PSEB Notes

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 2 Democracy: Meaning and Importance will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 2 Democracy: Meaning and Importance

→ Democracy is a type of government elected by the people for a fixed period of time through a universal adult franchise.

→ Democracy is an English word that is made up of two Greek words Demos and Croatia.

→ The meaning of Demos is people and Kratia means ‘Rule’.

→ So the meaning of Democracy is the ‘rule of people’.

→ Democracy is an organisation system in which free and fair participation of the people is ensured to achieve political power.

→ The best definition of Democracy was given by the 16th President of the U.S.A. Abraham Lincoln says that “Democracy is a type of government elected of the people, by the people, and for the people”.

→ The basic concept of democracy is that it gives freedom to everyone to express his/her ideas and to criticize any one.

→ Presently, democracy is of great importance because it is the protector of individual freedom, a symbol of peace and progress, represents the whole public, etc.

→ In the present age, many obstacles are coming in the way of democracy such as casteism, communalism, regionalism, poverty, indifferent attitude towards social development, etc.

→ There are few prerequisites for the success of democracy such as there should be political freedom, there must be economic and social equality, people must be educated and conscious, their moral character should be of high quality, etc.

→ There are many countries where people are deceived in the name of democracy such as Pakistan, China, Fiji, Mexico, etc.

→ In Pakistan, the army always controls democracy.

→ In China, there is only one political party.

→ In Fiji there is a difference in the value of a vote and in Mexico, the government uses unfair means to win elections.

→ Democracy is of two types-direct and indirect.

→ Indirect democracy is also known as the representative democracy in which people directly elect their leaders.

→ Presently, with the increase in population, direct democracy is not possible.

→ It was possible in the republic states of Greece where the population was only in thousands.

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 1 History, Development and Expansion of the Modern Democracy will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 1 History, Development and Expansion of the Modern Democracy

→ Since ancient times, there have been many types of administrative systems in the whole world such as Monarchy, Dictatorship, Authoritarianism, Totalitarianism but democracy is most prevalent in the modern world.

→ Democracy in the whole world started in the republics of Greece and Rome where direct democracy was available.

→ Here citizens of the state directly participated in the decision-making process of administration.

→ During ancient times in India, many states adopted the republican system.

→ During the times of Chola Kings, there had been some sort of democracy at the grass-root level.

→ The medieval period is also known as the feudal period when feudal lords were of great importance.

→ Consequently, democracy did not have a chance to come forward.

→ During modern times, the autocratic systems of kings were challenged and their powers were either removed or restricted by the Parliament.

→ The 20th century is known as the golden era for democracy when after the end of imperialism, many countries established democracy as the alternate system to imperialism.

→ After the second world war, many countries got freedom from the imperialist powers and they established democracy. India was one such country.

→ In Chile, Salvador Allende established democracy and did many works of social welfare.

→ But rich people didn’t like his works and with the help of army general Augusto Pinochet, overthrew Allende’s government and established military rule over there.

→ After 17 years of his rule, Pinochet decided to have a referendum from the public which they opposed and he was forced to relinquish the power.

→ Poland was a communist country where workers did a strike that spread on a large scale.

→ The government accepted their demands and workers formed a trade union called ‘Solidarity’.

→ In 1989, independent elections were held in Poland in which solidarity won a complete majority.

→ In this way, democracy was established in Poland.

→ Many Asian and African countries were the victims of Colonialism and European countries made them their colonies.

→ After the second world war, when their power was reduced, colonial countries started giving freedom to their colonies. India was one such country.

→ Ghana in Africa was the first country that gained independence from the British in, 1957 A.D.

→ At the international level, there is an institution called United Nations Organisation where all the decisions are taken in a democratic way. Each country is having equal voting right. It has 193 members.

→ There is one of the six organs of the United Nations Organisation which tries to solve the disputes between the countries.

→ Security Council has 15 members out of which 5 members (U.S.A., U.K., France, Russia, and China) are the permanent members and 10 are temporary members elected for a term of two years.

→ There is another organization at an international level called the International Monetary Fund with 188 members.

→ All these countries have voting rights in it but their power of voting is fixed according to their financial contribution to the organisation.

→ After looking at the functioning of the International Organisations although it seems that they work for the establishment of democracy but they don’t have democracy in their normal functioning.

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 8 Social History of Clothing will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 8 Social History of Clothing

→ Sumptuary Laws:

• The Sumptuary Laws of Medieval France controlled the behaviour of the lower class.
• According to these Laws, they were not allowed to wear the dress as nobles wore.

→ Women’s Beauty and Clothing:

• In England, women’s beauty was given special emphases.
• They were given a specific type of tight clothes to wear to show their physical beauty.

→ Women’s reaction towards Clothing:

• All the women did not accept the clothing pattern.
• Many opposed such tight dresses as they caused deformities and illness among young girls.

→ New Material:

• During the 17th century, most British women were clothes made of Linen, flex or wool which were difficult to wash.
• Later on, they started wearing cotton clothes.
• They were cheap as well as easy to wash.

→ World Wars and Clothing:

• As a result of the two World Wars, many changes came in clothing.
• Working women started wearing uniforms of blouse and trousers with scarves.
• By the twentieth century, the usage of clothes increased.

→ Western Clothes in India:

• Parsis were the first in India to adopt western clothes.
• Bengalis working in offices and those who converted to Christianity also started using western clothes.

→ Courts and Footwear:

• During British rule, there was a restriction On wearing footwear in the courts.
• This rule becomes a subject of conflict.

→ Swadeshi Movement:

• This movement was initiated in 1905 against Lord Curzon’s decision to partition Bengal.
• It boycotted the British goods and called for adopting locally made goods.
• It gave great encouragement to the Indian industries.

→ Khadi:

• Mahatma Gandhi’s dream was to cloth the whole nation in Khadi.
• But many groups were attracted towards western clothes.
• Except for this, Khadi was a little bit expensive.
• So, Gandhiji’s dream remained a dream.

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 7 Forest Society and Colonialism will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 7 Forest Society and Colonialism

→ Products available in the forests: We get many products from the forests such as furniture wood, fuel, fruit, gum, honey, wood for making paper, leaves for making bidi, etc.

→ Deforestation: The meaning of deforestation is cutting trees. Forests were cut down for many purposes such as the expansion of agriculture and railway, for ship-building, etc.

→ Bagaan: Large farmhouses where trees of a single type were planted in straight rows were called Bagan.

→ Timber Trees: Timber wood is quite strong. It is available in the form of Seal and Teak trees.

→ Control on Forests: After coming to know the importance of forests, the colonial rulers established a forest department and passed many laws to control the forests.

→ Impact of Forest Control: With the government’s control of forests, the tribals were deprived of their means of livelihood. So, they started thinking about the revolts against the government.

→ Shifting Agriculture: In this type of agriculture, forests are cleared to get agricultural land. After doing agriculture for 2-3 years, the land is left alone and the same process is done on the nearby forest land. After the government’s control of forests, such agricultural practice was banned.

→ Scientific Forestry: The system under the control of the forest department in which old trees are cut down and new trees are planted.

→ Bastar: Bastar is located in Chhattisgarh, bordering Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and Maharashtra. Tribals of this area revolted against the British as they were widely affected by the British forest policies. These revolts were started by the Dhruva tribe.

→ Java: Java is now famous as a rice-producing island in Indonesia. Dutch rulers greatly exploited its forest resources and made the locals labourers. Consequently, locals revolted and it took three months to crush the revolt.

→ 1855: Lord Dalhousie made laws for the protection of forests.

→ 1864: Indian Forest Department was established.

→ 1865: Indian Forest Act was passed.

→ 1878: Indian forest Act was amended and three categories of forests were formed.

→ 1906: Imperial forest Research Centre was established at Dehradun.

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 6 Russian Revolution will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 6 Russian Revolution

→ Russian Revolution: In 1917, there had been the first socialist revolution in the world took place in Russia.

→ Reasons for revolution:

• Before the revolution, the Russian social, economic, and political conditions were quite conducive to the revolution.
• The condition of peasants and workers was quite a pity.
• The rule of Tzar (King of Russia) was autocratic.
• Common people had no political rights.
• Consequently, people were against the Czar.
• The Czar forced Russia into World War I and made a great mistake.
• The miserable condition of the soldiers also led to frustration against the Tzar.

→ Lenin:

• After Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles, Lenin is considered the greatest thinker of the socialist movement.
• He played the most important role in organising the Bolshevik party and making the revolution successful.

→ The Revolution of 1905:

• In 1905, a procession of workers was attacked by the police.
• It took the form of a revolution.
• During this revolution, a new form of organization developed.
• It was Soviet or a group of workers’ representatives.
• This revolution provided a base to the revolution of 1917.

→ The Beginning of Revolution:

• The Russian revolution begins with a procession of women.
• Then a general strike of workers took place.
• On 15th March 1917, the Czar was forced to relinquish his power.
• Finally, a temporary government was formed.
• According to the Russian Calendar, this incident is known as the February Revolution and people consider its beginning on 27 February.

→ The Success of Revolution:

• With the fall of the first interim government (7 October 1917), Lenin’s government came into power.
• It is known as the October Revolution. (According to the Russian Calendar on 25th February.)

→ Soviet:

• During the 1905 revolution, a new form of the organization come into force. It is known as ‘Soviet’.
• It was a council of workers’ representatives.
• Initially, such councils were the committees of organizing strikes but later on, they become a means of getting political power.
• After some time, Peasant’s Soviets were also formed.
• Russian Soviets played an important role in the revolution of 1917.

→ February Revolution:

• After a procession of women, a worker’s strike took place.
• On 12th March, workers captured St. Petersburg very quickly, they captured Moscow as well.
• The Tzar left the power and an Interim Government was formed on 15th March.
• According to the old Russian calendar, this revolution took place on 27th February.
• That’s why it is called the February Revolution.

→ October Revolution:

• The Russian Revolution actually took place on 7th November 1917.
• According to the old calendar, it was on 25th October.
• That’s why it is called the October Revolution.
• This revolution led to the fall of Kerensky’s government.
• Its headquarter Winter’s palace came under the control of a group of sailors.
• On the same day, a meeting of the Russian Congress of Soviets took place and it took power in its hands.

→ Bloody Sunday:

• In 1905, the Russian revolutionary movement was gaining momentum.
• In the meantime, a procession of workers, led by Father Gapon, reached the winter palace.
• Police attacked them and fired on them with which 100 workers died and 300 wounded.
• This incident in history is known as the ‘Bloody Sunday’.

→ Communist Revolution:

• The Communist International or Comintern was organized in 1919 A.D.
• It is also known as the Third International.
• Its objective was to encourage revolutions at the international level.
• At the time of the first world war, the socialist movement was divided into two parts.
• Its separated group was known as the communist party.
• Comintern was associated with the same group.
• It was a platform at the world level which made policies for the communist parties around the world.

→ Socialism:

• Socialism is a political system in which all the means of production are under the state’s control.
• Its main objective is the equal distribution of economic resources.
• In this system, no one is exploited and is exactly opposite to capitalism.

→ The 1850s and 1880s – Debates over socialism in Russia.

→ 1898 – Formation of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party.

→ 1905 – The Bloody Sunday and the Revolution of 1905.

→ 1917 – 2nd March – Abdication of the Tzar, 24th October – Bolshevik uprising in Petrograd.

→ 1918-1920 – The Civil War.

→ 1919 – Formation of Comintern.

→ 1929 – Beginning of Collectivisation.

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 5 The French Revolution will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 5 The French Revolution

→ The French Revolution:

• The French Revolution took place in 1789 A.D.
• Common people lived a miserable life but Nobles lived a luxurious life.
• That’s why the French people rose against Louis XVI (King of France) and brought the revolution.

→ The Tennis Court Oath:

• Louis XVI did not accept the demands laid down by the representatives of the people.
• So, the people collected at the Tennis Court and declared to form the new Constitution.

→ The Fall of Bastille:

• On 14 July 1789, the fortress prison of Bastille was captured bj the revolutionaries and this led to its fall.
• Even today, 14th July is celebrated as Bastille Day or National Day in France.

→ The Declaration of Rights of Men and Citizens:

• This declaration is related to the French Revolution.
• It specified the equality of all men before the law and without reason, no one will be captivated.
• In this declaration, freedom of speech and press was also accepted.
• Most importantly, it gave stress on the concepts of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity.

→ Louis XVI:

• Louis XVI became the French Emperor in 1774 A.D.
• He was only 20 years of age.
• He was incapable and worked under the influence of his wife.
• He had no interest in administrative functions.
• He had left all the administrative functions in the hands of corrupt officials who did not care about the public welfare.
• Consequently, there was growing dissatisfaction among the people and finally, they revolted against the King.

→ Voltaire:

• Voltaire was a famous Satirist writer of his time.
• He strongly opposed the social superstitions and the evils prevailing in the Church.
• He called Church the ‘infamous thing’.
• He encouraged the people to demand reforms.

→ Montesquieu:

• Montesquieu was a famous writer of his time.
• He opposed the divine right theory of the Kings.
• He liked the British system of administration.
• His famous book was ‘The Spirit of Laws’.
• His ideas gave great impetus to the revolutionary ideas.

→ Rousseau:

• Rousseau was a great philosopher of the 18th century.
• He gave his views in his book ‘The Social Contract’.
• According to him, social composition and people must be based on mutual contracts.

→ Napoleon:

• Napoleon was one of those great men who was born in a simple family and reached the highest post.
• He progressed from a post of a soldier to the French King.
• He was born at Korsika island and by 1812 A.D., he established his supremacy on almost the whole of Europe.
• Finally, many European powers collectively defeated him.
• He died in 1821 due to abdominal cancer at St. Helena island.

→ Clergy: A group of people working in the Church.

→ Tithe and Taille: Tithe was a religious tax paid by the people to the Church and Taille was a direct tax paid to the government.

→ Manor: An Estate where was situated the land and palace of the Feudal Lord.

→ 1774 – Louis XVI became King of France.

→ 1789 – Convocation of Estates General, Third Estate forms National Assembly, the Bastille was stormed, peasants revolt in the countryside.

→ 1791 – New Constitution is framed to limit the powers of the king and to guarantee basic rights to all human beings.

→ 1792 – 93 – France becomes a republic, the king was beheaded. The overthrow of the Jacobic Republic, a Directory rules France.

→ 1804 – Napoleon becomes emperor of France, annexes large parts of Europe.

→ 1815 – Napoleon is defeated at Waterloo.

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 4 Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji: Contribution in the Development of Sikhism and his Martyrdom will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 4 Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji: Contribution in the Development of Sikhism and his Martyrdom

Guru Arjan Dev Ji:

• Guru Arjan Dev Ji was the fifth Sikh Guru.
• Guru Sahib completed the construction of Sri Harmandir Sahib at Amritsar.
• Guru Sahib also founded the cities of Taran Taran and Kartarpur.
• The fifth Guru Sahib also wrote the first Divine book of the Sikhs, ‘Adi Granth Sahib Ji’, and placed it in Sri Harmandir Sahib.
• Baba Buddha Ji was appointed as the Head Granthi at Sri Harmandir Sahib.
• Guru Arjan Dev Ji consolidated the Sikh religion by sacrificing his life for the protection of Sikhism.

Masand System:

• Masand is a Persian word.
• The meaning of the word Masand is a higher place or raised status.
• It was established by Guru Ram Dass Ji and Guru Arjan Dev Ji gave the system an organized form.
• As a result, Guru Sahib started receiving regular donations from his Sikh followers for his religious activities.

Compilation of the Adi Granth Sahib:

• The Adi Granth Sahib was compiled and written by Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
• Guru Arjan Dev Ji dictated the contents of Adi Granth Sahib and his devoted follower Bhai Gurdas noted it down.
• The Adi Granth Sahib was completed in 1604 A.D.

Foundation of Tarn Taran:

• Except for Amritsar, Guru Arjan Dev Ji founded and built many Cities and sarovars.
• Tarn Taran was one of them.
• It was founded in the middle of an area like Amritsar, Tarn Taran also became one of the famous pilgrimage centres of the Sikhs.

Foundation of Kartarpur:

• In 1593 A.D., Guru Ji founded a new city in Jalandhar Doab, which was given the name of Kartarpur.
• Here Guru Ji constructed a pond that became famous with the name of Gangsar.

Reforms in Masand System:

• Guru Arjan Dev Ji felt the need to bring reforms in the Masand System.
• Guru Ji instructed his Sikhs to give one-tenth of their income to Masands.
• On the day of Baisakhi, Masands deposited the collection in the treasury of Guru Sahib.
• The Masands had appointed their representatives who were called the Sangrias, to collect the Daswandh.

Construction of a Baoli in Lahore:

• Guru Arjan Dev Ji had constructed a large well (Baoli) in Dubbi Bazaar in Lahore.
• It became a place of pilgrimage for his Sikh followers.

Construction of Hargobindpura and Chheratta:

• In order to celebrate the birth of his son Hargobind Ji, Guru Arjan Dev Ji founded a city on the banks of the river Beas and called it Hargobindpur.
• In addition to that Guru Sahib got dug a well near Amritsar to overcome the shortage of water in the region.
• Guru Sahib got manufactured six pulleys (rehats) to draw water from the well.
• Therefore the city became popular as Chheratta while referring to the six pulleys.

Guru Hargobind Ji:

• Guru Hargobind Ji was the sixth Guru of the Sikhs.
• Guru Sahib adopted the New Policy.
• According to this policy, Guru Sahib became the religious as well as the political leader of the Sikhs.
• Guru Sahib constructed Akal Takht, which stands before Sri Harmandir Sahib.
• Guru Sahib also gave to the Sikhs training in the use of arms.

Miri and Piri:

• Guru Hargobind Sahib put on two swords which he called one of Miri and the other of Piri.
• His sword of Miri symbolized his leadership of the Sikh followers in worldly affairs.
• The Piri sword represented his leadership of the Sikhs in spiritual affairs.

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 3 Development of Sikh Religion (1539-1581) will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 3 Development of Sikh Religion (1539-1581)

Guru Angad Dev Ji:

• The second Sikh Guru, Guru Angad Dev Ji collected the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and wrote them in Gurmukhi script.
• This contribution of Guru Angad Dev Ji proved to be the first step towards the writing of ‘Adi Granth Sahib’ by Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
• Guru Angad Dev Ji also wrote ‘Vani’ in the name of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
• The institutions of Sangat and Pangat were well maintained during the period of Guru Angad Dev Ji.

Guru Amar Das Ji:

• Guru Amar Das Ji was the third Sikh Guru who remained on Guru gaddi for twenty-two years.
• Guru ‘Sahib shifted his headquarters from Khadoor Sahib to Goindwal.
• At Goindwal, Guru Sahib constructed a large well (Baoli) where his followers (Sikhs) took a bath on religious festivals.
• Guru Amar Das Ji introduced a simple marriage ceremony which is called ‘Anand Karaj’.
• The number of his Sikh followers increased rapidly during his period.

Guru Ram Das Ji:

• The fourth Guru, Guru Ram Das Ji started the work of preaching his faith from Ramdaspur (present Amritsar).
• The foundation of Amritsar was laid during the last years of Guru Amar Das Ji.
• Guru Ram Das Ji got dug a large pond called Amritsar or Amrit Sarovar.
• The Guru Sahib needed a large sum of money to construct the Sarovar at Amritsar and Santokhsar.
• For this purpose, Guru Sahib started Masand System.
• Guru Sahib also made Guru-gaddi hereditary.

Improvement in Gurmukhi Script:

• Guru Angad Dev Ji made certain improvements in Gurmukhi Script.
• It is said that to spread Gurmukhi, Guru Ji wrote ‘Balbodh’ for children in Gurmukhi.
• Because it was the language of the common masses, it helped in the spreading of Sikhism.
• Presently, all the religious books of the Sikhs are in this language.

Manji System:

• During the times of Guru Amar Das Ji, the number of devotee Sikhs was increasing.
• But due to his old age, it was not possible for Guru Ji to move from one place to another to spread his teachings.
• So, he divided his spiritual empire into 22 parts and each part was called ‘Manji’.
• Each Manji was a centre for spreading Sikhism and it was kept under a scholar devout follower.

Creation of Anand Sahib:

• Guru Amar Das Ji composed a new Bani called ‘Anand Sahib’.
• With its creation, the importance of Vedic hymns completely came to an end among the Sikhs.

Foundation of Goindwal:

• Guru Angad Dev Ji laid the foundation of a new city called Goindwal.
• During the times of Guru Amar Das Ji, it became one of the famous religious places.
• Even today, it is one of the religious places of Sikhs.

Langar System:

• Guru Angad Dev Ji continued the Langar system.
• In the Langar system, everyone took food without any discrimination.
• It discouraged the caste system and helped in the expansion of Sikhism.

31 March 1504-Birth of Guru Angad Dev Ji.

1539-1552 – Guru Angad Dev Ji remained on Guru-gaddi.

1546 – Foundation of Goindwal

1552 – Guru Angad Dev Ji left the world.

1552 – Guru Amar Das ji became the third Guru.

1559 – The work of the construction of Baoli at Goindwal was completed.

1574 – Amar Das Ji left the world.

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 2 Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji and Contemporary Society will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 2 Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji and Contemporary Society

Birth:

• Guru Nanak Dev Ji was the founder of the Sikh religion.
• According to the Sakhi of Bhai Meharban and old Sakhi of Bhai Mani Singh, he was born at Talwandi on April 15, 1469 A.D.
• At present his place of birth is called Nankana Sahib.

Parentage:

• The name of the mother of Guru Nanak Dev Ji was Mata Tripta.
• His father’s name was Mehta Kalu.
• He was a Patwari (a revenue officer).

The Ceremony of Sacred Thread (Janeu):

• Guru Nanak Dev Ji was strongly opposed to useless ceremonies and empty rituals.
• He, therefore, refused to wear the thread of cotton, considered as a sacred thread.

The Pious Deal (Sacha Sauda):

• The father of Guru Nanak Dev Ji gave him twenty rupees for starting some business.
• Guru Nanak Dev Ji spent this money to serve food to the saints, beggars, and the needy and this made a Pious Deal (Sacha Sauda).

Enlightenment:

• Guru Nanak Dev Ji attained enlightenment during his bath at a rivulet called ‘Bein’.
• One morning he took a dip in the river and reappeared after three days as an enlightened being.

Udasis (Travels):

• The Udasis refer to those travels which Guru Nanak Dev Ji undertook as a selfless pious wanderer without any care for his social bindings.
• The aim of his Udasis or Travels was to end the prevalent superstitions and guide humanity on the path of true faith.
• Guru Ji went on three Udasis in different directions.

Stay at Kartarpur:

• Guru Nanak Dev Ji founded the city of Kartarpur in 1521 and started residing there.
• He composed “Var Malhar’, ‘Var Manjh’, ‘Var Assa’, ‘Japji Sahib’, ‘Patti’, ‘Barah Maha’ etc. at Kartarpur.
• He also established the traditions of Sangat and Pangat there.

Guru Sahib Merged with the Supreme God:

• On September 22, 1539, he merged with the Ultimate Supreme God.
• Before he breathed his last, he had appointed Bhai Lehna as his successor.

Teachings about God:

• The teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji were that God is formless, Self-created, Omnipresent, Omnipotent, Compassionate, and Great.
• He can be easily achieved with the blessings of a True Guru and self-surrender.

Sangat and Pangat:

• The congregation of the followers of the Guru is called Sangat.
• They sit together to learn the real meaning of the Guru and sing in praise of God.
• In the Pangat system, all the followers of the Guru sit together on the floor to partake food from a common kitchen (langar).

Lodhi Rulers:

• Punjab was under the rule of the Lodhis.
• The rulers of the dynasty were Bahlol Lodhi, Sikander Lodhi, and Ibrahim Lodhi.

Punjab under Ibrahim Lodhi:

• Punjab was the centre of conspiracies during the reign of Ibrahim Lodhi.
• The Subedar of Punjab, Daulat Khan Lodhi invited Babur, the ruler of Kabul, to invade India.

Daulat Khan Lodhi and Babur:

• During the fifth invasion of Babur on India, Daulat Khan Lodhi, the Subedar of Punjab, fought against Babur.
• Daulat Khan Lodhi was defeated.

Political Condition:

• Guru Nanak Dev Ji was born in 1469 A.D.
• The political condition of Punjab was not good at the time of his birth.
• The rulers of Punjab were weak and fought among themselves.
• Punjab was passing through a phase of chaos and disorder.

Social Condition:

• The social condition of Punjab during this period was miserable.
• The Hindu society was divided into castes and sub-castes.
• The condition of women was pitiable.
• The people were of low moral character and were superstitious.

The Victory of Babur on Punjab:

• The First Battle of Panipat was fought in 1526 A.D.
• In this battle, Ibrahim Lodhi was defeated and Babur occupied Punjab.

Muslim Society:

• The Muslim society was divided into three classes namely, the upper class, middle class, and the lower class.
• The leading military commanders, Iqtadars, Ulemas, and Sayyids were included in the upper class.
• In the middle class, the traders, farmers, soldiers, and low-ranking government officers were included.
• The lower class was comprised of artisans, slaves, and household servants.

Hindu Society:

• At the beginning of the sixteenth century, the Hindu society was divided into four main castes i.e. the Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras.
• The goldsmiths, ironsmiths, weavers, carpenters, tailors, potters were a few of the castes and sub-castes.

→ 1469 A.D. – Birth of Guru Nanak Dev Ji

→ 1499 A.D. – Attainment of True Knowledge

→ 1499-1510 A.D. – First Udasi

→ 1510-1515 A.D. – Second Udasi

→ 1515-1517 A.D. – Third Udasi

→ 1517-1521 A.D. – Fourth Udasi

→ 1522 A.D. – Foundation of Kartarpur

→ 22 September 1539 – Guru Nanak Dev Ji merged with the Supreme God

→ 1526 A.D. – First battle of Panipat.

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 1 Punjab: Physical Features and its Impact will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 1 Punjab: Physical Features and its Impact

→ Punjab (Meaning): The word Punjab is derived from two Persian words, Panj and Aab. The meaning of Panj is five and the meaning of Aab is water, which is a symbol of the river. Thus Punjab is the region of five glasses of water.

→ Changing Names of Punjab: Punjab was known by different names during different periods of history. The ancient names of Punjab were Sapt Sindhu, Panchnand, Pentapotamia, Tseh-Kia, Lahore Suba, Punjab, etc.

→ The Geographical Divisions: From the geographical point of view, Punjab can be divided into three divisions:

• The Himalayas and its North-Western mountain ranges
• The foothills or Terai region (the sub-Mountainous Region)
• The Plains

→ The Malwa Region: The Malwa region is surrounded by the rivers Sutlej and Ghagghar. During ancient times, the ‘Malava’ tribe lived here. The region is named Malwa after the name of the Malava tribe.

→ The effects of the Himalayas on the history of Punjab: Punjab was the ‘Gateway of India’ due to the existence of a number of passes in the North-West ranges of the Himalayas. During the medieval period, all the invaders came through these passes to invade India.

→ The plains of Punjab: The plains of Punjab are very fertile. The prosperity of Punjab encouraged foreign invaders to attack India.

→ The influence of rivers of Punjab on its history: The rivers of Punjab were a hurdle in the path of the invaders.

→ They also played a role in providing natural boundaries. The Mughal rulers adopted river boundaries as the administrative divisions like Parganas, Sarkars, and Subas.

→ Terai Region: The Terai region is covered with dense forests. The Sikhs took shelter in these forests during their hard times.

→ They organized themselves, increased their military strength, and effectively faced the oppressive rulers.

→ The different Castes and Tribes of Punjab: The people of different castes and tribes lived in Punjab.

→ The prominent were the Jats, Sikhs, Rajputs, Khatris, Aroras, Gujjars, Ariansetc.

→ Punjab was annexed into the British Empire in – 1849 A.D.

→ The areas of Punjab and Hissar were included in Punjab in – 1857

→ North-Western Frontier Province was made out of Punjab in – 1901

→ Delhi was separated from Punjab in – 1911

→ At the time of Indian Independence, Punjab was divided into Western Punjab and Eastern Punjab in -1947

→ Punjab was divided into two states – Punjab and Haryana on a Linguistic basis on – 1st Nov. 1966.