PSEB Notes

This PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 24 Constitution and Law will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 24 Constitution and Law

→ The Constitution: The Constitution is a legal document according to which administration of the country is being run. It is the supreme law of the country.

→ Formation of the Constitution of India: The Indian Constitution was prepared by a Drafting Committee.

→ It took 2 years 11 months and 18 days to prepare the Constitution. It was ready on 26th Nov. 1949.

→ Implementation of the Constitution: The Constitution of India was implemented on 26th Jan. 1950.

→ On the same day of 1930, the first independence day of the country was celebrated.

→ Law: The meaning of Law is the definitive rule. Laws regulate social life.

→ Judiciary: Indian Judiciary has been made independent and impartial.

→ It protects the Constitution and laws of the country.

→ Boycott of Liquor: Restriction on making, sale, and drinking of whisky.

This PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 23 India after Independence will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 23 India after Independence

→ Framing of the Constitution: The Constituent Assembly of India started to prepare the new Constitution in July 1946 A.D. which was completed on 26th November 1949 A.D.

→ Unification of Indian Princely States: India became free on 15th August 1947 but the unification of Princely States was one of the biggest problems for India. This problem was solved by Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel With great intelligence.

→ Reorganization of States: Indian states were reorganized in 1956 A.D. on the basis of language.

→ Development of Agriculture and Industries: A lot of development took place in India after independence in the fields of agriculture and industries.

→ Basis of Foreign Policy of India: The main base of the foreign policy of India is Non-Alignment. It means that India remains away from the military alliances of the world.

→ Another basis of our foreign policy in co-operation with the United Nations and keeping friendly relations with neighbouring countries.

→ Non-Aligned Movement: India, Yugoslavia, and Egypt were primary and main members of the Non-Aligned Movement.

→ Indian Prime Minister, Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru, President of Yugoslavia Tito, and Egyptian President Nasir supported the policy of Non-Alignment.

→ But now the number of countries adopting this policy has been increased to a great extent.

→ This policy has taken the form of a powerful movement.

→ That’s why a group of Non-Aligned countries is known as ‘Third World Countries’.

→ India and its Neighbouring States: Pakistan, China, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka are our main neighbouring countries.

→ Our other neighbouring countries are Bhutan, Nepal, and Myanmar.

→ India wanted to keep friendly relations with them but our relations with them have some negative aspects as well.

→ India and Pakistan: Mutual relations of India and Pakistan always remain tense.

→ But India wants to keep friendly relations with its neighbouring countries so that peace could be maintained in the Indian sub-continent.

→ India has tried a lot from time to time to keep cordial relations with Pakistan.

→ Panchsheel: Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru gave 5 principles for world peace.

→ These were given the name of Panchsheel.

→ Its objective was to encourage the feeling of co-existence among neighbouring countries so that their sovereignty and integrity could be maintained.

→ India and United Nations Organisation: India is giving a great contribution to world peace through United Nations Organisation.

→ India has complete faith in the objectives of the United Nations Organisation.

→ That’s why one of the objectives of Indian foreign policy is to cooperate United Nations in maintaining world peace and solve mutual disputes through mutual discussion.

This PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 22 National Movement 1919-1947 A.D. will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 22 National Movement 1919-1947 A.D.

→ Truth and Non-violence: Mahatma Gandhi was the most important leader of our freedom movement after 1916 A.D.

→ He adopted the path of truth and non-violence and gave strength to our national movement.

→ All the movements started by him were based upon truth and non-violence.

→ Main Events of the Struggle: Khilafat Movement, the arrival of Simon Commission, Dandi March, Quit India Movement and some other events proved to be the milestones of the freedom struggle.

→ Rowlatt Act: The British passed Rowlatt Act in 1919 A.D. to crush the national movement.

→ According to this Act, anyone could be arrested and put in prison without being tried in a court of law.

→ Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy: Many rallies and processions were held to protest against the Rowlatt Act at many places in India.

→ One such rally was held on 13th April 1919 A.D. in Jallianwala Bagh at Amritsar.

→ Hundreds of innocent people were killed and thousands wounded when General Dyer ordered firing on unarmed people attending the meeting.

→ Non-Cooperation Movement: This movement was started in 1920 A.D. by Gandhiji against British rule.

→ The Hindus and Muslims collectively opposed the government.

→ Khilafat Movement: This movement continued side by side with the Non-Cooperation Movement.

→ The Muslims had started this movement against British rule because the Government of England had not treated well the Sultan of Turkey.

→ Naujawan Sabha: Sardar Bhagat Singh founded Naujawan Sabha in 1925-26 A.D.

→ The main aim of Naujawan Sabha was to create a spirit of patriotism and self-sacrifice among the youth.

→ Akali Movement or Gurudwara Reforms Movement: The management of the Gurudwaras in Punjab was in the hands of corrupt Mahants.

→ The Sikhs wanted to save the Gurudwaras from the clutches of such corrupt Mahants.

→ The Sikhs started the Gurudwara Reform Movement.

→ Babbar Akali Movement: Some Sikh leaders of the Gurudwara Reform Movement turned violent.

→ Their leader Kishan Singh established “Chakravarti Jatha” which propagated against the British loyalists.

→ Simon Commission: The Simon Commission was sent by the British Government in 1927 A.D. to know as to what more political concessions be granted to the Indians after the passing of the Government of India Act of 1919.

→ Purana Swaraj: In 1929, the Congress in its Lahore Session passed a resolution demanding complete Independence or “Poorna Swaraj”.

→ Civil Disobedience Movement: This movement was started by Mahatma Gandhi.

→ He along with his trusted followers, marched to Dandi (Gujarat) where he broke the Salt Law by making salt on the sea coast in March 1930 A.D.

→ The first phase of this movement ended in 1931.

→ Its second phase was started in 1932 A.D.

→ The Government arrested thousands of Satyagrahis and sent them to jails.

→ It also committed atrocities against them. The movement come to an end in 1934.

→ Quit India Movement: During the Second World War, the Congress under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi started the Quit India Movement in August 1942.

→ Prominent Congress leaders were imprisoned.

→ The government suppressed the movement mercilessly.

→ Freedom of India: India won her freedom from British rule.

→ It was partitioned into two countries – India and Pakistan in August 1947 A.D.

This PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 21 National Movement 1885-1919 will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 21 National Movement 1885-1919

→ Nationalist Movement:

• The nationalist movement started in India after the Revolt of 1857 A.D.
• The main objectives of this movement were national freedom, democracy, social equality, and national development.

→ Early Phase (1885-1905 A.D.):

• Many political organizations were formed in the second half of the 19th century like-Bombay Association, Indian Association, Madras Native Association, Poona Sarvjanic Sabha, and Madras Mahajan Sabha.
• Indian National Congress was formed in 1885 A.D.
• Congress adopted moderate policies in its early years like the spread of education, Industrial development, debt waiver of farmers, etc.

→ Indian Nationalist Movement (1905-1919 A.D.):

• Even simple and general demands of Congress were not met by the British rulers.
• Consciousness among people aroused and one extremist party was originated within Congress.

→ Origin of Extremists:

• Partition of Bengal by Curzon, Russian defeat from Japan, the Russian revolution of 1905 A.D., and the Leadership of Lal-Bal-Pal gave encouragement to extremism.
• Extremists wanted that their demands should be met by putting more and more pressure.

→ Boycott and Swadeshi Movement:

• The movement which came out of anger at the partition of Bengal gave birth to Boycott and Swadeshi movement.
• The main objective of this movement was to encourage local industries and to boycott British goods.

→ Extremist Leaders:

• Lal-Bal-Pal were extremist leaders of Congress who wanted to attain Swaraj through struggle, Boycot,t, and Swadeshi.
• They dominated Indian politics after 1905 A.D.

→ Revolutionaries:

• Many youngsters of Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bengal-like states started revolutionary movements.
• They believed in the killing of Britishers, the use of weapons, and self-sacrifice.

→ Gadar Movement:

• Gadar Party was founded in San Fransisco (USA) in 1913 A.D.
• Baba Sohan Singh Bhakna was appointed its President.
• This organization tried to throw the British out of India through armed revolution under the leadership of Ras Bihari Bose and Kartar Singh Sarabha.

This PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture

→ Arts and Literature in India: There is a great history of painting, literature, architecture, music-dance, cinema, etc. Political power in India changed in the 19th century and 20th century and that’s why important changes also took place especially in the sectors of literature and arts.

→ Novels: Novels were prosperous by novelists like Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Madhusudan Dutt, Dinbandhu Mitra, Keshva Chandra Sen, etc.

→ Fine Arts: Music, painting, and arts are mainly included in these arts. These arts were developed a great deal during British rule.

→ Architecture in Mumbai and Chennai: The British made marvelous buildings in Mumbai and Chennai. Most of these buildings were made in Indo-European style.

→ Important buildings of Mumbai: Prince of Wales Museum, Gate Way of India, Victoria Terminal, Rajabai Tower, etc.

→ Beautiful places of Chennai: Marina Beach and V.G.B. Golden Beach, Fort Saint George, War Memorial, High Court, etc.

This PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 19 Colonialism and Urban Change will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 19 Colonialism and Urban Change

→ Colonialism: The meaning of colonialism is the subjugation of one country by another which leads to political, economic, social, and cultural changes, we refer to the process of colonisation.

→ Urban Change: The meaning of urban change is the change in the position and importance of towns and cities due to change in the political condition of any country.

→ End of cities and advent of new cities: New cities and towns emerged when they became the centres of political power, economic activities, or centres of religious activities.

→ If related rulers change their capital due to changes in the political power of any country, some cities lost their importance and were replaced by new cities.

→ New cities during the British Rule: Three important cities developed during the British rule were Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta. These cities were also the centres of Presidencies.

→ Spread of Delhi: Delhi was made the capital of British India in 1911 A.D. As a result, Delhi spread very rapidly.

→ Facilities are available in cities: People were given different facilities of cleanliness, water, roads, lights, etc. for the development of cities. Different local institutions were established for this objective.

→ Law and Order: The police department was established for law and order of urban areas.

This PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 18 Challenge to Caste System will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 18 Challenge to Caste System

→ Caste System: Society in ancient India was divided into four main castes – Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and lower castes.

→ Many other castes and sub-castes originated during the Rajput age with which the caste system became more complex.

→ Untouchability:

• Brahmins had the highest place in a caste-based society.
• They were greatly respected by all.
• But the condition of lover castes was very pitiable.
• They were not allowed to touch the people of higher castes. It was known as untouchability.

→ The challenge to the Caste System: Caste-based differences were challenged by social reformers like Jyotiba Phule, Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar, Pariyar Ramaswami, and Mahatma Gandhi. They also demanded the rights of Scheduled Castes.

→ Legislations against Social Evils: The British government passed certain laws to restrict social evils like the Sati system (1829 A.D.) and Child Marriage (1891 A.D.)

→ Eradication of Untouchability: Social reformers tried a lot and that’s why Untouchability has been declared illegal by our Constitution.

This PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 17 Women and Reforms will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 17 Women and Reforms

→ Religious and Socio reform Movements:

• Religious and socio reform movements were started in the 19th century in almost all the communities of Indian Society.
• These movements attacked the supremacy of Brahmins, superstitions, and fundamentalism in the religious sector.
• Their aim in social life was to eradicate the caste system, child marriage, and other social inequalities in society.

→ Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Brahmo Samaj:

• Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772-1833), founded Brahmo Samaj in 1828 A.D.
• He started a movement to remove the Sati system and child marriage from society.
• The name of Brahmo Samaj spread in the whole of the country under the leadership of Keshav Chandra Sen.

→ Spread of Reform Movements:

• These movements also started in other parts of the country.
• Prarthna Samaj was founded in Bombay (Mumbai) in 1862 A.D.
• Many National Leaders like Mahadev Govind Ranade (1842-1901) took part in it.
• Mahatma Jyotiba Phooley played an active role in the reformation of scheduled castes.

→ Arya Samaj:

• Arya Samaj was founded by Swami Dayanand in 1875 A.D.
• He raised his voice against child marriage, Sati Pratha, and Dowry System.

→ Sikh Reform Movement:

• Two main reform movements, related to Sikhs, were started Namdhari (Kuka) Movement and Singh Sabha Movement.
• Out of these, Singh Sabha Movement achieved important achievements in the field of education and literature.

→ Other Reform Movements:

• Swami Vivekanand founded Rama Krishna Mission to spread the teachings of his Guru Ramakrishna Paramhans.
• Mrs. Annie Besant again tried to strengthen Theosophical Movement in 1893 A.D.

→ Reform movement among Muslims was started by Nawab Abdul Latif:

• The most important movement among Muslims was started by Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan (1817-98).
• The most important work done by him was the establishment of Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College in 1875 A.D.

→ Impact of Reform Movements:

• Important progress came in the field of upliftment of women as a result of reform movements.
• Nationalism was aroused and a sense of unity came among the people.

This PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 16 The Education and British Rule will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 16 The Education and British Rule

→ Spread of Education in India: After 1853 A.D., the British government started giving more stress on the spread of education. They also tried to increase government control on educational centres.

→ Wood’s Report of 1854 A.D: Following suggestions were given in Charles Wood’s report in 1854 A.D.

• Universities like London be open in India.
• Colleges are opened under Universities.
• One educational department is opened in each province.
• Special emphasis is given to women’s education.

→ Hunter Commission: The Hunter Commission was appointed in 1882 A.D. under the tenure of Lord Rippen. These were the suggestions of this commission

• Government should not interfere in higher education.
• Administration of aided schools should be given to local organizations.
• Fees in schools should be reduced.

→ Efforts of Lord Curzon: In 1904 A.D., Lord Curzon passed an Act on Universities. Government control over Universities was increased by this Act.

→ Sadler Commission: Sadler Commission was appointed in 1917 A.D. for bringing reforms to Calcutta (Kolkata) University. Many changes were brought in the organization of Allahabad and Lucknow Universities after the suggestions of this commission.

→ Sargent Scheme: Sargent plan was made in 1943 A.D. According to this plan, Education has to be spread completely over the next 50 years.

→ Aligarh Movement: This movement was started by Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan for bringing reforms in Muslim Society and for reform religion.

→ Contribution in the field of Education: Main Indian leaders who gave contributions to the Educational field were Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Swami Dayanand Saraswati, Swami Vivekanand, etc.

This PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857 will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857

→ Revolt of 1857: In 1857 A.D, Indian rulers, soldiers, and the public rose in an armed revolt to oust the British from India. This revolt is known as the ‘First War of Indian Independence.

→ Political Causes: Indian rulers (of Jhansi, Nagpur, Sitara, Jaitpur, Bilaspur, etc.) and landlords were annoyed with the British on account of their annexationist policies. They collectively planned to struggle against the foreign rule.

→ Social and Economic Causes: The British ended the Sati practice, permitted widow marriage, and ruined Indian industries.

→ Military Causes: Indian soldiers were paid low salaries and were not treated well. The order to use greased cartridges enraged the Indian sepoys. It was the immediate cause of the revolt.

→ Centres of Revolt: The main centres of revolt were Delhi, Kanpur, Jhansi, Gwalior, Varanasi, and Lucknow.

→ Leaders of the Uprising: The chief leaders of the revolt were Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Jafar, Rani Laxmi Bai, Nana Sahib, Tantaya Tope, etc.

→ Failure of the Revolt: There was no co-ordination among the Indian rulers. The rebels were not trained soldiers and had no means of communication. They had no sound financial resources and modern weapons of war like the British had.

→ Effects of Revolt: The rule of the Company came to an end. The number of Indians in the army was reduced. Differences between the Hindus and the Muslims increased.