PSEB Notes

This PSEB 6th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 5 Realms of the Earth will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 5 Realms of the Earth

→ Realms of the Earth: Land, water, and air are the three realms of the earth.

→ Lithosphere: Lithosphere is the realm of the earth which consists of solid crust, i.e. rocks.

→ Hydrosphere: Hydrosphere means the realm of the earth containing the water of the earth collectively.

→ Atmosphere: The realm of the air surrounding the earth is known as the atmosphere.

→ Biosphere: The narrow contact zone of land, water, and air that contains all forms of life is called the biosphere.

→ Continent: A continent is a large area of contiguous land rising above sea level.

→ Ocean: An ocean is a vast body of water on the surface of the earth, which surrounds the land.

→ Mountain: A mountain is a landmass considerably higher than the surrounding area.

→ Plateau: A plateau is a broad and rather level stretch of land rising sharply above the neighbouring lowland.

→ Plain: A relatively flat and low-lying land surface is called a plain.

→ Gases of Air: Nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon- dioxide are the main gases of air.

→ The largest ocean in the world: The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean in the world. It is also deeper than any other ocean.

→ It is bounded by Asia and Australia on the one hand and North America and South America on the other.

→ About 70% of the earth’s surface is covered by water.

→ About 29% of the earth’s surface is covered by land.

→ The lithosphere consists of mountains, plateaus, and plains.

→ There are seven continents namely Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Europe, Antarctica, and Australia.

→ There are four oceans namely Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, and the Arctic.

→ The atmosphere is a mixture of gases.

→ Nitrogen (78%) is the biggest constituent of the Atmosphere.

→ The biosphere is the realm of living things.

→ The hydrosphere is the realm of water.

→ The lithosphere is the realm of solid crust.

→ Earth: A unique planet

→ Litho: Means store.

→ Mt Everest: 8848 metres high

→ Table Land: A Plateau

→ White Continent: Antarctica

→ Mariana Trench: The deepest trench

→ Life breath: Oxygen

→ Harmful Gases: Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide.

This PSEB 6th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 4 How Maps Help Us will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 4 How Maps Help Us

→ Map: A map is a representation of the earth’s surface or a part of it according to a scale.

→ Sketch: Sketch is a drawing usually made from one’s imagination without measuring the actual distance on the ground.

→ Plan: Plan is a large-scale drawing showing greater details.

→ Compass: A compass is an instrument used to find directions.

→ Outline Map: An outline map is a map that shows boundary lines between the countries, states, or any one of them.

→ Cardinal Directions: There are four cardinal directions. They are North, South, East, and West.

→ Conventional Symbols: Conventional symbols are used to represent various features in maps.

→ There has been a common agreement the world over regarding the use of these symbols.

→ Atlas: A book of maps is called Atlas.

→ Maps are tools of geography.

→ A globe shows a part of the earth’s surface.

→ Three pillars of the map are scale, direction, and conventional symbols.

→ North, South, East, and West are cardinal points.

→ Two main types of maps are physical and thematic maps.

→ A book of bound maps is called an Atlas.

→ A plan is a drawing of a small area on a large scale.

→ Globe is the true model of the earth.

→ A sketch is a drawing mainly based on memory and not on the scale.

→ Thematic maps represent a particular theme

→ Guide maps: Maps of big cities.

→ Globe: A true model of the earth.

→ Atlas maps: Thematic maps.

→ Physical maps: Show relief features.

→ Survey maps: Topographical maps.

→ Arrows: Direction to show north.

→ Key: List of symbols.

This PSEB 6th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 3 Motions of the Earth will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 3 Motions of the Earth

→ Rotation: The spinning of the Earth on its axis from West to East in about 24 hours is called Rotation.

→ Revolution: The motion of the Earth around the sun, along an elliptical orbit from West to East is known as Revolution.

→ Axis of the Earth: Axis of the Earth is an imaginary line on which the earth rotates.

→ Orbit: It is an imaginary plane or path along which the Earth revolves round the sun.

→ Aphelion: When the Earth is farthest from the sun, its position is called Aphelion.

→ Perihelion: When the Earth is nearest the sun its position is called Perihelion.

→ Solstices: The positions of the Earth on 21st June and 22nd December are known as solstices.

→ Equinoxes: The positions of the Earth on 23rd September and 21st March are known as equinoxes.

→ Days and nights are unequal in length due to the inclination of the Axis.

→ The axis of the earth is inclined from the perpendicular.

→ The time taken for a revolution is 365 days and 6 hours.

→ Equal days and nights are found at the equator.

→ Four distinct seasons are formed at different positions of the earth on 21 March (Spring), 21 June (Summer), 23 September (Autumn), 22 December (Winter).

→ Opposite Seasons are formed in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere.

→ The earth rotates from West to East.

→ The period of rotation of the earth is called the earth day.

→ The earth revolves round the sun along an elliptical orbit.

→ When the Sun is directly over 23½° N, it is called the summer solstice, when the Sun is directly over 23½° S, it is called the winter solstice.

→ The Sun rises: The Sun rises in the east.

→ Copernicus: A scientist who discovered the sun to be stationary.

→ The direction of Rotation: West to East.

→ Leap Year: 2016

→ Ellipse: An elongated sphere.

→ Speed of the Earth: 1,05,600 km per hour.

→ The direction between the Sun and the Earth: 15 crore kms.

This PSEB 6th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 2 Globe – The Model of the Earth will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 2 Globe – The Model of the Earth

→ Latitude: Latitude is the angular distance of a place North or South of the Equator.

→ Longitude: Longitude is the angular distance of a place East or West of Prime Meridian.

→ Lines of Latitude: Lines of latitude are imaginary circles drawn parallel to the Equator.

→ Lines of Longitude: Lines of longitude are semi-circles joining the North pole and the South pole.

→ Local Time: Local time is the time provided by Noon Sun at a given place.

→ Standard Time: Standard Time is the local time of the Standard Meridian of a country.

→ G.M.T: Greenwich Mean Time is the local time of Prime Meridian. (0° longitude)

→ I.S.T: Indian Standard Time is the local time of 82½° East longitude passing between Allahabad and Mirzapur (U.P.).

→ Great Circle: A great circle is a circle which passes through the Centre of the earth and bisects it into two equal hemispheres.

→ Geoid: Geoid means Earth-like shape.

→ Equator: An imaginary line (East-West) that bisects the earth into two equal halves.

→ Graticule: Network formed by lines of latitude and lines of longitude.

→ Prime Meridian: It is the main meridian. (Zero meridians)

→ Torrid Zone: Hot Zone (23½° N – 23½° S)

→ Frigid Zone: Cold Zone (66½° – 90°)

→ Globe: Three-dimensional models of the earth

→ Axis: The imaginary line joining the north pole and the south pole.

→ Poles: The two ends of the axis are called poles.

→ Temperate zone: The zone with moderate temperatures.

→ The earth is inclined to the plane of earth’s orbit at an angle of 23½° from the perpendicular.

→ Parallels of latitude are the lines parallel to each other and equator on the globe in an E-W direction.

→ The equator divides the globe into two hemispheres – Northern and Southern. It is an imaginary line.

→ The earth is divided into three temperature zones i.e. the Tropical, the Temperate, and the Frigid zones.

→ 0° Longitude is called Prime Meridian.

→ The earth has been divided into 24 time zones.

→ Indian Standard Time (I.S.T.) is measured from 82½° E Meridian.

→ G.M.T. means Greenwich Mean Time which is used at a global level.

→ Greenwich (0° Longitude) is a town where a laboratory is located near London.

→ 180°E or W is known as the international dateline.

→ Equator: The line that bisects the earth into two equal halves.

→ Hemisphere: The half of a sphere.

→ Sphere: Rolled like a ball.

→ Heat zones: Temperature zones.

→ Meridians: Important to calculate time.

→ Grid: Network of parallel time and Meridians

→ Atlas: A book bound with maps.

→ Chandigarh: Latitude – 31°N, Longitude – 77°E.

This PSEB 6th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 1 Earth – As a Member of Solar System will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 1 Earth – As a Member of Solar System

→ Universe: The Universe is a vast and infinite space having millions of galaxies and heavenly bodies.

→ Galaxy Or Milky Way: A Galaxy is a group of millions of shining stars scattered in space. It is also known as Milky Way or Akash Ganga.

→ Star: A star is a celestial body having its own heat and light.

→ Planet: A planet is a heavenly body that revolves around the sun and receives heat and light from it.

→ Satellite: A satellite is a small spherical body that revolves around a particular planet.

→ Light Year: A light-year is a distance, which a ray of light would cover in a year’s time.

→ Solar System: The sun, planets, and other heavenly bodies combine together to form the solar system.

→ Sun-spots: The black spots on the bright face of the sun are called sun-spots.

→ Orbit: Orbit is the fixed path along which the planets revolve around the sun.

→ Comets: Comets are heavenly bodies with a head and a tail.

→ Saptarishi: A constellation of seven stars and a part of the Big Bear.

→ Asteroids: Tiny bodies found between the orbit of Mars and Jupiter.

→ Neil Armstrong: The first man to set foot on the moon.

→ Moon: Natural Satellite of the earth.

→ Celestial Bodies or Heavenly Bodies: All the objects like the sun, moon and bright objects seen during the night in the sky are called celestial bodies.

→ Constellation: A group of stars forming a particular pattern or design is called a constellation.

→ Geoid: Geoid means Earth-like shape.

→ Man-made satellites: Satellites carried by rockets and placed in the orbit of the earth

→ Meteoroids: Small pieces of rocks which revolve around the sun.

→ Full Moon: The night of Poornima when the moon shines in the form of a ball.

→ New Moon: The night of Amavasya when the moon is not seen from the earth.

→ On 23rd August, the International Astronomical Conference decided that Pluto should not be considered as a planet as it does not fulfill the essentials of a planet.

→ The distance between the earth and the sun is 150 million kms.

→ Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune are the 8 planets.

→ The earth has a circumference of 40,000 km.

→ The earth has an equatorial diameter of 12,756 km.

→ The distance between earth and moon is 3,76,275 km.

→ The sun is the nearest star to us.

→ The earth is the only planet having water and life.

→ The earth is a unique planet in the Solar System.

→ A light-year is a unit to measure the distance between the bodies of the universe.

→ Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin were the first cosmonauts to land on the moon on 21st July 1969.

→ The universe is huge and it includes the sun, satellites, planets, stars, etc.

→ The power of attraction of the sun, planets are called gravity.

→ Diameter = 12,756 km & 12,712 km.

→ Circumference = 40,000 km.

→ Space: Space means sky.

→ Kalpana Chawla: Astronaut of Indian Origin.

→ Saptrishi: A constellation in Great Bear.

→ Speed of light: 3 Lakh km per second.

→ Milky way: Akash Ganga in India.

→ Apollo Project: To know more about Moon.

→ Tailed Star: A comet.

→ Gravity: Power of attraction of the Sun.

This PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 16 Garbage Management and Disposal will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 16 Garbage Management and Disposal

→ Any substance which is no more useful is called waste.

→ Solid waste is called garbage. It is generated by human activities.

→ Garbage has both useful and non-useful components.

→ There are many types of wastes like industrial waste, domestic waste, agricultural waste, biomedical waste, etc.

→ Two types of garbage or solid waste are biodegradable wastes and non-biodegradable waste.

→ For proper disposal of garbage, we must do segregation before disposing of the garbage. We can do this by using differently colored dustbins.

→ To manage the waste there is the 4R’s i.e. reuse, reduce, recycle, refuse.

→ Some parts of the garbage can be reused.

→ Usually, garbage is collected and thrown in landfills.

→ Composting or vermicomposting can be done of useful components or biodegradable components of garbage.

→ Dry leaves, husk of wheat, and part of crops should not be burnt as they produce lots of smoke and harmful gases.

→ Red worms are good for vermicomposting of vegetable and fruit waste, coffee and tea leaves, weeds, etc. but oily, pickled, salty food, and milk products are not good for red worms.

→ Some types of plastics, paper, glass, and metal can be recycled.

→ Plastics bum with a foul smell and produce lots of harmful gases.

→ Plastic bags cause choking of drains and sewer systems.

→ Plastic bags eaten by animals are the cause of their death.

→ Plastic is useful as things made of them last long.

→ The incineration method releases harmful gases and causes pollution.

→ e-waste includes discarded mobiles or any electronic device.

→ Garbage: The solid waste is called garbage.

→ Dump: A large low-lying area used to dispose of garbage.

→ Landfill: A low-lying area to be filled by garbage is a landfill.

→ Biodegradable Waste: Waste material that can be decomposed by the action of microorganisms into harmless substances.

→ Non-biodegradable Waste: The waste materials that cannot be decomposed easily.

→ Incineration: The process of burning waste in closed containers.

→ Compost: The decomposition of organic material into useful material is compost.

→ Vermi-Composting: The method of preparing compost with the help of red worms is vermicomposting.

→ Gizzard: The teeth like hard structures present in red worms for grinding purposes is called the gizzard.

→ Recycling: The process of using a few materials, again and again, is recycling.

This PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 15 Air Around Us will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 15 Air Around Us

→ All living things require air to live.

→ Air is present everywhere around us however we cannot see the air.

→ Our earth is surrounded by a thin layer of air that extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earth. This is known as the atmosphere.

→ Air is made up of water vapours, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon dioxide, dust, and smoke.

→ Nitrogen and Oxygen are the main constituents of air and are present in large quantities.

→ In the air, nitrogen is 78% and oxygen is only 21%.

→ Oxygen is required for burning.

→ Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas.

→ The balance of Oxygen and Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is maintained by the presence of living organisms (man, animals) and plants.

→ Carbon dioxide is used by plants for producing food by photosynthesis. They release oxygen.

→ Oxygen is consumed by animals and humans for respiration. They produce carbon dioxide.

→ Carbon dioxide is used as a fire extinguisher because carbon dioxide does not support g burning.

→ Air can be compressed and it also exerts pressure.

→ Moving air is called wind.

→ Moving air has the power to rotate a windmill which produces electricity.

→ Windmills are very useful as they produce electricity.

→ Air helps in the dispersal of seeds, pollens, and movement of sailing boats, yachts, gliders, aeroplanes, etc.

→ Dispersal of pollens is known as pollination.

→ Ozone present in the upper layer of the atmosphere protects us from the UV rays of the sun.

→ Air: It is a mixture of many gases like nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapours, etc.

→ Wind: The moving air is wind.

→ Windmill: A device that is being rotated by air and is used for producing electricity.

→ Atmosphere: The thin blanket of air surrounding the earth constitutes the atmosphere.

This PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 14 Water will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 14 Water

→ Water is a vital resource and is considered a boon to live.

→ Water is present all over the earth.

→ Around the 3/4th part of the earth, the surface is covered with water.

→ The human body consists of 70% of water.

→ We need water for our daily activities and for producing other things.

→ Two main sources of water are surface water and groundwater.

→ Water exists in three states i.e. solid, liquid, and gas.

→ We get water from ponds, lakes, rivers, wells, etc.

→ Sea or Ocean water is salty. It is not fit for drinking and for domestic, agricultural, and industrial needs.

→ As water is a vital resource so it must be conserved.

→ Judicious use of water and saving it is conservation of water.

→ Rainwater is a pure form of water and is safe for drinking.

→ Rainwater harvesting is a technique that conserves water by storage of rainwater. This water can be reused for different useful purposes.

→ The water cycle is a cyclic process in which water is circulated between the earth and the atmosphere.

→ Ocean water supplies water to the water cycle and thus plays an important role.

→ Water from oceans, lakes, wet clothes and plants gets evaporated.

→ Clouds are just the condensation of evaporated water in the air.

→ Clouds cause rains and water returns to earth, oceans, lakes, etc.

→ Snow on mountains melts and water runs into rivers.

→ Water is also absorbed by the ground and becomes available to us as groundwater.

→ Heavy rains and no rains cause too many problems.

→ Heavy rains cause floods which destroy lives and properties.

→ Overflow of water in a large amount beyond its normal limits is known as a flood.

→ A flood is a natural disaster.

→ No rain or very little rain in a region is caused by the drought.

→ In drought conditions availability of food, fodder, and water become negligible.

→ With the increase of population, industries, and agriculture also increase which lay stress on the use of water.

→ Melting: The process of conversion of solid into liquid is called melting.

→ Freezing: The process of converting liquid into solid is called freezing.

→ Evaporation: The process of converting liquid into its vapours is called evaporation.

→ Transpiration: The process by which plants lose their water in the air is called transpiration.

→ Condensation: The process of conversion of water vapours into water is called condensation.

→ Precipitation: Falling of water in the form of rain and snow is called precipitation.

→ Clouds: The condensed water droplets join together to form clouds.

→ Water cycle: The evaporation of water to air, formation of clouds by condensation, and falling of rain on the earth constitutes the water cycle in nature.

→ Rainwater harvesting: Collection of rainwater for use at a time when it is not available otherwise is rainwater harvesting.

This PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 13 Fun with Magnets will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 13 Fun with Magnets

→ Magnetite is a natural magnet.

→ Some rocks have the property of attracting pieces of iron and these are called natural magnets.

→ Magnet has the property of attracting iron, cobalt, and nickel. Such substances are called magnetic substances.

→ Every magnet has two poles:

• North Pole
• South pole

→ A freely suspended magnet sets itself in a North-South direction.

→ Unlike (opposite) poles of two magnets attract each other whereas like poles repel each other.

→ Man-made magnets are called artificial magnets.

→ Magnets made from iron pieces are called artificial magnets.

→ Magnets are of different shapes such as Bar magnet, Horseshoe shaped (U-shaped) magnet, cylinderical magnet, or spherical magnet.

→ Compass is used to find direction.

→ When a magnet is brought near a compass, its needle gets deflected.

→ On heating a magnet, striking it with a hammer, or dropping it from a height it loses its property of magnetism.

→ If a magnet is not properly stored then it loses its property with time.

→ To store bar magnets with safety the opposite poles of two magnets are placed facing each other.

→ The magnet should be kept away from cassettes mobiles, TVs, CDs, and computers, etc.

→ Compass: Compass is a device that is needed to determine direction.

→ Magnet: Such substances which have the property of attracting iron are called magnets.

→ Magnetite: Magnetite is a natural magnet that was first discovered by a Shepherd named Magnus.

→ North pole: That end of a freely suspended magnet that points towards the geographical north direction is called its North pole.

→ South pole: That end of a freely suspended magnet that points towards the geographical south direction is called its South pole.

This PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 12 Electricity and Circuits will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 12 Electricity and Circuits

→ An electric cell is a source of electric energy.

→ The electric cell has two terminals: one positive terminal (+) and the other negative terminal (-).

→ The electric bulb has one filament which is connected to its terminals.

→ On passing the electric current, the bulb begins to glow.

→ In a closed electric circuit, the electric current passes from one terminal of the electric cell to the other terminal.

→ The switch is a simple device that is used to either break the electric circuit or to complete it.

→ Materials that allow an electric current to pass through them, are called conductors.

→ Materials that do not allow an electric current to pass through them are called insulators.

→ Light-emitting thin wire of the bulb is called filament of the bulb.

→ On the breaking of filament, the bulb becomes fused.

→ The complete path of electric current is called an Electric circuit.

→ Bulb: It is a simple device that gives out light on passing an electric current through it.

→ Electric conductor: Materials that allow current to pass through them are called electric conductors.

→ Electric cell: Electric cell is a source of electricity. The chemicals stored in it produce an electric current.

→ Electric circuit: The path of current from one terminal to another terminal, through a switch, bulb, and switch, is called an electric circuit.

→ Filament: A small thin metallic wire (Tungsten) inside a bulb that glows when current is allowed to pass through it, is called a filament.

→ Insulators: Materials that do not allow current to pass current through them are called insulators.

→ Switch: A simple device that is used to break or complete a circuit is called a switch.

→ Terminal: The point of entering or exit of electric current is called terminal.

→ An electric cell has two terminals:

• Positive terminal
• Negative terminal.