PSEB 11th Class Sociology Solutions Source Based Questions

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Book Solutions Source Based Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Sociology Source Based Questions

Question 1.
Read the given source and answer the following questions.

Nineteenth-century was also the period in which natural sciences made much progress. The success attained by those working in the field of natural sciences inspired a good number of social thinkers to follow them. The belief was that if the methods of natural sciences could be successful in the physical world to understand the physical or natural phenomena, the same methods could be applied successfully to the social world to understand the social phenomena. Scholars like Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, and other sociologists advocated the methods of science to study society as they were inspired by the discoveries of natural scientists and wanted to study society in a similar way.

1. Why were social thinkers inspired to follow natural sciences?
2. Which sociologists studied society?
3. What were the views of sociologists about the methods of natural sciences?

Answer:

1. In the 19th century, natural sciences made great progress, and this inspired social thinkers to follow them.
2. Scholars like Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, and others studied society.
3. Sociologists started believing that if the methods of natural sciences could be successful in the physical world to understand the physical or natural phenomena, the same methods could be applied successfully to the social world to understand the social phenomena.

Question 2.
Read the given source and answer the following questions.

In Europe and America, Sociology developed as a subject after the 19th century. However, in India, it not only emerged a little late but was also given secondary importance as a subject of study. Nevertheless, after India attained independence, Sociology has risen in stature and has found a place as an independent subject in the curriculum of almost all the universities of the country. In addition, it has also been recognized as a subject for different competitive examinations. Radha Kamal Mukherji, G.S. Ghurye, D.P. Mukherji, D.N. Majumdar, K.M. Kapadia, M.N. Srinivas, P.N. Prabhu, A.R. Desai, etc. are some important scholars who have contributed to the development of Indian Sociology.

1. As a subject, when did Sociology develop in Europe?
2. Name a few Indian Sociologists, who contributed to the development of Indian Sociology.
3. How did Sociology develop in India?

Answer:

1. As a subject, Sociology rapidly developed in Europe only after the 19th century.
2. Radha Kamal Mukherji, G.S. Ghurye, D.P. Mukherji, D.N. Majumdar, K.M. Kapadia, M.N. Srinivas, P.N. Prabhu, A.R. Desai, etc. were a few Indian Sociologists who contributed to the development of Indian Sociology.
3. Before 1947, Sociology did not develop much in India as our country was under the occupation of the British. But after Independence, Sociology developed quite rapidly in India and almost all the universities started teaching as a subject. Except this, all the competitive exams used Sociology as a subject and that’s why it developed very quickly.

Question 3.
Read the given source and answer the following questions.

According to Morris Ginsberg, historically Sociology has its roots in politics and philosophy of History. For that reason, Sociology depends on Political Science. Each and every social problem has a political cause. Any change in the political system or nature of power structure brings changes in society. To understand different political events Sociology takes help from Political Science. Similarly, Political Science also depends on Sociology. The State frames its rules, regulations, and laws on the basis of social customs, tradition, and values. Thus, without sociological background, the study of Political Science will be incomplete. Almost all political problems have a social origin and for the solution of these political problems, Political Science takes the help of Sociology.

1. According to Morris Ginsberg, how is Sociology dependent upon Political Science.
2. According to Ginsberg, why is the study of Political&gience incomplete without social background?
3. How is Political Science taking the help of Sociology?

Answer:

1. According to Morris Ginsberg, historically Sociology has its roots in politics and philosophy of history. That’s why Sociology depends upon Political Science.
2. Ginsberg was of the view that whenever a state forms new laws, it always keeps in mind social values, customs, traditions, etc. That’s why the study of Political Science is incomplete without social background.
3. According to Ginsberg, almost all the political problems originate in society which is studied by Sociology. That’s why whenever Political Science needs to study society, it always takes the help of Sociology.

Question 4.
Read the given source and answer the following questions.

Society has different meanings in different social sciences, but in Sociology, it is used to refer to various kinds of social units. The main focus of Sociology is on human society and the network of relationships in it. In a society, sociologists study the interpersonal relationships of social beings and discover how a person behaves in a particular situation, what should be expected of others and what do others expect of her/him.

1. Why is the meaning of society different in different social sciences?
2. What is the meaning of society in Sociology?
3. What is the difference between ‘Society’ and ‘A Society’?

Answer:

1. Different social sciences study a particular aspect of society such as economics study economic part of society. That’s why they take the meaning of society from a different perspective.
2. In Sociology, society is the web of social relationships. When relations are established among individuals, society is formed. In this way, the web of social relationships is known as society.
3. Whenever we talk about ‘society’, we talk about it in collective terms i.e. all the societies are included in it and we study it in an abstract form. But whenever we talk about ‘A Society’ we refer to a particular society such as Indian society or American society. That’s why it becomes a concrete society.

Question 5.
Read the given source and answer the following questions.

A community is a social group of any size whose members inhabit a particular geographical area, share a government, and frequently share a cultural and historical legacy. If may also refer to a collection of people who perform or engage in similar kind of work or activities such as racial community, religious community, a national community, a caste community, or a linguistic community, etc. this sense indicates a social, religious, or occupational group having common features or concerns and perceived as or perceiving itself as different in some way from the larger society within which its exists. The community can thus, refer to people spread over a vast area but sharing similarities in one or another way. For instance, the terms ‘international community or ‘NRI community’ are used in literature to refer to some coherent group based on supposedly some characteristics.

1. What is meant by Community?
2. Give a few examples of Community.
3. Differentiate between Community and Association.

Answer:

1. A community is a social group of any size whose members live in a particular geographical area, share a government, and frequently share a cultural and historical legacy.
2. The international community, Indian Community, Punjabi Community, etc. are a few examples of Community.
3. ⇒ Community develops automatically but Association is deliberately formed for a particular objective.
   ⇒ Every individual automatically becomes a part of any Community but the membership of the Association is optional. It means that one can take or leave membership according to his wish.

Question 6.
Read the given source and answer the following questions.

A social group is a collection of individuals, made up of two or more persons having interaction among them.’ It consists of people who interact with one another and recognize themselves as a distinct social unit. The number of members in a group can range from two to hundreds of individuals. In addition, the social group is dynamic in nature as it expands its activities from time to time. The interaction within social groups motivates them to identify with one another. Groups are mostly stable and enduring social units, for example, family, community, village, etc. Groups carry out many organized activities which are necessary for a society.

1. What do you mean by Social Group?
2. Can we call a crowd a social group? If no then why?
3. What is meant by Primary and Secondary groups?

Answer:

1. A social group is a collection of individuals, made up of two or more persons having interaction among them. It consists of people who interact with one another and recognize themselves as a distinct social unit.
2. No, we can not call a crowd a social group as people do not interact with each other. If there will be no interaction, they won’t be able to make relations and that’s why we cannot call it a group.
3. ⇒ Primary group. That group with which we have direct and close relations is known as a primary group such as family, school, playgroup, etc.
   ⇒ Secondary Group. That group with which we don’t have direct and close relations is known as a secondary group such as the father’s office, political party, etc.

Question 7.
Read the given source and answer the following questions.

Secondary groups are opposed to the primary groups. Although Cooley has not mentioned the second group while, explaining the primary group, later scholars assumed the idea of the second group from the primary group. Secondary groups are the groups that are large in size and are of relatively short duration. The interaction among the members is formal, utility-oriented, specialized, and temporary because the members are interested in one another mainly in terms of the roles and the function they perform. The classic examples of secondary groups are the buyers and sellers in a shop, the people at a cricket match, and the people belonging to a trade union. A corporation, a factory, an army, a students’ union, a university, a political party, and so on can be cited as some of the examples of secondary groups.

1. What is meant by Secondary group?
2. Give a few examples of Secondary groups.
3. Give two differences between Primary and Secondary groups.

Answer:

1. That group with which we don’t have direct and close relations, whose membership is always optional, is known as the secondary group.
2. Father’s office, Mother’s office, Father’s friend group, Political Party, Labourers in an industry are a few examples of secondary groups.
3. ⇒ Primary groups are small in size but secondary groups are large in size.
   ⇒ Members of primary groups have informal and direct relations with each other but members of secondary groups have formal and indirect relations.

Question 8.
Read the given source and answer the following questions.

Cultures vary from society to society and each culture has its own specific values and norms. Social norms are the rules of behavior approved by society while values refer to general standards of what is right and desired behavior and what ought not to be done. For example, in one culture hospitality has an f high social value whereas in some others it may not be so. Similarly, in some societies polygamy is a customary form of marriage whereas, in many other societies, it is not accepted as an appropriate practice,

1. What do you mean by culture?
2. Is it possible to have the same culture of the two countries?
3. Give types of culture.

Answer:

1. Right from ancient times till today, whatever man has achieved with his experience is known as culture. Our views, experiences, science, technology, goods, values, traditions, etc. are the parts of culture.
2. No, two countries cannot have the same culture. It may be possible that people may follow the same religion but there must be some differences between their views, ideas, values, etc. That’s why their culture is also different.
3. Culture is of two types.
   ⇒ Material Culture. That part of the culture that we can see or touch is known as material culture. For example car, table, chair, books, pen, buildings, etc.
   ⇒ Non-Material Culture. That part of the culture that we cannot touch or see is known as non-material culture. For example our values, traditions, views, ideas, etc.

Question 9.
Read the given source and answer the following questions.

During the various stages of one’s life the individual comes into contact with different groups, institutions, communities, and individuals, She/he learns quite a lot from them during her/his entire life. Various institutions and organizations play important roles in developing one’s personality and institutionalizing the various elements of culture.

Every society has agents of socialization—individuals, groups, organizations, and institutions—which provide substantial amounts of socialization during the life course. Agents are the mechanism by which the self learns the values, beliefs, and behavior patterns of the culture. Agents of socialization help new members find their place, just as they prepare older members for new responsibilities in society.

1. What is meant by Socialisation?
2. Name a few means of Socialisation.
3. What do you mean by the Agents of Socialisation?

Answer:

1. Socialization is a process of learning. Right away after his birth, till his death, an individual learns a lot, and this process of learning is known as socialization. It includes ways of living, ways of behavior, etc.
2. Family, school, playgroup, political institutions, values, traditions, etc. act as the means of socialization.
3. Agents of Socialisation are the mechanism by which the self learns the values, beliefs, and behavior patterns of the culture. Agents of socialization help new members find their place, just as they prepare older members for new responsibilities in society.

Question 10.
Read the given source and answer the following questions.

Although religion is somewhat less important in people’s lives now than it was a few generations ago, it still continues to exert considerable influence on our beliefs, values, and behaviors. In a country like India, religion governs every aspect of our life and can therefore be a very powerful agent of socialization.

Several types of rituals and rites, beliefs and faith, values and norms have been transmitted from one generation to another through religion. Religious festivals are generally performed collectively which helps in the process of socialization. It has been seen that the biggest determinant of adult religiosity is parental religiosity. If a person’s parents are religious, one is likely to be religious as well.

1. What is Religion?
2. What is the role of religion in Socialisation?
3. ‘Religion’s influence on individual life is decreasing’. Why?

Answer:

1. Religion is nothing but faith in any supernatural power that is beyond our existence and imagination. It is a collection of beliefs, values, traditions, etc. in which followers of that religion keep a strong faith.
2. Religion is of great importance in socialization because an individual never
   does any work against religious values. Right from his childhood, an individual is told about religious values and is unconsciously attached to his religion. He never does any work against religious beliefs. In this way, religion keeps control of him and socializes him as well.
3. It is true that Religion’s influence on individual life is decreasing. Now people are getting an education and they are more inclined towards science. But there is no place of reason in religion that is most important in science. That’s why now people have started giving preference to science.

Question 11.
Read the given source and answer the following questions.

Marriage is an institution created to satisfy the physical, social, psychological, cultural, and economic needs of men and women. It permits man and woman to establish a relationship with each other in order to form a family. Regulation of sexual activities through stable relationships is the primary aim of marriage. In simple words, marriage can be defined as an institution that allows men and women entry into family life, sanctions the birth of children, and lays the foundation of the various rights and obligations of husband, wife, and children. Society gives its approval to the. the marital relationship between a man and woman generally in a civil or religious ceremony. Married couples have to fulfill many obligations towards each other and society in general. Marriage also serves an important economic function as it defines property rights of inheritance. Thus, we can see that marriage includes a multi-dimensional relationship between a man and a woman.

1. What is meant by marriage?
2. What do we call marriage in Hinduism?
3. Why is the importance of marriage decreasing?

Answer:

1. Marriage is an institution created to satisfy the physical, social, psychological, cultural, and economic needs of men and women. It permits the couple to establish a relationship with each other in order to form a family.
2. In Hinduism, marriage is known as a religious sacrament because it is completed by performing many religious ceremonies.
3. There is no denying the fact that marriage’s importance is decreasing. Now marriage is not considered a religious sacrament but a contract that can be broken at any time. These days many young boys and girls live with each other without doing married. That’s why the importance of marriage is decreasing.

Question 12.
Read the given source and answer the following questions.

The study of family is significant as it plays a vital role in the formation of human society by binding men and women and children in a stable relationship. Transmission of culture takes place within the family. Cultural wisdom and knowledge about social norms, customs, and values are passed on from one generation to another. The family in which one is born is called the ‘family of orientation’. Another term for such a family is a consanguine family which consists of members among whom there exists blood relationship brother and sister, father and son, etc. The family which a person sets up after marriage is called the ‘family of procreation’ or the conjugal family which consists of adult members among whom there exists sexual relationship.

1. What do you mean by family?
2. What are ‘Family of Orientation’ and ‘Family of Procreation’?
3. Why is the study of family important?

Answer:

1. A family is an institution created by males and females to establish sexual relations, to produce children, and to bring them.
2. A family in which a child takes birth is known as the Family of Orientation. The family which a person sets up after marriage is called the ‘Family of Procreation’.
3. The study of family is important as it plays a great role in the formation of human society by binding men, women, and children in a stable relationship. Transmission of culture takes place only in the family. Cultural wisdom and knowledge about social customs, norms, values, etc. are passed on from one generation to another.