Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions English Composition Note-Making Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.
PSEB 8th Class English Composition Note-Making
किसी दिए Passage को आसानी से समझने के लिए उसे Short Notes का रूप दिया जा सकता है। ऐसे Notes तैयार करना एक कला है। इसके लिए विद्यार्थी में Passage के मुख्य बिन्दुओं को छांटने की क्षमता होनी चाहिए। उसे पता होना चाहिए कि Passage में क्या छोड़ा जा सकता है और किन बिन्दुओं को Highlight करना ज़रूरी है। उसे Passage के आरम्भ और अंत को ध्यान से पढ़ना चाहिए। इसी से Passage के मूल भाव को समझा जा सकता है। इसे Skimming कहा जाता है।
Note-Making की कई विधियां हैं। Passage को शीर्षकों तथा उप-शीर्षकों में बदला जा सकता है। इसे Flowchacts का रूप दिया जा सकता है। कुल मिला कर विद्यार्थी को Notes लिखते समय निम्नलिखित बिन्दुओं पर अपना ध्यान केंद्रित करना चाहिए।
- Passage का कोई उचित-शीर्षक लिखें। यह बहुत लम्बा न हो।
- यदि Passage लम्बा हो, तो उसके मुख्य बिन्दुओं तथा उप-बिन्दुओं को लिख लें।
- विद्यार्थी इन बिन्दुओं को संक्षिप्त तथा सांकेतिक शब्दों द्वारा भी नोट कर सकता हैं, जैसे-लाभ-हानियां, विशेषताएं आदि।.
- जहां तक संभव हो लम्बे वाक्यों का प्रयोग मत करें। मुख्य बिन्दुओं को कम से कम शब्दों में सीमित करें।
- प्रचलित Abbreviations (शब्दों का संक्षिप्त रूप) का प्रयोग करें। आप अपनी निजी Abreviations भी प्रयोग कर सकते हैं; जैसे tomer = tomorrow; cong = conclusion इत्यादि। परन्तु ऐसे संक्षिप्त रूप तभी प्रयोग करें जब Notes अपने निजी प्रयोग के लिए बनाए गए हों।
संकेत-अक्षर किसी भी विषय के हो सकते हैं। जैसे-
3 <4; 4 > 3
three is smaller than 4; ∴ therefore
4 is greater than 3 ∴ because
because A/c Account number etc.
1. Read the following passage and write the main points:
There are three types of American rice. Long grain is slender and the grains remain : separate when cooked. It is suited to main dishes, salads and soups. Medium grain is plumper than long grain and more tender when cooked. Short grain is almost round; the grains stick together when cooked.
Rice is also classified according to the ways it is processed. Brown rice retains the bran and germ (and therefore more nutrient); Parboiled or converted rice is soaked, steamed, and dried before milling. It retains more nutrients than white rice but takes 5 to 10 minutes longer to cook. Precooked white rice is cooked and dehydrated after milling and needs little cooking.
Main Points (Notes):
Classification of American rice
(a) How it looks:
- long grain- slender, remains, separate when cooked.
- medium grain- plumper, more tender when cooked.
- short grain- almost round, stick together when cooked.
(b) How it is processed:
- Brown rice-bran, germ-more nutrient.
- Parboiled/Converted rice-soaked, steamed and dried, retains, nutrients, take longer to cook
- Precooked white rice-already cooked and dehyrated, needs litde cooking.
2. Read the passage carefully and write the main points in the space provided.
THE INDIAN TOLL
According to the Union Transport Ministry, although buses constitute only 1.2% of India’s vehicles. In 2002 they were responsible for more than 11% of road accidents and 13% deaths. Around 85,000 people die every year from road accidents in India and the social cost of all this is a staggering Rs. 55,000 crores. In India, as in Asia, the driver is the main culprit. 78% of accidents are attributed to the drivers fault. And although there are programmes for teaching road safety, only a very few drivers attend it. Indeed, Dr. Sanjay K. Singh, of IIT, Kanpur and a transport subject expert argues that bus safety in India will not improve unless drivers are better off economically, and not overworked in addition, he says road infrastructure must improve with special lanes for cyclists and handcarts and proper footpaths for pedestrians.
Main Points:
I. Report on Road Accidents from Transport Ministry (2002):
- No. of road accidents each year : Around 85,000
- % accidents by bus drivers : 78%
- % deaths caused by these accidents : 13%
- Money spent on problems related to accidents : Rs. 55,000 crores
II. Solution:
- training drivers : road safety classes few drivers attend-problems:
- condition of drivers : well off economically, not to be overworked.
- better roads : how ?
Improvement in road infrastructure-special lanes for cyclists, handcarts- proper footpaths.
3. Read the passage and Write the main points (Notes):
The Interim Test Range (ITR) was established in 1989 as a dedicated range for launching missiles, rockets and flight test vehicles. A number of missiles of different class including the multi-role Trishul, multi-target capable Akash, the anti-tank Nag missile, the surface-to-surface missile Prithvi, and long range technology demonstrator Agni, have been test fired from the ITR Brah Mos, the Indiaft Russian joint venture, set up to develop supersonic cruise missiles has also been tested at this range. The ITR has also supported a number of other missions such as testing of the multi-barrel rocket launcher Pinaka and pilodess aircraft Lakshya. The ITR has also been made capable for testing airborne weapons and systems with the help of sophisticated instrumentation.
Main Points (Notes)
- Interim Test Range (ITR) established in 1989 for launching missile rockets and flight test vehicles.
- Number of misssiles launched.
Trishul, Akash, Nag, Prithvi, Agni - Brah Mos : Indian-Russian joint venture
- Other missions supported : Pinaka (Multi-barrel rocket launcher); Lakshya (pilotless aircraft).
4. Read the passage given below and make notes:
Books are by far the most lasting products of human efforts. Temples crumble into ruin, pictures and states decay, but books survive. Time is of no account with great thoughts which are as fresh today as when they first passed through their authors minds ages ago. What was then thought and said still speaks to us as ever from the printed page. The only effect of time has been to sift and throw out the bad products : for nothing in literature can long survive but what is really good. Books introduce us into the best society, they bring us into the presence of the greatest minds that have lived. We hear what they said; we see them as if they were really alive; we sympathise with them, enjoy with them, grieve with them, their experience becomes ours; and we feel as if we were actors with them in the scenes which they describe.
Notes:
Title : Permanent Value of Books
Main Points
A. (i) Books most lasting products. No effect of time other things come to the dust
(ii) thoughts in books become brighter and fresher.
B. Printed pages always speak.
C. Only good can survive bad products disappear.
D. Company of great minds of post-joys, grieves, experiences become wars.
E. Conclusion : Mirror of the past and present society.
5. Read the passage given below and make notes:
If the young students in schools and colleges do not learn discipline, they will never be able to extract obedience from others in society. In fact, society will never accept them as persons fit for any responsible position in life. A school or college without discipline can never impart suitable education to students. Such a school or college is no better than a factory to turn out imperfect men and women. Sense of discipline plays a very important part in the playground and the battle field. A disciplined team is likely to win the match in spite of its weakness but a very good team may not fare well for want of discipline. The rule of discipline equally applies to soldiers in the battle field
Notes:
Title : Students and Discipline.
Main Points
(A) Dis. in Society
- needed is all fields
- Source of extracting obedience
- Not accepted responsible persons
(B) Schools and Colleges without Dis.
- No dis. -no suitable education
- prepare only imperfect men and woman.
Play ground and battle field
- disciplined team wins
- good team may lose
- sure victory for disciplined soldiers. (Abb. Dis. Discipline)
6. Read the passage given below and make notes:
Games, though essential should not become the be-all and end-all of student life. Generally, the sportsmen waste too much time on them, and fail in their examinations. One must never devote more then an hour to sports. Again if a player plays a game rashly, there is every danger of breaking bones. If, it is the played without the spirit of sportsmanship. It can lead to bad blood and quarrels. In some of the colleges, there is a tradition that if the visiting team is winning a match, the home team plays foul, picks a quarrel and break the bones of the visitors. But in spite of all these minor defects. Sports are very useful in keeping the students busy and in developing their personalities.
Notes:
Title. Advantages and Disadvantages of Games
Main Points
A. Games and Student Life.
(1) Essential but not everything
- To much time given
- fail
B. Spirit of Sportsmanship
- foul play by home team.
- quarrels violence.
C. Conclusion
- minor defects
- keep busy a develop personality.
7. Read the passage given below and make notes:
Computers have become an integral part of our day to day life. It is very difficult to imagine our lives without computers. They are affecting every sphere of human life and bringing about many changes in Industry, Government, Education, Medicine, Scientific Research, Law and Social Services and even in arts like music and printing. The areas of applications of computers are confined only by limitations on human creativity and imagination.
Computers can no longer be termed as a mere invention they are a revolution. And the way we live now is an evidence of this revolution so much that it is hard to imagine a world without them. There is no area in the field of work, learning, play or leisure, that has remained untouched by computers Realising the importance of Computers Punjab Government has introduced Computer Education in a big way. Let us hope that a wind of change will blow in the tied of education in Punjab.
Notes:
Title : Computers in Day to Day Life
Main Points
A. Integral Part of Human Life
- role is every sphere.
- changes in industry
- Education, art, source, medicine-no sphere untouched
B. Areas of application confined only by human limitation.
C. Computers-A Revolution.
(1) has become a revolution
- Punjab government encouraging
- Introduction of computer education in schools
D. Conclusion
Bright future-popularity.