PSEB Notes

This PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 7 Crop Diversification will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 7 Crop Diversification

→ Crop diversification is also known as multiple cropping.

→ Crop diversification is to reduce some area under rice-wheat crops and to increase the area under alternate crops like maize, pulses, oilseeds, sugarcane, potato, etc.

→ Crop diversification helps in natural resource sustainability.

→ Maincrop rotation in Punjab is wheat-rice.

→ There is a consumption of 215 cm water for the wheat-rice cycle in Punjab in a year, but 80% of this water is consumed by rice alone.

→ Punjab is divided into three agroclimatic zones-sub mountainous zones, central zone, and southwestern zone.

→ Kandi belt is included in the sub-mountainous zone.

→ The sub-mountainous zone receives heavy rainfall and there persist problem of soil erosion in this zone.

→ Crops cultivated in, sub-mountainous zones are wheat, maize, paddy, basmati, potato, oilseed, etc.

→ The crop cycle in the central zone of Punjab is wheat-paddy rotation.

→ The crop cycle in the southwestern zone is cotton-wheat rotation.

→ An intensive cropping system means growing more than two crops in a year.

→ Green manuring must be done before cultivating Kharif crops like basmati rice and maize.

→ Maize-based cropping cycle is maize-potato-Summer Moong. or sunflower, maize-potato or Toria-sunflower, etc.

→ The soybean-based cropping system is soybean-wheat-cowpea. This cycle helps in maintaining soil fertility.

→ Groundnut-based cropping system is groundnut-potato or toriya or pea or wheat, groundnut-potato-bajra (fodder), groundnut- toria, or gobhi sarson.

→ Fodder-based cropping system is maize-berseem-bajra, maize-berseem-maize, or cowpea (rawanh).

→ Vegetable-based cropping system: potato-onion-green manure-potato-ladyfinger-early cauliflower, potato (seed)- radish or carrot (seed)-ladyfinger (seed).

This PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 6 BeeKeeping will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 6 BeeKeeping

→ Earlier, beekeeping was practiced mainly in hilly and southern states of India and the reared bee species was the Indian honey bee Apis cerana.

→ PAU, Ludhiana successfully introduced the Italian honey bee in 1965.

→ We may get 20 kg of honey per colony per year from stationary beekeeping and 60 kg of honey per colony per year from migratory beekeeping.

→ Products that are obtained from beekeeping are bee wax, propolis, bee venom, pollen, royal jelly, etc.

→ The body of honey can be considered divided into three parts – head, thorax, and abdomen.

→ There are mainly four species of honey bee Apis dorsata (rock bee), Apis florea (little bee), Apis cerana (Indian bee), and Apis mellifera (European/Italian bee)

→ A honeybee can lay nearly 2000 eggs in a day.

→ Rock bees and little bees are wild species.

→ Indian bee and Italian bee are hive bees.

→ Rock bee is very aggressive.

→ Italian and Indian bees are reared in boxes.

→ There are three castes of honey bees-queen, drones, and worker bees.

→ The life cycle of honey bees has four stages – egg, larva, pupa, and adult.

→ The life cycle of the queen bee completes in 16 days that of a worker in 21 and of drone in 24 days.

→ A colony has nearly 8000 to 80,000 worker bees.

→ Good sources of nectar and pollen for bees are berseem, toria, Sarson, arhar, eucalyptus, Sheesham, pear, etc.

→ The suitable season for starting beekeeping is February-March and November.

→ Honey bees seal the ripe honey with a layer of beeswax.

→ We should not extract unripe honey.

This PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 5 Mushroom Cultivation will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 5 Mushroom Cultivation

→ There are 400 mushroom-growing places in Punjab.

→ Annual production of mushrooms is about 45000-48000 tonnes.

→ Nutrients found in mushrooms are Protein, Calcium, Phosphorus, Iron, Potash, Minerals, and Vitamin-C.

→ It contains low amounts of fats and carbohydrates. Mushrooms are good for patients with blood pressure and sugar.

→ According to the environment of Punjab, there are five varieties of mushrooms-Button mushrooms, shiitake mushrooms, Chinese mushrooms, Milky, Oyster mushrooms.

→ In winter two crops of Button, mushrooms can be taken from September to March.

→ Three crops of oyster mushrooms can be taken from October to March and one crop of shiitake can be taken from September to March.

→ Turn the stack after every fourth day and add molasses, gypsum, Lindane, and furadan respectively at first, third, fifth, sixth, and seventh turning.

→ The seed rate is 300-gram spawn per square meter.

→ In summer four crops of paddy straw mushroom are taken from April to August and of milky mushroom three crops are taken from April to October.

→ Mix FYM and garden soil in the ratio of 4 : 1 or spent compost and FYM in the ratio of 1 : 1 to get casing mixture.

→ Use 4-5% formalin for disinfecting casing mixture.

→ Use dichlorvos as a preventive measure against mushroom flies and do not harvest up to 48 hours after spraying.

→ Mushroom seeds are known as spawn.

→ Within 2-3 weeks 80-100% of trays are filled with mycelium which is white like cotton.

→ The mushroom yield obtained is 8-12 kg per sq metre.

→ 200 grams of fresh mushrooms are packed in poly bags having small holes in them.

This PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 4 Solar Energy will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 4 Solar Energy

→ The sources of energy in nature are of two types conventional (non-renewable) and non-conventional (renewable).

→ Conventional sources of energy are limited. These are coal, electricity, petroleum etc.

→ Non-conventional sources of energy are Biogas solar energy, chemical energy, etc.

→ The solar cell can be used to produce electricity using solar cells.

→ The solar dryer is used for drying vegetables, fruits, etc.

→ Solar dryers are of two types domestic solar dryers, multi-product solar dryers.

→ The solar cooker is used for cooking food using solar energy.

→ The solar water heater is used to heat water using solar energy.

→ Solar water heaters are of two types thermosiphon solar water heater, storage cum collector solar water heater.

→ A solar lantern is an emergency light. It is charged using solar energy and it can be used for 3-4 hours.

→ Solar energy is also used to light street lights and house lights.

→ The solar water pump is used to lift water from a depth of 35-40 feet.

This PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 3 Land Measurement and Documentation of Land Records will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 3 Land Measurement and Documentation of Land Records

→ In India, the measurement of land started in the reign of Mughal Emperor Akbar and Todarmal played an important role in this work.

→ Emperor Akbar started receiving taxes in cash in 1580 A.D.

→ Land measurement improved after independence and the Land consolidation act (Murababandhi act) was one of such reforms.

→ Zagreb is a chain made up of iron rings and is used to measure land.

→ The land is measured in acres, Kanal, maria, etc.

→ Zareeb is 10 Karms Jong or 5.5 feet long.

→ Shijra/Latha is a piece of cloth on which a map of the village is carved, Khasra numbers of all land are printed on it.

→ According to the Land consolidation act, the whole land was divided into pieces each of 25 acres in measurement.

→ The total of all cultivated crops in the form of a table is called Goshwara.

→ Transfer of ownership rights from one owner of land to another owner is called Intkaal.

→ Jammabandi or Fard is an important document of the Punjab Land Revenue Act regarding ownership of land.

→ Earlier, Jammabandi was carried out after every four years and now it is carried out after every five years.

→ There are 1-12 columns in Jammabandi Fard.

→ Girdawary or Gardaury is a survey of land and of cultivated land.

→ We can check the records online from the website: www.plrs.org.in.

→ 1 foot = 12 inch, 1 yard = 3 feet.

→ 1 Marla = 9 Sarsahian = 272 square feet.

→ 1 Kanal = 20 Marla.

→ 1 Acre = 8 Kanal.

→ Hectare = 2.5 acre = 20 Kanal.

This PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 2 Nursery Raising will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 2 Nursery Raising

→ A small land piece is required for nursery raising. It is a remunerative occupation.

→ One can get more income from the nursery raising of vegetables, flowers, and fruits.

→ Seeds are expensive and can be used efficiently through nursery raising.

→ Farmers having less land can gain more by nursery raising than by the cultivation of vegetable crops.

→ Nursery of those vegetables can be raised successfully which can tolerate the. transplanting shock.

→ Land in which the nursery is raised should get at least 8 hours of sunshine.

→ The seedbed for nursery raising should be 15 cm higher than ground level.

→ Treat the soil with formalin before sowing the seed.

→ Treat the seed with captain or thiram before sowing.

→ Transplant the seedlings in the main field after 4-6 weeks of sowing in the nursery.

→ Flowers are grown in the summer season are Sunflower, Zinnia, Kochia, etc.

→ Flowers grown in the winter season are Marigold, Gulashrafi, Ice plant, Garden pea, Phlox, etc.

→ Nursery for seasonal flowers is ready in 30-40 days.

→ Important agroforestry trees are Poplar, Eucalyptus, Drake, Sisham.

→ Drake nursery is propagated from seeds.

→ Sisham is the state tree of Punjab.

→ Treat the cuttings by chlorpyriphos and Remi san against white ants (termite) and diseases.

This PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 1 Soil and Soil Management will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 1 Soil and Soil Management

→ Soil means an upper layer of earth in which plant roots grow and plants take water and other nutrients from it.

→ Soil provides physical strength to the plants.

→ According to soil scientists, the soil is a dynamic natural body that has developed under the effect of natural forces.

→ Soil is a living thing according to scientists, it contains many microbes, it provides nutrients to plants.

→ Basic constituents of soil – 45% minerals, 25% air, 25% water, 0 to 5% of organic matter. Water, air, and water content can vary.

→ Soil has two types of properties-Chemical and Physical properties.

→ Main Physical Properties of soil-size of soil particles, pore size, and water holding capacity, etc.

→ When sandy soil is rubbed between thumb and finger it feels gritty.

→ Clayey soil has 40% of clay particles.

→ Loamy soil has characteristics between sandy and clayey soil.

→ In areas with high rainfall, soils are found to be acidic.

→ If pH is less than 7 then the soil is acidic.

→ Salt-affected soils are of three types.

→ Salt affected soils are saline, alkali, saline-alkali soils.

→ For improvement of sandy soil – green manure, farmyard manure, leguminous crops are incorporated.

→ Clayey soils are most suited for paddy sowing.

→ Acidic soils are reclaimed by adding lime to them.

→ Reclamation of Saline soil can be done by flooding and ploughing or by scrapping the top layer by using a leveler (Karaha).

→ For reclamation of alkali soils, use gypsum after getting tested on the soil and water.

→ The water table is high in waterlogged soils that it reaches upto the roots of the plants.

→ If a water table is found at a level of 0 to 1.5 m below the surface of the earth it is called waterlogged soil.

This PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 29 Effects of Social Inequalities and Social Justice will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 29 Effects of Social Inequalities and Social Justice

→ Indian Constitution and Equality: Many elements are included in the Indian Constitution.

→ Equality, Liberty, and Secularism are some of the main elements. These elements determine Social Equality.

→ The Preamble of the Constitution: The Preamble of the Indian Constitution is given at the start of the Constitution.

→ It is written clearly in it that We, the people of India, have solemnly resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic and to secure to all its citizens Justice, Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity.

→ Social Inequality: Indian Society is divided into different classes and on many bases. It is known as Social Inequality.

→ Types of Social Inequality: Many types of Social Inequalities exist in our country.

→ Some of them are Casteism, Untouchability, Communalism, Linguism, and Illiteracy.

→ Reservation: In India, seats in different political institutions are reserved for the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and for Women. Seats are also reserved for them in government jobs.

This PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 28 Judiciary and Its Special Jurisdiction will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 28 Judiciary and Its Special Jurisdiction

→ Parts of Government: There are main parts of government – Executive, Legislative, and Judiciary.

→ Legislative makes the law, Executive implements the law, and Judiciary does the work of justice.

→ Single Judiciary: The structure of a single judiciary has been kept in India.

→ All the courts right from the top and the bottom, are connected with each other.

→ Freedom of Judiciary: Special provisions are kept to make Judiciary independent and impartial.

→ For example, it has been kept separate from legislative and executive so that it can give its decisions independently.

→ Appellate Jurisdiction of Supreme Court: Supreme Court listens to the suits filed against the decisions of high courts of states.

→ As it is the highest court of the country, that’s why its decisions cannot be challenged anywhere.

→ Civil Suits: Appeal can be made in the Supreme Court against the decisions of any civil case.

→ But it should be proved by the high court that there is a definite legal question of general importance in this case.

→ In special cases, Supreme Court can listen to the appeal without the approval of the High Court.

→ Public Interest Litigation (P.I.L.): Any person can file a case of public interest in the court as P.I.L. who is not directly related to the case or suit.

→ Court listens to these cases in a regular way as it listens to other cases.

→ First Investigation Report (F.I.R.): It is necessary to inform the police at first instance in case of any incident occur. It is known as F.I.R. or First Investigation Report.

This PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 27 Parliament – Structure, Role and Importance will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 27 Parliament – Structure, Role and Importance

→ Parliamentary Government in India: The system of Parliamentary government is there in India.

→ The central government has been divided into three parts – Executive, Legislative, and Judiciary.

→ The President is the head of the Executive but is the head only by name.

→ Houses of Parliament: There are two houses of Parliament – Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.

→ Parliament makes laws for the country.

→ Supremacy of Parliament: The meaning of supremacy of Parliament is that the Parliament is the supreme institution of the country.

→ Its members are elected by the people.

→ It means that laws are actually made by the people themselves.

→ The President signs the bill passed by the Parliament.

→ Relation of the President and Prime Minister: The position of the Prime Minister is more important in India.

→ The President is the executive head but all of his powers are used by the Prime Minister and his Council of Ministers.

→ It is compulsory for the President to accept the advice of the Prime Minister.

→ Prime Minister informs the President about the meetings of the Council of Ministers held from time to time.