PSEB Notes

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 11 Banda Singh Bahadur will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 11 Banda Singh Bahadur

Early Career:

• Banda Singh Bahadur was born on 27th October 1670 A.D.
• His childhood name was Lachhman Dev.
• He belonged to a very poor family.
• Moved by the incident of the killing of the she-deer who was pregnant he decided to renounce the world.
• He changed his name to Madho Das.
• He took the knowledge of occultism from Aughar tyath and settled in Nanded.
• In 1708 A.D. Madho Das had a chance to meet Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
• Guru Gobind Singh Ji baptized him according to Sikh traditions and renamed him Banda Singh Bahadur.

Military Exploits of Banda Singh Bahadur:

• After becoming Sikh, Banda Singh Bahadur decided to go to Punjab to avenge the Mughal atrocities committed against Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
• As a result of the JjJukamnamas issued by Guru Sahib, thousands of Sikhs gathered under his flag.
• Banda Singh Bahadur started his victory spree from Sonepat in 1709 A.D.
• The second victory of Banda Singh Bahadur was over Samana.
• After Samana, he conquered Ghuram, Mustafabad, Kapuri, Sadhaura, and Ropar.
• The most important victory of Banda Singh Bahadur was over Sirhind on 22nd May 1710 A.D.
• Banda Singh Bahadur defeated Wazir Khan, the Faujdar of Sirhind.
• Banda Singh Bahadur made Lohgarh his capital in 1713 A.D.
• Farrukh Siyar, the new Mughal Emperor commanded Abdus Samad Khan, the Subedar of Lahore to crush the power of
• Sikhs and capture Banda Singh Bahadur.
• After a long siege, Banda Singh Bahadur had to surrender on December, 17,1715 A.D. at Gurdas Nangal.
• Banda Singh Bahadur was brutally executed on June 9, 1716 A.D.

Causes of Banda Singh Bahadur’s Early success:

• There was a great discontentment against the Mughals for their unbearable atrocities over the Sikhs.
• As a consequence of Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s Hukamnamas, the Sikhs gave complete support to Banda Singh Bahadur.
• The successors of Aurangzeb were weak.
• The initial military exploits of Banda Singh Bahadur were against petty local Mughal officials.
• Banda Singh Bahadur was an intrepid and efficient military commander.
• The Sikhs fought with great religious fervour.

Causes of Banda Singh Bahadur’s Ultimate Failure:

• The Mughal empire was very powerful and had unlimited resources.
• There was a lack of organisation among the Sikhs.
• Banda Singh Bahadur began to violate instructions given to him by Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
• He tried to bring about changes in Sikhism.
• The Hindu Chiefs and landlords started opposing him.
• There was a surprise attack on the Sikhs by the Mughals at Gurdas Nangal.
• Differences between Banda Singh Bahadur and Binod Singh weakened the position of Banda Singh Bahadur.
• Hence Banda Singh Bahadur had to face defeat in the end.

Estimate of Banda Singh Bahadur’s Character:

• Banda Singh Bahadur was very brave and courageous.
• His personality was very impressive.
• Banda Singh Bahadur was a great warrior and a General of a high order.
• He had set up an efficient administration in the areas conquered by him.
• He was a great organiser.
• Banda Singh Bahadur occupies an important place in the history of Punjab.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 10 Guru Gobind Singh Ji: The Foundation of Khalsa, His Battles and Personality will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 10 Guru Gobind Singh Ji: The Foundation of Khalsa, His Battles and Personality

Early Career:

• Guru Gobind Singh Ji was born on 22nd December 1666 A.D. at Patna.
• The name of his father was Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji and the name of his mother was Gujari Ji.
• Kirpal Chand, the maternal uncle of Guru Gobind Singh Ji was his virtual guardian when he was a minor.
• Before his martyrdom, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji appointed him as his successor.
• On 11th November 1675 A.D., he assumed Guruship according to the Sikh tradition.
• Guru Sahib was blessed with four Sahibzadas.
• Sahibzada Ajit Singh Ji, Sahibzada Jujhar Singh Ji, Sahibzada Zorawar Singh Ji and Sahibzada Fateh Singh Ji.

Battles of Pre-Khalsa Period:

• After assuming Guruship in 1675 A.D., Guru Gobind Singh Ji organized an army.
• Because of his activities, the Hill Chiefs started opposing.
• The first battle between Guru Sahib and the Hill Chiefs was fought on 22nd September 1688 A.D.
• It is also called the Battle of Bhangani.
• Guru Gobind Singh Ji convincingly won this battle.
• After the Battle of Bhangani, Guru Sahib constructed the forts of Anandgarh, Lohgarh, Fatehgarh, and Keshgarh.
• Guru Gobind Singh Ji defeated the Mughals- in the Battle of Nadaun fought on 20th March 1690 A.D.
• Aurangzeb sent several military expeditions to crush the growing power of Guru Gobind Singh Ji but remained unsuccessful.

Creation and Importance of the Khalsa Panth:

• To put an end to the Mughal atrocities and render a new shape to society, Guru Gobind Singh Ji established the Khalsa Panth on 30th March 1699 A.D. on the day of Baisakhi at Keshgarh in Sri Anandpur Sahib.
• Guru Gobind Singh Ji announced Bhai Daya Ram Ji, Bhai Dharam Das Ji, Bhai Mohkam Chand Ji, Bhai Sahib Chand Ji, and Bhai Himmat Rai Ji as the Panj Payaras Some special principles of the Khalsa were laid down.
• It led to the creation of an ideal society.
• It infused unprecedented courage and bravery among the Sikhs.
• The creation of the Khalsa Panth heralded a new era in the history of the Sikhs.

Battles of Post-Khalsa Period:

• The creation of the Khalsa in 1699 A.D. rendered sleepless nights to the Hill Chiefs.
• In 1701 A.D., the First Battle of Sri Anandpur Sahib was fought between the Hill Chiefs and Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
• The battle remained inconclusive.
• In 1704 A.D., the Second Battle of Sri Anandpur Sahib was fought.
• On the insistence of the Sikhs, Guru Gobind Singh Ji left the fort of Sri Anandpur Sahib.
• In 1704 A.D. the Battle of Chamkaur Sahib was fought where the two elder sons of Guru Ji i.e. Sahibzada Ajit Singh and
• Sahibzada Jujhar Singh was martyred.
• The Battle of Khidrana fought in 1705 A.D. was the last decisive battle fought between Guru Gobind Singh Ji and the Mughals.
• Guru Gobind Singh Ji came out victorious in this battle.

Immersed in Eternal Light:

• In 1708 A.D. Guru Gobind Singh Ji came to Nanded.
• Faujdar Wazir Khan of Sirhind who was Guru Ji’s sworn enemy sent two Pathans to Nanded, one of whom stabbed Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
• Guru Gobind Singh Ji succumbed to the wounds on 7th October 1708 A.D.
• Before he was immersed in Eternal Light Guru Gobind Singh Ji advised the Sikhs to regard Guru Granth Sahib Ji as their Guru thereafter.

Character and Personality of Guru Gobind Singh Ji:

• Guru Gobind Singh Ji is counted among the great personalities of the world.
• His personality was extremely impressive and attractive.
• He was an obedient son, a thoughtful father, and an ideal husband.
• He was a poet and writer of a high order.
• He was a great warrior and commander-in-chief of his times.
• Even during the times of battles, he did not forget his religious duties.
• He was a great social reformer and an organizer of a high order.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 9 Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji and His Martyrdom will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 9 Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji and His Martyrdom

Early Career:

• Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was born on April 1, 1621 A.D. at Amritsar.
• The name of his father was Guru Hargobind Ji and the name of his mother was Nanaki.
• Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was imparted education by Baba Buddha Ji and Bhai Gurdas Ji.
• Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was married to Gujari, the daughter of Lai Chand, a resident of Kartarpur.
• On the instructions of his father, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji lived at Bakala for 20 years.
• It was Makhan Shah Lubana who found him out and the Sikhs accepted him as their Guru.
• He assumed Guruship in 1664 A.D.

Travels of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji:

• After assuming Guruship, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji undertook the travels of several areas within and outside Punjab.
• The main objective of these travels was to propagate Sikhism and spread the message of truth and love.
• First, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji travelled to Aipritsar, Walla, Ghukewali, Khadur Sahib, Goindwal Sahib, Tarn Taran, Khemkaran, Kiratpur Sahib, Bilaspur, etc. in 1664 A.D.
• After this, he travelled to Eastern India i.e. Saifabad, Dhamdhan, Delhi, Mathura, Brindaban, Agra, Kanpur, Banaras, Gaya, Patna, Dhaka, and Assam.
• In 1673 A.D. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji travelled to the Malwa and Bangar regions of Punjab for the second time.
• These travels led to the glory of Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib and Sikhism.

Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji:
The main facts associated with the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji are as follows:

Causes:

• The enmity between the Sikhs and Mughals was increasing.
• Aurangzeb was an orthodox Sunni Muslim.
• Naqshbandis tried to instigate Aurangzeb against the Sikhs.
• Ram Rai was using all measures to get hold of Guruship.
• Kashmiri Pandits pleaded help from Guru Sahib for their defence.

Martyrdom:

• Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji along with his three companions.
• Bhai Mati Das Ji, Bhai Sati Das Ji, and Bhai Dayala Ji were brought before the court of Delhi on November 6, 1675 A.D.
• They were asked to embrace Islam which they outrightly refused.
• After his three companions were martyred, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was also martyred on November 11, 1675 A.D. at Chandni Chowk in Delhi.

Importance:

• The martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji sent a wave of hatred and revenge in the whole of Punjab against the Mughal empire.
• Hinduism was protected against extinction.
• Guru Gobind Singh Ji was inspired to establish the Khalsa Panth.
• It marked the beginning of the tradition of sacrifice among the Sikhs for the protection of Sikhism.
• It sounded the death knell of the Mughal Empire.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 8 Guru Har Rai Ji and Guru Har Krishan Ji will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 8 Guru Har Rai Ji and Guru Har Krishan Ji

Guru Har Rai Ji:

• Guru Har Rai Ji was born on 30th January 1630 A.D. at Kiratpur Sahib.
• He was the grandson of Guru Hargobind Ji.
• He was married to Sulakhni, the daughter of Daya Ram of Anup city.
• He assumed Guruship on March 8, 1645 A.D.
• He established three centres for the propagation of Sikhism which he called ‘Bakhshishes’.
• Dara, the son of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan often came for the darshan of Guru Har Rai Ji.
• Guru Har Rai Ji helped Dara against Aurangzeb.
• On being summoned to Delhi by Aurangzeb, Guru Har Rai Ji sent his son Ram Rai to Delhi.
• Because, he deliberately misinterpreted the Gurbani in Delhi Darbar, he was declared unworthy of Guruship by Guru Har Rai Ji.
• He appointed his younger son Har Krishan as his successor.
• He immersed in Eternal Light on October 6, 1661 A.D.

Guru Har Krishan Ji:

• He was born on July 7, 1656 A.D. at Kiratpur Sahib.
• The name of his father was Guru Har Rai Sahib and the name of his mother was Sulakhni.
• He assumed Guruship at a small age of 5 years in 1661 A.D.
• He is often remembered as the Bal Guru.
• He was summoned by Aurangzeb to Delhi.
• He went to Delhi in 1664 A.D. where he tirelessly served the people suffering from smallpox and cholera.
• He himself fell a victim to smallpox.
• He immersed in Eternal Light on March 30, 1664 A.D. at Delhi.
• He uttered the words “Baba Bakala” before breathing his last which meant that the next Guru of the Sikhs is at Baba Bakala.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 7 Guru Hargobind Ji and Transformation of Sikhism will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 7 Guru Hargobind Ji and Transformation of Sikhism

Early Career:

• Guru Hargobind Ji was born on 19 June 1595 A.D. at village Wadali in Distt. Amritsar.
• The name of his father was Guru Arjan Dev Ji and the name of his mother was Ganga Devi.
• Five sons and one daughter were born to him He assumed the Gurgaddi in 1606 A.D.

New Policy of Guru Hargobind Ji:
The main features of the New Policy of Guru Hargobind Ji are as follow:

Causes:

• The Mughal emperor Jahangir could not tolerate the flourishing of any other religion except Islam.
• Jahangir got Guru Arjan Dev Ji martyred in 1606 A.D.
• Guru Arjan Dev Ji himself had instructed Guru Hargobind Ji to adopt the New Policy.

Features:

• Guru Hargobind Ji wore the two swords known as Miri and Piri.
• Guru Hargobind Ji organized an army.
• He instructed the Sikhs to bring him offerings of arms and horses.
• He undertook the construction of the Akal Takht Sahib.
• He adopted several paraphernalia of sovereignty and assumed royal symbols.
• The city of Amritsar was fortified The fort of Lohgarh was constructed.
• Guru Ji made several changes in his daily life.

Importance:

• The Sikh saints became soldiers.
• The Sikhs were united.
• The propagation and preaching of Sikhism were enhanced.
• The relations between the Sikhs and the Mughals were strained.
• The New Policy established the basis of the Khalsa Panth.

Guru Hargobind Ji and Jahangir:

• Jahangir took Guru Hargobind Ji as a prisoner in 1606 A.D.
• He was kept in the fort of Gwalior.
• There is a diverse opinion among the historians regarding the period of imprisonment of Guru Ji.
• When Guru Ji was freed, then he insisted on the freedom of the other 52 imprisoned kings.
• For this reason, Guru Hargobind Ji began to be called Bandi Chhod Baba.
• After the release, the relations between Guru Hargobind Ji and Jahangir took a friendly turn.

Guru Hargobind Ji and Shah Jahan:

• In 1628 A.D., when Shah Jahan became the Mughal emperor, the relations between the Mughals and the Sikhs got strained again.
• Shah Jahan’s fanaticism sent a wave of resentment among the Sikhs.
• In 1634 A.D., the first battle between the Mughals and the Sikhs was fought at Amritsar.
• The Sikhs were victorious in the battle.
• The battles fought between the Sikhs and the Mughals at Lahira, Kartarpur, and Phagwara were won by the Sikhs.
• These victories spread the fame of Guru Hargobind Ji far and wide.

Immersed in Eternal Light:

• In 1635 A.D., Guru Hargobind Sahib built a new town called Kiratpur Sahib.
• He spent the last ten years of his life here.
• Before his death, Har Rai Ji was nominated by him as his successor.
• Guru Hargobind Ji was immersed in Eternal Light on March 3, 1645 A.D.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 6 Guru Arjan Dev Ji and His Martyrdom will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 6 Guru Arjan Dev Ji and His Martyrdom

Early Career and Difficulties:

• Guru Arjan Dev Ji was born on April 15, 1563 A.D. at Goindwal Sahib.
• The name of his father was Guru Ram Das Ji and the name of his mother was Bibi Bhani Ji.
• He was married to Ganga Devi, the daughter of Krishan Chand of village Mou of Phillaur.
• He assumed Guruship in 1581 A.D.
• After his assumption of Guruship, his elder brother Prithi Chand adopted an attitude of open defiance.
• He had to face opposition from the Naqshbandis and the Brahmans.
• Diwan Chandu Shah of Lahore was also against him.

Development of Sikhism under Guru Arjan Dev Ji:

• During his pontificate, Guru Arjan Dev Ji undertook multifarious tasks for the development of Sikhism.
• During his Guruship, he got Sri Harmandir Sahib constructed. Its construction work was completed in 1601 A.D.
• In 1590 A.D. Tarn in 1593 A.D. Kartarpur and in 1595 A.D. Sri Hargobindpur were founded.
• The compilation of the Adi Granth Sahib Ji was the greatest accomplishment of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. This great task was accomplished in 1604 A.D.
• Guru Arjan Dev Ji contributed significantly towards the Masand system.
• Guru Arjan Dev Ji encouraged the Sikhs the trade horses with the Arab countries.
• He kept the doors of Sikhism open by nominating his successor.

Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji:
A few facts related to the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji are as follows:

Causes:

• Jahangir was an orthodox Sunni Muslim.
• He could not tolerate the growing prosperity of Sikh Panth.
• Prithi Chand, the elder brother of Guru Arjan Dev Ji had started hatching conspiracies to acquire the Gurgaddi.
• Chandu Shah, the Diwan of Lahore wanted to take revenge for his insult from Guru Sahib Ji.
• The Naqshbandis also instigated Jahangir against Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
• The help extended to Shahzada Khusrau by Guru Arjan Dev Ji became the immediate cause of his martyrdom.

Martyrdom:

• On Jahangir’s instructions, Guru Arjan Dev Ji was taken prisoner on 24th May 1606 A.D.
• He was asked to pay a fine of rupees 2 lakhs which was refused.
• Guru Arjan Dev Ji was martyred at Lahore on 30th May 1606 A.D.

Importance:

• The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji is considered to be an important incident in Sikh history.
• Because he was the first Sikh Guru who gave his martyrdom he was called ‘Shaheedan de Sirtaj’.
• As a consequence of this martyrdom, there came about a transformation in the form of Sikhism.
• Guru Hargobind Ji decided to adopt a new policy of Miri and Piri.
• The Sikhs began to unite in a single band.
• The relations between the Sikhs and Mughals grew tense.
• The era of Mughal atrocities bega.
• Sikhism gained greater popularity than before.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 5 Development of Sikhism Under Guru Angad DevJi, Guru Amar Das Ji and Guru Ram Das Ji will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 5 Development of Sikhism Under Guru Angad DevJi, Guru Amar Das Ji and Guru Ram Das Ji

Early Career of Guru Angad Dev Ji:

• Guru Angad Dev Ji was born in a village named Matte Di Sarai on 31st March 1504 A.D.
• The original name of Guru Angad Dev Ji was Bhai Lehna Ji.
• The name of his father was Pheru Mai and the name of his mother was Sabhrai Devi.
• At the age of 15 years, he was married to Bibi Khivi Ji, the daughter of Devi Chand of the same village.
• In due course of time, he was blessed with two daughters Bibi Amro and Bibi Anokhi, and two sons Datu and Dasu.
• Once when he set out for a pilgrimage of Jwalamukhi, he met Guru Nanak Dev Ji at Kartarpur.
• So overwhelmed was he by his personality and teachings, that he decided to become Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s disciple.
• Guru Nanak Dev Ji was greatly impressed by his true devotion and tireless service and appointed him as his successor on 7th September 1539 A.D.

Development of Sikhism under Guru Angad Dev Ji:

• Guru Angad Dev Ji popularised the Gurmukhi script.
• He also collected the hymns of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
• Guru Angad Dev Ji summoned Bhai Bala, a devotee of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, and got a Janam Sakhi written on Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s life.
• Many historians did not agree with this view.
• Guru Angad Dav Ji expanded the Langar system.
• Guru Angad Dev Ji more effectively organised the institution of Sangat.
• He denounced the Udasi sect thereby leading to the preservation of the purity and originality of the Sikh religion.
• He founded new towns named Goindwal Sahib near Khadur Sahib.
• He gave his blessings to Humayun thereby restoring the cordial relations between the Mughals and the Sikhs.

Immersed in Eternal Light:

• Foreseeing his end, Guru Angad Dev Ji appointed Guru Amar Das Ji as his successor.
• He immersed, in Eternal Light on 29th March 1552 A.D.

Early career and Difficulties of Guru Amar Das Ji:

• Guru Amar Das Ji was born in Basarke village of Amritsar on 5th May 1479 A.D.
• The name of his father was Tej Bhan Bhalla.
• At the age of 24 years, he was married to Mansa Devi, the daughter of Devi Chand.
• He was blessed with two sons Baba Mohan and Baba Mohri and two daughters Bibi Dani and Bibi Bhani.
• At the age of 62, he became the disciple of Guru Angad Dev Ji.
• He assumed Guruship in March 1552 A.D.
• He was 73 years old at that time.
• When Guru Amar Das Ji succeeded to the Guruship, he had to face opposition from both the sons of Guru Angad Dev Ji, Dasu, and Datu.
• Baba Sri Chand who was the elder son of Guru Nanak Dev Ji had founded the Udasi sect also opposed him.
• He also faced stiff opposition from the Muslims of Goindwal Sahib.

Development of Sikhism under Guru Amar Das Ji:

• Guru Amar Das Ji retained Guruship from 1552 to 1574 A.D. Goindwal Sahib was the centre of activities of Guru Amar Das Ji.
• The first significant step undertaken by Guru Amar Das Ji for the development of Sikhism was the construction of a Baoli with 84 steps at Goindwal Sahib.
• He developed the langar institution.
• He established the Manji system (22 Manjis) to convey the message of Sikhism in far-off areas.
• Guru Amar Das Ji denunciated the Udasi sect.
• Guru Amar Das Ji vehemently opposed the prevalent’social malpractices.
• Guru Amar Das Ji introduced new (special) rituals for the Sikhs to be observed on the occasions of birth, marriage, and death.
• Akbar’s visit to Goindwal Sahib in 1568 A.D. helped to establish friendly relations between the Sikhs and the Mughals.

Immersed in Eternal Light:

• Guru Amar Das Ji appointed Bhai Jetha Ji, his son-in-law as his successor in 1574 A.D.
• Guru Amar Das Ji was immersed in Eternal Light on September 1, 1574 A.D.

The early career of Guru Ram Das Ji:

• Guru Ram Das Ji was born at Chuna Mandi in Lahore on 24th September 1534 A.D.
• His childhood name was Bhai Jetha Ji.
• His father’s name was Hari Das and his mother’s name was Daya Kaur.
• Impressed by the personality of Guru Amar Das Ji, he became Guru Amar Das Ji’s disciple.
• In 1553 A.D. he was married to Bibi Bhani, the youngest daughter of Guru Amar Das Ji.
• He assumed Guruship in 1574 A.D. He was the 4th Guru of the Sikhs.

Development of Sikhism under Guru Ram Das Ji:

• Guru Ram Das Ji established Ramdaspura or Amritsar in 1577 A.D.
• He initiated the digging work of two serovars (tanks) Amritsar and Santokhsar.
• The Masand system was introduced by him for the propagation of Sikhism and to collect money from the Sikhs.
• The reconciliation between the Sikhs and the Udasis proved to be a milestone in Sikh history during the pontificate of Guru Ram Das Ji.
• He continued the Sangat, Pangat, and Manji systems.
• He further consolidated the friendly relations with the Mughal emperor Akbar.

Immersed in Eternal Light:

• Before Guru Ram Das Ji was immersed in Eternal Light, he nominated his youngest son Arjan Dev as his successor.
• He immersed in Eternal Light on 1st September 1581 A.D.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 12 Social Issues: Old Age and Disability will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 12 Social Issues: Old Age and Disability

Old Age Homes:

• Homes are made for elders so that they can live happily over there.

Disability:

• It means the consequences of impairment in terms of functional performance and activity.

Old Age:

• That stage of life starts after 60 years, which no one likes, and in which one faces many physical and other problems.

Gerontology:

• Field of science which studies the process of aging.

→ Old age is a necessary and natural part of human life and all humans have to pass through this phase.

→ No one wants to go through this phase because an individual faces many physical problems in this.

→ One needs to depend upon others in this phase.

→ According to United Nations, people above the age of 60 years come under the category of old age.

→ Almost in all the western countries, age of 60-65 years is kept to take pension benefits and other facilities.

→ Symbols of old age are visible quite early such as tooth decay, grey hair, hunched back, hearing loss, slow pace of the walk, vision impairment, etc.

→ At this age, one also faces many physical problems such as heart problems, high blood pressure, arthritis, sugar, etc.

→ In old age, one faces many problems such as health-related issues, economic insecurity, home-related problems, social problems, mental problems, own role-related problems, etc. Due to stress and tensions, death comes very quickly.

→ Old age problems can be removed in many ways such as by making old age homes, by starting welfare programmes for them, by creating easy jobs for them, by taking care of them, by providing better health facilities, by making strict laws, etc.

→ In almost the entire world, around 100 crore people are there who are facing disability in one way or the other.

→ The meaning of disability is any type of physical problem such as impairment, handicap, the inability of listening, etc.

→ Disability can be of many types such as locomotor disability, visual disability, hearing disability, mental disability, speech disability.

→ There can be many reasons for a disability such as a disease, birth-based problems, malnutrition, congenital factor, stress, accident, etc.

→ Disabled persons have to face many problems such as segregation and isolation, poverty, social oppression, etc.

→ The problems of disabled persons can be cured in many ways such as by providing better health facilities, by removing discrimination, by giving them education in normal schools, by arousing consciousness among people, etc.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 11 Female Foeticide and Domestic Violence will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 11 Female Foeticide and Domestic Violence

Sex Ratio:

• The number of females behind every 1000 males in a particular area is known as the sex ratio.

Patriarchy:

• A system of society in which males dominate females.

Female Infanticide:

• Killing girls right after their birth is known as female infanticide.

Female Foeticide:

• Termination of a girl’s foetus in the mother’s womb is known as female foeticide.

→ Violence against women is quite common everywhere in the whole of the world and all societies are facing the same problem.

→ In violence against women, we can include rape, sexual violence, abduction, prostitution, dowry-related problems. Female foeticide and domestic violence are a few of them.

→ When a female gets pregnant, a sex determination test is done in the womb of the mother.

→ If the would-be child is boy, it’s fine but if it’s a girl, the foetus gets terminated. It is known as female foeticide.

→ Female foeticide directly affects the sex ratio of a place and it comes down.

→ The sex ratio is quite low in our country. In 2011, it was 1000 : 943.

→ Dowry, the lower status of women, wish to have a boy, modern technology, family planning, patriarchal society, etc. are a few of the reasons because of which people opt for female foeticide.

→ There are some evil consequences of female foeticide etc. such as a bad impact on female health, less sex ratio, atrocities on women, an increase in crimes, women-related evils in society, etc.

→ Domestic violence is also one of the major problems of our society.

→ In this, wrong behaviour is committed with females, males, or children which is socially unacceptable.

→ It not only hurts an individual physically but mentally as well.

→ There could be many reasons for domestic violence such as socio-cultural, economic, legal, social constraints, etc. Wife battering is also a form of domestic violence.

→ Domestic violence can be stopped by making laws, giving social education, and with the help of government and non-government organisations.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 10 Social Problems: Alcoholism and Drug Addiction will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 10 Social Problems: Alcoholism and Drug Addiction

Slums:

• That place of living is in urban areas which is illegally constructed and which lack basic amenities of life.

Red Tapism:

• It is an idiom used for governmental interference. In the name of official rules, bureaucracy tries to interfere everywhere.

Alcohol:

• Alcohol is a type of depressant that slows down the brain and one starts to think and behave in a particular way.

Absolute Poverty:

• It is a situation in which people don’t have the basic necessities of life.
• For example, lack of food, drinking water, shelter, clothes, medicine, etc.

Nepotism:

• It is a custom in which preference is given to one’s own friends or relatives while giving jobs or any other work.

Delinquency:

• Crime of minor nature committed by young persons.

Alienation:

• Emotional isolation is called alienation.

Peer Group: Peer group is a social and primary group whose members have a common background, age, ideas, social status, etc.

→ Each society goes through the phases of transitions. These transitions or changed can be constructive as well as destructive.

→ If these changes are destructive, many problems occur in a society that could have dangerous consequences. These problems are known as social problems.

→ There can be many factors responsible for social problems such as socio-cultural factors, economic factors, regional factors, political factors, environmental factors etc.

→ All these factors collectively give birth to social problems.

→ Presently, people have started considering alcoholism as a social problem that was not considered during earlier times.

→ Alcoholism is a method of consuming alcohol that is not only dangerous for himself but for his family as well.

→ There can be many reasons for alcoholism such as misery, occupation, friends, entertainment, business, etc.

→ Alcoholism can have dangerous consequences such as loss of money, bad impact on health, increase in crimes, poverty, individual and familial disorganization etc.

→ Presently, the problem of drug addiction is increasing day by day. Young persons are inclining towards drugs and they are becoming a drug addicts.

→ Drug addiction is a physical and psychological dependence on anything without which one cannot live.

→ We can include many things in drugs such as sedatives, stimulants, narcotics, tobacco.

→ If one starts consuming any one of these, he becomes so dependent on them that he cannot live without them.

→ There can be many reasons for drug addiction such as psychological reasons, physical reasons, social factors, the impact of friends, to run away from tensions, etc.

→ Drug addiction can have many dangerous consequences such as dependency on drugs, loss of money, impact on health and family, etc.