PSEB Notes

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 4 Food Security in India will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 4 Food Security in India

→ Food security: It is as essential for living as air is for breathing. It mainly means something more than getting two square meals.

→ Dimensions of Food Security:

• Availability of food
• Accessibility of food
• Affordability of food.

→ Availability: Availability of food means there should be food production within the country.

→ Accessibility: Accessibility of food means that a sufficient quantity of food should be within the reach of people.

→ Affordability of Food: It means that a person has enough money to buy sufficient .food.

→ Buffer Stock: It is the stock of foodgrains, namely wheat and rice, procured by the government through the Food Corporation of India. (FCI)

→ Calamity: A greater misfortune or. disaster, like a flood or serious injury, grievous affliction, adversity, misery; the calamity of war.

→ Green Revolution: A large increase in crop production in developing countries was achieved by the use of artificial fertilizers, pesticides, and HYV.

→ Self Sufficiency: It is the state of not requiring any aid, support or interaction for survival, It is a type of personal or collective autonomy.

→ Fair Price Shops: Fair price stops are distribution channels of Govt, making available essential commodities like rice, kerosene, wheat, etc to the common man at controlled prices.

→ Public Distribution System: It is a govt, sponsored chain of shops, entrusted with the work of distributing basic food and non-food commodities to the needy sections of the society at very cheap prices.

→ Natural Disasters: A natural event such as flood, earthquake, or hurricane that causes great damage or loss of life.

→ Ration Card: An official document entitling the holder to a ration of food, clothes, or other goods.

→ Revamped Public Distribution System: It is govt, programme that started in 1992.

→ Minimum Support Price: It is a form of market intervention by the Govt, to agricultural producers against any shortfall in farm prices.

→ Issue Price: The price at which the procured buffer stock foodgrains are sold through the PPS.

→ Chronic Hunger: It is a consequence of having a persistently inadequate diet in terms of quantity and quality.

→ Seasonal Hunger: It is related to cycles of food production.

→ Need for Food Security: It is due to poverty and higher prices, qualitative factor, and quantitative factor.

→ Cooperative: It is a form of business organization in which members voluntarily form a society for producing, procuring, and marketing goods and services at rib profit no loss basis to their members.

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 3 Poverty: Challenge Facing India will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 3 Poverty: Challenge Facing India

→ Poverty: Poverty has been defined as a situation in which a person fails to earn sufficient income to buy bare means of subsistence.

→ Social Exclusion: The poor have to live only in poor surroundings with other poor people.

→ Vulnerability: Poverty is a measure that describes the greater probability of certain communities becoming or remaining poor in the coming years.

→ Measurement of Poverty:

• Relative Poverty
• Absolute Poverty

→ Relative Poverty: It refers to the distribution of national income across different individuals and households in the country.

→ Absolute Poverty: It refers to the measure of poverty, keeping in view the per capita intake of calories and minimum level of consumption.

→ Poverty line: It is the method to measure the minimum income required to satisfy the basic needs of life.

→ Calorie: It is the energy given to a person by a full day’s food.

→ Causes of poverty:

• Low economic growth
• Heavy population pressure
• Rural Economy.

→ Anti-poverty measures:

• Promotion of economic growth
• Poverty alleviation programmes

→ Worldwide estimates of poverty: More than one-fifth of the world’s poor people live in India.

→ Calories measure: The accepted average calorie requirement in India is 2400 calories per person per day in rural areas and 2100 calories per person per day in urban areas.

→ Daily wages labourers: A worker who is paid for work on a daily basis.

→ Consumption: Destruction of utility is called consumption.

→ Income: Money is received, especially on a regular basis, for work or through investment.

→ Investment: Expenditure for further production is called investment.

→ Inequalities: An instance of being unequal.

→ Gender Discrimination: Discrimination in terms of gender, caste, or any other respect.

→ Poorest: States of India Odisha and Bihar.

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 2 Human Resources will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 2 Human Resources

→ Resources: Efforts made by a nation, an organization, or an individual to raise their incomes are known as resources.

→ Natural Resources: Air, minerals, soil, water which are used to satisfy human needs are called natural resources.

→ Human Resources: The size of the population of a country along with its efficiency, educational qualities, productivity, etc. is known as human resources.

→ Cause of Japan & Germany’s Economic Development: They have made investments in human resources, especially in the fields of education and health.

→ Causes of underdevelopment of countries like India, Bangla Desh, Pakistan, etc: It is due to their vast uneducated, unhealthy and unskilled population.

→ Economic Activities: All those activities which are performed to earn money are called economic activities.

→ Non-Economic Activities: All those activities which do not give income in return are called non¬economic activities.

→ Primary Sector: Primary sector is that sector that produces goods by using natural resources.

→ Examples of Primary Sector Activities: Agriculture, animal husbandry, dairy, poultry farming, fishing, mining, forestry, grazing, hunting, etc.

→ Secondary Sector: Secondary sector is that sector that produces finished goods by using the products of the primary sector as raw materials.

→ Tertiary Sector: This sector consists of all services and occupations which are needed to support the activities of primary and secondary sectors.

→ Population as an Asset or Liability for the economy: Illiterate and unhealthy populations are liable for the economy whereas literate and healthy populations are an asset.

→ Unemployment: It refers to a situation in which people are willing to work at the current wages but cannot find work.

→ Seasonal Unemployment: It means when people find jobs during some months and during the remaining months they are unemployed.

→ Disguised, Unemployment: It means more people are engaged in a particular work than required.

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 1 Story of a Village will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 1 Story of a Village

→ Economics: Economics is the study of unlimited human wants and the activities carried out to satisfy these wants through limited means.

→ Goods: Goods are those visible things that satisfy human wants e.g., books, chairs, mobile phones, etc.

→ Services: Services do not have a physical existence but they satisfy human wants e.g., teaching by a teacher.

→ Utility: Want satisfying power of a good or service is called utility.

→Price: The value of goods and services which can be expressed in terms of money is called price.

→ Wealth: All those goods and services for which we have to pay a price for their consumption are called wealth.

→ Money: Money can be defined as anything that is recognized by the government and is widely accepted as a medium of exchange in the transfer of goods.

→ Demand: Other things being equal, demand refers to the quantities of a commodity that the consumers are able and willing to buy at each possible price during a given period of time.

→ Supply: The quantities of a commodity that a seller is prepared to sell at given prices in a given period of time is called supply.

→ Market: Market means an arrangement where buyers and sellers of a commodity are in close contact with each other to buy and sell goods.

→ Cost: Cost is the amount spent in terms of money right from the production of goods to their sale.

→ Revenue: Revenue is the money earned by a person by selling goods or services.

→ Economic Activities: Economic activities are those activities that are concerned with consumption, production, exchange, and distribution of wealth.

→ Non-Economic Activities: Non-Economic activities are those activities that are not economically profitable.

→ Production: The creation of utility is called production.

→ Factors of Production: Land, labour, capital, and entrepreneur are called factors of production.

→ Land: Land is the free gift of nature-and its supply is fixed.

→ Labour: All human efforts made for the sake of monetary gain are called labour.

→ Multiple Cropping: To grow more than one crop on a piece of land during a year is known as multiple cropping.

→ Capital: Capital means all those man-made goods which are used in the further production of goods.

→ Entrepreneur: A human factor of production that takes economic decisions and bears risks is called an entrepreneur.

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 6 Population will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 6 Population

→ Human Resource:

• Humans are considered as resources because they are the ones who actually create natural resources into usable resources.
• But now humans have the capability even to change their surroundings according to their needs.
• That’s why it is necessary for us to educate and develop human resources so that they can be used for national development.

→ Census Survey 2011: According to the census survey of 2011, the Indian population was 121 crore which accounted for 16.7% of the world’s population.

→ The density of Population:

• Most of the Indian population lives in the plains.
• The density of population in India is 382 persons per sq. km. Punjab’s density of population was 551 in 2011.

→ Population Growth:

• The population of an area never remains the same.
• It keeps on changing. When this change comes in a positive manner it is called population growth.
• Birth rate and death rate play a very important role in changing the population of an area.

→ Sex Ratio:

• The ratio of males and females in the population is called the sex ratio.
• It is explained in a way that a number of females are shown in an area behind every 1000 males.

→ Age-structure: Population can be divided into three parts on the basis of age and these are:

• The age group of 15 years or less
• The age group of 15-65 years
• The age group of 65 years and above.

→ This division of population is called age structure.

→ Immigration and Emigration:

• Immigration and emigration also play an important role in changing the population of a region.
• The meaning of immigration is when people migrate to other regions or countries to live and emigration is the process when people come to any region or country to live.

→ Migrant Labour in Punjab:

• Many industries have been established in many cities of Punjab and there is always a need for temporary workers to do work in such industries.
• In the same way, workers are also required to do work in agricultural fields.
• That’s why many migrants come to Punjab from the states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, etc.

→ Working Population and Dependent Population: India’s 41.6% is dependent population and 58.4% population is working for the population.

→ Increasing population:

• The growth of the population depends upon birth rate and death rate.
• India’s death rate has come down very quickly but the birth rate is coming down quite slowly.
• The major reason for decreasing death rate is the spread of health services.

→ Literacy: At the time of Indian Independence, India’s literacy rate was 14%. But in 2011, the literacy rate increased upto 74.01%.

→ Health:

• To know about the level of population, it is must to look into the health of people.
• During the last few decades, the government has greatly stressed increasing health services in the country and has established many hospitals, dispensaries, and even an increased number of doctors.

→ Occupational Population structure:

• 53% of India’s population is still engaged in the primary sector i.e. agriculture.
• 13% of people are engaged in the secondary sector and 20% are in the tertiary sector.

→ Population Distribution of Punjab:

• There are 12,581 villages and 217 small big cities in Punjab.
• There is a great difference in their population.
• Few areas have a density of population around 400 persons per sq. km. and few regions have more than 900 persons per sq. km.

→ Female Foeticide:

• Female foeticide leads to an imbalance in the population.
• That’s why the sex ratio in India is 1000 : 943 and in Punjab, it is 1000 : 895.

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life

→ Four Spheres of Earth: Earth is a planet where life exists. It has four spheres – Lithosphere, Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, and Biosphere.

→ In the Biosphere, many species live.

→ All the species living in an area are called Fauna and the vegetation of an area is called Flora.

→ Natural Vegetation: Vegetation grown without human interference is called natural vegetation. It grows automatically in its region.

→ Geographical Factors Responsible for Natural Vegetation: Many factors are responsible for the growth of natural vegetation in an area and these are soil, land, temperature, duration of sunlight, rainfall, etc.

→ Diversity of Plants: Forests, pasture lands, and bushes are included in the natural vegetation in India. More than 45,000 plants are available in India.

→ Types of Natural Vegetation: Indian natural vegetation is mainly divided into five parts as Tropical Evergreen forests, Tropical Deciduous forests, Scrubs, and Thorny forests, Tidal or Mangrove forests, and Mountainous forests.

→ Types of Vegetation in Mountainous Region: In the mountainous region, many types of vegetation are available such as tropical evergreen forest and polar natural vegetation. All these types are available only upto the height of 6 km.

→ Fauna: More than 89,000 species of animals and birds exist in India. 2546 types of fish are there in the fresh and salty water of India. Around 2000 types of birds are also there in India.

→ Protection of Biodiversity: To protect the biodiversity in India, a number of wildlife sanctuaries, biodiversity parts, and zoos are made in India.

→ Soils in Punjab: Many types of soil are available in Punjab such as Alluvial soil, Sandy soil, Clayey soil, Loamy soil, Hill soil, or Kandi soil, Sodic, and Saline soil, etc.

→ Natural Vegetation in Punjab: Due to the availability of many types of soils in Punjab, many types of vegetation are also available over here such as Himalayan type Moist Temperature Vegetation, Subtropical Pine Vegetation, Subtropical Scrub Hill Vegetation, Tropical Dry Deciduous vegetation, and Tropical Thorny Vegetation.

→ Soil: Soil is formed by the broken parts of basic rocks. It is helped by many factors such as temperature, flowing water, rainfall, etc.

→ Importance of Forests: Forests are very much important for us such as they provide us wood, they help in rains and stop soil erosion. They give us oxygen and make our environment healthy.

→ Migrated Birds: Many birds migrate to India during a particular season such as Siberian crane, Black-winged still, Bar-headed goose, Demoiselle, Crane, Greater flamingo, etc.

→ Medicinal Plants: Many plants in India are helpful in the making of medicines such as amla, sarpgendha, tulse, neem, chanden, bill, Jamun, etc.

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 4 Climate will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 4 Climate

Climate:

• Climate is the sum total of weather conditions over a large area for a long period of time.
• There are many climatic conditions in India.

Factors influencing climate:

• Many factors affect the climate of a place such as distance from the equator, distance from the sea, altitude of a place, impact of winds, relief effect, jet streams, etc.
• The Indian Climate is almost the same due to its physical structure.

Rainfall:

• Rainfall is a type of precipitation when moisture falls on the earth in the form of drops of water.
• It is of three types: Convectional rainfall, Orographic rainfall, and Cyclonic rainfall.

Meaning of Monsoon:

• The word ‘Monsoon’ is said to be derived from the Arabic word ‘Mausim’ meaning season.
• In this way, monsoon is a season in which wind changes its direction with the season.

Monsoon System:

• The monsoons are experienced in the tropical area roughly between 20°N and 20°S.
• It is created due to the opposite position of air pressure.
• This position of air pressure changes continuously.
• That’s why in different seasons, the situation of winds changes on either side of the Tropic of Cancer.
• Except this, jet streams also play an important role in the mechanism of the monsoon.

Seasons in India:
In the annual season of India, there are four major seasons-winter seasons, summer season, advancing monsoon, and retreating monsoon.

Winter Season:

• There is a winter season in almost the whole of India from December till February.
• In this season, north-eastern trade winds blow over the whole country.
• In this season, temperature decreases when we move from south to north.
• It is a dry season but some amount of rainfall occurs on the Tamil Nadu coast from these winds as here they blow from sea to land.

Summer Season:

• This season remains from March to May.
• In March, the highest temperature is about 38° Celsius, recorded in the Deccan plateau.
• Gradually, low-pressure area starts to move towards North India which experiences high temperatures.
• In the north, these low-pressure winds are called loo, Kaal Baisakhi in West Bengal, and Mango shower in the coastal areas of Karnataka.

Advancing Monsoon:

• This season remains from June to September.
• South-West monsoon enters India through two branches-Arabian sea branch and the Bay of Bengal branch.
• These winds give a lot of rainfall to the country.
• North-East India experiences lots of rain but the North-West part of India remains dry.
• The months of July and August experience almost 75% to 90% rainfall in the country.
• Mawsynram, a place in the Garo and Khasi hills of North-East India, experiences the highest rainfall in the world.
• The second place is of Cherapunji.
• Western Ghats of South India experiences heavy rainfall due to monsoon winds coming from the Arabian Sea branch.

Retreating Monsoon:

• During the months of October and November, the monsoon over the northern plains becomes weaker.
• This is replaced by a high-pressure system.
• The retreat of the monsoon is marked by clear skies and a rise in temperature.
• Due to high temperature and humidity, the weather become rather oppressive.
• This is commonly known as ‘October heat’.
• On the coast of the southern plateau, cyclones create havoc and are often very destructive.

Distribution of Rain:

• Parts of the western coast and north-eastern India receive over about 300 cm of rainfall annually.
• But western Rajasthan and adjoining parts of Gujarat, Haryana, and Punjab receive less than 50 cm of annual rainfall.
• Higher parts of the country (Himalayan region) receive snowfall.
• The annual rainfall is highly variable from year to year.
• Variability of monsoon brings flood in many parts and drought in the other parts.

Instruments for climate:

• Many instruments are used to measure different climatic features such as Maximum and Minimum Thermometer, Android Barometer, Dry and Wet Bulb Thermometer, Rain Gauge, Anemometer, Wind wane, etc.

Natural Disasters:

• Nature is all-powerful.
• When any natural calamity occurs, it leads to the great loss of life and property.
• Tsunami was one of the natural disasters which came in many countries of South Asia in December 2004.
• It led to the death of thousands of people and the destruction of property as well.

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 3b Punjab: Drainage will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 3b Punjab: Drainage

→ Punjab: Punjab is known as the land of five rivers.

→ Punjab was divided along the course of time and presently there are only three rivers over here i.e. Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej. These are perennial rivers.

→ Drainage of Punjab: There are three types of rivers in Punjab and are Perennial rivers, Seasonal rivers, and Relict rivers.

→ River Ravi: River Ravi originates in the north of Rohtang Pass at the height of 4116 metre.

→ On this river, Madhopur headworks have been made for Ranjit Sagar Dam and Theen Dam.

→ It has many tributaries out of which the Ujh river is quite important.

→ River Beas: River Beas originates from Beas Kund at the height of 4060 metres in Himachal Pradesh.

→ It flows for 160 km. in Punjab and then enters river Sutlej.

→ Another river Rajasthan Feeder was made out of Beas which fulfills the water needs of a large area of Rajasthan.

→ Sutlej: River Sutlej originates from Rakshtal near Mansarovar lake.

→ Bhakhra Dam has been made on this river. From Firozpur district, it enters Pakistan.

→ Ghaggar: Ghaggar is a seasonal river that starts from the hills of Sirmour and while going through Patiala, Ghanour and Haryana finally ends in the Desert of Rajasthan.

→ Canal System of Punjab: Punjab has quite a developed canal system which includes 5 headworks and 14500 km. long canals.

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 3a India: Drainage will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 3a India: Drainage

→ Drainage system: Major rivers and their tributaries of a particular region form a definite pattern of drainage. This pattern is called the drainage system of that region.

→ Tributaries: The river which gets submerged in the main river is called the tributary of that main river.

→ Major Rivers of India: Major rivers of India can be divided into two main parts i.e. Himalayan rivers and rivers of Peninsular Plateau.

→ Major Himalayan rivers are Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra. The major rivers of the peninsular plateau are Kaveri, Krishna, Godavari, Tapti, and Narmada.

→ Lakes: Major lakes in India are Dal, Wooler, Sambhar, Chilka, Pulikat, etc.

→ They get water either from rain or from the melting ice of glaciers.

→ Few lakes are quite important from an entertainment point of view.

→ Importance of Rivers: Rivers give us water to drink and for irrigation.

→ We can get hydroelectricity by making dams on rivers.

→ River pollution: Throwing of unnecessary particles and chemicals in river water creates river pollution. Then, this water is not fit for human consumption.

→ Ways to stop river pollution: Proper utilization of river water, making borders at agricultural fields and by making National Water Grid, we can stop river pollution.

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 2b Punjab: Physical Features or Physiography will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 2b Punjab: Physical Features or Physiography

→ After looking at the physical map of Punjab, it seems Punjab is a plain but there are many differences in its physiographic features.

→ The plains of Punjab are one of the most fertile plains in the world.

→ The plains of Punjab can be divided into five parts – the plains of Cho region, the flood plains, Naili, Alluvial plains, and Sand Dunes.

→ The meaning of Doab is the region between two rivers.

→ Shiwalik hills touch the Himalayan region of Punjab.

→ For studying the Shiwalik range, it is divided into many parts such as Gurdaspur-Pathankot, Hoshiarpur, Ropar, etc.

→ The meaning of Kandi is that region of Terai which is surrounded by Chaos.

→ Another name of Bari Doab is Majha.

→ Mano, Bet, Changar, Ghad, Bela, etc. are the names of lower areas near the rivers.

→ Nail is the local name of alluvial plains made by the Ghagar river.

→ The peasants of Punjab have completely changed the natural form of the southern-western region.

→ Now people do agriculture on this land with different means of irrigation.

→ Two types of soil, Khadar, and Bhangar are available in the alluvial plains.

→ Khadar is the new alluvial soil that is quite fertile.

→ Bhangar is the old soil where stones and pebbles are scattered everywhere.

→ The regions of Bari and Bist Doab are made up of alluvial soil. Here both Khadar and Bhangar soil are available.

→ The Flood plains are the areas made by the soil brought up by the floods in the rivers which get scattered on the banks of the river.

→ Shivalik are the hills of the outer Himalayas. These are situated in the East and North-East directions of Punjab.

→ Punjab Government has notified Dera Bassi, Chandigarh-Ropar-Balachaur-Hoshiarpur-Mukerian, and the whole of the Kandi region.