PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 7 Marriage, Family and Kinship

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Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 7 Marriage, Family and Kinship Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 7 Marriage, Family and Kinship

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. What is the basic unit of society?
(a) Family
(b) Marriage
(c) Kinship
(d) Government
Answer:
(a) Family

2. Society has created an institution to satisfy sexual needs and this is …………….
(a) marriage
(b) family
(c) government
(d) kinship
Answer:
(a) marriage

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 7 Marriage, Family and Kinship

3. Socialisation of a child starts in ……………..
(a) government
(b) family
(c) neighborhood
(d) playgroup
Answer:
(b) family

4. Who transmits culture from one generation to another?
(a) Neighbourhood
(b) Government
(c) Family
(d) Society
Answer:
(c) Family

5. Sexual needs gave birth to ……………..
(a) family
(b) society
(c) government
(d) marriage
Answer:
(d) marriage

6. Which relative is closer in matrilineal families?
(a) Uncle-niece
(b) Mother-daughter
(c) Father-son
(d) Grandfather-grandson
Answer:
(b) Mother-daughter

7. Blood relatives are relatives.
(a) primary
(b) secondary
(c) tertiary
(d) none of these
Answer:
(a) primary

8. Primary relatives of our parents are our relatives.
(a) primary
(b) secondary
(c) tertiary
(d) none of these
Answer:
(b) secondary

9. Primary relatives of our secondary relatives are our …………… relatives.
(a) primary
(b) secondary
(c) tertiary
(d) none of these
Answer:
(c) tertiary

10. That family is known as ……………. family in which husband wife and their unmarried children live.
(a) nuclear
(b) joint
(c) extended
(d) neo-local
Answer:
(a) nuclear

11. Which of these is the function of the family?
(а) Socialization of children
(b) Control over children
(c) Perpetuation of children
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

12. How many types of kinship are there?
(a) One
(b) Two
(c) Three
(d) Four
Answer:
(b) Two

13. What is the importance of kinship in the present age?
(а) Helpful in giving status
(b) Determines the right over ancestral property
(c) Helpful in the socialization of children
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Fill in the Blanks:

1. In …………… family, authority is in the hands of the father.
Answer:
Patriarchal

2. In …………… family, authority is in the hands of mother.
Answer:
Matriarchal

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 7 Marriage, Family and Kinship

3. In …………… marriage, one needs to marry within his own group.
Answer:
Endogamy

4. In …………… family, members of two or more generations live together.
Answer:
Joint

5. Polyandry marriage is of …………… types.
Answer:
two

6. On the basis of size, family is of …………….. types.
Answer:
three

7. On the basis of authority, family is of …………….. types.
Answer:
two

True/False:

1. In a nuclear family, control is in the hands of the father.
Answer:
False

2. Polyandry takes place due to less few of females.
Answer:
True

3. Polygamy is the most famous type of marriage in the world.
Answer:
False

4. There are two types of kinship.
Answer:
True

5. Family acts as the carrier of culture.
Answer:
True

6. In a matriarchal family, daughters do not get property.
Answer:
False

7. Members of a family are blood relatives.
Answer:
True

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 7 Marriage, Family and Kinship

One Word/line Question Answers:

Question 1.
What is Monogamy?
Answer:
The marriage of one male with one female is known as Monogamy.

Question 2.
How many types of Polygamy are there?
Answer:
There are two types of Polygamy.

Question 3.
How many wives one male can have in Bigamy?
Answer:
One male can have two wives in Bigamy.

Question 4.
How many husbands one female can frave in Polyandry?
Answer:
One female can have many husbands in Polyandry.

Question 5.
Give meaning of Endogamy.
Answer:
Doing marriage in one’s own caste or group is called endogamy.

Question 6.
Give meaning of Exogamy.
Answer:
Marriage out of one’s own gotra or clan but within one’s own caste is known as exogamy.

Question 7.
Whose words are these, “Marriage is a contract for the production and maintenance of children.”?
Answer:
These words are of Malinowski.

Question 8.
Which type of marriage is most common in the world?
Answer:
Monogamy is the most common form of marriage in the world.

Question 9.
Give meaning of Polygamy.
Answer:
Marriage of one male or female with many females or males is known as Polygamy.

Question 10.
Polyandry.
Answer:
Marriage of one female with many males is known as Polyandry.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 7 Marriage, Family and Kinship

Question 11.
What is Affinity?
Answer:
Social, relations based on marriage are called Affinity.

Question 12.
Marriage.
Answer:
Sexual relations are sanctioned by society through one institution which is known as marriage.

Question 12.
What is Hypergamy?
Answer:
It is a type of marriage in which the girl can marry either in the same caste or with the boy of higher caste.

Question 13.
Give meaning of fraternal polyandry.
Answer:
When husbands of a female are brothers of each other then it is known as fraternal polyandry.

Question 14.
Who are Primary relatives?
Answer:
Blood relatives or direct relatives are our primary relatives like father, mother, brother, sister.

Question 15.
Who are Secondary relatives?
Answer:
Primary relatives of our parents are our secondary relatives like uncle, grandfather, grandmother.

Question 16.
Who are Tertiary relatives?
Answer:
Relations made with the help of secondary relatives are tertiary relatives like cousin, wife of mother’s brother etc.

Question 17.
What is Endogamy?
Answer:
In Endogamy, one has to marry within his own caste or group.

Question 18.
What is Hypogamy?
Answer:
Hypogamy is the marriage in which male of lower caste marries with the female of higher caste.

Question 19.
Institution of marriage is a basic institution. How?
Answer:
Institution of marriage is a basic institution because it is sanctioned by the society.

Question 20.
Give one reason of Monogamy.
Answer:
Monogamy was started to maintain social system.

Question 21.
Give one advantage of Monogamy.
Answer:
It is permanent and it leads to higher social status of family.

Question 22.
Give one disadvantage of Monogamy.
Answer:
If wife becomes ill then there is no one to take care of the family.

Question 23.
Give meaning of Polygamy.
Answer:
Marriage of one male with many females is known as Polygamy.

Question 24.
Give one reason of Polygamy.
Answer:
Keeping more than one wife was a symbol of social status.

Question 25.
Give one advantage of Polygamy.
Answer:
Proper care of children is possible in this type of marriage.

Question 26.
Give one disadvantage of Polygamy.
Answer:
There is always conflict between wives which disturbs peace of the family.

Question 27.
Give meaning of Polyandry.
Answer:
Marriage of one female with many males is known as Polyandry.

Question 28.
How many types of Polyandry are there?
Answer:
Two types-Fraternal Polyandry and Non-Fraternal Polyandry.

Question 29.
Give one cause of Polyandry.
Answer:
Less number of females as compared to males.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 7 Marriage, Family and Kinship

Question 30.
Give one advantage of Polyandry.
Answer:
Population remains limited with this type of marriage.

Question 31.
Give one disadvantage of Polyandry.
Answer:
Health of female deteriorates due to sexual relations with more males.

Question 32.
Fraternal Polyandry.
Answer:
When any female is having many husbands and all are brothers of each other then it is called fraternal polyandry.

Question 33.
State any three new trends of marriage.
Answer:

  • People are opting for court marriage.
  • The number of love marriages is increasing day by day.

Question 34.
How many types of families are there on the basis of members?
Answer:
Three types—Nuclear family, Joint family, and Extended family.

Question 35.
How many types of family are there on the basis of Marriage?
Answer:
Two types—Monogamous family and Polygamous family.

Question 36.
How many types of families are there on the basis of Nomenclature?
Answer:
Four types—Patrilineal, Matrilineal, Bilinear, Non-unilineal.

Question 37.
Nuclear family.
Answer:
That family in which husband, wife and their unmarried children live.

Question 38.
When was Hindu Widow Remarriage Act passed?
Answer:
In 1856.

Question 39.
From which language the word ‘Family9 originated?
Answer:
It originated from Latin Language.

Question 40.
From which Latin word, the word ‘Family’ originated?
Answer:
It originated from the Latin word ‘Famulus’.

Question 41.
Neolocal family.
Answer:
When male and female make their new house after marriage then it is known as Neolocal Family.

Question 42.
What are initial functions of Family?
Answer:
Satisfaction of sexual needs, procurement of children and upbringing of children.

Question 43.
Which type of relations are there among mother-father, brother- sister, mother-son, father-daughter?
Answer:
They have blood relations among them.

Question 44.
Which type of relations are there among Husband-Wife, Son in law- Father-in-law etc?
Answer:
Marital relations.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 7 Marriage, Family and Kinship

Question 45.
Initially where Socialization of a child starts?
Answer:
Initially, Socialization of a child starts in the family.

Question 46.
What is Matriarchal Family?
Answer:
That family in which authority remains in the hands of mother.

Question 47.
What is family?
Answer:
Family is a group based on sexual relations which is so small and permanent that it could procure and upbring the children.

Question 48.
Give two functions of family.
Answer:

  • Family is formed after marriage.
  • Family socializes its children.

Question 49.
What is Joint Family?
Answer:
That family in which people of more than one generation live at one place and eat from the common kitchen.

Question 50.
What is Patriarchal Family?
Answer:
That family in which all the rights are in father’s hands, family runs with father’s name and he controls the whole family.

Question 51.
What is Matriarchal Fatmily?
Answer:
That family in which all the rights are in mother’s hands, family runs with mother’s name and she controls the whole family.

Question 52.
On the basis of Marriage, how many types of Family are there?
Answer:
Two types—Monogamous family and Polygamous family.

Question 53.
Give two characteristics of Family.
Answer:

  • family is a universal institution.
  • Family is formed only after establishment of relations between husband and wife.

Question 54.
Give any two biological functions of Family.
Answer:

  • In family, husband makes relations with his wife.
  • Children take birth in family.

Question 55.
Give two Economic functions of Family.
Answer:

  • Family arranges food for its members.
  • Family acts as a productive unit.

Question 56.
Give meaning of Monogamous Family.
Answer:
That Family in which one male marries with only one female.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 7 Marriage, Family and Kinship

Question 57.
Give meaning of Polygamous Family.
Answer:
That Family in which one male has many wives.

Question 58.
What is Polyandrous Family?
Answer:
That Family in which one female has many husbands.

Question 59.
Give any two changes which have come in Family.
Answer:

  • Joint Families are disintegrating and Nuclear Families are emerging.
  • Powers of father have been reduced.

Question 60.
Which change has come in the structure of the Family?
Answer:
In earlier times, family members were more in number but now it has been reduced to a great extent.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Marriage defines the social status of an individual. How?
Answer:
An individual gets many status due to marriage like husband, father, son- in-law, brother-in-law. All these define social status of an individual. He becomes a responsible member of the society.

Question 2.
What is Nikah?
Answer:
Nikah is a legal contract whose objective is to provide sanction to sexual relations between couple and to their children’s rights and duties. Nikah is a type of marriage that takes place among Muslims.

Question 3.
Restrictions on Marriage.
Answer:
In few societies, there exist certain restrictions that in which group one needs to do marriage or not. Generally marriages between blood relatives and people of same gotra are restricted.

Question 4.
Intercaste marriage.
Answer:
When marriage takes place between members of two different castes then it is known as intercaste marriage. In ancient times this type of marriage was not allowed but today it happens everywhere.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 7 Marriage, Family and Kinship

Question 5.
Non-Fraternal Polyandry.
Answer:
It is that type of polyandry marriage in which husbands of a female are not brothers and they live at different places. Wife lives with every husband for a particular time period.

Question 6.
Defirfe Monogamy.
Answer:
According to Piddington, “Monogamy is a form of marriage in which one man may be married to one woman at any time.”

Question 7.
Meaning of Polygymy.
Answer:
Polygymy is a type of marriage in which one male marries more than one female at time. It is of two types—restricted polygymy and unrestricted polygymy. This type of marriage is not allowed in modern society.

Question 8.
Restricted Pqlygymy.
Answer:
This is a type of marriage in which one male was allowed to keep a restricted number of wives. This type of marriage prevails among Muslims and they are allowed to have 4 wives.

Question 9.
Unrestricted Polygymy.
Answer:
In this type of marriage, one male was allowed to keep as many wives as he could. For example, kings in earlier times were allowed to keep many wives. This type of marriage is now legally banned.

Question 10.
Status of woman in Polyandry.
Answer:
Status of woman in Polyandry is quite low as she is forced to marry many males and to keep relations with all. It leads to deterioration of her health. Polyandry is not good for females.

Question 11.
Write a short note on Monogamy.
Answer:
When a female marries a male then this type of marriage is known as monogamy. Until they both are alive or till they both are not divorced, they cannot marry second time because it is a criminal offence.

Question 12.
Write two demerits of Polyandry.
Answer:

  • The health of a female deteriorates in such kind of marriage because she is required to satisfy sexual needs of many males.
  • In such kind of marriage, there is always some problem between husbands regarding their wife.

Question 13.
Two merits of Monogamy.
Answer:

  • Relations between husband and wife are quite strong.
  • The better upbringing of children is possible.
  • Family problems are quite less in such kind of marriage.
  • Balance is always maintained between husband and wife.

Question 14.
Describe the main causes of Polygamy.
Answer:

  • More sexual instincts of males led to the advent of such marriages.
  • Wish to have a son because many girls also led to such marriages.
  • Wish to have a large family led to keep more wives.

Question 15. Socialization of children.
Answer:
Family socializes its children and explains to them the methods to live in society and with this, they become better citizens of society. Socialization of children takes place only in the family.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 7 Marriage, Family and Kinship

Question 16.
Matrilineal Family.
Answer:
The family whose name runs with the name of mother and in which mother holds authority in all of its affairs is known as the Matrilineal family. Mother takes all the important decisions in the family.

Question 17.
Describe two functions of a family.
Answer:

  • In a family, the property of an individual is transmitted from one generation to another and never goes to any third person.
  • It is the duty of the family to bring and protect its children and their better development is possible only in the family.

Question 18.
Any two changes in the functions of the family.
Answer:

  • These days, families are becoming more progressive.
  • Females move out of the family for jobs and that is why their functions are changing.
  • Control of the head’ of the family is decreasing day by day.

Question 19.
Lack of Family Unity.
Answer:
Now family’s control over its members has decreased. Now children care in crutches. One progresses with the help of his ability and he leaves his family. Females are doing jobs and are coming out of their houses. That is why there is a lack of family unity.

Question 20.
“Family is a process.”
Answer:
It is a fact that the family is a process. A child takes birth in the family, lives in the family for the whole of his life, and dies in the family. Family makes a child a civilized person and a social being. Only in family, one come to know how to live in society.

Question 21.
Neolocal Family.
Answer:
In such type of family, husband-wife, after marriage, do not go to their parent’s place to live. Instead, they make their own house to live where they live without any problem. Such families exist in the present age.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Social Institution.
Answer:
The institution is neither the group of people and nor the organization. A social institution is the system of norms to achieve any aim to do any work. The institution is the collection of folkways and mores centered around any specific and important human activity. Institutions are the collected processes through which man does his work.

Question 2.
Two important elements of Institution.
Answer:

  • Definite aim. The institution is developed to fulfill the needs of humans were: Without aim, the institution cannot exist. In this way, the institution is made for a definite aim.
  • One concept. The concept is also an important element of the institution. One concept comes to fulfill the needs of persons which according to the group is necessary. That’s why to save it the society has developed the institution.

Question 3.
Four characteristics of Institution.
Answer:

  • An institution is a unit in the system.
  • The institution is generally permanent.
  • The institution has clearly defined aims.
  • The institution is abstract.
  • Every institution has one traditional symbol.

Question 4.
Four functions of Institution.
Answer:

  • Institution controls society.
  • The institution gives status and role to a man.
  • The institution helps in achieving aims.
  • The institution is the carrier of culture.
  • The institution provides cultural uniformity.

Question 5.
What is Kinship?
Or
Kinship.
Answer:
Kinship. According to Charles Winick, “Kinship System may include socially recognized relationship based on supposed as well as actual genealogical ties.” It means that the system of developed social relations made by actual or blood and made by marriage is known as Kinship.”

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 7 Marriage, Family and Kinship

Question 6.
In how many parts Kinship can be divided?
Answer:
Kinship can “be divided into three parts

  • Affinal Kinship.
  • Consanguineous Kinship.
  • Formal or Imaginative Kinship.

Question 7.
Consanguineous Kinship.
Answer:
The bond of blood is called consanguineous -kinship. The consanguineous kins are related with blood whereas the affinal kind is related through marriage. . The bond between parents and their children and that between siblings is consanguineous kinship. This type of kinship is of great importance if it is sanctioned by society.

Question 8.
Lineage.
Answer:
Lineage is made by taking blood relatives of either mother or father. All these relatives are tied with the actual descent of either male or female. All these members are the children of one common ancestor, that’s why they never marry in their lineage. In this way, a lineage is a group of blood relatives that are the unilineal children of one common ancestor and they can be seen by one line of descent.

Question 9.
What is Clan?
Answer:
A clan is a detailed form of Lineage which has been made by. unilineal blood ‘ relatives of either mother or father. In this way clan is a group of relatives which are the unilineal children of any common ancestor. Ancestors are generally imaginative because one hardly knows anything about them. They are an exogamous group,

Question 10.
Characteristics of Clan.
Answer:

  • It is an exogamous group.
  • It has one common ancestor.
  • Every clan has one name.
  • All the members of the clan never reside in one place.
  • Membership of the clan depends upon lineage.

Question 11.
Affinal Kinship.
Or
Affinity.
Answer:
Affinal Kinship is based on the marital relations or sexual relations of husband and wife. Yet they don’t have any blood relations but relations between them are established after marriage. After marriage, a man gets a number of statuses like husband, son-in-law, brother-in-law, etc. In this way, a female also gets a number of statuses like wife, daughter-in-law, sister-in-law, aunt, etc. These types of relations are known as Affinal Kinship.

Question 12.
Descent.
Answer:
Descent is that group whose membership is based on birth and people determine that to which aspect, either mother or father, he belongs.

Question 13.
Incest.
Answer:
The meaning of Incest is to establish sexual relations with any specific member of the family. In all societies, incest is not permittable. In incest disacceptance those rules are given in which sexual relations with specific members of the family are given. According to Levi Strauss, “Meaning of Incest is that different families can marry each other and it cannot marry within the family.”

Question 14.
Give the meaning of Marriage.
Answer:
In every society, the sanction is given to the regularisation of sexual relationships of males and females through marriage for the establishment of a family. In this way, marriage is the socially approved relation of male and female which forms a new family. Marriage not only gives sanction to the relationship of male and female but it also gives approval to many other relations. The meaning of family is not the sex alone. Marriage is the basis of the family. With the help of marriage, a man enters into sexual relations, makes a house, produces children, and upbrings them.

Question 15.
Main aims of Marriage.
Answer:

  • The main aim of marriage is to establish sexual relations between males and females.
  • Children get legal rights with marriage.
  • It develops the person.
  • Husband and wife bring their children after their marriage.
  • Marriage determines the moral rules for a person.
  • Religious values are secured with marriage.
  • A person gets social status with marriage.

Question 16.
Monogamy.
Answer:
According to Piddington, “Monogamy is a form of marriage in which no man may be married to more than one woman at any time.” So in this type of marriage, one male can marry one female at one time. Relations are more stable, loveable, deep, and are full of sympathy in this. The upbringing of children can be done in a proper way in this type of marriage and children get full love from their parents. Husband and wife have a complete understanding of monogamy and relations are based on equality.

Question 17.
Merits of Monogamy.
Answer:

  • Relations of husband and wife are deep in nature.
  • The upbringing of children can be done in a proper way.
  • Proper understanding is possible in monogamy.
  • Family quarrels are less in number.
  • The person stays away from the biological and mental tensions.
  • Male and females get equal status in this.

Question 18.
Demerits of Monogamy.
Answer:

  • Husband cannot establish sexual relations with wife at the time of her illness and her pregnancy because of which husband starts to go out of the house to make sexual relations.
  • Extra-marital relations increase immorality in society.
  • Many psychological problems increase with this.
  • The upbringing of children is not possible in the absence of either one of them, male or female.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 7 Marriage, Family and Kinship

Question 19.
Exogamy.
Answer:
The meaning of exogamy is to establish marital relations out of one’s gotra, village, and totem. Males and females of one Gotra, village, and totem are considered as brothers and sisters of each other. According to Westermark, the main aim of exogamy is to restrict the person not to establish sexual relations in close relations. This type of marriage is the symbol of progress and it increases mutual contact in different groups. This type of marriage is considered good from a biological point of view. The major advantage of this type of marriage is that the boy and girl have to face many difficulties in understanding each other’s ideas.

Question 20.
Inter-caste marriage.
Answer:
As it is clear from the name when any male or female marries a female or male with another caste then it is known as inter-caste marriage. This type of marriage was restricted in earlier times because of very little contact between different castes. But today this type of marriage is very famous because of the unavailability of a suitable match in their own caste and due to changes coming in the outlook of the people.

Question 21.
Merits of Exogamy.
Answer:
Marriage is being done out of the group in this type of marriage. It increases contact between different groups and it also increases the exchange of cultures. That is why this is known as progressive and better from a biological point of view. Exogamy and inter-caste marriage increases love, cooperation, and sympathy in different groups and it also encourages national unity.

Question 22.
Demerits of Exogamy.
Answer:

  • Selection of the mate is very difficult.
  • Quarrels between husband and wife are more because of cultural differences.
  • It hampers the family’s peace.
  • It also encourages the dowry system and value of the bride.

Question 23.
Endogamy.
Answer:
According to the rules of Endogamy, a man has to marry in his own caste. Castes are divided into sub-castes and a person has to marry in his sub-caste. In the times of the caste system, this rule was strictly applied. If anyone was trying to break this rule then caste was throwing him out of the caste. So every person has to marry in his sub-caste in endogamy. It is so because it maintains the purity of blood, protects the occupation of caste, it fosters the sense of unity within the group.

Question 24.
Bigamy marriage.
Answer:
In this type of marriage one male marries two females and both the females are the wives of that male. This type of marriage is known as bigamy. In this type of marriage, a person has permission to keep two wives.

Question 25.
Polygyny.
Answer:
It is a type of polygamy. In this type of marriage, one person marries more than one female. According to Kapadia, “Polygamy is that form of union in which one man has more than one wife.” According to Mitchell, “The practice of marriage of one man with two or more women is polygamy.” This type of marriage exists in almost all societies. The sexual instincts of males and the wish to have a big family have encouraged this type of marriage.

Question 26.
Hypergamy.
Answer:
An important example of polygamy in Hindu society is Kuhn Polygamy. Everyone wants that his girl should marry the boy of higher caste but the boys of higher castes are less in number. One Kulin brahmin had to marry hundreds of girls. Many problems were there in finding a suitable match because of which the dowry system and immorality were increased in society.

Question 27.
Sororate Marriage.
Answer:
In this type of marriage, a person marries the sister of his wife. Sororate marriage is of two types—restricted Sororate marriage and simultaneous Sororate marriage. In restricted Sororate marriage, a man marries his sister-in-law after the death of his wife. In simultaneous Sororate marriage person accepts or considers all the younger sisters of his wife as his wives. The first type of this marriage prevails more as compared to the second type.

Question 28.
Levirate Marriage.
Answer:
In this type of marriage, wife marries the younger brother of her husband after the death of her husband. With this type of marriage, property of the family can be secured and family is prevented from breaking. Upbringing of children can be done in an efficient way. Another reason of this type of marriage is that after marriage there is no need to give back the value of the bride.

Question 29.
Anulom marriage.
Answer:
Anulom marriage is a type of Hindu marriage according to which the males of higher castes can marry the girls of lower castes. For example, one brahmin boy can marry the girls of Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra castes. The main reason behind this type of marriage is that the people of lower castes consider it respectful to marry their daughters in the higher castes. It is so because it gives higher position to them in society.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 7 Marriage, Family and Kinship

Question 30.
Pratiloma marriage.
Answer:
In this type of marriage males of lower castes marry the females of higher castes. Manu was strictly opposed to this type of marriage. According to Manu, the children produced from this type of marriage should be considered as untouchables. Manu says that the children produced by brahmin girl and shudra boy are ‘Chandals’. That’s why this type of marriage is seen with the hatredness.

Question 31.
Polyandry Marriage.
Answer:
In this type of marriage one female marries many males and she is the wife of all of them at the same time. It is of two types—Fraternal polyandry in which all the husbands of that female are the brothers of each other and Non-fraternal polyandry in which all the husbands of that female are not the brothers. She has to live with one husband for a definite period and during that period other husbands are not allowed to make relations with her. This custom prevails in tribes and it was started due to poverty, less number of females, sense of insecurity, bride value etc.

Question 32.
Fraternal polyandry.
Answer:
In this type of marriage, all the husbands of a female are brothers among them. This type of marriage prevails in Khas tribe in India. Eldest brother is known as the father of the child and rest of the younger brothers are known as her husbands. They establish sexual relations with their wife without the permission of their elder brother. If even after the marriage any brother of the husbands will be born then he will also become the husband of that wife. If, except elder brother, any other younger brother will marry anywhere else then other brothers are also permitted to make relations with his wife.

Question 33.
Non-fraternal Polyandry.
Answer:
In this type of polyandry, all the husbands of a female are not the brothers. In fact, they live at different places. Time is determined for the female to live with one husband. After that time period she goes to other husband and this process goes on. If at the time of pregnancy any husband will gift her the bow and the arrow then he will be considered as the father of the child. All the husbands are getting a chance for that and it is their right. Other husbands are not allowed to establish relations for that definite period.

Question 34.
Polygamy.
Answer:
According to Balsera, “The form of marriage .in which there is plurality of partners is called polygamy.” So the meaning of polygamy is to marry more than once. It means that any male or female can marry more than once. It is of twp types- polygamy and polyandry. In polygamy, one male can keep many wives and in polyandry one female has many husbands.

Question 35.
Changes in the institution of marriage.
Answer:

  • According to the Hindu Marriage Act 1955, polygamy has been restricted and monogamy has been given both legal and social sanctions.
  • Now male and female both can give divorce.
  • Now position of women is better than earlier time.
  • Love marriages have been increased.
  • Many changes have come in the institution of marriage due to education, industrialization, westernization etc.

Question 36.
Types of Polygyny.
Answer:
This type of marriage is of two types:

  • Restricted Polygyn: In this type of marriage, one is restricted to keep less than or a specific number of wives. He cannot exceed the limit of the number of wives which is given to him. This type of marriage prevails among Muslims.
  • Unrestricted Polygyny: There is no limit on the number of wives in this type of marriage and one can keep as many wives as he can. This type of marriage prevailed among kings of ancient and medieval India.

Question 37.
Meaning of Family.
Answer:
Family is that institution in Which sexual relations of male and female are socially sanctioned. A family is a group of people that is known by its nomenclature. Family is that institution which has permanent sexual relations in male and female, which has a complete system of the upbringing of children, which has blood relations among its members and whose members are living at one place.

Question 38.
What is Nuclear Family?
Answer:
According to Murdock, “The Nuclear family consists of typically of a married man and woman with their offsprings, although in individual cases one or more additional persons may reside with them.” In this way Nuclear family is that family in which husband-wife and their unmarried children are living. After marriage, children are making their own different nuclear families. These are small in size. This type of family is generally progressive because decisions in this are being taken on the basis of reason. Husband and wife have the equal status in it. We can find Nuclear family in today’s modern age.

Question 39.
Give features of Nuclear Family.
Answer:

  • Nuclear family is small and limited in size.
  • Relations in nuclear families are limited.
  • Authority in this is common. It means everyone has the same and equal authority.
  • Every member in it gets enough importance.
  • The woman has higher status in it.

Question 40.
Merits of Nuclear Family.
Answer:

  • A woman has a higher status in a nuclear family.
  • The status of living in it is higher.
  • A person gets mental satisfaction in it.
  • The personality of a person develops in it.
  • Members of the family have the feeling of cooperation among them.

Question 41.
Demerits of Nuclear Family.
Answer:

  • If anyone, mother or father would fall sick, then the household works would come to halt.
  • It is very difficult for an unemployed person to live in it.
  • If the wife is illiterate then the family can come to an end if her husband dies.
  • Sometimes the conflict between husband and wife occurs because of economic problems.

Question 42.
Merits of Joint Family.
Answer:

  • Joint Family protects culture and society.
  • The joint family takes care of and upbrings the children.
  • The joint family is the centre of social control and recreation.
  • The joint family stops the division of property, increases production, and reduces expenditure.
  • Joint family gives protection to elders and sick members.

Question 43.
Demerits of Joint Family.
Answer:

  • Proper development of personality of the person is not possible in Joint family.
  • Females have lower status in Joint families.
  • Some members hardly like to work.
  • More children are there due to no tension.
  • There are many quarrels and conflicts in the family.
  • Lack of privacy for husband and wife in this family.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 7 Marriage, Family and Kinship

Question 44.
What is a Patriarchal family?
Answer:
As it is clear from the name, power or authority in this type of family is completely in the hands of the father. All the functions of the family are in the hands of the father. He is also the head of the family. He is being obeyed in every type of minor or major decision. All the members of the family are under the control of the father. In this way the family is being run on the name of the father. Son gets nomenclature of the father and nomenclature of the father is of great importance. We can find this type of family in modern times.

Question 45.
Matrilineal family.
Answer:
As it is clear from the name, authority or power in the family is in the hands of mother. Relatives of the mother have more right on the children as compared to relatives of the father. Female is known as the basic ancestor. Legal heir of the property is not the son but is the brother of the mother or son of mother’s sister. Family is run on the name of the mother. It means that children get the nomenclature of the mother. We can find this type of family in some of the tribes of India like Garo and Khasi.

Question 46.
Give the main functions of the family.
Answer:

  • It satisfies sexual instincts.
  • It produces children.
  • It upbrings the children and provides security to them.
  • It takes care of the property and arranges for income.
  • It gives education about religion.
  • It socializes the children.
  • It develops and transmits the culture.
  • The family also helps in social control.

Question 47.
Changes in the functions of the family.
Answer:

  • Families now are being more progressive.
  • Sense of fulfilling religious duties is decreasing.
  • Importance of traditional occupation has been decreased.
  • Women are going out of the house for job, that’s why their functions are changing.
  • Joint families are disintegrating.

Question 48.
Consanguine Family.
Answer:
In this type of family, blood relations are at the highest place and there are no sexual relations in it. Husband and wife are also there in this type of family but they are not the base of this family. Membership of this type of family can be attained only on the basis of birth. This type of family never comes to an end after divorce. It is permanent.

Question 49.
Matrilocal Family.
Answer:
This type of family is definitely opposite to Patrilocal family in which girl never leaves her father’s house after marriage but it lives there only. In this, her husband leaves his father’s house and goes to the house of his wife to live. It is known as Matrilocal family. We can find this type of family in Garo and Khasi tribes.

Question 50.
Patrilocal Family.
Answer:
In this type of family, bride leaves her father’s house and goes to the house of her husband to live and establish the family. We can see this type of family very often.

Question 51.
Neolocal Family.
Answer:
This type of family is different from the Patrilocal family and Matrilocal family. In this neither husband nor wife goes to their father’s house to live but they establish their new house at any other place and that’s why it is known as the Neolocal family. We can find this type of family in today’s industrial society.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 7 Marriage, Family and Kinship

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is Monogamy? What are its causes, merits, and demerits?
Answer:
The type of marriage which exists in the modern age is Monogamy. It means that at one time one male can marry with one female or at one time one female can marry with one male. That’s why it is known as Monogamy. In today’s cultural societies, this type of marriage is of great importance. According to Malinowski, “Monogamy is, has been and will remain the only true type of marriage.”

According to Piddington, “Monogamy is a form of marriage in which no man may be married to more than one woman at any time.” In the Indian society, according to Hindu religion, Monogamy is known as the ideal type of marriage. In ancient times husband was just like a god for the wife. After the death of her husband, wife was preferred to become ‘Sati’ instead of living the life of a widow. According to the Hindu Marriage Act 1955, Polygamy was restricted and sanction was given to Monogamy. In modern age laws become so strict that no one can go for second marriage without taking divorce from first partner or only after the death of first partner. Only in some special conditions second marriage was permitted like in the case of no child or husband or wife is suffering from any chronical disease.

(1) In the modern society, only the custom of monogamy exists. Because of this custom social progress becomes possible. Where there is monogamy there society has progressed a lot. So for social progress monogamy is necessary.

(2) Because of equal population of males and females, monogamy is necessary. Because of equality of ratio of their population, stability has come in society.

(3) Because of the sense of monopoly, the type of monogamy cattie into being. In ancient societies when the institution of marriage was not in regulation, then any male was free to have relations with any female. After sometime a feeling of hatred was started among them because a wish came in the mind of every person that his female should not go to the other male. The persons who were physically strong, started to keep monopoly on the females. Slowly and slowly this sense of monopoly was accepted in society and in modern societies this custom of monogamy came into being.

(4) During ancient times price of females was kept. Persons, who were able to pay that value, were given that female. Except this, because of stability of the family the marriage of one male with one female was there.

(5) Position of females is changed in modern societies due to their education and occupational abilities. Now they are able to take decisions about themselves. That’s why also the custom of monogamy has become popular.

Advantages of Monogamy:

1. Change in the status of woman. In ancient times status of woman was very low. Behaviour towards females was very rude. Even in Ashrama Scheme females were restricted to enter in the Brahmacharya Ashram. Their function was limited only to produce children and household works. Except this if we see the caste system then birth of female child was not acceptable. She had no right to live without her husband and was forced to die with the death of her husband. Slowly and slowly changes came in the field of education and now her status is equal to the status of males. That’s why she came in equal terms with males because of monogamy. The status of women has been changed completely with monogamy.

2. Upbringing Of children. Now, the upbringing of children is done in a better way and that is because of this type of marriage. .In other types of marriage the feeling of hatred exists among the children. Even the love among the members of the family is artificial in nature. With this type of marriage children get complete love of their parents. They take care of their ^Very type of needs. Capabilities of children and their knowledge have been increased and their personality is developed.

3. Stability of the family. With the help of this type of marriage, families become more stable. Males and females get more chance to understand each othet. Family cannot progress without the cooperation of both male and female. In the polygamy conflict is always there. Neither man can give complete love to female and nor female can give complete love to male. Tension always prevails in this type of condition. This situation affects the children which results in non-development of children completely. That’s why because of monogamy, family life got more stability.

4. Division of property. Because of division of property, polygamy becomes a problem for society. Even brothers try to kill each other for property. But the custom of monogamy has solved this problem. After the death of the person his property is equally divided among his children.

5. Higher standard of living. The life of modern human being is quite easy and comfortable as compared to ancient times where one male has to take care of only one female and one female has to take care of only one male. Every person can give good education to his children and can give lot of comforts to them. In polygamy upbringing of more number of children is difficult. Because of monogamy, limited number of persons are there in family. Great care is generally given to good food and way of living. That’s why because of this type of marriage standard of living has become higher.

Disadvantages of Monogamy:

1. In monogamy when a woman is pregnant then she cannot cooperate fully with her husband. Except this, even at the time of illness she can hardly cooperate with him. Because of this males started to go out of the house to fulfill their sexual satisfaction and prostitutes came into being. In some conditions, male and female have to live with each other forcefully, even if they hardly love each other. Then also they move out of the house for their biological satisfaction.

2. Second demerit of this type of marriage is that if husband or wife or any one of them is ill then many problems can come in the house. Children have to face the problem of food and many psychological problems occur in the family.

It is right that very marginal demerits are there in this type of marriages but still monogamy is better than other types of marriages and successful also. Today monogamy is known as the ideal type of marriage. Birth rate of male and female is almost equal and if we start giving preference to polygamy then many males and females have to live without marriage. That’s why monogamy is necessary for our society so that the boys and girls may get equal respect in society. According to Malinowski, “Monogamy is, has been and will remain only true type of marriage.”

Polygamy:

Question 2.
What is Polygamy? What are its types, causes, merits, and demerits?
Answer:
By Polygamy we mean when one male or female will marry more than one male or female then the name of polygamy is given.- It means at one time a male can keep more than one wife and a female can have more than one husband. According to Balsera, “The form of marriage in which there is a plurality of partners is called polygamy.”

Further, there are some types of Polygamy which are given below:

  1. Bigamy
  2. Polygyny
  3. Polyandry

Bigamy:

In this type of marriage, a male can have the sanction to marry only two females. This type of marriage was there only in Punjab.

Polygyny:

In this type of marriage one male marries many females. It means that when a male marries many females and have many wives then it is known as Polygyny. According to K.M. Kapadia, “Polygyny is that form of union in which one man has more than one wife.” According to G.D. Mitchell, “The practice of marriage of one man with two or more women is polygyny.” According to Rivers, “It is the commonest form of marriage everywhere. So far as we know, it is not universal but is the privilege of the powerful and rich.”

In ancient times this type of marriage was very famous but today it does not prevail. Even today in some tribes like Hebrids, Babylonian, Tribes of Eskimo, Crow of North America, etc. this type of marriage prevails. In ancient times when members of one group won over the other group then they were accepting the females of the defeated group as their wives. According to Kapadia, to complete religious rituals, religious books of Hindus have given permission to keep four wives. First wife is known as ‘Mahishi’, the second ‘Privriti,’ third “Vakta’, and the fourth wife is known as ‘Plagali’. The status of first wife was higher as compared to the other three. The second was powerful, third was most lovable for husband, fourth was the daughter of lowest officer of the court of the king.

Polygyny can be further divided into two parts.

  • Restricted Polygyny marriage
  • Unrestricted Polygyny marriage

(a) Restricted Polygyny: In this type of polygamy marriage, the number of wives is limited to a certain number. A person cannot keep wives beyond that limited number. Among Muslims according to this type of marriage, number of wives for a male is the limited maximum up to four.

(b) Unrestricted Polygyny: According to this type of marriage, a man can keep wives as many as he wants. There is no limit to the number of wives. In ancient times, Kings were used to practicing this type of marriage.

Causes of Polygyny:

(1) This type of marriage prevails because of the fact that females become old quite early as compared to males. After the birth of the child health of females also deteriorates. This generally prevails in non-civilized societies.

(2) After some time of marriage, sexual relationships were restricted. For example
at the time of pregnancy sexual relationships are restricted. That’s why more than one marriage is permitted. ‘

(3) More sexual instinct of men is the main reason for this type of marriage. Sometimes men need a change and this is also a reason behind Polygyny.

(4) In ancient societies very big families had good social status in the society. So the wish of a big family also motivated this type of marriage.

(5) In ancient tribal societies Heads of tribes believed in getting prestige in society by marrying more than once because people think that he is from a rich family.

(6) Sometimes economic factor is also a reason for polygamy. In agricultural works, males need more help than females and that’s why they start to marry more than one female.

Merits of Polygyny:

(1) Children’s upbringing is possible in a good and proper manner with polygamy because females can collectively take care of them. If any wife would become sick then others can take care of the children.

(2) Another merit of polygyny is that with this custom there is no need to go to prostitutes to spend money for pleasure. He can get newness only in the family and his sexual instincts can be satisfied. With this practice of polygamy, the family can be saved.

(3) With this custom children become healthy because there is no need for a female to produce many children.

(4) When Kulin Vivaha was started because of this custom then the brotherhood among different castes was increased.

Demerits of Polygyny:

(1) The most important demerit of polygyny is the low status of women in society because women were used as the means of recreation and pleasure for males. Males had no feeling or sense of love towards females. In fact, he was related to her only to satisfy his sexual instincts. Anyone hardly cared about the feelings of females. There was no individual existence of females in society.

(2) When females were left with unsatisfied sexual instincts then they used to establish sexual relations with males except for their husband because a person can satisfy his instincts by marrying many wives but he cannot satisfy all the females.

(3) Because of polygyny the atmosphere of the family becomes uneasy because females are more in number and they are fighting with each other. For example, in Ramayana, queen Kekeyi forced her husband, king Dashrath to send Ram to the forests so that her son Bharata should be the new king. So we want to say that quarrels, fighting, jealousy exist in families with this custom.

(4) Because of Polygyny the head of the family is under a great economic pressure because just one member of the family earns but other members of the family are dependent upon him. So the status of the family becomes very low with this.

(5) Size of the file family becomes too big. That’s why many psychological problems occur in the family.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 7 Marriage, Family and Kinship

Polyandry:

Question 3.
What is Polyandry? Explain its causes, merits, and demerits.
Answer:
The custom of polyandry prevails in many societies of the world. The meaning of polyandry is the custom of that marriage in which one female marries many males at a given time and that’s why it is known as polyandry. Generally, in the families of tribes of Tibet, Marcusheim of Polynesia, today’s Malabar, Venzuala, and Malaya this type of custom still prevails. In ‘Mahabharata’, five Pandava brothers had one wife. In the Khas tribe of Dehradun, Toda tribe of Central India, Kot tribe of Kerala this system of Polyandry still prevails. Except this, this custom is also sanctioned in many tribes of hilly areas. Different scholars have given different views about it.

According to K.M. Kapadia, “Polyandry is a form of union in which a woman has more than one husband at a time or in which brothers share a wife or wives in common.” According to G.D. Mitchell, “The practice of marriage of one woman to two or more men, is stated as Polyandry.” In this way, the practice in which one female has more than one husband is known as Polyandry.

There are two forms of polyandrous marriage:

  • Fraternal Polyandry
  • Non-Fraternal Polyandry

Fraternal Polyandry:

In the custom of fraternal polyandry, all husbands of a female are brothers among them. This type of marriage prevails in the Khas Tribe in India. The eldest brother is known as the father of a child and rest younger brother are her husbands. They establish sexual relations with their wife with the permission of their elder brother. The elder brother is the head of the family and it is his duty to bring the children in a proper way. If even after the marriage any brother of the husbands will be bom then he will also become the husband of that female. If except elder brother, any other younger brother will marry any where else then other brothers also have the permission to have relations with her. If that brother did not permit for this and showed monopoly on her then he was forced to leave his property’s right. This type of marriage also prevails in the tribes of Nilgiri, Laddakh, Sikkim, Assam.

Non-Fraternal Polyandry:

In this type of polyandry, all the husbands of a female are not the brothers. Infact, they live at different places. Time is determined for female that for how much time she has to live with any husband. After the expiry of time period she goes to other husband and this process goes on. If in this type, female will die then all males are forced to live the life of widower. In some tribes, where this system prevails, if at the time of pregnancy any husband gifts her the arrow and the bow then he was accepted as the father of the child. All husbands will get a chance for that and it is their right. In this way according to this custom the rule is that if in a definite period wife lives with any husband then other husbands are not permitted to have sexual relations with the wife.

Causes of Polyandry:

(1) In the ancient times, it was very difficult for a person to take responsibility of the whole family and that’s why some persons were collectively marrying one female. According to Dr. Kapadia, this custom prevails even because of difficult natural conditions. In ancient times when man was moving beyond the range of family in search of food then some persons were engaged in these activities and some persons were living at home to take care of the family.

(2) To control the increasing population, this type of marriage was adopted. It helps in limiting the size of the family because with this the number of produced children will remain less in number.

(3) According to some sociologists less number of females as compared to males was the main reason behind this custom. In Toda tribe this was the main reason behind this type of custom.

(4) In some areas husband has to pay the price of the bride and then only he can make her as his wife. Sometimes this price of the bride was too high that it was beyond the limit of a single man. That’s why some people jointly were able to pay the price of the bride. That’s why they were accepting her jointly as their wife.

(5) Another reason of Polyandry is poverty. Sumner has written about Tibbet that production in Tibbet is very less and because of this it is very difficult for a person to give bread and butter to his family. That’s why collectively they were providing food and other things to the family.

Merits of Polyandry:

(1) With polyandry, the increase of population can be checked because in many areas the main reason of poverty is more population. This custom can reduce the number of children in society.

(2) On one side this custom controls the population and on another side it helps in taking status of living high, because there are less responsibilities on bread earners. The number of bread earners is more and that’s why there is no economic pressure on the family.

(3) With this custom, the custom of joint family also came into being and size of the family remains small. Very less number of quarrels are there because every person of the family works for the collective progress of the family.

(4) With this custom of polyandry, upbringing of children is possible in a proper and permanent way because the responsibility of upbringing of children belongs jointly to all members of the family. Children can get love of both, mother and father, which is necessary for the formation of his character and personality. Very less situation of conflict is there.

(5) With this custom there is no need for division of property of the family because of which the feelings of love, brotherhood and cooperation exist among the members of the society.

Demerits of Polyandry:

(1) The biggest disadvantage of polyandry is the health of the female because one female has to satisfy the sexual needs of many males which results in the deterioration of her health.

(2) This custom helps in reducing birth rate. If this custom will prevail for next few years then in next few years that society will come to an end.

(3) All males cannot be sexually satisfied with this because wife has to live with one husband for a definite period. When she is living with a husband for a definite period then others are restricted to establish sexual relations with her. In this condition man goes out of the house to satisfy his natural instincts. In this way immorality increases in family and the society.

(4) Another demerit of this custom is that when man comes to know that the child is not his, which his wife is producing, then in that condition he started to ignore the child and then the wife has to take the responsibility of that child.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 7 Marriage, Family and Kinship

Question 4.
Explain in detail the functions of family.
Answer:
Different sociologists have classified the functions of the family according to their own ways whose description is given below:

1. Biological Functions of Family:

1. Satisfaction of sexual desire. This necessary function of family exists from that time when human society came into being because the satisfaction of sexual desire is the primary function of family. This objective connects the male and female with each other for a long time and it helps also in the formation of the personality. If we will suppress this wish then many types of problems can occur which will result in the breakdown of social relations.

2. Reproduction. For the maintenance and existence of society it is necessary that human race should be perpetuated. According to Hindu religious books, man cannot get salvation until that time when he doesn’t have son. Society never gives sanction to the children which are born out of family. That’s why the reproduction of children is the aim of the family.

3. Provision of shelter. Family provides security to its members. House is provided to the members of the family so that they should live with their family when they will come back to their house from their work. These days man gets rooms to live in clubs, hotels but his house is just like a heaven for him. It is so because of the comfort which he gets in family, he can never get anywhere else.

4. Upbringing of children. The function of the upbringing of children also belongs to family. Actual development of a child is possible only under the control of the parents. It is right that in modern age creaches are taking care of children because females are also employed. But still we can see that the children who grow up under the supervision of their parents have more qualities than the others. In this way we can take care of our children only with the help of family and all-round development of the child is possible.

5. Provision of food and clothing. Humans need food to live and this need is fulfilled by family. Family saves its members from different natural forces. Human child is more dependent upon the family for a very long time. If the new born baby will not wear the clqthes according to the season then he can fall sick. In winter he needs woollen clothes and in summer he needs cotton clothes and the family provides him all these things.

2. Economic Functions of Family:

1. Protection of Property. In family, the property of one generation is given to another generation. In ancient times, in patriarchal families, property was divided only among boys. But in modern times girl can also take the share of her father’s property. If any person dies unmarried then after his death his relatives fight with each other for the property. So property is divided among the members of family according to the wish of the head of family.

2. Provision of Money. We need money to fulfil our needs and the needs of the family. That’s why in ancient societies head of family was providing the money for family. But today husband and wife both are earning to fulfil the needs of the members of family.

Social Functions of Family:

1. Socialization. Child learns ways of living in society only in family and becomes a good citizen. With the help of family child establishes social contacts. Child takes birth in family and first of all he comes in contact with his parents because they fulfil his basic needs. Person gets ascribed status from the family. According to Merrill, “Family is an enduring association of parents and offspring whose primary functions are the socialization of the children and the satisfaction of the members.”

Child’s personality develops only in family. According to Aristotle, “Man is a social animal.” This social quality he gets while living in society. According to Anderson, to control the animal habits of man, to form good habits, to understand responsibilities and to develop self belief are the main functions of family. Qualities like cooperation, love, sacrifice, discipline develop in a person only in the family. If child gets proper education in the family then good citizens will come in society. Person comes to know about every type of behaviour of society only in family.”

2. Protection and transmission of culture. Family protects our culture and this culture is our social heritage and continuity exists in it. Every family understands the responsibilities of giving good habits to next generation, traditions, customs, rituals to the person. Child learns every thing with unconscious mind because he automatically does that thing which he observes in the family. Every family has its own customs on which it is based. Family tells the child to learn something consciously so that the child should move according to the traditions of the family. In this way on the basis of this continuity family protects and transmits the culture to next generation.

3. Social control. Family is an important agency of social control because it is the first agency in which the child is controlled so that the bad habits should not be developed. For example, parents keep control over him to not to tell a lie, not to speak wrong with elders so that the child should follow the rules of the family. Every person wants to do that type of work which helps in increasing the prestige of his family in the society. Family controls every type of behaviour and actions of its members. In this way child becomes disciplined. If child does not behave in a proper way with the members of family then he will definitely misbehave with the other members of the society. For example, child learns the habit of theft only by looking at its elders. If they will not do this then child will also come under control. In this way family controls its members.

4. To provide status. In a family child comes to know about his status and role. In ancient societies child was respected according to family in which he was born. For example, a child born in a rich family, King’s house, Landlord’s house was getting social status automatically. Child born in poor family had low status. Yet in today’s age man gets status according to his ability but still child has to work according to the family in which he is born.

5. Provide occupation. In ancient societies child had to adopt the occupation of family in which he was born. In caste system, child born in Brahmin’s family can adopt the occuption of the brahmins. According to ancient history, division of occupation was based on caste and caste was related with the birth of child. Yet today person can adopt the occupation according to his ability but still in business, person adopts his hereditary occupation.

6. Help in marriage. This function was also done by family in ancient societies. Yet in today’s age man establishes marital relations according to his wish. But still it is necessary that the family members should be present at the time of marriage. Even today it is the duty of the family to get their children married.

Education Functions:

Family is the basic agency for the education of a child because he gets first education only in family. To give good habits and qualities is also related with family. In ancient societies education related to occupation, education related to religion, education related to making a good citizen was given only in family. Yet in present society child’s educational functions have been taken away by other institutions but still many functions related to education are done by family.

Political Functions:

In political area family has an important place. According to Confucius, man firstly is the member of the family then is of state. In primitive societies family’s importance was more than political aspect. Society was divided in different tribes. Eldest members of these tribes were made the head of the tribe. Head of the family was the eldest member of the family and others were working under him. In Indian joint family system head of family is of great importance. This head can be grandfather or great grandfather of the family. Members of family were given different status and roles which everyone had to obey. That’s why stability of family was there. The main reason behind the disorganization of the family in modern society is the lack of political functions of the family. Family helps the person to become a political man so that the man should be able to become a good citizen of the society. Political organization is a powerful organization which regulates the social relations of the person. So organization of the family is responsible for the organization of the society.

Religious Functions:

Child gets knowledge about religious rituals in family only. According to Hindu religious books, religious rituals are incomplete without wife. Family is the centre of religious actions. In Indian society, marriage is known as religious sacrament and it completed by religious actions. Religious rituals are done by the family from the birth till death. Qualities of the person are developed by the family. Religion controls the behaviour of human. It develops many of the good qualities in person like sacrifice, love, cooperation etc. According to Timasheff Cohen, “The structure and status of the family are often reflected in religion, the gods forming families along human lines. In those societies, atleast religious rules serve as instrument of integration, offering common societal values which help to direct the society as. a whole.” Family life depends upon religion. In this way religion tells its ‘members about religious ideals, rules with which social unity is maintained. In modern societies people’s point of view has become scientific but still family maintains its social customs.

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