the Constitution, but it should be put into practice as well. People should be made to develop religious tolerance for other religions.
5. To remove corruption:
The administration should be cleansed of every type of corruption to achieve national integration.
6. Cultural Exchange:
Cultural programmes should be arranged among the people of different communities speaking diverse languages to create national integration.
7. Contribution of Political Parties:
Political parties can significantly contribute to bring about national integration. Political parties should not provoke religious, lingual and regional feelings of the masses for their vested interests, rather they should build a healthy public opinion for national integration.
8. Change in the policies of Government:
The central government must change its policies to create a suitable atmosphere for national integration. The government should give up its discriminatory policies. It should accept the genuine demands of the people without providing an opportunity to launch agitations or movements.
9. Restrictions on Communal Organisations:
Communal organisations should be put under strict control to achieve National Integration. The masses, too, should be enlightened about the propriety of the restrictions imposed upon communal organisations.
Steps taken to achieve National Integration:
The efforts which have been made so far for the achievement of National Integration can be classified under three heads:
1. Legislations passed by the Government.
2. Steps taken by Government and formal organisations.
3. Work done by informal organisations.
1. Legislations passed by the Government:
The government passed two legislations in 1961 to restrict communal propaganda. Any propaganda spreading hatred and enmity among people of different communities was declared a cognizable offence through these legislations. Moreover, there is a provision in the law that if a man is punished under this law, he forefeits his claim to contest elections and to franchise. In 1963, 16th amendment was affected to ensure the unity and sovereignty of the country.
2. Steps taken by Governmental and formal organisations:
A National Integration Conference was held at New Delhi from 28th Sept, to 1st Oct. 1961. The leaders of the political parties, prominent educationists, writers and scientists were invited to participate in it. This conference was of the view that political parties promoted communalism, casteism and regionalism and so they needed a set code of conduct. It contains following points:
(i) No political party should resort to a propaganda creating tension among the communities believing in different religions and speaking different languages.
(ii) The political parties should not launch any movement pertaining to communal, regional and lingual problems.
(iii) Political parties should not disrupt the meeting and exhibitions organised by other parties.
(iv) Political power should not be utilised to fulfil intra-party ends.
(v) The Government shouldn’t impose undesirable restrictions upon the freedom of citizens so that political parties may be able to work freely. The conference formed a National Integration Council consisting of Prime Minister, Home Minister, Chief Ministers of States, seven leaders of political parties, Chairman of University Grants Commission, two educationists, a nominee of scheduled castes and backward classes and seven persons nominated by the Prime Minister.
The Council had to chalk out a code of conduct for the masses, Press and students had to consider the complaints of the minority classes. On 20th June, 1968 the council held its meeting in Srinagar and condemned all tendencies which harm national integration. Communal riots occurred at Ahmedabad in 1969 and at Bhiwandi in May, 1970. The National Integration Council prepared a programme for mass- movement to end communalism. In 1970 the All India Committee of the ruling Congress passed a resolution suggesting that semi-militant and Communal organisations like R.S.S. and Jammait-Islam had no palce in secular society.
In June, 1975, Mrs. Gandhi after declaring internal emergency formed two committees to consider the problem of National Integration. One committee was headed by Brahma Nand Reddy and the second by Prof. Nurul Husan. A meeting was held at Delhi on 28th Nov. 1976, under the chairmanship of Mr. Reddy and seven-point programme was prepared for National Integration. In 1980 National Integration Council was revived. In June, 1987 a meeting of the Committee of National Integration Council was held and it condemned communal and anti-national forces.
Mr. V.P. Singh became Prime Minister on 2nd Dec. 1989. He called meeting of the National Integration Council which at its first meeting in April, 1990 adopted a five-point resolution affirming the resolve of the people to meet the challenges facing the country’s unity, integrity and its secular democratic polity in a united and determined manner.
Reorganisation of National Integration Council 1991. In Oct. 1991 Prime Minister Narsimha Rao reorganised National Integration Council and its members were increased. A meeting of the reconstituted National Integration Council was held on 2nd Nov., 1991 and discussion took place on the methods to maintain communal harmony. In this meeting general consensus was that Babri Masjid should not be touched and Ram Mandir should be built.
Meeting of the Standing Committee of the National Integration Council. On 22nd Oct. 1993 a meeting of the Standing committee of the National Integration Council was held and it supported the actions taken by the government to maintain communal harmony and peace. Reorganisation of National Integration Council-2010. On April, 12, 2010 Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh reorganised National Integration Council. Total members of its organisation is 147. Meeting of National Integration Council was held in Sept. 2013. In this meeting, the Council criticised the communal riots.
3. Work done by informal organisations:
Two informal organisations are prominent
1. Insani Biradri and
2. All India anti-communal committee.
‘Insani Biradri’ was established in 1970. Shri Jai Prakash Narayan was nominated its President and Sheikh Abdullah its Vice-President. But this organisation proved ineffective as it could not define communal organisations. All India Anti-communal Committee was headed by Smt. Subhadra Joshi. This organisation believes that combined forces of communalism are responsible for communal riots and Rashtriya Sawayam Sevak Sangh is prominent of them all.
The sixth conference of this committee was held at Delhi in 1974 and it suggested to put legal restrictions on communal organisations. It is of the view that the representatives of a communal organisation hke Muslim League shouldn’t be given any place in National Integration Council and every effort should be made to secularise educational system.
Conclusion
Thus the way of National Integration is blocked with innumerable hurdles which must be eliminated. It is imperative to develop emotional integration among the diverse communities having diverse languages, religions and diverse customs. So National Integration is necessary because unity is strength. Indians should transcend their petty differences and make Mother India happy, prosperous and united. Let the unity in diversity, the main feature of Indian society, be strengthened for all the times to come.
Question 2.
Discuss the various methods of national integration. What are the four aspects of national integeration?
Answer:
Various methods of National Integration:
National Integration is our basic need. It means national unity or combining all the people of the nation into a single whole. It is a particular sentiment that binds together all people in one common bond. National integration refers to social and political integration within a nation-state. National integration is identifiable by the psychological or attitudinal criterion of an individual’s sense of belonging to his or her own nation. National integration includes nation-building and state-building.
A psychological and educational process……. involving the development of a feeling of unity, solidarity and cohesion, in the hearts of people, a sense of common citizenship (destiny) and a feeling of loyalty to the nation.
National Integration promotes political stability. It is essential to preserve our hard won independence. This problem has assumed new dimensions due to disruptive and divisive forces of communalism and linguism which are raising their ugly head in different parts of the country.
Today India is free but it is like a house divided against its own self. Instead of national integration or unity there is national disintegration. Anti-social and anti-national forces are gaining ground. Prof. R. Bhaskaran rightly observes that we feel the dire need of national integration as there is every fear that clashes can occur here in India due to casteism, communalism, linguism and provincialism. These are the expressions of narrow outlook and activities of the citizens and groups who pursue personal interests above national interests. Though the Indian government has strived to solve the problem of national integration, yet it exists even today.
Hindrances in The Way of National Integration:
There are innumerable hindrances in the way of National Integration owing to linguistic fanaticism, regionalism, separatist tendencies and communalism. Some of these obstacles are as under:
1. Language:
India is a multi-lingual nation. According to the population statistics collected in 1961, 1018 languages are spoken in India and 26 are prominent. They are Hindi, Punjabi, Assamese, Gujarati, Marathi, Bengali, Urdu, English, Tamil, Sindhi, etc. The states were reorganised in 1956 on the lingual basis to promote national integration. But it too, couldn’t solve the problem. Clashes took place in Mumbai over Gujarati and Marathi languages resulting in the division of Mumbai into two parts Maharashtra and Gujarat in 1960.
Punjab was reconstituted in 1966 on lingual basis, resulting in the formation of Haryana. There is wide-spread grouping in India on the language issue and people are averse to consider this problem open-mindedly, so much so that even now there is no consensus about the national language and though the Constitution has made Hindi the official language, it has been opposed by the southern states in general and by Tamil Nadu in particular.
2. Communalism:
Communalism poses a strong challenge to National Integration. India was partitioned because of Hindu-Muslim communalism and these communal disputes are recurrent even in free India. Communal riots many a time took place in Ranchi, Jabalpur, Indore, Ahmedabad, Aligarh, Muradabad, Jammu & Kashmir. No part of the country is free from communal disturbances. In some parts of the country, religious places are being used for political purposes which is most unfortunate. The communal feelings totally mar the feeling of national unity and hinder the path of National Integration.
3. Casteism:
Casteism is another obstruction in the way of National Integration. Dr. Radhakrishnan, the then Vice-President of India, expressed his view in this context while addressing the first National Integration Conference. He opined that casteism is to be eliminated as a social evil, but it has emerged as a political and administrative evil. Casteism is being staked to win elections and absorb more people in jobs. Shri Jai Prakash Narayan once commented— casteism is the most prominent political party in India. Casteism has crept even into administrative fields.
4. Regionalism:
Regionalism poses another threat to National Integration. Regionalism is largely an outcome of economic and political reasons. The regions which are backward economically launch agitations for their economic development. Even political parties resort to regionalism to strengthen their stand. Akali Dal in Punjab, D.M.K. and Anna D.M.K. in Tamil Nadu, Telgu Desam in Andhra Pardesh —all depended upon regionalism to make themselves strong.
5. Poverty:
Poverty is the greatest hindrance in the way of National Integration. Indian society is replete with poverty. The poor are frustrated to see another class of society being prosperous and so the desperate politicans exploit it to satisfy their political ambitions.
6. Unacceptability of the basic values of the Constitution:
All the political parties do not accept the basic values of the Constitution. The communist and communal parties primarily are opposed to the basic values of Constitution.
7. Lack of Education:Majority of the people in India are illiterate and so the leaders with vested interests easily lead the common people to the path of agitation. Selfish political leaders play with the sentiments of innocent people in the name of religion, caste, language and provincialism to grind, their own axe.
8. Failure of Socialism:
According to Prof. Govind Ram Verma, failure of socialism has all the more complicated problem of National Integration. Had socialism succeeded, all would have enjoyed its fruit. But now unemployment, backwardness, poverty, economic inequality discourage emotional integration creating various political problems.
9. Corruption:
Indian Administration is the very embodiment of corruption which hinders National Integration. People have lost faith in Administration and an atmosphere of chaos and misrule prevails. Such disruptive tendencies severely challenge National Integration.
10. Government’s Policy:
The Government’s policy is considered to be another obstacle in the process of National Integration. The government has miserably failed in curbing disintegrating forces. The Congress leaders have raised voices against casteism, regionalism, communalism from time to time, but it has promoted regionalism and casteism in practice.
11. Sons of the Soil Theory:
Sons of the Soil theory is a serious threat to National Integration. This theory has practically nullified the concept of single Indian citizenship, thereby shaking the very foundation of India’s national unity.
12. Role of Political Parties:
The role of some of the political parties in the process of national integration has been disintegrative and negative. Regional Political Parties have spread the virus of communalism and casteism in the country and thereby they have weakened the process of national integration.
Methods to Remove Hindrances in the way of National Integration:
It is imperative to eliminate all obstacles to achieve National Integration. Here are some of the steps to get rid of these stumbling blocks.
1. Economic Development:
The country should be economically developed to bring about national integration. The possibilities of National Integration can be enhanced by overcoming unemployment, economic inequality, poverty and by properly sharing economic benefits.
2. Reforms in Political Atmosphere:
The political atmosphere in the country should be improved to effect National Integration. The people of different communities, castes and regions lack mutual faith and the same should be inculcated to improve political atmosphere in the country. It will ultimately help in achieving National Integration.
3. Proper Educational System:
Proper Educational System is as vital step to bring about National Integration. The country should have a uniform educational pattern aimed at inculcating the spirit of nationalism among the students who are the future citizens. The teachers in the educational institutions should be nationalists to the backbone.
4. Secularism should be real:
India has been declared a secular state in the Constitution, but it should be put into practice as well. People should be made to develop religious tolerance for other religions.
5. To remove corruption:
The administration should be cleansed of every type of corruption to achieve national integration.
6. Cultural Exchange:
Cultural programmes should be arranged among the people of different communities speaking diverse languages to create national integration.
7. Contribution of Political Parties:
Political parties can significantly contribute to bring about national integration. Political parties should not provoke religious, lingual and regional feelings of the masses for their vested interests, rather they should build a healthy public opinion for national integration.
8. Change in the policies of Government:
The central government must change its policies to create a suitable atmosphere for national integration. The government should give up its discriminatory policies. It should accept the genuine demands of the people without providing an opportunity to launch agitations or movements.
9. Restrictions on Communal Organisations:
Communal organisations should be put under strict control to achieve National Integration. The masses, too, should be enlightened about the propriety of the restrictions imposed upon communal organisations.
Steps taken to achieve National Integration:
The efforts which have been made so far for the achievement of National Integration can be classified under three heads:
1. Legislations passed by the Government.
2. Steps taken by Government and formal organisations.
3. Work done by informal organisations.
1. Legislations passed by the Government:
The government passed two legislations in 1961 to restrict communal propaganda. Any propaganda spreading hatred and enmity among people of different communities was declared a cognizable offence through these legislations. Moreover, there is a provision in the law that if a man is punished under this law, he forefeits his claim to contest elections and to franchise. In 1963, 16th amendment was affected to ensure the unity and sovereignty of the country.
2. Steps taken by Governmental and formal organisations:
A National Integration Conference was held at New Delhi from 28th Sept, to 1st Oct. 1961. The leaders of the political parties, prominent educationists, writers and scientists were invited to participate in it. This conference was of the view that political parties promoted communalism, casteism and regionalism and so they needed a set code of conduct. It contains following points:
(i) No political party should resort to a propaganda creating tension among the communities believing in different religions and speaking different languages.
(ii) The political parties should not launch any movement pertaining to communal, regional and lingual problems.
(iii) Political parties should not disrupt the meeting and exhibitions organised by other parties.
(iv) Political power should not be utilised to fulfil intra-party ends.
(v) The Government shouldn’t impose undesirable restrictions upon the freedom of citizens so that political parties may be able to work freely. The conference formed a National Integration Council consisting of Prime Minister, Home Minister, Chief Ministers of States, seven leaders of political parties, Chairman of University Grants Commission, two educationists, a nominee of scheduled castes and backward classes and seven persons nominated by the Prime Minister.
The Council had to chalk out a code of conduct for the masses, Press and students had to consider the complaints of the minority classes. On 20th June, 1968 the council held its meeting in Srinagar and condemned all tendencies which harm national integration. Communal riots occurred at Ahmedabad in 1969 and at Bhiwandi in May, 1970. The National Integration Council prepared a programme for mass- movement to end communalism. In 1970 the All India Committee of the ruling Congress passed a resolution suggesting that semi-militant and Communal organisations like R.S.S. and Jammait-Islam had no palce in secular society.
In June, 1975, Mrs. Gandhi after declaring internal emergency formed two committees to consider the problem of National Integration. One committee was headed by Brahma Nand Reddy and the second by Prof. Nurul Husan. A meeting was held at Delhi on 28th Nov. 1976, under the chairmanship of Mr. Reddy and seven-point programme was prepared for National Integration. In 1980 National Integration Council was revived. In June, 1987 a meeting of the Committee of National Integration Council was held and it condemned communal and anti-national forces.
Mr. V.P. Singh became Prime Minister on 2nd Dec. 1989. He called meeting of the National Integration Council which at its first meeting in April, 1990 adopted a five-point resolution affirming the resolve of the people to meet the challenges facing the country’s unity, integrity and its secular democratic polity in a united and determined manner.
Reorganisation of National Integration Council 1991. In Oct. 1991 Prime Minister Narsimha Rao reorganised National Integration Council and its members were increased. A meeting of the reconstituted National Integration Council was held on 2nd Nov., 1991 and discussion took place on the methods to maintain communal harmony. In this meeting general consensus was that Babri Masjid should not be touched and Ram Mandir should be built.
Meeting of the Standing Committee of the National Integration Council. On 22nd Oct. 1993 a meeting of the Standing committee of the National Integration Council was held and it supported the actions taken by the government to maintain communal harmony and peace. Reorganisation of National Integration Council-2010. On April, 12, 2010 Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh reorganised National Integration Council. Total members of its organisation is 147. Meeting of National Integration Council was held in Sept. 2013. In this meeting, the Council criticised the communal riots.
3. Work done by informal organisations:
Two informal organisations are prominent
1. Insani Biradri and
2. All India anti-communal committee.
‘Insani Biradri’ was established in 1970. Shri Jai Prakash Narayan was nominated its President and Sheikh Abdullah its Vice-President. But this organisation proved ineffective as it could not define communal organisations. All India Anti-communal Committee was headed by Smt. Subhadra Joshi. This organisation believes that combined forces of communalism are responsible for communal riots and Rashtriya Sawayam Sevak Sangh is prominent of them all.
The sixth conference of this committee was held at Delhi in 1974 and it suggested to put legal restrictions on communal organisations. It is of the view that the representatives of a communal organisation hke Muslim League shouldn’t be given any place in National Integration Council and every effort should be made to secularise educational system.
The Four Aspects of National Integeration:
1. Psychological Aspect:
Emotional integration of the people forms a key component of National Integration in India and it is taken to mean the development of a strong brotherhood and fraternity among all its people. It essentially stands for psychological and emotional integration of the people into a nation capable of securing its objectives through integrative behaviour.
2. Economic Aspect:
Economic aspect of National Integration means development of all parts of the country and economic disparities should be minimised.
3. Social Aspect:
Social aspect means all classes and communities of India should get equal oppotunities for development. All people should be treated as equal. There should be no discrimination on the basis of caste, colour, religion, sex etc.
4. Political Aspect: Political demands of different regions of the country should be given due consideration.
Conclusion
Thus the way of National Integration is blocked with innumerable hurdles which must be eliminated. It is imperative to develop emotional integration among the diverse communities having diverse languages, religions and diverse customs. So National Integration is necessary because unity is strength. Indians should transcend their petty differences and make Mother India happy, prosperous and united. Let the unity in diversity, the main feature of Indian society, be strengthened for all the times to come.
Aspects of National Integration. Following are the various aspects of National Integration.
Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Write down the meaning of National Integration in India.
Or
Write down the meaning of National Integration.
Answer:
National Integration means ur.it” T or combining all the people of the nation into a single whole. It is a particular sentiment that binds together all people in one common bond. National Integration includes nation-building and state-building. In the words of Dr. R.S. Radhakrishnan, “National Integration is not a house which could be built by mortar and bricks. It is not an implementation plan which could be discussed and implemented by experts. Integration, on the contrary, is a thought which must go into the hearts of the people. It is the consciousness which must awaken the people at large.”
Question 2.
What do you know about psychological aspect of National Integration?
Or
What is psychological aspect of National Integration?
Answer:
Emotional integration of the people forms a key component of National Integration in India and it is taken to mean the development of a strong brotherhood and fraternity among all its people. It essentially stands for psychological and emotional integration of the people into a nation capable of securing its objectives through integrative behaviour.
Question 3.
What are the different aspects of National Integration in India?
Answer:
1. Economic Aspect:
Economic aspect of National Integration means development of all parts of the country and economic disparities should be minimised.
2. Social Aspect:
Social aspect means all classes and communities of India should get equal opportunities for development. All people should be treated equal. There should be no discrimination on the basis of caste, colour, religion, sex etc.
3. Political Aspect. Political demands of different regions of the country should be given due considerations.
4. Another aspect of National Integration is psychological.
Question 4.
Explain four hindrances in the way of National Integration.
Or
Write four hindrances in the way of National Integration.
Answer:
1. Language:
India is a multi-lingual nation and in India the role of language has been more disintegrative rather than integrative. So much so that even now there is no consensus about the National Language as Hindi is opposed by some people.
2. Regionalism: Regionalism is a threat to the National Integration. Growing regional feelings have become a burning problem for India.
3. Communalism:
Communalism poses a strong challenge to national integration. Political parties are polluting the political environment by using communal propaganda.
4. Casteism: Casteism is another obstruction in the way of National Integration. The role of caste is growing day-by-day in political affairs.
Question 5.
How are the Communalism and Sons of Soil Principle (Regionalism) important obstacles in the way of National Integration in India?
Or
How does the regionalism influence National Integration in India?
Answer:
Communalism and Regionalism are proving the biggest challenges in the way of National Integration in India.
Communalism:
Communalism poses a strong challenge to National Integration. India was partitioned because of Hindu-Muslim communalism and these communal disputes are recurrent even in free India. Communal riots many a time took place in Ranchi, Jabalpur, Indore, Ahmedabad, Aligarh, Muradabad, Jammu & Kashmir. No part of the country is free from communal disturbances. In some parts of the country, religious places are being used for political purposes which is most unfortunate. The communalistic feelings totally mar the feeling of national unity and hinder the path of National Integration.
Sons of Soil or Regionalism:
Regionalism poses a big threat to National Integration. Regionalism is largely an outcome of economic and political reasons. The regions which are backward economically launch agitations for their economic development. Even political parties resort to regionalism to strengthen their stand.
Question 6.
What is the need of the National Integration in India?
Answer:
National Integration is first and foremost need for any state. Today India is free but it is like a house divided against its own self. Instead of national integration or unity there is national disintegration. Anti-social and anti-national forces are gaining ground. Prof. R. Bhaskaran rightly observes that we feel the dire need of national integration as there is every fear that clashes can occur here in India due to casteism, communalism, linguism and provincialism. These are the expressions of narrow outlook and activities of the citizens and groups who pursue personal interests above national interests. Though the Indian government has strived to solve the problem of national integration, yet it exists even today.
Question 7.
Give any four suggestions to promote National Integration in India.
Answer:
1. Economic Development: The country should be economically developed to bring about national integration.
2. Proper Educational System:
Proper Educational System is a vital step to bring about national integration. The teachers in the educational institutions should be nationalists to the backbone.
3. Reforms in Political Atmosphere:
The political atmosphere in the country should be improved to effect National Integration. The people of different communities, castes and regions lack mutual faith and the same should be inculcated to improve political atmosphere in the country.
4. Secularism should be real: People of India should be made to develop religious tolerance for other religions.
Question 8.
Examine steps taken towards National Integration.
Answer:
After independence many steps have been taken for the achievement of national integration. Following are some of them:
1. In 1961 the government passed two legislations to restrict communal propaganda. Any propaganda spreading hatred and enmity among people of different communities was declared a cognizable offence through these legislations.
2. In 1963, 16th Amendment was effected to ensure the unity and sovereignty of the country.
3. In different meetings of National Integration Council, the issue of National Integration is discussed and suggestions are given for the promotion of National Integration.
Question 9.
What role can Education play in the promotion of National Integration?
Answer:
Proper educational system is a vital step to bring about National Integration. The country should have a uniform educational pattern aimed at inculcating the spirit of nationalism among the students who are the future citizens. The teachers in the educational institutions should be nationalists to the backbone.
Question 10.
What do you mean by political and social aspects of National Integration?
Answer:
For the National Integration of the country, it is very much necessary that full attention should be paid towards the political demands of the people of different 1 parts of India. Political power in the centre should be in the hands of such a party as can have the loyalty and faith of the majority of the people of the country. On the basis of language Indian states were organised. At the centre as well as in all the
states, elected governments are working but still politically, many people are dissatisfied. The demands for the establishment of separate independent states are increasing and creating the atmosphere of political disintegration in the country.
Social aspect of National Integration means that there should be equal justice, treatment and opportunity to all the citizens of India. There should be no social discrimination with any particular community or the people on the basis of caste, religion, creed, sex, property etc. Though untouchability is constitutionally abolished in India, yet practically, in many parts of India, people believe in caste system.
Question 11.
What is National Integration Parishad (Council)?
Answer:
A National Integration Conference was held at New Delhi from 28th Sept, to 1st Oct. 1961. The leaders of the political parties, prominent educationists, writers and scientists were invited to participate in it. This conference was of the view that political parties promoted Communalism, Casteism and Regionalism and so they needed a set code of conduct.
The conference formed a National Integration Council consisting of Prime Minister, Home Minister, Chief Ministers of States, seven leaders of Political Parties, Chairman of University Grants Commission, Two Educationists, a Nominee of Scheduled Castes and Backward Classes and seven persons nominated by the Prime Minister. The National Integration Council in its first meeting gave a direction to the process of National Integration by defining the type of National Integration that was to be secured in India.
Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
What do you understand by National Integration?
Answer:
National Integration means uniting or combining all the people of the nation into a single whole. It is a particular sentiment that binds together all people in one common bond. National Integration includes nation-building and state-building.
Question 2.
What do you mean by psychological aspect of National Integration?
Answer:
Emotional integration of the people forms a key component of National Integration in India and it is taken to mean the development of a strong brotherhood and fraternity among all its people. It essentially stands for psychological and emotional integration of the people into a nation capable of securing its objectives through integrative behaviour.
Question 3.
Write any one famous definition of National Integration.
Or
Write any one definition of National Integration.
Answer:
According to Dr. R.S. Radhakrishnan, “National Integration is not a house which could be built by mortar and bricks. It is not an implementation plan which could be discussed and implemented by experts. Integration, on the contrary, is a thought which must go into the hearts of the people. It is the consciousness which must awaken the people at large.”
Question 4.
Discuss any two hindrances in the way of National Integration.
Answer:
1. Language:
India is a multi-lingual nation and in India the role of language has been more disintegrative rather than integrative. So much so that even now there is no consensus about the National Language as Hindi is opposed by some people.
2. Regionalism: Regionalism is a threat to the National Integration. Growing regional feelings have beeome a burning problem for India.
Question 5.
Give any two suggestions to promote National Integration in India.
Answer:
- Economic Development: The country should be economically developed to bring about national integration.
- Proper Educational System: Proper Educational System is a vital step to bring about national integration. The teachers in the educational institutions should be nationalists to the backbone.
Question 6.
Examine any two steps taken towards National Integration.
Answer:
After independence many steps have been taken for the achievement of national integration. Following are some of them:
1. In 1961 the government passed two legislations to restrict communal propaganda. Any propaganda spreading hatred and enmity among people of different communities was declared a cognizable offence through these legislations.
2. In 1963, 16th Amendment was effected to ensure the unity and sovereignty of the country.
Question 7.
What role can Education play in the promotion of National Integration?
Answer:
Proper Educational system is a vital step to bring about National Integration. The country should have a uniform educational pattern aimed at inculcating the spirit of nationalism among the students who are the future citizens. The teachers in the educational institutions should be nationalists to the backbone.
Question 8.
What do you know about National Integration Parishad (Council)?
Answer:
A National Integration Conference was held at New Delhi from 28th Sept, to 1st Oct. 1961. This conference was of the view that political parties promoted Communalism, Casteism and Regionalism and so they needed a set code of conduct. The conference formed a National Integration Council consisting of Prime Minister, Home Minister, Chief Ministers of States, seven leaders of Political Parties, Chairman of University Grants Commission, Two Educationists, a Nominee of Scheduled Castes and Backward Classes and seven persons nominated by the Prime Minister.
One Line Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Explain the meaning of National Integration.
Answer:
The real meaning of National Integration is to foster the feeling of association with one nation among those who live in a country having different and diverse cultures.
Question 2.
Give one definition of National Integration.
Answer:
According to Mynor Weiner, “National Integration implies observance of divisive forces that would balkanize the nation and presence of attitudes throughout the society that give preference to national and public interests as distinct from parochial interests.”
Question 3.
Mention any two aspects of National Integration.
Answer:
- Political Aspect
- Economic Aspect.
Question 4.
What is National Integration Council?
Or
When was National Integration Council formed?
Answer:
National Integration Council is such an institution which aims to promote national development. It was established in 1961.
Question 5.
Who is the founder of the Institution ‘Insani Biradri’?
Answer:
Khan Abdul Guffar Khan.
Question 6.
Why was Insani Biradari formed?
Answer:
To face the dragon of Communalism, an organisation named Insani Biradri was established in 1970.
Fill in The Blanks
1. National integrity depends on …………….. .
Answer:
National Integration
2. The states were reorganised in 1956 on the …………….. basis to promote National Integration.
Answer:
Lingual
3. According to Sh …………….. caste in India is the most important Political Party.
Answer:
Jai Prakash Narayan
4. There should be planned …………….. development of the whole region of the country for the promotion of national integration.
Answer:
Economic
5. ‘Insani Biradri’ was established in …………….. .
Answer:
1970.
True Or False Statement
1. Casteism is main hindrance in the way of National Integration.
Answer:
True
2. Poverty is not a hundrance in the way of National Integration.
Answer:
False
3. Illitrate man encourges the National Integration.
Answer:
False
4. Indian administration is the very embodiment of corruption which hinders National Integration.
Answer:
True
5. Insani Biradari was established in 1980.
Answer:
False
Choose The Correct Answer
Question 1.
Main hindrances of National Integration are:
(a) Regionalism
(b) Communalism
(c) Casteism
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.
Question 2.
Punjab was reconstituted on lingual basis in:
(a) 1947
(b) 1956
(c) 1966
(d) 1975.
Answer:
(c) 1966
Question 3.
What is the suggestion to remove hindrances in the way of National Integration?
(a) Economic Development
(b) Reform in Political Atmosphere
(c) Proper Educational System
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.
Question 4.
Which is one aspect of National Integration?
(a) Political Aspect
(b) Social Aspect
(c) Culture Aspect
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.
Question 5.
Which among them is to encourage National Integration?
(a) National Integration Council
(b) Insani Biradri
(c) All India Anti-Communal Committee
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.