PSEB Notes

This PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 1 Soil and Soil Management will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 1 Soil and Soil Management

→ Soil means an upper layer of earth in which plant roots grow and plants take water and other nutrients from it.

→ Soil provides physical strength to the plants.

→ According to soil scientists, the soil is a dynamic natural body that has developed under the effect of natural forces.

→ Soil is a living thing according to scientists, it contains many microbes, it provides nutrients to plants.

→ Basic constituents of soil – 45% minerals, 25% air, 25% water, 0 to 5% of organic matter. Water, air, and water content can vary.

→ Soil has two types of properties-Chemical and Physical properties.

→ Main Physical Properties of soil-size of soil particles, pore size, and water holding capacity, etc.

→ When sandy soil is rubbed between thumb and finger it feels gritty.

→ Clayey soil has 40% of clay particles.

→ Loamy soil has characteristics between sandy and clayey soil.

→ In areas with high rainfall, soils are found to be acidic.

→ If pH is less than 7 then the soil is acidic.

→ Salt-affected soils are of three types.

→ Salt affected soils are saline, alkali, saline-alkali soils.

→ For improvement of sandy soil – green manure, farmyard manure, leguminous crops are incorporated.

→ Clayey soils are most suited for paddy sowing.

→ Acidic soils are reclaimed by adding lime to them.

→ Reclamation of Saline soil can be done by flooding and ploughing or by scrapping the top layer by using a leveler (Karaha).

→ For reclamation of alkali soils, use gypsum after getting tested on the soil and water.

→ The water table is high in waterlogged soils that it reaches upto the roots of the plants.

→ If a water table is found at a level of 0 to 1.5 m below the surface of the earth it is called waterlogged soil.

This PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 29 Effects of Social Inequalities and Social Justice will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 29 Effects of Social Inequalities and Social Justice

→ Indian Constitution and Equality: Many elements are included in the Indian Constitution.

→ Equality, Liberty, and Secularism are some of the main elements. These elements determine Social Equality.

→ The Preamble of the Constitution: The Preamble of the Indian Constitution is given at the start of the Constitution.

→ It is written clearly in it that We, the people of India, have solemnly resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic and to secure to all its citizens Justice, Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity.

→ Social Inequality: Indian Society is divided into different classes and on many bases. It is known as Social Inequality.

→ Types of Social Inequality: Many types of Social Inequalities exist in our country.

→ Some of them are Casteism, Untouchability, Communalism, Linguism, and Illiteracy.

→ Reservation: In India, seats in different political institutions are reserved for the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and for Women. Seats are also reserved for them in government jobs.

This PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 28 Judiciary and Its Special Jurisdiction will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 28 Judiciary and Its Special Jurisdiction

→ Parts of Government: There are main parts of government – Executive, Legislative, and Judiciary.

→ Legislative makes the law, Executive implements the law, and Judiciary does the work of justice.

→ Single Judiciary: The structure of a single judiciary has been kept in India.

→ All the courts right from the top and the bottom, are connected with each other.

→ Freedom of Judiciary: Special provisions are kept to make Judiciary independent and impartial.

→ For example, it has been kept separate from legislative and executive so that it can give its decisions independently.

→ Appellate Jurisdiction of Supreme Court: Supreme Court listens to the suits filed against the decisions of high courts of states.

→ As it is the highest court of the country, that’s why its decisions cannot be challenged anywhere.

→ Civil Suits: Appeal can be made in the Supreme Court against the decisions of any civil case.

→ But it should be proved by the high court that there is a definite legal question of general importance in this case.

→ In special cases, Supreme Court can listen to the appeal without the approval of the High Court.

→ Public Interest Litigation (P.I.L.): Any person can file a case of public interest in the court as P.I.L. who is not directly related to the case or suit.

→ Court listens to these cases in a regular way as it listens to other cases.

→ First Investigation Report (F.I.R.): It is necessary to inform the police at first instance in case of any incident occur. It is known as F.I.R. or First Investigation Report.

This PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 27 Parliament – Structure, Role and Importance will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 27 Parliament – Structure, Role and Importance

→ Parliamentary Government in India: The system of Parliamentary government is there in India.

→ The central government has been divided into three parts – Executive, Legislative, and Judiciary.

→ The President is the head of the Executive but is the head only by name.

→ Houses of Parliament: There are two houses of Parliament – Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.

→ Parliament makes laws for the country.

→ Supremacy of Parliament: The meaning of supremacy of Parliament is that the Parliament is the supreme institution of the country.

→ Its members are elected by the people.

→ It means that laws are actually made by the people themselves.

→ The President signs the bill passed by the Parliament.

→ Relation of the President and Prime Minister: The position of the Prime Minister is more important in India.

→ The President is the executive head but all of his powers are used by the Prime Minister and his Council of Ministers.

→ It is compulsory for the President to accept the advice of the Prime Minister.

→ Prime Minister informs the President about the meetings of the Council of Ministers held from time to time.

This PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 26 Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 26 Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties

→ Social Ideals or Goals: Every country has some of its definite goals which are determined for the unity, progress, and prosperity of the country. These are known as National Goals. India also has its own national goals.

→ Constitutional Ideals: Secularism, Justice, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, National Unity, and Integrity are the main ideas of our Constitution.

→ Secular State: Our country is a secular country.

→ People of all religions are free to adopt any religion and propagate their religion.

→ Economic Equality: The meaning of economic equality is the minimum difference between the rich and poor of the state.

→ National Unity and Integrity: India is a vast country because of which it is the land of many languages, cultures, and religions.

→ All are free to develop their own culture.

→ But people, in many areas, start to give importance to their own language or region instead of national interests.

→ It leads to an attack on the basic unity of the country.

→ So our aim is to maintain national integration.

This PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 25 Importance and Principles of Secularism will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 25 Importance and Principles of Secularism

→ Social Ideals or Goals: Every country has some of its definite goals which are determined for the unity, progress, and prosperity of the country. These are known as National Goals.

→ India also has its own national goals.

→ Constitutional Ideals: Secularism, Justice, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, National Unity, and Integrity are the main ideas of our Constitution.

→ Secular State: Our country is a secular country.

→ People of all religions are free to adopt any religion and propagate their religion.

→ Economic Equality: The meaning of economic equality is the minimum difference between the rich and poor of the state.

→ National Unity and Integrity: India is a vast country because of which it is the land of many languages, cultures, and religions.

→ All are free to develop their own culture.

→ But people, in many areas, start to give importance to their own language or region instead of national interests.

→ It leads to an attack on the basic unity of the country.

→ So our aim is to maintain national integration.

This PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 24 Constitution and Law will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 24 Constitution and Law

→ The Constitution: The Constitution is a legal document according to which administration of the country is being run. It is the supreme law of the country.

→ Formation of the Constitution of India: The Indian Constitution was prepared by a Drafting Committee.

→ It took 2 years 11 months and 18 days to prepare the Constitution. It was ready on 26th Nov. 1949.

→ Implementation of the Constitution: The Constitution of India was implemented on 26th Jan. 1950.

→ On the same day of 1930, the first independence day of the country was celebrated.

→ Law: The meaning of Law is the definitive rule. Laws regulate social life.

→ Judiciary: Indian Judiciary has been made independent and impartial.

→ It protects the Constitution and laws of the country.

→ Boycott of Liquor: Restriction on making, sale, and drinking of whisky.

This PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 23 India after Independence will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 23 India after Independence

→ Framing of the Constitution: The Constituent Assembly of India started to prepare the new Constitution in July 1946 A.D. which was completed on 26th November 1949 A.D.

→ Unification of Indian Princely States: India became free on 15th August 1947 but the unification of Princely States was one of the biggest problems for India. This problem was solved by Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel With great intelligence.

→ Reorganization of States: Indian states were reorganized in 1956 A.D. on the basis of language.

→ Development of Agriculture and Industries: A lot of development took place in India after independence in the fields of agriculture and industries.

→ Basis of Foreign Policy of India: The main base of the foreign policy of India is Non-Alignment. It means that India remains away from the military alliances of the world.

→ Another basis of our foreign policy in co-operation with the United Nations and keeping friendly relations with neighbouring countries.

→ Non-Aligned Movement: India, Yugoslavia, and Egypt were primary and main members of the Non-Aligned Movement.

→ Indian Prime Minister, Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru, President of Yugoslavia Tito, and Egyptian President Nasir supported the policy of Non-Alignment.

→ But now the number of countries adopting this policy has been increased to a great extent.

→ This policy has taken the form of a powerful movement.

→ That’s why a group of Non-Aligned countries is known as ‘Third World Countries’.

→ India and its Neighbouring States: Pakistan, China, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka are our main neighbouring countries.

→ Our other neighbouring countries are Bhutan, Nepal, and Myanmar.

→ India wanted to keep friendly relations with them but our relations with them have some negative aspects as well.

→ India and Pakistan: Mutual relations of India and Pakistan always remain tense.

→ But India wants to keep friendly relations with its neighbouring countries so that peace could be maintained in the Indian sub-continent.

→ India has tried a lot from time to time to keep cordial relations with Pakistan.

→ Panchsheel: Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru gave 5 principles for world peace.

→ These were given the name of Panchsheel.

→ Its objective was to encourage the feeling of co-existence among neighbouring countries so that their sovereignty and integrity could be maintained.

→ India and United Nations Organisation: India is giving a great contribution to world peace through United Nations Organisation.

→ India has complete faith in the objectives of the United Nations Organisation.

→ That’s why one of the objectives of Indian foreign policy is to cooperate United Nations in maintaining world peace and solve mutual disputes through mutual discussion.

This PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 22 National Movement 1919-1947 A.D. will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 22 National Movement 1919-1947 A.D.

→ Truth and Non-violence: Mahatma Gandhi was the most important leader of our freedom movement after 1916 A.D.

→ He adopted the path of truth and non-violence and gave strength to our national movement.

→ All the movements started by him were based upon truth and non-violence.

→ Main Events of the Struggle: Khilafat Movement, the arrival of Simon Commission, Dandi March, Quit India Movement and some other events proved to be the milestones of the freedom struggle.

→ Rowlatt Act: The British passed Rowlatt Act in 1919 A.D. to crush the national movement.

→ According to this Act, anyone could be arrested and put in prison without being tried in a court of law.

→ Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy: Many rallies and processions were held to protest against the Rowlatt Act at many places in India.

→ One such rally was held on 13th April 1919 A.D. in Jallianwala Bagh at Amritsar.

→ Hundreds of innocent people were killed and thousands wounded when General Dyer ordered firing on unarmed people attending the meeting.

→ Non-Cooperation Movement: This movement was started in 1920 A.D. by Gandhiji against British rule.

→ The Hindus and Muslims collectively opposed the government.

→ Khilafat Movement: This movement continued side by side with the Non-Cooperation Movement.

→ The Muslims had started this movement against British rule because the Government of England had not treated well the Sultan of Turkey.

→ Naujawan Sabha: Sardar Bhagat Singh founded Naujawan Sabha in 1925-26 A.D.

→ The main aim of Naujawan Sabha was to create a spirit of patriotism and self-sacrifice among the youth.

→ Akali Movement or Gurudwara Reforms Movement: The management of the Gurudwaras in Punjab was in the hands of corrupt Mahants.

→ The Sikhs wanted to save the Gurudwaras from the clutches of such corrupt Mahants.

→ The Sikhs started the Gurudwara Reform Movement.

→ Babbar Akali Movement: Some Sikh leaders of the Gurudwara Reform Movement turned violent.

→ Their leader Kishan Singh established “Chakravarti Jatha” which propagated against the British loyalists.

→ Simon Commission: The Simon Commission was sent by the British Government in 1927 A.D. to know as to what more political concessions be granted to the Indians after the passing of the Government of India Act of 1919.

→ Purana Swaraj: In 1929, the Congress in its Lahore Session passed a resolution demanding complete Independence or “Poorna Swaraj”.

→ Civil Disobedience Movement: This movement was started by Mahatma Gandhi.

→ He along with his trusted followers, marched to Dandi (Gujarat) where he broke the Salt Law by making salt on the sea coast in March 1930 A.D.

→ The first phase of this movement ended in 1931.

→ Its second phase was started in 1932 A.D.

→ The Government arrested thousands of Satyagrahis and sent them to jails.

→ It also committed atrocities against them. The movement come to an end in 1934.

→ Quit India Movement: During the Second World War, the Congress under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi started the Quit India Movement in August 1942.

→ Prominent Congress leaders were imprisoned.

→ The government suppressed the movement mercilessly.

→ Freedom of India: India won her freedom from British rule.

→ It was partitioned into two countries – India and Pakistan in August 1947 A.D.

This PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 21 National Movement 1885-1919 will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 21 National Movement 1885-1919

→ Nationalist Movement:

• The nationalist movement started in India after the Revolt of 1857 A.D.
• The main objectives of this movement were national freedom, democracy, social equality, and national development.

→ Early Phase (1885-1905 A.D.):

• Many political organizations were formed in the second half of the 19th century like-Bombay Association, Indian Association, Madras Native Association, Poona Sarvjanic Sabha, and Madras Mahajan Sabha.
• Indian National Congress was formed in 1885 A.D.
• Congress adopted moderate policies in its early years like the spread of education, Industrial development, debt waiver of farmers, etc.

→ Indian Nationalist Movement (1905-1919 A.D.):

• Even simple and general demands of Congress were not met by the British rulers.
• Consciousness among people aroused and one extremist party was originated within Congress.

→ Origin of Extremists:

• Partition of Bengal by Curzon, Russian defeat from Japan, the Russian revolution of 1905 A.D., and the Leadership of Lal-Bal-Pal gave encouragement to extremism.
• Extremists wanted that their demands should be met by putting more and more pressure.

→ Boycott and Swadeshi Movement:

• The movement which came out of anger at the partition of Bengal gave birth to Boycott and Swadeshi movement.
• The main objective of this movement was to encourage local industries and to boycott British goods.

→ Extremist Leaders:

• Lal-Bal-Pal were extremist leaders of Congress who wanted to attain Swaraj through struggle, Boycot,t, and Swadeshi.
• They dominated Indian politics after 1905 A.D.

→ Revolutionaries:

• Many youngsters of Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bengal-like states started revolutionary movements.
• They believed in the killing of Britishers, the use of weapons, and self-sacrifice.

→ Gadar Movement:

• Gadar Party was founded in San Fransisco (USA) in 1913 A.D.
• Baba Sohan Singh Bhakna was appointed its President.
• This organization tried to throw the British out of India through armed revolution under the leadership of Ras Bihari Bose and Kartar Singh Sarabha.