PSEB Notes

This PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 20 The Changes in Arts, Painting, Literature and Architecture

→ Arts and Literature in India: There is a great history of painting, literature, architecture, music-dance, cinema, etc. Political power in India changed in the 19th century and 20th century and that’s why important changes also took place especially in the sectors of literature and arts.

→ Novels: Novels were prosperous by novelists like Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Madhusudan Dutt, Dinbandhu Mitra, Keshva Chandra Sen, etc.

→ Fine Arts: Music, painting, and arts are mainly included in these arts. These arts were developed a great deal during British rule.

→ Architecture in Mumbai and Chennai: The British made marvelous buildings in Mumbai and Chennai. Most of these buildings were made in Indo-European style.

→ Important buildings of Mumbai: Prince of Wales Museum, Gate Way of India, Victoria Terminal, Rajabai Tower, etc.

→ Beautiful places of Chennai: Marina Beach and V.G.B. Golden Beach, Fort Saint George, War Memorial, High Court, etc.

This PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 19 Colonialism and Urban Change will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 19 Colonialism and Urban Change

→ Colonialism: The meaning of colonialism is the subjugation of one country by another which leads to political, economic, social, and cultural changes, we refer to the process of colonisation.

→ Urban Change: The meaning of urban change is the change in the position and importance of towns and cities due to change in the political condition of any country.

→ End of cities and advent of new cities: New cities and towns emerged when they became the centres of political power, economic activities, or centres of religious activities.

→ If related rulers change their capital due to changes in the political power of any country, some cities lost their importance and were replaced by new cities.

→ New cities during the British Rule: Three important cities developed during the British rule were Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta. These cities were also the centres of Presidencies.

→ Spread of Delhi: Delhi was made the capital of British India in 1911 A.D. As a result, Delhi spread very rapidly.

→ Facilities are available in cities: People were given different facilities of cleanliness, water, roads, lights, etc. for the development of cities. Different local institutions were established for this objective.

→ Law and Order: The police department was established for law and order of urban areas.

This PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 18 Challenge to Caste System will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 18 Challenge to Caste System

→ Caste System: Society in ancient India was divided into four main castes – Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and lower castes.

→ Many other castes and sub-castes originated during the Rajput age with which the caste system became more complex.

→ Untouchability:

• Brahmins had the highest place in a caste-based society.
• They were greatly respected by all.
• But the condition of lover castes was very pitiable.
• They were not allowed to touch the people of higher castes. It was known as untouchability.

→ The challenge to the Caste System: Caste-based differences were challenged by social reformers like Jyotiba Phule, Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar, Pariyar Ramaswami, and Mahatma Gandhi. They also demanded the rights of Scheduled Castes.

→ Legislations against Social Evils: The British government passed certain laws to restrict social evils like the Sati system (1829 A.D.) and Child Marriage (1891 A.D.)

→ Eradication of Untouchability: Social reformers tried a lot and that’s why Untouchability has been declared illegal by our Constitution.

This PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 17 Women and Reforms will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 17 Women and Reforms

→ Religious and Socio reform Movements:

• Religious and socio reform movements were started in the 19th century in almost all the communities of Indian Society.
• These movements attacked the supremacy of Brahmins, superstitions, and fundamentalism in the religious sector.
• Their aim in social life was to eradicate the caste system, child marriage, and other social inequalities in society.

→ Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Brahmo Samaj:

• Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772-1833), founded Brahmo Samaj in 1828 A.D.
• He started a movement to remove the Sati system and child marriage from society.
• The name of Brahmo Samaj spread in the whole of the country under the leadership of Keshav Chandra Sen.

→ Spread of Reform Movements:

• These movements also started in other parts of the country.
• Prarthna Samaj was founded in Bombay (Mumbai) in 1862 A.D.
• Many National Leaders like Mahadev Govind Ranade (1842-1901) took part in it.
• Mahatma Jyotiba Phooley played an active role in the reformation of scheduled castes.

→ Arya Samaj:

• Arya Samaj was founded by Swami Dayanand in 1875 A.D.
• He raised his voice against child marriage, Sati Pratha, and Dowry System.

→ Sikh Reform Movement:

• Two main reform movements, related to Sikhs, were started Namdhari (Kuka) Movement and Singh Sabha Movement.
• Out of these, Singh Sabha Movement achieved important achievements in the field of education and literature.

→ Other Reform Movements:

• Swami Vivekanand founded Rama Krishna Mission to spread the teachings of his Guru Ramakrishna Paramhans.
• Mrs. Annie Besant again tried to strengthen Theosophical Movement in 1893 A.D.

→ Reform movement among Muslims was started by Nawab Abdul Latif:

• The most important movement among Muslims was started by Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan (1817-98).
• The most important work done by him was the establishment of Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College in 1875 A.D.

→ Impact of Reform Movements:

• Important progress came in the field of upliftment of women as a result of reform movements.
• Nationalism was aroused and a sense of unity came among the people.

This PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 16 The Education and British Rule will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 16 The Education and British Rule

→ Spread of Education in India: After 1853 A.D., the British government started giving more stress on the spread of education. They also tried to increase government control on educational centres.

→ Wood’s Report of 1854 A.D: Following suggestions were given in Charles Wood’s report in 1854 A.D.

• Universities like London be open in India.
• Colleges are opened under Universities.
• One educational department is opened in each province.
• Special emphasis is given to women’s education.

→ Hunter Commission: The Hunter Commission was appointed in 1882 A.D. under the tenure of Lord Rippen. These were the suggestions of this commission

• Government should not interfere in higher education.
• Administration of aided schools should be given to local organizations.
• Fees in schools should be reduced.

→ Efforts of Lord Curzon: In 1904 A.D., Lord Curzon passed an Act on Universities. Government control over Universities was increased by this Act.

→ Sadler Commission: Sadler Commission was appointed in 1917 A.D. for bringing reforms to Calcutta (Kolkata) University. Many changes were brought in the organization of Allahabad and Lucknow Universities after the suggestions of this commission.

→ Sargent Scheme: Sargent plan was made in 1943 A.D. According to this plan, Education has to be spread completely over the next 50 years.

→ Aligarh Movement: This movement was started by Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan for bringing reforms in Muslim Society and for reform religion.

→ Contribution in the field of Education: Main Indian leaders who gave contributions to the Educational field were Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Swami Dayanand Saraswati, Swami Vivekanand, etc.

This PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857 will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857

→ Revolt of 1857: In 1857 A.D, Indian rulers, soldiers, and the public rose in an armed revolt to oust the British from India. This revolt is known as the ‘First War of Indian Independence.

→ Political Causes: Indian rulers (of Jhansi, Nagpur, Sitara, Jaitpur, Bilaspur, etc.) and landlords were annoyed with the British on account of their annexationist policies. They collectively planned to struggle against the foreign rule.

→ Social and Economic Causes: The British ended the Sati practice, permitted widow marriage, and ruined Indian industries.

→ Military Causes: Indian soldiers were paid low salaries and were not treated well. The order to use greased cartridges enraged the Indian sepoys. It was the immediate cause of the revolt.

→ Centres of Revolt: The main centres of revolt were Delhi, Kanpur, Jhansi, Gwalior, Varanasi, and Lucknow.

→ Leaders of the Uprising: The chief leaders of the revolt were Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Jafar, Rani Laxmi Bai, Nana Sahib, Tantaya Tope, etc.

→ Failure of the Revolt: There was no co-ordination among the Indian rulers. The rebels were not trained soldiers and had no means of communication. They had no sound financial resources and modern weapons of war like the British had.

→ Effects of Revolt: The rule of the Company came to an end. The number of Indians in the army was reduced. Differences between the Hindus and the Muslims increased.

This PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 14 Handicraft and Industry will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 14 Handicraft and Industry

→ Cottage of Industries of India: India was known for its cottage industries from ancient times. But these industries declined during the British rule.

→ Reasons for the decline of cottage industries:

• End of local rule
• Machine-made goods were of good quality and cheap as well
• People of new classes liked the machine-made goods, goods of cottage industries were expensive, sending of Indian raw material to Britain.

→ Establishment of modern industries: New (modern) industries were established during British rule such as-Cotton textile, jute, coal, Tea, Iron, matchstick, etc.

→ Factory Acts: Laborers started to be exploited in new industries. The government passed Factory Acts to improve their condition.

This PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 13 Colonialism and Tribal Society will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 13 Colonialism and Tribal Society

→ Tribal society: Tribal society is related to the tribal people of the country who live in ancient conditions in forests, valleys, and in far-off mountains. They basically live in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Bihar, Orissa, and the mountainous region of Madhya Pradesh.

→ Important Tribes: Gond, Bhil, Santhal, Mizos, Mundas, etc. are the important tribes of the country.

→ Revolts of Tribal people: Many tribal people revolted against the policies of the British government in the 19th century. Bhils in Madhya Pradesh, Mundas in Bihar, Gonds in Orissa, and Santhals in Bihar-Bengal revolted in a great deal.

→ Birsa Munda: Birsa Munda was the leader of the Munda tribe. He was a very powerful person.

→ Revolt of Santhals: Tribal people, living in the mountains of Rajmahal, of the Santhal tribe, revolted in 1855 A.D. under the leadership of Sidhu and Kanhu. They declared themselves independent by defying the company’s rule.

→ The British got control of the situation in 1856 A.D. after using military force. The government made a separate district of the Santhal Pargana so that the Santhal people should remain happy.

→ Result of Revolts of Tribal people: Tribal people became conscious from a social and religious point of view due to these revolts.

This PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 12 Rural Life and Society will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 12 Rural Life and Society

→ Land Revenue System of the British:

• The English East India Company got ‘Diwani’ rights of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa from the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam in 1765 A.D, As a result, the Company started collecting land revenue from these provinces.
• The Company wanted to collect more and more revenue.
• That’s why they adopted many new systems of land.
• First of all, the company started to give land on contract.
• The higher bidder was getting the right to collect tax from a particular area.

→ New Land Settlements:

• After this, the British made land settlements in new different ways in India.
• Out of these, Permanent Settlement, Ryotwari system, Mahalwari system were important.

→ Permanent Settlement of Land:

• Lord Cornwallis introduced the Permanent Settlement of land in Bengal in 1793.
• According to it, the landlords or zamindars became the permanent owners of the land and the peasants were crushed.

→ Ryotwari System:

• This system of land settlement was introduced in Madras and Bombay.
• According to this system, the government officers directly collected land revenue from the farmers.

→ Mahalwari System: This system of land settlement was introduced in Western U.P, Punjab, and Delhi.

→ Impact of Land Revenue System: Farmers became poor with the land revenue systems of the British and came into the clutches of debt.

This PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 11 Administrative Structure, Growth of Colonial Army and Civilian Administration will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 11 Administrative Structure, Growth of Colonial Army and Civilian Administration

→ Regulating Act: This Act was passed in 1773 A.D., now the British government controlled the activities of the English Company.

→ Pitt’s India Act: This Act was passed in 1784 A.D. According to this Act, the position of Governor-General was strengthened.

→ Civil Services: Lord Cornwallis started civil services in India to fill higher government jobs. Indians were kept away from these.

→ Police: The British organised the police system in a new way. They started the system of Police-Thanas.

→ Law and Justice: Same laws were introduced in the country. Courts were established in the country and the job was done in the local language.

→ The Charter Act of 1833: According to the Charter Act, all the military and civil rights were grafted to the Governor-General and his council.

→ The Charter Act of 1853: Executive and Legislative were separated from each other through this Act. There were 12 members of the newly established legislature.