PSEB Notes

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 9 Social Movements will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 9 Social Movements

Reform Movement:

• Such movements aimed at bringing reforms in traditional customs.

Revolutionary Movement:

• Movements that aimed at bringing quick and sudden change in society are revolutionary movements.

Ideology:

• Ideology is the collection of ideas of a group.

Formal Organisation:

• That organized group whose rules are made at a formal level and members are given definite roles.

Caste:

• A caste is an endogamous group that keeps certain restrictions on its members regarding feeding, occupation, etc.

Revivalist Movement:

• That movement aimed at re-establishing old values.

→ If we look carefully at all the societies, we will find many prevailing social problems.

→ To take them out and to remove them, social movements play a very important role.

→ Sometimes many unnecessary situations occur in society with which conditions over there deteriorate.

→ To remove such unnecessary situations, a few collective efforts are required which are known as social movements.

→ There are many, features of social movements such as they have group consciousness, collective efforts are required, a permanent ideology is there, it fovours to bring change, they bring a new social system, it can be violent or non-violent, etc.

→ Social movements are of many types such as reform movements, revolutionary movements, and revivalist movements.

→ The reform movement wants to bring some change without changing the whole of society.

→ The revolutionary movement aims at changing the whole of society.

→ The revivalist movement aims at reestablishing old values.

→ From time to time, many movements started in our country. Caste-based movements were one of them.

→ Caste-based movements are the story of bringing out the struggle of lower castes or lower classes.

→ Jyotiba Phule, Sri Narayana Guru, Periyar Ramaswami, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar started movements, in different parts of the country, to uplift lower castes.

→ In class-based movements, worker’s movements and peasant movements can be included

→ Both workers and peasants wanted to get rid of exploitation and that’s why such movements were started.

→ From time to time, trade union movements were also started whose main aim was to demand better working conditions and better salaries for the workers working in industries.

→ Women were also suppressed from the ages. To uplift their social status, many reform movements were initiated.

→ In the 19th century, Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, D.K. Karve etc. started many women movements which resulted in uplifting their social status.

→ Many environmental movements were also started, in the country, whose main.

→ the aim was to save the environment. Chipko Movement, Appiko Movement, Narmada Bachao Andolan were such movements.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 8 Modernisation and Globalisation will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 8 Modernisation and Globalisation

Outsourcing:

• Giving work to other companies is known as outsourcing.

Disinvestment:

• Privatisation of public sector companies is known as disinvestment.

Charismatic Leader:

• That leader who is having some charismatic features in his personality and who can influence the public with his personality.

Secularization:

• That belief in which state, morality, and education are distanced from the impact of religion.

Liberalisation:

• Reducing government control over the market and opening up economic boundaries.

→ In simple language, the meaning of modernisation is adopting new and modern ways and values of living life.

→ Initially, this meaning was taken in a very narrow sense but now the changes in the agricultural economy and industrial economy are also included in it.

→ First of all the word modernisation was used by Daniel Lerner while analysing the middle eastern societies.

→ According to him, modernisation is a process of change that comes in non-western societies due to their direct or indirect relations with western societies.

→ There are many features of modernisation such as it is a revolutionary and complex process.

→ This process goes on for a long time, it cannot move back, it brings progress in society, etc.

→ Modernisation comes due to certain reasons such as an increase in urban areas, the advent of large industries, increase in the level of education, development of means of communication, changes brought by any charismatic leader, etc.

→ Modernisation brought many changes in Indian society such as weakening of caste system, change in the structure of the family, increase in the weakening of caste system, change in the structure of the family, increase in the impact of western education, the advent of the new legal system, many reforms were brought in society, etc.

→ The present world is known as a ‘global village’ because the process of globalisation has brought countries closer to each other. Just while sitting at home, we come to know about what is going in the world.

→ The simple meaning of globalisation is the unlimited and unrestricted movement of goods, services, views, information, people, and capital between different countries.

→ It breaks the economic, social, and cultural barriers between those countries.

→ This all has been made possible with the developed means of communication.

→ There are many features of globalisation such as de-localization of functions, acceleration of every work, availability of all the goods around the world, increase in interdependency among countries, increase in mutual exchange, etc.

→ Two processes are very much necessary for globalisation and these are liberalisation and privatisation.

→ The meaning of liberalisation is running the economy according to market rules and the meaning of privatisation is selling government companies to the private sector.

→ There are many reasons of globalisation such as the development of means of transport and communication, the opening up of economic barriers by the government, the advent of multinational companies, etc.

→ Globalisation exerted a great impact on our country such as the advent of trading liberalisation, investment of foreign capital in-country, the advent of money from foreign countries, exchange of technology, the advent of the economic market, production across countries, etc.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 7 Westernisation and Sanskritisation will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 7 Westernisation and Sanskritisation

Reference Group:

• That group according to which an individual moulds hip behaviour, ways of living, eating, etc.

Twice Born (Dwija):

• The first three castes of Hindu society are known as Dwija or Twice-born castes.
• They’ll have to perform a thread ceremony or Janeu Samskai.

Vertical Social Mobility:

• Vertical social mobility is the movement of an individual or group from one status to another.
• It includes a change in class, occupation, and status.

Hierarchy:

• The system of status in the group in which positions of individuals are defined.

→ Culture is not born out of anything but is a learned behavior.

→ Westernization and Sanskritization are the two cultural processes that greatly affect Indian society.

→ The concept of westernization was given by M.N. Srinivas.

→ According to him, westernization is a process that greatly brought changes in different fields such as technology, institutions, ideology, values, etc. during the last 150 years.

→ The process of westernization was not confined only to a particular section of society.

→ Those who took western education and started doing government jobs were greatly affected by the process.

→ Many social reformers played a very important role in increasing the process of westernization.

→ For example, Raja Ram Mofian Roy and other reformers began many reform movements and brought changes in society.

→ Westernization had a great effect on Indian society such as the decline in caste-based distinctions, increase in education, changes in Ways of living arid eating, development of means of transport and communication, change in the status of women, etc.

→ The process of Sanskritization is attached to the caste system and the concept is given by M.N. Srinivas.

→ According to him, when lower caste people try to adopt the living and try to change their caste, this process is known as Sanskritization.

→ Instead of using the word Brahminisation, Srinivas used the word Sanskritizatioii as it is not necessary that the caste which is imitated is only a Brahmin caste. It can be Kshatriya or Vaishya.

→ Another concept that comes forward in rural areas is the dominant caste.

→ According to Srinivas, the dominant caste is that which has more land in the village, whose population is more and which keeps the higher place in the local hierarchy.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 6 Gender Inequalities will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 6 Gender Inequalities

Gender Role:

• Gender role is the behaviour that is attached to each sex by society.

Gender Discrimination:

• It is the behaviour of exclusion, subordination, and non-participation by which one part of the population, especially women, are mainly sidelined or ignored.

Transgender:

• That group of individuals who have traits of both the sexes i.e. men and women.

Socialization:

• That lifelong learning process in which an individual learns the ways of living life and culture and transfer it to the next generation.

Patriarchy:

• The type of society in which authority is in the hands of males and females is excluded from this.
• Authority is in the hands of the eldest male of the family and the family’s name runs on the father’s name.

Child Sex Ratio:

• It means the number of girls (0-6 years) behind 100 boys (0-0 years).
• In 2011, it was 1000: 914.

Sex Ratio:

• It means the number of females behind every 1000 males.
• In 2011, it was 1000 : 943.

→ We all live in society along with family and relatives. While living in society, we might have heard males talking about females.

→ In this conversation, you might have thought that females of the family are discriminated against. This sex-based discrimination is known as gender discrimination.

→ Word ‘Gender’ is made by society and is given by culture.

→ Gender is a sociological word in which political, cultural, socio-psychological, and economic relations are established between males and females.

→ It means that whenever we talk about male-female relations from a socio-cultural point of view, the word ‘gender’ comes forward.

→ There is a difference between the word ‘Sex’ and ‘Gender’.

→ Word ‘sex’ is a biological word that tells us about male or female. But Gender difference is that behaviour that is made with social customs.

→ Whenever we talk about gender relations, it refers to relations between males and females that are based on ideological, cultural, political, and economic issues.

→ In gender relations, we study gender subordination that which sex controls the other.

→ Our society is a male-dominated society in which females are discriminated against in several ways.

→ The Indian Constitution has given us the right to equality but still, there are many rights which females do not enjoy.

→ A patriarchal family is a family dominated and controlled by the father.

→ He takes all the important decisions and males are considered superior to females.

→ Gender socialization is a method that takes care that all the children must learn to behave according to their sex.

→ It divides children into different groups of boys and girls. In this way, gender socialisation controls human behaviour.

→ Gender discrimination is not new in our society. This process is going on for ages.

→ Females are discriminated against in many ways and they suffer a lot during their lifetime.

→ If we talk about the child sex ratio (0-6 years), it was 1000 : 914 in 2011.

→ It means that there were 914 girls behind every 1000 boys.

→ We can observe this discrimination even in the field of education.

→ In 2011, the literacy rate in India was 74%. Out of this 82% were males and 65% were females.

→ Even today, people in the interior parts of our country do not prefer to send their girls to schools.

→ Females in our country face many problems in their daily life.

→ Rape, abduction, prostitution, trafficking, eve-teasing, domestic violence are a few of the problems which they face in their daily life.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 5 Class Inequalities will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 5 Class Inequalities

Class Struggle:

• It is a type of tension which exists in society due to the different interests of different socio-economic groups.

Bourgeoisie:

• It is a type of social class which owns all the means of production and economically exploits other social groups with the help of its means.

Elite:

• These people are highly specialised persons who play leadership and directional role in their own status group and society. Their direction creates the process of social transformation.

Proletariat:

• In a capitalist society, this word is used for the group which includes daily workers, especially industrial workers.

Social Mobility:

• This word is used for the movement of different persons or groups of different socio-economic statuses.

Slavery:

• It is a form of social stratification in which few people keep control over others as the owner of the property.

Petty-Bourgois:

• It is a French word used for a social group that includes small capitalists such as shopkeepers, workers who manage the production, division, and distribution process.

→ We can find many classes in all the societies which are more rich, respected and powerful than the others.

→ All these groups form stratification in society.

→ There are many classes in a society formed on different bases and are different from each other on one base or the other.

→ Karl Marx did not define the concept of ‘class’ anywhere but according to him, there are two classes everywhere.

→ First is the group which has all the means of production (HAVES) and the other is one that doesn’t have anything. (HAVE-NOTS).

→ There are many features of a class system such as, it is universal in nature, status, in this is achieved, it is an open system, its main base is economy, it is permanent, etc.

→ Karl Marx was of the view that there exists consciousness among classes.

→ Marx was of the view that in different ages, there existed two types of groups.

→ The first group is that which owns all the means of production and is known as the capitalist class.

→ The second class is that which does not have any means of production and is known as the labour class.

→ Max Weber was of the view that wealth, power, and prestige are the bases of social inequality.

→ Class is attached to many things such as economy, social status, and power in politics.

→ He says that the way of living life of members of one group is almost the same.

→ Warner studied American society and said that there are three types of classes.

→ Upper class, middle class, and lower class. These three groups are further divided into three groups—upper, middle, and lower class.

→ Warner explained class structure on the basis of income and money.

→ If we look at the present age, we can see that classes are formed on many bases but their major bases are education, income, and wealth.

→ Class and caste are very much different from each other such as class is an open system but caste is a closed system, status in class is achieved but in caste, it is not achieved, there is mobility in the class system but not in the caste system.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 4 Caste Inequalities will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 4 Caste Inequalities

Caste Consciousness:

• A great understanding of one’s caste identity is known as caste consciousness.

Dominant Caste:

• A caste group in any area which is more in number and. has control over the resources.

Casteism:

• Such activities with which preference is given to members of one caste and others are ignored.

Sanskritisation:

• The process with which lower caste people try to imitate the ideas, habits, ways of living, behavior, etc. of upper castes and to uplift their social status.

Endogamy:

• The type of marriage in which one is required to marry within his own group or caste.

Exogamy:

• The type of marriage in which one is required to marry out of his group such as family, kinship, etc.

Protective Discrimination:

• It is a process or official program in which the suppressed groups of society are given special privileges such as S.C.’s, S.T.’s, O.B.C.’s, women, etc.

→ During ancient times, there existed a varna system in Indian society which included four varnas-Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and fourth varna.

→ Varna system was based on occupation and one was allowed to change his varna. But, with time, the varna system became hereditary and took the form of a caste system.

→ Many sociologists and anthropologists have given definitions of the caste system.

→ But Indian Sociologist G.S. Ghurye was of the view that the caste system is so complex to define. So, he gave six features of the caste system.

→ Caste was an endogamous group that kept certain restrictions on its members such as restrictions on keeping relations with other castes, marriage, feeding, etc.

→ There were many restrictions on the members of one caste on keeping relations with other castes.

→ In India, caste-based stratification existed if Brahmins were at the top and lower castes were at the bottom of the stratified system.

→ According to M.N. Srinivas, the concept of pollution was the most important feature of the caste system.

→ Presently, the Indian government has provided protection to scheduled castes in the form of the reservation policy.

→ That’s why these people are taking advantage and are able to get money and status in society.

→ They are taking education, doing jobs in govt, jobs, and industries and are raising their social status.

→ There are many theories about the origin of the caste system but out of these theories, traditional theory, religious theory, and occupational theory are the important ones.

→ After the Indian independence, the government passed many legislations to remove caste-based inequalities from society.

→ Along with this, many other reasons came forward which reduced the impact of the caste system such as industrialisation, urbanisation, secularisation, democratisation, etc.

→ The processes of Sanskritisation, Westernisation, and Modernisation also played an important role in reducing the impact of the caste system.

→ Now scheduled castes are taking advantage of reservation policy to raise their social status in society.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 3 Urban Society will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 3 Urban Society

Urban Society:

• That society where inequality, secondary relations, artificiality, mobility, and non-agricultural occupations prevail.
• These are large in size and people are progressive in nature.

Urbanization:

• It is the progress of migration of rural people to urban areas which increases the size of cities.
• It is the process in which rural areas convert into urban areas.

Urbanism:

• Urbanism expresses the urban way of living.
• It also tells us about the evolution of urban society and the expansion of urban culture.

Poverty:

• It is a situation in which people are unable to meet their basic needs of food, cloth, and shelter.

Housing:

• The foremost need of every civilized society is housing because it gives an individual a place to live.

Slums:

• A slum is a place of living in an urban area where people live in unhygienic conditions in temporary houses.
• Their size varies according to the size of the city and they lack sanitation, cleanliness, clean drinking water, electricity, and other basic facilities.

→ There is a continuous trend during the last few decades of migration of rural people to urban areas which led to an increase in the urban population. There exist many facilities in urban areas which attract the rural population.

→ According to the Census of 2011, the total Indian population was 121 crore out of which 37.7 crore or 32% population lives in urban areas.

→ According to this survey, all those areas are urban where there is a municipality, corporation, cantonment board, or notified town area committee.

→ When rural people start to migrate to urban areas, this process is known as urbanisation. This process has played an important role in the progress of urban society.

→ It is a two-way process in which not only do people migrate to an urban area and their occupations change but changes also come in their ways of living, eating habits, views, ideas, etc.

→ Urbanism is an important element of urban society which differentiates the identity and personality of the urban population from the rural and tribal people. It shows a way of living life.

→ There are many features of urban society such as more population, inequality, secondary means of social control, social mobility, main occupation except agriculture, division of labour, specialisation, individualism, etc.

→ We can find joint families in rural society but urban areas have nuclear families.

→ Due to individualism, people prefer to have nuclear families.

→ The urban economy is based on occupational diversity and mobility.

→ Different occupations depend upon each other and consequently, people depend upon each other.

→ Normally, we can find many problems in urban areas but problems of housing and slums are quite common. These are increasing with the increase in urbanization.

→ Rural people migrate to urban areas in search of occupation and a place of living.

→ They get employment over there but are unable to find any place of living which forces them to live in slums.

→ Due to such slums, urban areas face many problems.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 2 Rural Society will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 2 Rural Society

Rural Society:

• That society which lives in a rural area with special features such as small in size, less density of population, agriculture-main occupation, similarities among the people, caste-based stratification, joint family, etc.

Endogamy:

• The type of marriage in which an individual needs to marry within his own group such as caste.

Exogamy:

• The type of marriage in which one needs to marry out of his group such as clan, family.

Green Revolution:

• With the help of high-yielding variety seeds, agriculture production was increased and this is known as the green revolution.

Indebtedness:

• When a person takes a loan for agriculture or any other purpose, it is known as a loan.
• When he fails to pay back the loan and it increases with interest, then it is known as indebtedness.

Joint Family:

• That family in which members of a minimum of three generations live such as grandparents, parents, grandchildren, etc.
• They live under one roof, eat in a common kitchen, and perform the same economic activity.

→ India is basically a rural society in which around 70% (68.84%) population still lives in villages.

→ Rural people live a very simple life, share a lot with each other, and have many similarities with each other.

→ Mahatma Gandhi is often quoted to have said, “Real India lives in its villages.”

→ There are many features of rural society such as small in size, close relationship, homogeneity, more social control, agriculture main occupation, more impact of religion, the dominance of joint family, less social mobility, etc.

→ Rural society is dominated by the joint family in which a minimum of three generations lives together. Such families are large in size and live under a single roof.

→ In 1992, the 73rd Constitutional Amendment was made and a three-tier structure of local self-government was established.

→These three levels are Panchayat at the village level, Panchayat Samiti at the block level, and Zila Parishad at the district level. Their main objective is to do all-around development of rural areas.

→ During the decade of 1960s, a green revolution came in India to increase agricultural production for farmers.

→ There were many positive consequences of this revolution such as cereal production increased, production of commercial crops increased, changes in the methods of agriculture, etc.

→ But there were a few negative consequences as well such as it helped only the rich farmers, the difference between rich and poor farmers increased, etc.

→ Indian farmers presently are facing a very serious issue and this is the problem of indebtedness.

→ Due to this problem, many farmers have committed suicide. There can be many reasons for indebtedness such as poverty,’ ancestral debt, legal cases, backwardness, extra expenditure, more interest on loans, etc.

→ Present rural society is going through a phase of transition. Now old relations are coming to an end, control of caste panchayats is reducing, crimes are increasing, the jamjar system has come to an end, people are migrating towards urban areas, etc.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 1 Tribal Society will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 1 Tribal Society

Simple Division of Labour:

• Tribal societies are based on a simple division of labor in which age and sex are the most important bases.

Animism:

• Animism is faith in spirits that there exist spirits even after death. This theory was given by Tylor.

Totemism:

• When any object, plant, animal, or stone is considered sacred by a tribe, it is known as a totem.
• Belief in totem is known as totemism. So, the sacred object is not touched or eaten.
• It is believed that there exists some spiritual power in that object.

Subsistence Economy:

• A subsistence economy is an economy in which people only fulfill their needs.
• Tribal societies are simple in nature and they fulfill their needs by hunting, collecting, fishing, and collecting other forest products.
• The barter system also exists in tribal societies.
• There is no notion of profit among tribal societies.
• In fact, their economy is based on the fulfillment of their needs.

Shifting Cultivation:

• This is one of the methods of doing agriculture among tribal people.
• It is also known as Jhum or Podu agriculture in different tribes.
• In this method, first of all, the forest is cleared by cutting trees and then cleared land is sown with seeds before the rainy season.
• After the rain, the crop is ready to cut down. Later on, another piece of land is cleared to do agriculture and the process continues.

→ Indian tribal heritage is quite rich and varied. Here different racial and linguistic tribes live and they are at different levels from an economic and technological point of view.

→ Though many changes are coming among Indian tribes still they are backward and the government is giving special attention to their welfare.

→ Tribals in India are known by different names such as Vanyajati, Vanvasi, Pahari, Adimjati, Adivasi, Janjati, Anusuchit Janjati (Scheduled Tribe) etc.

→ Actually, the tribe is an endogamous group that lives in a particular geographical area, which has a specific language and culture. Technically, they live in ancient conditions and their economy is subsistence and based on the barter system.

→ Tribes are divided on different bases. Sir Herbert Risley has given their classification on different bases. They can also be divided on an economic basis and on the basis of their integration into the mainstream of our country.

→ There exist hundreds of tribes in India but seven major tribes are there whose population is one lac or more such as the Gond, the Bhils, the Sanfchals, the Oraons, the Munda, and the Khonds.

→ There exist many types of families, in tribal society, on many bases such as authority, place of living, and descent. In the same way, many types of marriages exist in tribal society.

→ Tribal societies face many problems but the most important one is deforestation and displacement. Due to deforestation, tribals are displaced from their areas and are forced to move somewhere else. That’s why they face many problems.

→ Many changes are coming in tribal society such as, they are integrating into the mainstream of the country, they are adopting social ways of living of their nearby society, they are leaving their own occupations and are adopting the new ones and they are migrating to other areas.

This PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes Chapter 7 Input Devices will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Computer Notes Chapter 7 Input Devices

Introduction
A computer cannot work without getting input. A computer needs data and instructions as input. This input is provided to the computer using input devices. There are many types of input devices used these days. Each device is used to give instructions to the computer. For example: the keyboard is used to enter textual data in the keyboard and the scanner is used to input graphical data to the keyboard.

Input Devices
An input device is a device which is used to enter data and instructions in the computer, It means input devices read data into a computer system. It allows users to interact with computers and control it. Devices that accept data and instructions from users are called input devices. Input devices are needed to give input to the computer.

Uses of Input Devices
The main uses of input devices are:

• To enter data in the computer.
• To provide the necessary instructions for processing.

We use input devices to give data and information to the computer.

Generally used Input devices are:

• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Microphone
• Scanner
• Web Camera
• Joy Stick
• Light Pen
• Touch Pad
• Bar code reader
• Touch Screen
• Biometric
• Electronic Signature Pad.

Keyboard:
The keyboard is the main input device used in computers. This device is used to enter textual data to the computer. The keyboard is a flat device which has various keys on it. When a key is pressed on the keyboard, it is a special signal to the computer. There are many types of keys available on the keyboard. Also many types of keyboard are available in the market. The user can use the keyboard as per his convenience.

Types of Keys: Keyboard has the following types of keys. These are:

Types of Keys
Alphabets Numeric Function Special Arrow

• Alphabetical Keys
• Numeric Keys
• Functional Keys
• Special Keys
• Arrow Keys
• Special Symbol Keys.

1. Alphabetical Keys (A to Z): Alphabetical keys are used to enter alphabets in the computer. Alphabetical keys are used to type characters. These keys are present in the middle of the keyboard. All the keys A to Z are called alphabetical keys.

2. Numeric Keys (0 to 9): The numeric keys are used to type numbers. These keys are present below the functional keys. On the right side of the keyboard a special pad is present. It contains 17 keys. This keypad is called numeric key pad.This pad is similar’ to a calculator, because along with numbers it also has mathematical signs and enter keys. On the left top of the pad, a key named num lock is also provided. The keys of this key pad work if num lock is on. The status indicated by the indicator on the keyboard.

3. Functional Keys (FI to F12): These are 12 keys. These are from FI to FI2. These are located at the top of the keyboard. The function of these keys can be different for different programs. For example: F1 key is generally used for help.

Functional Keys

4. Special Keys: Each special key is used to perform a special function. Some special keys with their functions are mentioned as under:

	Special Key Function
1. Delete	To delete characters written on right side of cursor.
2. Backspace	To erase character present on left side of cursor.
3. Enter	To start a new line or to execute the command.
4. Space Bar	To insert space between two words or texts.
5. Shift	It is used along with other key, for example: when shift and ‘a’ pressed together, it will type A.
6. Ctrl	It is also used along with other key, for example: in paint Ctrl and S key when pressed together, they save a file.
7. Alt	It is also used with another key, for example Alt + F4 are pressed together to close an open program.
8. Caps lock	When we press the caps lock key then an indicator appears on the keyboard. It means caps lock is on, it means capital letters will be written.

5. Arrow Keys: These are used to move the cursor. These are four in number. These can move up. down, left, right. Arrow Keys are used to move the cursor in all directions.

6. Special Symbol Keys: These are special symbols used in typing to represent some special meaning. These symbols are used to represent pause in sentence, full stop, arithmetic operations etc.

Mouse:
Mouse is an important Input Pointing device. It is used to control cursor movements on the screen. It is a small hand holding device. It is also called a pointing device. Generally it has three buttons. It is called a mouse because of its shape. Mouse is rolled over a flat surface. As you move a mouse, the cursor also moves on the screen in the same direction.

Mouse Pad: The pad on which we move the mouse is known as the Mouse pad. Mouse has following three buttons:

1. Left Button
2. Right Button
3. Scroll Button

1. Left Button: Generally left button is used for selecting an item or running a program. When the left button on the mouse is pressed then it is called a “click” operation. When this button is pressed twice, it is called “Double Click”. The programs are opened with double click. While things are selected with a single click.

2. Right Button: When we press the right button, it is called right click. It is used to open a shortcut Menu.

3. Scroll Button: It is just like a wheel fixed in the centre of the left and right button of the mouse. It rotates the screen which is called scrolling. It is used to move the screen up and down.

Microphone
It is also called Mic and is used for sound input. We can give voice instructions to computers with the help of a mic on our computer. Now the computers are capable of getting voice commands also. So the user can speak and the computer will act accordingly to the command given using voice. If a computer has a microphone then you can record your own voice. We can listen to recorded voices with the output device. Those users, who cannot type can give input to the computer with a microphone. Using the microphone we can also talk to our friends on the Internet.

Scanner

• Scanner is an input device. It is used to add text and pictures on the computer. It works like a Photostat Machine.
• Scanner scans a picture or document and gives it to the computer in the form of a digital signal. Scanners are available in many types and shapes in the market.

Web Camera:
A web camera is just like a digital camera attached to a computer. It gives pictures and videos as input to the computer. Web Camera is used to click photographs. It works similar to a digital camera, but the web camera saves photos on the computer. Web camera is not an expensive device. We can use this device for video conferencing.

Touch Pad
Touch pads are used in laptops in the form of a small panel containing different touch sensitive areas. It is used in place of a mouse. The buttons of touchpad are similar to mouse i.e left right button which are at the bottom of touch pad. A touch pad is operated by finger and dragging it across a flat surface. As we move our finger on the surface, the cursor on screen will move in the same direction.

Bar Code Reader
A Bar code reader (or Bar code scanner) is an electronic device for reading printed bar codes. Like a flatbed scanner, it consists of a light source, a lens and a light sensor translating optical impulses into electrical ones. It is used in shops, stores for different reasons. These are helpful in stores in order to maintain accurate and updated inventory monitoring. They can help to determine the price of an item. It is a fixed input gadget that is used to capture and read information enclosed in a bar code. This device consists of a scanner.

Light Pen
It is a pointing device. It is just like a pen connected to a VDU. The tip of the light pen contains a light sensitive element which when placed against the screen, detects the light from the screen enabling the computer to identify the location of the pen on the screen. Light pens have the advantage of drawing directly on to the screen.

Joy Stick
Joy Stick consists of a base and a stick that can be moved in any direction. The stick can be moved slowly or quickly as required. Some Joy Sticks have sticks that can also be rotated to the left or right. Because of the flexible movements of the Joy Stick, it can provide much greater control than the keys on a keyboard. It is often used to control video games and usually have one or more push buttons.

Touch Screen
This is a type of display screen that has a touch-sensitive transparent panel covering the screen. Instead of using a pointing device such as a mouse or light pen, you can use your finger to point directly to objects on the screen. For example: ATM machines, smart phones etc.

Biometric:
Biometric verification is any means by which a person can be uniquely identified by its body parts like fingeiprints, hand, eye, etc. These devices are having very sensitive scanners placed in them. To use it, place the finger on this device, the scanner scans the pattern of fingerprints and sends the signal to the digital circuit for verification purposes. Authentication of the same allows the requested operation. On failure of verification, an error message of the same is displayed.

Biometric machine

Electronic Signature Pad
It is an electronic device used to capture written signatures and convert them to digital format. This device is having a hand holding pen and a digitally sensitive pad. When the pen is moved on the pad, its movements are being identified and given to the computer in the form of digital signal to make the respective input.