Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Tenses Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.
PSEB 8th Class English Grammar Tenses
Tense शब्द लातीनी भाषा के शब्द tempus से बना है जिसका अर्थ है समय (Time) । अर्थात् Tense हमें किसी कार्य या घटना के समय या काल का ज्ञान कराता है। नीचे दिए गए वाक्य पढ़ें:
- I play some game daily.
- I played cricket yesterday.
- I shall play hockey tomorrow.
पहले वाक्य के verb (play) से Present Time का बोध होता है। दूसरे वाक्य के verb (played) से Past. Time का बोध होता है। तीसरे वाक्य के verb (shall play) से Future Time का बोध होता है। इस तरह-
(1) जिस verb से Present Time का बोध होता है, वह Present Tense कहलाता है-
I take bath in the morning.
I go for a walk in the evening.
(2) जिस verb से Past Time का बोध होता है, वह Past Tense कहलाता है
I took bath in the,morning.
I went for a walk in the evening.
(3) जिस verb से Future Time का बोध होता है, वह Future Tense कहलाता है
I shall take bath in the morning.
I shall go for a walk in the evening.
इस प्रकार तीन मुख्य Tenses हैं-
- The Present Tense
- The Past Tense
- The Future Tense.
अब यह जान लेना भी आवश्यक है कि प्रत्येक काल में कार्य अथवा क्रिया (verb) की स्थिति भिन्न-भिन्न होती है। हो सकता है कि काम चल रहा हो। यह भी सम्भव है कि कार्य पूरा हो चुका हो अथवा किसी अनिश्चित (indefinite) स्थिति में हो। इस तरह कार्य की मुख्य रूप से चार अवस्थाएं होती हैं। हम यूं भी कह सकते हैं कि प्रत्येक मुख्य Tense के चार रूप होते हैं और कुल मिला कर 12 Tenses होते हैं। यहां हम इन सभी Tenses का अलग-अलग अध्ययन करेंगे।
1. Simple Present Tense
OR
Present Indefinite Tense
Present Indefinite or Simple Present Tense का प्रयोग होता है-
(i) किसी आदत का वर्णन करने के लिए; जैसे,
He takes bath daily.
He goes for a walk everyday.
(ii) किसी सर्वमान्य सत्य को व्यक्त करने के लिए; जैसे,
The sun rises in the east.
(iii) किसी कहानी में किसी बीती हुई घटना को बताने में; जैसे,
The brave dog now kills the snake and waits for his master to come.
(iv) भविष्य में होने वाली किसी घटना को व्यक्त करने के लिए जो किसी योजना अथवा व्यवस्था का भाग हो; जैसे,
Our examination begins on Monday.
(v) Time तथा Condition की Clauses में साधारण Future Tense के स्थान पर; जैसे,
If it rains, we shall not go out for a walk.
(vi) कथनों को व्यक्त करने के लिए ; जैसे,
They say, “To err is human.
(vii) किसी ऐसी स्थिति को दर्शाने के लिए जो न बदलने वाली हो; जैसे,
Our house faces the east.
2. Present Continuous Tense
Present Continuous Tense का प्रयोग होता है-
(i) किसी ऐसे विशेष कार्य को प्रकट करने के लिए जो अभी पूरा न हुआ हो अथवा जारी हो; जैसे,
My brother is singing a song.
3. Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है-
(i) ऐसे कार्य को प्रकट करने के लिए जो भूतकाल से अब तक जारी हो; जैसे,
I have never tasted tea. (I still do not drink it.)
(ii) किसी ऐसे पूर्ण कार्य अथवा घटना को प्रकट करने के लिए जो भूतकाल में विशेष समय को लेकर वर्तमान काल तक किया जाए; जैसे,
There have been two accidents on the road during 1984.
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense.
यह Tense उस कार्य को व्यक्त करने के लिए प्रयोग होता है जो अतीत में किसी समय आरम्भ हुआ हो और अब भी चल रहा हो। समय को व्यक्त करने के लिए for (अनिश्चित समय) और since (निश्चित समय) का प्रयोग करते हैं; जैसे-
The match has been going on for an hour.
The man has been waiting for a reply.
You have been wasting your time since morning.
5. Past Indefinite Tense
OR
Simple Past Tense
Past Indefinite Tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है-
(i) भूतकाल की किसी आदत, लोकप्रिय कार्य अथवा सर्वमान्य तथ्य को प्रकट करने के लिए; जैसे,
People then believed that the sun moved round the earth.
(ii) ऐसे कार्य को व्यक्त करने के लिए जिस में भूतकाल में काफी समय लगा हो परन्तु जो अब समाप्त हो चुका हो; जैसे-
He lived in Delhi for ten years. (but he does not live there now)
(iii) भूतकाल में पूरे किए गए किसी कार्य को व्यक्त करने के लिए। इस प्रकार प्रायः बीते हुए समय को व्यक्त . करने के लिए किसी Adverb या Adverb phrase का प्रयोग किया जाता है: जैसे,
My father left for Delhi yesterday.
Note 1. कभी-कभी समय की अभिव्यक्ति Adverb की बजाये भाव (समय का) से भी हो सकती है; जैसे
I bought this watch in Mumbai.
Note 2. क्रमबद्ध घटनाओं में भी Time के Adverb की आवश्यकता नहीं पड़ती; जैसे,
He came. He saw. He conquered.
(iv) किसी प्रश्न का उत्तर देने में; जैसे,
How did he go to school ?
Answer:
He went on foot.
6. Past Continuous Tense
Past Continuous (Progressive) Tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है-
(i) किसी ऐसे कार्य को व्यक्त करने के लिए जो भूतकाल में किसी विशेष समय पर किया जा रहा हो, भले। ही कार्य करने का समय बताया गया हो, या न बताया गया हो; जैसे,-
At 7 a.m. this morning I was reading the newspaper.
7. Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है-
(1) भूतकाल में एक साथ घटित होने वाले कार्यों में से पहले पूरा होने वाले कार्य के लिए; जैसे,
The patient had died before the doctor came.
8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense इस Tense का प्रयोग किसी ऐसे कार्य या घटना का वर्णन करने के लिए किया जाता है जो अतीत में किसी एक निश्चित समय (Point of Time) तक या किसी अवधि (Period of Time) में जारी रहे; जैसे,-
The phone had been ringing for a minute before Ram lifted it. वाक्य में स्पष्ट है कि जब राम ने फोन उठाया तब उससे पहले एक मिनट तक फोन की घण्टी बजती रही थी।
9. Future Indefinite Tense Simple Future Tense का प्रयोग ऐसे कार्य के लिए किया जाता है जो भविष्य में अभी किया जाना है; जैसे,
I shall finish the work tomorrow.
Tomorrow will be Monday.
10. Future Continuous Tense:
Future Continuous Tense का प्रयोग उस कार्य को करने के लिए किया जाता है जो भविष्य में किसी समय चल रहा हो; जैसे,
I shall be writing the letters then.
When I reach the station, the train will be moving.
11. Future Perfect Tense
- They will have heard the news by the time you reach.
- The teacher will have taken the roll-call before you enter the class.
12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense Future Perfect Continuous Tense का प्रयोग ऐसे कार्य का उल्लेख करने के लिए होता है जो भविष्य में किसी निश्चित समय के बाद भी जारी रहने का बोध कराता है; जैसे-
- The students will have been studying History since morning.
- He will have been studying Law for two years by next April.
Exercises From Board’s Grammar (Solved)
I. Fill in the blanks with the Simple Present or Present Continuous forms of the verbs given in the brackets:
1. The population of India ……………. very fast. (increase)
2. Water ……………. at 0° Celsius. (freeze)
3. The sun ……………. in the West. (not rise)
4. ……………. you ……………. Mr. Jain? (know)
5. ……………. he ever ……………… cricket? (play)
6. The Ganges …………… into the Bay of Bengal. (flow)
7. Why …………….. you ……………… this ? (eat)
8. She …………….. a bath. (have)
9. I …………… cricket everyday, but today I …………… tennis.. (play)
10. She usually ……………. a skirt but today she ……………… trousers. (wear)
Hints:
1. is increasing
2. freezes
3. does not rise
4. Do, know
5. Does, play
6. flows
7. are, eating
8. is having
9. play, am playing
10. wears, is wearing.
II. Fill in the blanks with the Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous forms of the verbs given in brackets:
1. Someone ……………. the window. (break)
2. Rita …………….. her pen. (lose)
3. The train ……………… just ………….. at the platform. (arrive)
4. We …………….. many medals. (win)
5. I ………. for a house for two months. (search)
6. …………. he ……………. a beard ? (grow)
7. ……………. you ……………. the Bible ? (read)
8. ……….. my uncle for months. (not visit)
9. She ……………… to China twice. (be)
10. We ……………. already ……………… our breakfast. (have)
Hints:
1. has broken
2. has lost
3. has, arrived
4. have won
5. have been searching
6. Has, grown
7. Have, read
8. have not visited
9. has been
10. have, had.
III. Fill in the blanks with the Simple Past Tense forms of the verbs given in the brackets:
Sher Singh smiled. He tossed his revolver in the air and ………… (catch) it by the handle. He ………… (take) careful aim at an empty sardine tin and …….3….. (fire) another six shots. The bullets ……4….. (go) through into the earth kicking up whiffs of dust. His Alsatian dog …….5….. (begin) to bark with excitement. He ………… (leap) up with a growl and ………… (run) down the canal embankment. He …….8….. (sniff) at the tin and …….9….. (take) it up in his mouth and …….10….. (run) back with it and ……. 11…. (lay) it at his master’s feet.
Hints:
1. caught
2. took
3. fired
4. went
5. began
6. leapt
7. ran
8. sniffed
9. took
10. ran
11. laid.
IV. Fill in the blanks with the Simple Past or Past Perfect forms of the verbs given in the brackets:
1. The plane ……………. When we reached the airport. (leave)
2. Ramesh …………… home when I phoned him. (return)
3. …………… he ……………. his old car before he bought a new one ? (sell)
4. The children ……………. before I came home. (sleep)
5. The film had already begun when we …………….. the theatre. (reach)
6. The teacher ……………. the book before the examination began. (finish)
7. The robber had run away before the police. (come)
8. Tom …………. sleepy after having a good lunch. (feel)
9. I ……………. the message before you came. (receive)
10. He ……………… for India last year. (play)
Hints:
1. had left
2. had returned
3. Had, sold
4. had slept
5. reached
6. had finished
7. came
8. felt
9. had received
10. played.
V. Correct the following sentences:
1. The rain has stopped yesterday.
2. He had been born in 1950.
3. He is suffering from fever since last night.
4. Stephenson has invented the steam engine.
5. He will reach home before the storm will come.
6. I left Bihar before the earthquake occurred.
7. She will reach the station before the train will go.
8. The great reformer had died in 1977.
9. I waited at home for her since 9 o’clock.
10. She finished her dinner when I saw her.
Hints:
1. The rain stopped yesterday.
2. He was born in 1950.
3. He has been suffering from fever since last night.
4. Stephenson invented the steam engine.
5. He will have reached home before the storm comes.
6. I had left Bihar before the earthquake occurred.
7. She will have reached the station before the train goes.
8. The great reformer died in 1977.
9. I had been waiting at home for her since 9 o’clock.
10. She had finished her dinner when I saw her.
Errors in the Use of Tenses
The Simple Past is often used wrongly for the Present Perfect Tense; as,
Incorrect : He did not write the letter yet.
Correct : He has not written the letter yet.
Incorrect : We did not hear from him for a week.
Correct : We have not heard from him for a week.
Incorrect : I lived in Ambala since 1990.
Correct : I have lived in Ambala since 1990.
The Present Perfect is often used wrongly for the Simple Past; as,
Incorrect – Columbus has discovered America.
Correct – Columbus discovered America.
Incorrect – Babar has won the First Battle of Panipat.
Correct – Babar won the First Battle of Panipat.
Incorrect – The servant has not answered when called.
Correct – The servant did not answer when called.
The Present Perfect Tense में Past Time को व्यक्त करने वाला adverb या कोई अन्य शब्द प्रयोग नहीं किया जा सकता जैसे-
Incorrect – I have made a call to him yesterday.
Correct – I made a call to him yesterday.
Incorrect – A new bookshop has been opened last Monday.
Correct – A new bookshop was opened last Monday.
Incorrect – I have finished my work last night.
Correct – I finished my work last night.
The Past Perfect is often used wrongly for the Simple Past; as,
Incorrect – I had visited her yesterday.
Correct – I visited her yesterday.
Incorrect – He had gone to Kolkata last year.
Correct – He went to Kolkata last year.
Incorrect – We had gone for a picnic last Sunday.
Correct – We went for a picnic last Sunday.
Incorrect – Nehru had died in 1964.
Correct – Nehru died in 1964.
The Simple Past is often used wrongly for the Past Perfect; as,
Incorrect – The patient died before the doctor came.
Correct – The patient had died before the doctor came.
Incorrect – The train left before we bought the tickets.
Correct – The train had left before we bought the tickets.
Incorrect – I finished my work before my father came.
Correct – I had finished my work before my father came.
The Past Perfect or Perfect Continuous, and not the Simple Past or Past Continuous, is used to express something that continued up to a past time after beginning at a still earlier time; as,
Incorrect – He told me that he was ill for four days.
Correct – He told me that he had been ill for four days.
Incorrect – She was writing a novel for six weeks when I visited her.
Correct – She had been writing a novel for six weeks when I visited her.
The Simple Future is often used wrongly for the Future Perfect; as;
Incorrect – We shall reach home before the sun will set.
Correct – We shall have reached home before the sun sets.
Incorrect – I shall leave for Ludhiana by the time he will come.
Correct – I shall have left for Ludhiana by the time he comes.