PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 1 Food Where Does it Come From

This PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 1 Food Where Does it Come From will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 1 Food Where Does it Come From

→ All living beings need the energy to carry out their daily activities.

→ Food is needed by living beings for their growth, getting energy for doing work, replacement and repair of their damaged body parts, and protection against diseases.

→ Different varieties of food like fruits, vegetables, milk products, sweets, eggs, meat, chapati, and bakery products are present in nature.

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 1 Food Where Does it Come From

→ The materials needed to prepare food items are called ingredients. Food materials can be made of one or two or many ingredients.

→ Plants are the chief source of food for us and other animals. However, few food materials are also obtained from animals.

→ Green plants can prepare their own food by using sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to prepare their food. This process is called photosynthesis.

→ Every part of a plant where the food is stored is edible i.e. seed, flower, stem, root, leaf.

→ The plant parts which are used by us as food are called edible parts.

→ We eat roots of carrot, radish, turnip, sweet potato, etc. We also use stems of certain plants.

→ Some stems like those of ginger, potato, onion, turmeric grow underground and store food.

→ Stems of ginger and turmeric are used as spices.

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 1 Food Where Does it Come From

→ The stem of sugarcane is used to make juice, sugar, and jaggery.

→ We eat different types of fruits like apple, mango, guava, papaya, orange, etc.

→ All these fruits are eaten raw i.e. without cooking. We make jams and pickles from some fruits.

→ Fruits are essential for good health as these are important sources of vitamins and minerals.

→ We use leaves of various plants like mustard, spinach, cabbage, coriander, mint, etc.

→ We use seeds of many plants as food like wheat, rice, maize, gram, peas, kidney beans and green gram (moong), etc.

→ Seeds of some crops like gram, peas, kidney beans, and green gram (moong) are known as pulses whereas seeds of wheat, rice, and maize are known as cereals.

→ We get milk, honey, meat, eggs, oil, etc. from animals.

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 1 Food Where Does it Come From

→ Honey contains sugar, water, minerals, enzymes, and vitamins. Nectar of flowers is a source of honey.

→ On the basis of the food taken by animals, there are three categories of the animals:

  • Herbivores
  • Carnivores
  • Omnivores

→ Herbivores are the animals that eat only plants and plant products are called herbivores, e.g. cows, goats, rabbits, sheep, deer, elephants, etc.

→ Carnivores are the animals which eat other animals are called carnivores, e.g. lions, tigers, lizards, snakes, etc.

→ Omnivores are the animals which eat both plants and animals are called omnivores. e.g. Crow, bear, dog, and rat, man, etc.

→ Milk contains proteins, sugar, fats, and vitamins.

→ It is used worldwide as food that can be converted into dairy products like cheese, butter, curd, cream, etc.

→ People eat the meat of goats, sheep, chicken, fish, and sea animals like prawns, crab.

→ Meat is also used as food and it contains a great number of proteins and fats.

→ People eat eggs of hen and duck and other birds.

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 1 Food Where Does it Come From

→ The white part of the egg is called albumen and the yellow part of the egg is called yolk.

→ Albumen is rich in proteins and you are rich in fats.

→ Food: Substances providing energy to do work, maintain body heat, protect us from diseases, etc. is called food.

→ Balance diet: A diet that contains all the nutrients needed by the body is called a balanced diet.

→ Edible: The substances/materials which are safe for eating are called edible substances.

→ Ingredients: Materials needed to prepare food Items.

→ Pulses: Seeds of some crops like gram, peas, moong.

→ Cereals: Seeds of grass crops e.g. wheat, rice, maize

→ Albumin: White part of the egg.

→ Yolk: Yellow part of the egg

PSEB 6th Class Science Notes Chapter 1 Food Where Does it Come From

→ Nectar: Sugary fluid present in flowers

→ Herbivores: Plant-eating animals are called herbivores.

→ Nectar: Sugary fluid present in flowers

→ Autotrophs: Organisms that can prepare their own food by photosynthesis.

→ Heterotrophs: Organisms that depend on other organisms for food

→ Herbivores: Organisms that eat only plants and plant products

→ Carnivores: Animals eating other animals are called carnivores.

→ Omnivores: Animals that eat both plants and animals are called omnivores.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 21 Media and Democracy

This PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 21 Media and Democracy will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 21 Media and Democracy

→ Media: When we contact people through different means, this is called media.

→ For example newspaper, radio, television, cinema, advertisement, etc.

→ Media and Democracy: Media is the basis of democracy.

→ It shows the inappropriate acts of the Govt and helps to create healthy public opinion.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 21 Media and Democracy

→ Press: Press (newspapers, magazines, books, etc.) is the most important media. It is known as the lighthouse of democracy.

→ Accountability of Media: It is hoped from the media that it should communicate right and true information to the public.

→ The whole activities should be directed towards public welfare.

→ Right to information ordinance: It means people have the right to get information about such matters which directly or indirectly affect their lives.

→ Advertisement: It means to give information to the people about the whereabouts of the commodity, its qualities, and workability.

→ The objective is to induce the demand and sales of the commodity.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 20 State-Government

This PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 20 State-Government will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 20 State-Government

State Legislature:

  • The law-making institution in the state is called Legislature.
  • It has two houses, but in some states, it has only one house.
  • The lower house is known as the Legislative assembly and the upper house is known as the Legislative council.

Legislative Assembly:

  • The membership can be a maximum of 500 and a minimum of 60, depending upon the population.
  • To fight its elections, a person should be 25 or more in age and should not occupy an office of profit.
  • Its period is 5 years.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 20 State-Government

Legislative Council:

  • It is the upper and permanent house of Legislature.
  • One-third of its members retire after every two years.

State Executive: It includes the governor, the chief minister, and the council of ministers.

Governor:

  • He is appointed by the President for 5 years.
  • All the executive powers flow from the Governor but actually used by the chief minister.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 19 Democracy – Representative Institutions

This PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 19 Democracy – Representative Institutions will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 19 Democracy – Representative Institutions

→ Modern Democracy: It is a representative democracy. The reason is that modem states are large in size and their population is more.

→ In such a situation, the whole of the population cannot participate in the administration directly. So it chooses representatives which run the government.

→ Right to Vote: It is the right of the people to cast their votes or to choose their representatives.

→ In India ‘One Person One Vote’ principle gives way to ‘Universal Adult Franchise’.

→ Secret Ballot: The modem elections are fought through secret ballot.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 19 Democracy - Representative Institutions

→ It means that every citizen casts his vote by his own sweet will. He cannot be compelled to disclose his vote cast.

→ Candidate: The person who fights for election is called a candidate.

→ They are of two types: one belonging to a political party and the other having no relation with any political party.

→ Election Process: The elections are conducted under the supervision of the Election Commission.

→ A special process is adopted for this which includes a declaration of the election date, filing nominations, examination of nominations, campaigning, voting, counting, and declaration of results.

→ Election Symbol: Every political party has a special symbol.

→ Even independent candidates are given symbols.

→ These symbols are given by the election commission and this helps to identify the candidate in a better way.

→ Election Campaign: It is the most decisive part of the election process.

→ The public meetings are conducted, manifestoes are declared, promises on posters are pasted everywhere and the public is given information about the policies of the political parties if voted to power.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 19 Democracy - Representative Institutions

→ Election Manifesto: Every political party tries to tell the public what will it do if voted to power. This is called an election manifesto.

→ Importance of free and fair election: The Election Commission ensures that the elections should be free and fair, only then the right candidates can be elected.

→ The public gets a capable and popular govt, and the democracy becomes strong.

→ Political Parties: People coming together for the attainment of identical political objectives make political parties.

→ Functions of Political Parties: Making public opinion, educating the people politically, contesting the elections, framing the government, criticizing the government, creating coordination among the public and government are the main functions of the political parties.

→ Single Party, Two-Party and Multiparty System: In India, there is a multiparty system because there are more than two parties contesting the elections.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 19 Democracy - Representative Institutions

→ Role of opposition: The opposition controls the activities of the government by criticizing it and stops the government from becoming a dictator.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 18 Democracy and Equality

This PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 18 Democracy and Equality will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 18 Democracy and Equality

→ Democracy: It means the rule of the general public. The power to administer lies with the public.

→ Freedom and Equality: These are two pillars of democracy.

→ Lawful Administration: It means where the administration runs according to the predetermined Constitution.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 18 Democracy and Equality

→ The chief of the state cannot apply his will over the public and the public reserves the right to question his activities.

→ Direct Democracy: Here the public itself manages the administration which is not possible in this age.

→ Indirect Democracy: Here the administration is run by people’s representatives.

→ So the election process is more important in an indirect democracy.

→ Democracy and Political Parties: Political parties control the Govt.

→ The opposition criticizes the government and controls its activities.

→ Referendum: Its role is major for the success of democracy.

→ Elections: Special place of elections in a democracy.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 18 Democracy and Equality

→ People change the incapable government through elections.

→ Adult Franchise: All adults have the right to vote and it is based on the law of equality.

→ Dictatorship: The power of administration is concentrated in a single hand or in a few hands.

→ Elections are not held in such countries and discretionary powers are exercised by the dictator.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 17 India in the Eighteenth Century

This PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 17 India in the Eighteenth Century will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 17 India in the Eighteenth Century

→ Rise of new states: In the 18th century, whatever remained of the Mughal empire, many new states emerged.

→ The main were Bengal, Hyderabad, Avadh, Punjab, Mysore, and Maratha state.

→ Marathas: The most powerful group of India after the decline of Mughals.

→ Ashtha Pradhan: The council of eight ministers in the period of Shivaji.

→ Peshwa: Chief of Ashtha Pradhan.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 17 India in the Eighteenth Century

→ Punjab: In Punjab, the Gurujis established Sikh Panth. After the 10th Guru Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji, Banda Bahadur established a Sikh state in Punjab.

→ Bengal: In Bengal, the Mughal Subedar Murshid Quli Khan established an independent state. At last, the English captured it.

→ Avadh: The founder of the free state of Avadh was Saadat Khan. The nawabs of Avadh gave birth to “Lucknow Culture”.

→ Mysore: In Mysore, Hyder Ali founded an independent state. He snatched the authority from Mysore’s Hindu King Nanjaraj.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 16 The Development of Regional Cultures

This PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 16 The Development of Regional Cultures will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 16 The Development of Regional Cultures

Language and Literature (Sultanate period):

  • During this period, language and literature were greatly developed.
  • A new language Urdu developed by a mixture of Hindi and Persian.
  • Many Muslim scholars studied ancient Hindu scriptures.
  • In this period, many important books were written in the Hindi language.
  • Chand Bardai wrote ‘Prithvi Raj Raso’, Malik Mohammed Jaisi wrote ‘Padmawat’, Jaidev wrote ‘Geet Govind’ and Kalhan wrote ‘Raj Tarangini’.

Mughal Period Literature: Tuzuk-i-Babri’, ‘Humayun Nama’, ‘Akbar Nama’, ‘Ain-i-Akbari’, ‘Badshah Nama’, etc.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 16 The Development of Regional Cultures

Punjabi Literature:

  • During the medieval period, the holy writings of Guru Sahebs and other Punjabi poets enriched the Punjabi culture.
  • Sri Guru Granth Sahib, Dasham Granth, the writings of Bhai Gurdas Ji came in this period.

Art of Painting:

  • There was the development of the art of painting as well.
  • Abdus Samad, Mir Sayyad Ali, Sanwaldas, Jagannath, Tarachand, etc. showed their skill with paintbrushes.
  • All these painters were during the times of Akbar. Akbar respected them.
  • Similarly, Jahangir also respected painters in his court.
  • Mohammad Murad, Ustad Mansur, Agha Raza, Mohammad Nadir were his famous painters.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 16 The Development of Regional Cultures

Art of Music:

  • The Mughal period did not lack in the art of music.
  • Babar was a good poet.
  • He created poetry and songs.
  • During the times of Akbar,’ ‘Sangeet Samrat Tansen’ and ‘Baiju Bawara’ gave a new standard to the art of music.
  • Aurangzeb was very much against music.
  • During his period this art declined.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 15 Religious Developments

This PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 15 Religious Developments will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 15 Religious Developments

→ Main Religions of the World: Hinduism, Buddhism Jainism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, Islam, and Sikhism.

→ Islam: This religion was founded by Prophet Hazrat Mohammad.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 15 Religious Developments

→ The main scripture of Islam is The Quran’, which includes the directions about different aspects of life.

→ Sikhism: This religion was founded by Sri Guru Nanak Devji. After him, nine Gurujis developed the Sikh Panth.

→ The main scripture of this religion is ‘Sri Guru Granth Sahibji’.

→ Sufism: Sufism is the liberal form of the Islamic religion. The followers of this religion were known as ‘Pirs’.

→ They used black coloured blankets, which were called Sufi, so these Pirs were called Sufis.

→ Bhakti Movement: To do away with the religious and social evils, there was a Bhakti movement, in India during the medieval period.

→ The main feature of this movement was that it was not propagated by anyone great man, but by different holy men in different areas.

→ But still, the principles of the Bhakti movement were the same everywhere.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 15 Religious Developments

→ Hinduism: The main classification was Shaiv and Vaishnavs.

→ Shaivism was founded by Shankaracharyaji in the 9th century.

→ The main founders of Vaishnavism were Sri Ramanandji and Chaitanya Mahaprabhuji.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 14 Tribes, Nomad and Settled Societies

This PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 14 Tribes, Nomad and Settled Societies will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 14 Tribes, Nomad and Settled Societies

→ Tribal Society: Tribal Society is a society that lives very much away from the modern system and exists in forests, valleys, and mountains.

→ They never like to interfere in anyone’s internal matters and never like to be interfered with by anyone.

→ Against caste system: During the medieval period, a number of tribal societies emerged and they did not obey the rules and customs of the caste system.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 14 Tribes, Nomad and Settled Societies

→ Many occupations: Tribal societies had the main occupation of agriculture but there were few other occupations available for them like hunting, food gathering and pastoralism, etc.

→ Many tribes: During the medieval period, many tribes existed in all parts of the Indian subcontinent.

→ Some of them were the Bhils, Gonds, Ahoms, Kuki’s Koli’s, Kui, Oraon, etc.

→ Life of the Nomadic groups: Nomads, during the medieval period, lived on the rearing of animals.

→ They went far away to graze their animals.

→ They made both ends with animals breeding.

→ They moved from one place to another for selling their goods by loading on the animals.

→ The Aborn Community: They ruled over Assam. They had come from China.

→ The name of their first ruler was ‘Sufaka’. They defeated many local tribes.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 14 Tribes, Nomad and Settled Societies

→ The Gond Tribe: It is a tribe in the middle part of India.

→ They are based in states like western Orissa, eastern Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, and Madhya Pradesh.

→ They established many states from the 15th to 18th century. Rani Durgawati was a famous Gond ruler.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 13 Towns, Traders and Craftsmen

This PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 13 Towns, Traders and Craftsmen will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 13 Towns, Traders and Craftsmen

→ Development of Cities: After the development of agriculture, the villages came into existence. The villages expanded and the cities developed.

→ Types of Cities: Cities were of many types such as capitals, temple cities, port cities, trade cities, etc.

→ Traders and Artisans: During the medieval period, the Indian artisans made high-quality and high-standard goods.

→ The traders exported these goods and India became ‘The Golden Sparrow’.

→ Surat: Surat was an important industrial and trading town of the medieval period.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 13 Towns, Traders and Craftsmen

→ Lahore: Lahore is located in modern Pakistan.

→ It remained the capital of Punjab for a long time.

→ Amritsar: It is the biggest and the holiest religious place of the Sikhs.

→ In the medieval period, it was an important trading town.

→ Sri Harmandar Sahib located in Amritsar is world-famous.