PSEB Notes

This PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 4 Indian Democracy at Work will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 4 Indian Democracy at Work

Types of Democracy:

• Democracy can be either Direct or Indirect.
• In a direct democracy, the people run the government directly but in indirect democracy, the government is run by the representatives of the people.
• For the success of democracy, it is essential that public opinion plays an important role.
• Healthy public opinion is a check on the political parties.
• In the formation of public opinion, many constituents such as newspapers, electronic media, political parties, and many social service groups play a very important role.

Expression of Public Opinion:

• In the formation of public opinion, its means are also considered.
• The political parties indicate the opinion of the people.

Modern Public Opinion:
Modem age is the age of indirect public opinion because the modem states have large areas and have big populations.

Right to Vote:

• The right to vote means that, the citizens have the right to elect their representatives.
• In India, the basis of voting is one person one vote.

Secret ballot:

• In most democratic countries, the method of the secret ballot has been adopted.
• It means that in the elections, the citizens can vote for a candidate of their choice.
• Any voter cannot be compelled to vote for any particular candidate.
• He cannot be told for whom he has to cast his vote.

Election Process:

• The Election Commission conducts the elections by a particular process.
• This process has different stages:
  • To fix the date of the election
  • Nomination of candidates
  • Scrutiny of nomination papers
  • The date of withdrawal
  • Election campaign
  • Voting
  • Counting of votes
  • Declaration of results.

The Election Symbols:

• Every political party has its own symbol. Independent candidates are given different symbols.
• The allocation of symbols to the candidates makes it easy for the voters to vote for the candidate of their choice.

Election Propaganda:
With the announcement of the election, political parties and independent candidates start election propaganda and try to influence the voters.

Election Manifesto:
An election manifesto is an important document of a political party in which each political party declares its aims, objectives, and programmes.

Role of Political Parties:
Political parties help to create public interest without which there can be no public opinion.

Party Systems:
The single-party system, bi-party system, and multiple-party system.

Names of National Political Parties:
Indian National Congress, Bhartiya Janata Party, Communist Party of India (Marxist), CPI, National Congress, and Trinamool Congress.

India’s important Regional Parties:
AIDMK in Tamilnadu, Telgu Desham in Andhra Pradesh, Akali Dal in Punjab, National Conference in J&K, etc.

Role of Opposition:

• The opposition not in power criticizes the government.
• It serves as a check on the government.

This PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 3 The State Government will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 3 The State Government

State Legislature:

• There are two Houses-State Legislatures of some states have two Houses while in others there is only one House.
• The Lower House is called Legislative Assembly and the Upper House is called Legislative Council.
• In the states where there is one House, it is called Legislative Assembly.

Legislative Assembly:

• The maximum number of members of the Legislative Assembly is 500 and the minimum number is 60.
• The minimum qualification of membership for the Legislative Assembly is 25 years or more.
• He should not be holding any office of profit.
• Its term is 5 years.

Legislative Council:

• Legislative Council is a permanent House.
• One-third of its members retire every two years.
• The term of a member is six years.
• One-third of the members of this House are elected by Legislative Assembly, one more by Municipal Corporations and
• Councils, one-twelfth by men of graduates, and the other one-twelfth by the teachers of schools, colleges, and universities.
• The rest of the members are nominated by Governors.

State Executives:
Governors, Chief Ministers, and Council of Ministers.

Governor:

• The Governor is appointed by the President for five years.
• All the executive actions of the state are taken in his name.
• But in actual practice, these powers are exercised by the Chief Minister.
• All important decisions are taken in the name of the Governor.
• Any bill passed by State Legislature becomes law only after it has been signed by the Governor.
• He can also issue ordinances in the absence of Legislature.
• He also enjoys some executive powers.

President Rule:

• On the recommendation of the Governor, the President can declare an emergency in the state.
• In the time of Emergency in the state, the Governor can exercise all the executive powers at his discretion.

Chief Minister and Council of Ministers:

• The Governor appoints the leader of the majority party as the Chief Minister.
• He appoints other Ministers on his recommendation.
• The Council of Ministers is jointly responsible to the Legislature.

High Court:

• In every state, there is one High Court.
• Sometimes two or more two states can have jointly one High Court.

Jurisdiction of High Court:
Original, appellate, and administrative jurisdiction.

Original Jurisdiction:
Any case regarding the fundamental rights can be brought directly to the High Court.

Appellate Jurisdiction:
High Court hears appeals against the decision of the lower court in most of the revenue and criminal cases.

Administrative Jurisdiction:
The High Court has the power to supervise and control the Lower House in its jurisdiction.

Subordinate Courts:

• Subordinate courts are supervised by the High Court.
• These include District and Sessions Courts and Lower Courts.

Lok Adalat:
The Lok Adalats have been set up in the states with a view to providing speedy and cheap justice to the poor.

This PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 2 The Central Government will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 2 The Central Government

Indian Parliament:

• The Union Legislative of India is called the Parliament.
• Constitutionally Parliament consists of President and two Houses: Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
• The Parliament can make laws on all the subjects of national importance.
• It is the supreme law-making body.

Speaker of the Lok Sabha and the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha:

• The Head of Lok Sabha is called the Speaker.
• He is elected, by the members of Lok Sabha.
• He conducts the business of the Lok Sabha and maintains the discipline in the House.
• The Vice-President is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.

Election Process:

• A bill has to pass through different stages before it becomes a law.
  • Presentation of the bill in the House
  • First reading
  • Second reading
  • Third reading
  • The signing of the President
• A money bill can only be presented in the Lok Sabha only by a minister.

Qualifications for the office of President and the method of his election:

• Only that person can contest the election of President who fulfills the qualification for the election of a member of Lok Sabha.
• He must be of 35 years of age.
• He must not hold any office of profit in the govt.
• The President is elected by an electoral college.
• The President can be removed from his office even before the completion of his term by impeachment.

Executive Powers of the President:

• The President appoints the Prime Minister and appoints other ministers on his advice.
• He appoints Governors of states, Chief Justice of India, Chief Election Commissioner, Comptroller and Auditor General of
• India, the Chairman of Public Service Commission, and Ambassadors of India.

Judicial Powers of the President:

• The President appoints the Chief Justice of India and other judges on his recommendation.
• He also appoints the Chief Justice of High Courts.
• He can remit sentences.

Emergency Powers:

• President can declare an external emergency (Art. 352), Emergency in the states (Art. 356), Financial Emergency (Art. 360).
• In the absence of the President, his powers are exercised by the Vice-President.

Position of Prime Minister in India:

• Although the Constitution provides important powers to President actually they are exercised by the Prime Minister.
• So the President is the Nominal Head of the state.

Vice-President:

• He is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
• His term is five years.

Prime Minister and the Cabinet:

• The President appoints the leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha as the Prime Minister of India.
• The Cabinet is responsible to the Lok Sabha.

Supreme Court:

• The Constitution provides for the appointment of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
• Supreme Court has one Chief Justice and other judges.
• Besides the original jurisdiction, the Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction and advisory functions.

This PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 1 Features of the Indian Constitution will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 1 Features of the Indian Constitution

→ Constitution (Meaning): A Constitution is a document of basic laws according to which the government of a country functions. The new Constitution of India came into force on 26th January 1950.

→ The preamble of the Indian Constitution. India is a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, and Democratic Republic.

→ Features of the Constitution:

• Written
• Long and detailed
• Fundamental Rights
• Fundamental Duties
• Distribution of powers between the centre and states
• Directive Principles
• Parliamentary form of government.

→ Federal Features: According to it, powers’ are divided between Union and the States.

→ Important Fundamental Rights:

• Right to Equality
• Right to Freedom
• Right against Exploitation
• Right to Constitutional Remedies.

→ Federal in form hut unitary in spirit: Federal having two sets of government

• Central and states governments.
• Written Constitution
• Unitary India is the Union of States
• Single citizenship
• Centre can proclaim an emergency and can assume all powers of states.

→ National Unity and Integrity: It means feelings of oneness in all the people of the country. Integrity means one nation and all states are its integral parts.

→ Parliamentary form of government: The Prime Minister is the real head of the country. The President is the nominal head.

→ A Welfare State: It takes measures to improve the standard of living of the people. The directive principles aim to achieve this object.

This PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 9 Punjab’s Contribution towards Struggle for Freedom will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 9 Punjab’s Contribution towards Struggle for Freedom

Centres of the Revolt of 1857 in the Punjab:

• Lahore, Ferozepur, Peshawar, and Ambala were the main centres of the revolt of 1857 in Punjab.
• Sardar Ahmed Khan Kharal took an active part in this revolt.

Namdhari or Kuka Movement:

• The founder of the Namdhari movement was Baba Balak Singh.
• But the movement became very powerful under Baba Ram Singh.
• The Kukas attacked the cow-slaughterers and killed them.

Arya Samaj:

• Swami Dayanand Saraswati was the founder of the Arya Samaj.
• It was founded by him in 1875 A. D. at Bombay.
• The Arya Samaj played an important role in the social and religious fields.
• It also played a remarkable role in the freedom movement.

Ghadar Movement:

• The Ghadar Movement was a revolutionary movement.
• The main aim of this movement was to overthrow British rule in India.
• The Ghadar Party was established in 1913 A.D. in San Francisco.
• Baba Sohan Singh Bhakna was its president.
• Under the command of Ras Bihari Bose and Kartar Singh Sarabha, the Ghadar revolutionaries wanted to throw the English out of India through aA armed revolution.

Naujawan Sabha:

• Sardar Bhagat Singh founded the Naujawan Sabha in 1925-26.
• Its aim was to arouse the spirit of sacrifice, patriotism, and revolution among the youth.

Akali Movement and Gurudwara Reform Movement:

• During British rule, the management of the Sikh Gurudwaras was in the hands of the corrupt Mahants.
• The Sikhs wanted to free their religious places from the Mahants.
• So they started the Gurudwara Reform Movement.

Babbar Akali Movement:

• Many Sikh leaders wanted to turn the Gurudwara Reform Movement violent.
• The policy of the Babbar Akalis was to kill the enemies of their religion and frighten them.
• Havaldar Kishan Singh was the founder of this movement.

Khilafat Movement:

• The Khilafat Movement was started against the English because of their policy towards Turkey.
• The names of two brothers who started it in India were Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.

Rowlatt Act:

• The Rowlatt Act was passed to crush the national movement. People called it Black Act.
• According to this Act, any person could be arrested and imprisoned without any trial.

Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy:

• The Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy occurred on April 13, 1919.
• On that day, the people of Amritsar were holding a meeting in Jallianwala Bagh.
• General Dyer ordered firing on this peaceful meeting without any warning.
• Hundreds of innocent people were killed and injured.

Resolution of Complete Independence:

• Resolution of Complete Independence was passed in the Lahore Session of the Congress which was held in December 1929.
• It was presided over by Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru.

This PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 8 The Anglo-Sikh Wars and Annexation of Punjab will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 8 The Anglo-Sikh Wars and Annexation of Punjab

→ Successors of Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Kharak Singh, Naunihal Singh, Sher Singh, and Dalip Singh were the successors of Ranjit Singh. They were weak and incapable rulers.

→ Anglo-Sikh Wars: Taking advantage of the weakness of the Sikh State (Lahore Darbar), the English defeated the Sikhs in two wars. -As a result, Punjab was annexed by the British to their Empire.

→ First Anglo-Sikh War: This war was fought in 1845-46 A.D. The Sikhs lost it. The British occupied the Doaba-Bist-Jalandhar. They sold the state of Jammu and Kashmir to Raja Gulab Singh.

→ Second Anglo-Sikh War: The Second Anglo-Sikh War was fought in 1848-49 A.D. The Sikhs lost the war and Punjab was annexed to the British Indian Empire on March 25, 1849, by Lord Dalhousie.

→ Maharaja Dalip Singh: Maharaja Dalip Singh was the last Sikh ruler of the Lahore Kingdom. After the Second Anglo-Sikh War, he was dethroned.

→ Maharani Jindan: Maharani Jindan was the guardian of Maharaja Dalip Singh. According to the Treaty of Bhirowal, she was deprived of all her political rights. She was ousted from Punjab and later deported to Benaras. It was a great insult to the Lahore kingdom.

→ Lai Singh and Teja Singh: Lai Singh was the Prime Minister of the Lahore kingdom. Teja Singh was the commander of the Sikh forces. Because of their treachery, the Sikh forces lost the two Anglo-Sikh wars.

This PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 7 Ranjit Singh: Early Life, Achievements and Anglo-Sikh Relations will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 7 Ranjit Singh: Early Life, Achievements and Anglo-Sikh Relations

→ Birth and Parentage: Ranjit Singh was born at Gujranwala in 1780 A.D. His father, Mahan Singh was the chief of the Sukarchakiya. Misl. The name of Ranjit Singh’s mother was Raj Kaur.

→ Childhood: He had fallen a victim to smallpox in his childhood. Thus, due to it, he lost his left eye. He was just 10 years old when he along with his father, began to take part in the battles. He had all the qualities of a brave warrior from his very childhood.

→ Marriage: Ranjit Singh was married to Mehtab Kaur, the daughter of Sada Kaur and granddaughter of Jai Singh of Kanheya Misl. When Ranjit Singh took over the reins of the Sukarchakiya Misl, these matrimonial relations helped him a lot in increasing his power.

→ Occupation of Lahore by Ranjit Singh: In 1792 A.D. Ranjit Singh took over the reins of the Sukarchakiya Misl. In 1799 A.D., when he was 19 years old, Shah Zaman, the ruler of Kabul, granted Lahore to Ranjit Singh. He immediately invaded Lahore and easily occupied it by defeating the Bhangi chiefs.

→ Early Conquests: In 1802, he conquered Amritsar. Next, he started his march towards Sirhind between the Sutlej and Jamuna. But the English did not let him do so.

→ Treaty of Amritsar: In 1809 A.D. Ranjit Singh signed the Treaty of Amritsar with the English. After this treaty, he began to extend his empire to a large extent in the North-West.

→ Important Conquests: Maharaja Ranjit Singh captured Lahore in 1799 A.D., Amritsar 1802, Multan (1818), Kashmir (1819), and Peshawar (1834). Thus, he succeeded in establishing a vast empire.

→ Death: Maharaja Ranjit Singh died in June 1839.

This PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 6 Banda Bahadur and the Sikh Misals will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 6 Banda Bahadur and the Sikh Misals

Meeting of Banda Bahadur with Guru Gobind Singh Ji in 1708:

• A bairagi named Madho Dass came in contact with Guru Gobind Singh Ji at Nander in Maharashtra.
• He was so much impressed by the personality of Guru Sahib that he immediately became his follower.
• Guru Sahib sent him to Punjab to lead the Sikhs in their struggle against the Mughals.
• He became popular as Banda Bahadur in Punjab.

Banda Bahadur in the Punjab:

• Banda Bahadur reached Punjab on the instructions of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
• He organized the Sikhs in Punjab and started his military expeditions.

Success of Banda Bahadur:

• Banda Bahadur punished the executioners of Guru Teg Bahadur Ji and two Sahibzadas of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
• He also killed the Faujdar of Sirhind, Wazir Khan.
• He defeated the hill chief Raja Bhim Chand who had strongly opposed Guru Gobind Singh Ji.

Important Victories:
The important victories of Banda Bahadur were of Sadhora, Sirhind, Jalalabad, and Lohgarh.

Battle of Gurdas Nangal:

• In 1715, the Mughal army besieged Banda Bahadur and Sikh soldiers in the mansion (Haveli) of Bhai Duni Chand at Gurdas Nangal.
• The siege continued for eight months during which the food supplies of the Sikhs were exhausted.
• Under such circumstances, Banda Bahadur and his Sikh soldiers were arrested by the Mughals.

The Martyrdom of Banda Bahadur:

• Banda Bahadur and his Sikh soldiers were first taken to Lahore.
• From Lahore, they were taken to Delhi in 1716.
• In June 1716, Banda Bahadur and the Sikhs were mercilessly executed at Delhi.

Misls:

• A long dark period in Sikh history followed the martyrdom of Banda Bahadur.
• But after some years, the Sikhs again became active in their struggle against the Mughal governors of Punjab.
• Some of the important Sikh chiefs were able to establish their small kingdoms called the Misls.
• There were 12 such Sikh Misls. The chief of a Misl was called Misldar.

Rise of Maharaja Ranjit Singh:

• Maharaja Ranjit Singh belonged to Shukarchakia Misl.
• The Sukarchakia Misl was founded by Sardar Charat Singh, the grandfather of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
• On the death of his father Mahan Singh in 1792, Maharaja Ranjit Singh ascended the throne.
• He was able to establish a vast empire in Punjab within a few years.

This PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 5 Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s Life, Creation of Khalsa and his Personality will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 5 Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s Life, Creation of Khalsa and his Personality

→ Birth and Parentage: Guru Gobind Singh Ji was born on December 22, 1666, at Patna. The name of his father was Guru Teg Bahadur Ji. The name of his mother was Mata Gujri Ji.

→ Childhood and Education: Gobind Dass was the name of Guru Gobind Singh Ji in his childhood. Guru Sahib spent the first five years of his childhood in Patna. Guru Sahib learned Persian from Bhai Mati Dass and Qazi Pir Mohammad. Guru Sahib learned Sanskrit from Pandit Harjas and horse riding and training in arms (military training) from Rajput Bajar Singh.

→ Military Organisation: Guru Gobind Singh Ji decided to raise an army of the Sikhs. Hence Guru Sahib ordained that the Sikhs should donate arms and horses to Guru Gaddi.

→ Creation of the Khalsa: Guru Gobind Singh Ji created the Khalsa in 1699. Guru Sahib achieved three aims by creating the Khalsa viz. freedom from the oppression of the Mughals, a setback to the caste system, and the abolition of the Masand system.

→ Five Ks: The five Ks of the Khalsa are Kesh (unshorn hair), Kangha (comb), Karra (iron bangle), Kirpan (sword) and Kachchera (a pair of shorts).

→ Significance of the creation of Khalsa: A new Sikh community of Sant Sipahis came into existence with the creation of the Khalsa. Gradually, the Sikhs emerged as a political power in Punjab.

→ Literary Achievements of Guru Sahib: Guru Gobind Singh Ji composed Akal Ustat, Krishan Avtar, Sahastra Nam Mala, Chandi di Var, and Zafarnama.

→ Battle of Bhangani (1690): The battle of Bhangani was fought in 1690. It was fought between the Mughals and the Hill Chiefs. Guru Gobind Singh Ji participated in the battle in support of the Hill Chiefs. Guru Sahib defeated the Mughals badly.

→ Battle of Nadaun: The battle of Nadaun was fought between the Mughal forces and hill forces in 1690 A.D. Guru Gobind Singh Ji helped Hill Chiefs. He defeated the Mughal army.

→ First Battle of Anandpur Sahib (1701): The first battle of Anandpur Sahib was fought between Hill Chief Bhim Chand and Guru Gobind Singh Ji. Guru Sahib gave a crushing defeat to the Hill Chief.

→ Second Battle of Anandpur Sahib (1704): In the second battle of Anandpur Sahib, the Confederacy of the Hill Chiefs of Bilaspur, Kangra, and Guler fought against Guru Gobind Singh Ji. Guru Sahib came out victorious in the battle.

→ Final Union with the Divine Power: In 1708 Guru Gobind Singh Ji visited South India. Guru Sahib stayed at Nanded in Maharashtra. On October 3, 1708, Guru Sahib made the final union with Divine Power because of an injury received by him.

This PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 4 Contribution of Sikh Gurus from Sri Guru Angad Dev Ji to Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Ji will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 4 Contribution of Sikh Gurus from Sri Guru Angad Dev Ji to Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Ji

Guru Angad Dev Ji:

• The second Sikh Guru, Guru Angad Dev Ji collected the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and wrote them in Gurumukhi script.
• This contribution of Guru Angad Dev Ji proved to be the first step towards the writing of ‘Adi Granth Sahib’ by Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
• Guru Angad Dev Ji also wrote ‘Vani’ in the name of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
• The institutions of Sangat and Pangat were well maintained during the period of Guru Angad Dev Ji.

Guru Amar Das Ji:

• Guru Amar Das was the third Sikh Guru who remained on Guru Gaddi for twenty-two years.
• Guru Sahib shifted his headquarters from Khadoor Sahib to Goindwal.
• At Goindwal, Guru Sahib constructed a large well (Baoli) where his followers (Sikhs) took a bath on religious festivals.
• Guru Amar Das Ji introduced a simple marriage ceremony which is called ‘Anand Karaj’.
• The number of his Sikh followers increased rapidly during his period.

Guru Ram Das Ji:

• The fourth Guru, Guru Ram Das Ji started the. work of preaching his faith from Ramdaspur (present Amritsar).
• The foundation of Amritsar was laid during the last years of Guru Amar Das Ji.
• Guru Ram Das Ji got dug a large pond called Amritsar or Amrit Sarovar.
• The Guru Sahib needed a large sum of money to construct the Sarovars (ponds) at Amritsar and Santokhsar.
• For this purpose, Guru Sahib started Masand System.
• Guru Sahib also made Guru Gaddi hereditary.

Guru Arjan Dev Ji:

• Guru Arjan Dev Ji was the fifth Sikh Guru.
• Guru Sahib completed the construction of Harmandir Sahib at Amritsar.
• Guru Sahib also founded the cities of Tarn Taran and Kartarpur.
• The fifth Guru Sahib also wrote the first Divine book of the Sikhs (Birs dictated to Bhai Gurdas), ‘Adi Granth Sahib Ji’, and placed it in Sri Harmandir Sahib. Baba Buddha Ji was appointed as the Head Granthi at Sri Harmandir Sahib.
• Guru Arjan Dev Ji consolidated the Sikh religion by sacrificing his life for the protection of the Sikh religion.

Guru Hargobind Ji:

• Guru Hargobind Ji was the sixth Guru of the Sikhs.
• Guru Sahib adopted the ‘New Policy’.
• According to this policy, Guru Sahib became the religious as well as the political leader of the Sikhs.
• Guru Sahib constructed Akal Takht, which stands before Sri Harmandir Sahib.
• Guru Sahib also gave to the Sikhs training in the use of arms.

Guru Har Rai Ji and Guru Harkrishan Ji:

• Guru Har Rai Ji and Guru Harkrishan Ji ascended the Guru Gaddi successively after Guru Hargobind Ji.
• Their period is called the period of peace in the history of the Sikh religion.

Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji:

• The ninth Guru, Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was a peace-loving person like Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
• He was ready for self-sacrifice like Guru Arjan Dev Ji and courageous and fearless like his father Guru Hargobind Ji.
• Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji preached his religion fearlessly.
• By sacrificing his life, Guru Sahib brought a new revolution in the history of the Sikh religion.

Masand System:

• Masand is a Persian word.
• The meaning of the word is a higher place or raised status.
• During the period of Guru Ram Dass Ji, the masands were called Ramdas.
• Guru Arjan Dev Ji gave the system an organized form.
• As a result, Guru Sahib started receiving regular donations from his Sikh followers for his religious activities.

Compilation of the Adi Granth Sahib:

• The Adi Granth Sahib was compiled and written by Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
• Guru Arjan Dev Ji dictated the contents of Adi Granth Sahib and his devoted follower Bhai Gurdas noted it down.
• The Adi Granth Sahib was completed in 1604 A.D.

Wearing of two swords of Miri and Piri:

• Guru Hargobind Sahib put on two swords which he called one of Miri and the other of Piri.
• His sword of Miri symbolized his leadership of the Sikh followers in worldly affairs.
• The Piri sword represented his leadership of the Sikhs in spiritual affairs.