PSEB Notes

This PSEB 8th Class Science Notes Chapter 5 Coal and Petroleum will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Science Notes Chapter 5 Coal and Petroleum

→ Various materials are necessary for basic needs.

→ Materials needed can be classified into

• Natural materials
• Man-made materials

→ Materials obtained from nature are called natural resources.

→ Natural resources are soil, water, minerals, plants, and forests.

→ On the basis of the availability of various resources in nature, they are classified as Exhaustible and In-exhaustible natural resources.

→ The resources which are unlimited in nature and cannot be finished or exhausted by human activities are called Inexhaustible Natural Resources.

→ The resources which are limited in nature and can be exhausted by human activities are called Exhaustible Natural Resources.

→ Coal, Petroleum, and Natural gas are Exhaustible Natural Resources.

→ Fossil fuels are formed from the dead remains of living organisms and include coal, petroleum, and natural gas.

→ Coal is hard, black in colour, and is used as a fuel.

→ On burning, coal produces carbon dioxide gas.

→ Destructive distillation of coal produces coke, coal tar, and coal gas.

→ Coke is a tough, porous black substance and is a pure form of carbon.

→ Coal tar is a mixture of about 200 substances. It is a black thick liquid with an unpleasant smell.

→ Coal tar is starting material for synthetic dyes, drugs, explosives, plastics, perfumes, paints, photographic chemicals, roofing material, Naptha balls, etc.

→ Petroleum is a dark oily liquid with an unpleasant odour. It is a mixture of many constituents.

→ Constituents of petroleum include LPG, Petrol, Diesel, Kerosene, Lubricating oil, Paraffin wax, and Bitumen.

→ The process of separating different constituents of petroleum is known as refining.

→ Coal and Petroleum are limited in nature. So they should be used judiciously.

→ LPG is Petroleum gas in liquid form.

→ Fuels: The substances which are burnt to produce heat energy.

→ Fossil Fuels: The combustible substances that were formed from the remains of the plants and animals which got buried under the surface of the earth over millions of years.

→ Carbonisation: The slow process of conversion of plants and animals buried inside the earth under high temperature and pressure to produce coal.

→ Destructive Distillation of Coal: The process of heating coal to high temperatures (above 1000°C) in the absence of air.

→ Refining: The process of separating petroleum into useful fractions and removal of undesirable impurities.

→ Exhaustible Natural Resources: Those resources which are being finished by the Various activities of human beings are called exhaustible resources or limited natural resources. Examples: coal, petroleum and natural gas, etc.

→ In-exhaustible Natural Resources: Those resources which can not finish or exhaust by human activities are called in-exhaustible or unlimited natural resources. Examples: air, water, and solar light, etc.

This PSEB 8th Class Science Notes Chapter 4 Materials: Metals and Non-Metals will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Science Notes Chapter 4 Materials: Metals and Non-Metals

→ Materials can either be metals or non-metals.

→ Metals differ from non-metals in physical and chemical properties.

→ All metals share certain physical and chemical properties.

→ Metals are usually shiny, hard, sonorous, malleable, and ductile.

→ They conduct heat and electricity.

→ They are solids at room temperature with the exception of mercury which is liquid.

→ They have high melting points.

→ Non-metals exhibit a dull luster.

→ They are poor conductors of heat and electricity, non-sonorus, and are brittle.

→ They exist as solids, liquids, or gases at room temperature.

→ They have low melting points.

→ Metals usually combine with oxygen to form basic oxides.

→ Non-metals usually combine with oxygen to form acidic oxides.

→ Rust is formed by the action of water and air on iron.

→ Some metals react with water. Sodium reacts vigorously even with cold water forming sodium hydroxide and hydrogen. Gold does not react even with steam.

→ Sodium is stored in kerosene oil.

→ Phosphorus is kept in water as it reacts vigorously with air.

→ Non-metals do not react with water.

→ Some metals react with acids (hydrochloric acid) and replace hydrogen atoms in their molecules.

→ Gold, copper, and silver are unaffected by hydrochloric acid.

→ Metals in their increasing order of reactivity with oxygen, water, and acid are Gold, Silver, Copper, Iron, Zinc, Aluminium, Magnesium, and Sodium.

→ More reactive metals replace less reactive metals from their compounds.

→ Hydrogen gas burns with a pop sound.

→ Metals have wide use in industry, kitchen, household items transport, etc.

→ Non-metals are also widely used.

→ Oxygen is essential for life sustenance.

→ Nitrogen is used in fertilizer and crackers.

→ Iron, Magnesium, Sodium, etc. are needed by the human body.

→ Malleability: The property by which metals can be hammered/beaten into sheets.

→ Ductility: The property by which metals can be drawn into wires.

→ Sonorus: The property of metals to give a ringing (tinkling) sound when struck.

→ Lustre: The property of materials having a shining appearance.

→ Conductance: The property by which heat or electricity can be transferred from one end of a metal to another end.

→ Acidic Oxides: The oxides of non-metals are acidic oxides as they dissolve in water to give acids.

→ Basic Oxides: The oxides of metal the basic in nature as they form bases on the addition of water.

This PSEB 8th Class Science Notes Chapter 3 Synthetic Fibres and Plastics will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Science Notes Chapter 3 Synthetic Fibres and Plastics

→ Clothes are made of fabrics.

→ Fabrics are made by using fibres.

→ Fibers can be obtained from natural or artificial sources.

→ Synthetic fibres are also known as man-made or artificial fibres.

→ Synthetic or natural fibres are chains of small units joined together. Long chains are called polymers.

→ Cellulose is a natural polymer.

→ Rayon, Nylon, Polyester, or Acrylic are man-made fibres.

→ The Source of natural fabric (cotton, silk, etc.) is plants or animals.

→ The Source of artificial fabric is either plants (wood) or fossil fuels (coal etc).

→ Nylon was the first fully synthetic fibre.

→ Different fabrics have different strengths, water holding capacities, cost, durability, availability, and maintenance requirements.

→ Plastics are also polymers having different types of arrangement of units.

→ Plastics are of two types:

• Thermoplastics
• Thermosetting plastics

→ Polythene is a type of plastic.

→ Plastic is a light, strong, durable, non-corrosive, poor conductor of electricity and heat.

→ Plastic waste is not environmentally friendly. It is non-biodegradable.

→ On burning, it produces harmful gases and a bad odour.

→ Dumping in the soil makes the soil barren because it does not decompose quickly.

→ 4R principle (Reduce, Reuse. Recycle and Recover) must be used for the disposal of synthetic waste.

→ Man-made Fibres: The fibres made by human beings are called man-made fibres.

→ Polymer: A large unit made up of a chain of smaller units of chemical substances or a large unit made up of many repeating units.

→ Rayon: A synthetic fibre having properties of silk and is also known as artificial silk.

→ PET: A familiar form of polyester used for making bottles, films, ropes, and utensils, etc.

→ Thermoplastic: A type of plastic that gets deformed on heating and can be bent easily is known as thermoplastic.

→ Thermosetting Plastic: A plastic that does not get deformed on heating is called thermosetting plastic. It can be moulded only once.

This PSEB 8th Class Science Notes Chapter 2 Microorganisms: Friend and Foe will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Science Notes Chapter 2 Microorganisms: Friend and Foe

→ Micro-organisms are very small organisms that can be seen with the help of a microscope.

→ Micro-organisms can survive in almost all kinds of environments like hot springs, ice-cold water, saline water, desert soil or even in marshy land.

→ Micro-organisms are classified as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses.

→ Micro-organisms exist in all types of habitats.

→ Generally, they are single-celled (unicellular) sometimes occur in a chain or group of cells.

→ Micro-organisms play an important role in our life.

→ Bacteria are present almost everywhere and are smaller in size.

→ The average size of bacteria is 1.25 times one-thousandth of a millimeter in diameter.

→ Bacteria are divided into three types

• Bacillus or rod-shaped
• Coccus or round-shaped
• Spirillum or spiral

→ Bacteria are autotrophic as well as heterotrophic in nutrition.

→ Bacteria reproduce by cell division or binary fission.

→ There are many similarities between algae and bacteria.

→ They are called cyanobacteria. They are helpful in fixing atmospheric nitrogen and in increasing soil fertility.

→ Diatoms are microscopic algae that occur in springs, estuaries, sediments, and the ocean.

→ Fungi are saprophytic or parasitic in their mode of nutrition.

→ Some fungi damage and spoil food products, leather, paper, and textile whereas others are pathogenic to crops and animals.

→ Yeasts are unicellular and saprophytic fungi used in fermentation to produce beer, wine, and other beverages.

→ Viruses are the smallest parasitic organisms that have the ability to replicate inside the living cells.

→ Protozoans are unicellular organisms that cause serious diseases like dysentery and malaria.

→ Food poisoning is due to the consumption of food spoilt by some microorganisms.

→ Micro-organisms that grow on our food produce toxic substances.

→ The common methods used to preserve our food are chemical methods, salting, sugar, oil, and vinegar, by heat and cold treatments.

→ Protozoa: These are single-celled microorganisms, which may cause some serious diseases like dysentery and malaria.

→ Fungi: Fungi are non-green plants (micro-organisms) that spoil most of the food items.

→ Virus: These are micro-organisms that are present on the borderline between living and non-living. They reproduce only inside the host organism.

→ Bacteria: Bacteria are microorganisms that are present almost everywhere ant) are smaller in size. They are autotrophic as well as heterotrophic in nutrition.

→ Yeast: Yeast is fungi that are unicellular used in fermentation to produce beer, wine, and other beverages.

→ Rhizobium: It is a bacteria that helps in the fixation of nitrogen. It is present in root nodules of leguminous plants.

→ Soil Fertility: It means enriching the soil with nutrients especially nitrogen. It is done by some bacteria and blue-green algae.

→ Micro-organisms: These are very small organisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye. They can only be seen under a microscope. They exist in all types of habitats.

→ Microbes: The other name of micro-organisms is a microbe.

→ Lactobacillus: The bacteria present in curd is called lactobacillus which promotes the formation of curd.

→ Carriers: Carriers are insects and other animals which carry the disease-carrying micro-organisms.

→ Antibodies: When a disease-carrying microbe enters our body, the body produces antibodies to fight the invader.

→ Antibiotics: These are the chemicals that are produced by micro-organisms and are used to kill harmful micro-organisms.

→ Vaccine: It is a dead or weakened microbe which is introduced into a healthy body.

→ Pathogen: The disease-causing micro-organism is called a pathogen.

→ Fermentation: The conversion of sugar into alcohol with the help of micro-organisms is called fermentation.

→ Nitrogen Fixation: The process of conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into nitrites and nitrates with the help of Rhizobium bacteria is called nitrogen fixation.

→ Nitrogen Cycle: When atmospheric nitrogen after going through various phenomenon like nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification again enters the atmosphere, it is called the nitrogen cycle.

This PSEB 8th Class Science Notes Chapter 1 Crop Production and Management will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Science Notes Chapter 1 Crop Production and Management

→ Any plant grown and cared for in a field for some output is known as a crop plant or simple crop.

→ Crops that are raised basically for obtaining cash are known as cash crops.

→ In addition to crop plants, vegetables, fruits, and flowers are also grown on a large scale. These come under horticulture.

→ The necessary conditions for the healthy growth of plants are oxygen, water, sunlight, and nutrients.

→ Agriculture involves the systematic use of some basic practices that fulfill the needs of plants grown in a field.

→ The process of loosening and turning the soil is known as tilling or ploughing.

→ This allows the roots to penetrate freely and deeper into the soil.

→ The supply of water to crops at different intervals is called irrigation.

→ The sources of irrigation are wells/tubewells, ponds/lakes, rivers, dams, and canals.

→ The latest irrigation methods are sprinkler systems, drip systems.

→ Seeds are sown in the field by hand or by using a seed drill. This is called broadcasting.

→ Seedlings are tiny plants. The transference of seedlings from nurseries to the main fields is called transplantation.

→ Humus is a layer of mixed organic matter on the topsoil which is made of partially or fully decomposed plant and animal remains and wastes.

→ Manure is made of waste products of animals and plants.

→ A fertilizer is a mixture of chemicals rich in potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

→ When added to soil, manure and fertilizers replenish the soil with nutrients.

→ Weeds are unwanted plants that grow in the fields along with crops. They are removed by spraying weedicides.

→ Pests destroy our crops which are removed by spraying pesticides or insecticides.

→ There are two groups of crops according to the season

• Kharif
• Rabi

→ In harvesting, crops are removed or cut close to the ground.

→ The process of separation of grains from the chaff is known as threshing.

→ Winnowing helps in separating seeds from the chaff.

→ Mixed cropping is the process of growing two or more crops together.

→ Animals such as cows, buffalo, poultry birds, and fish are reared for major food items like meat, eggs, and milk.

→ Domesticated animals need proper feeding, weeding, and protection against diseases and parasites.

→ The animal food output can be increased through proper animal husbandry practices as well as through cross-breeding.

→ Special festivals are associated with the harvest season such as Pongal, Baisakhi, Holi, Diwali, Nabanya, and Bihu.

→ Agricultural Practices: Cultivation of crops involves several activities undertaken by the farmers spread over a time period. These are called agricultural practices.

→ Soil Preparation: Before growing a crop, the soil is first prepared by ploughing, levelling, and adding manure. This is called soil preparation.

→ Sowing: Sowing is the process of putting seeds in the soil.

→ Manure and Fertilisers: The substances which are added to the soil in the form of nutrients for the healthy growth of plants are called manure and fertilizer;

→ Irrigation: Giving water to the fields at different intervals for the growing crops is called irrigation.

→ Weeding: The removal of unwanted plants (weeds) from the field is called weeding.

→ Harvesting: The cutting of crops after maturity is called harvesting.

→ Storage: The storing of grains after harvesting and threshing in large godowns is called storage.

→ Animal Husbandry: The study of all aspects such as food, shelter, health care of domesticated animals is called animal husbandry.

→ Silo: Silos are the storage structures for storing food grains on small scale.

→ Granaries: Granaries are the storage structures for storing food grains on large scale.

→ Threshing: The process of separation of grains from the chaff is known as threshing.

→ Weeds: Unwanted plants which grow along with the crops in the field are called weeds.

→ Weedicides: The chemicals which are used to destroy the weeds are called weedicides.

This PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 11 Important Current Issues in Agriculture will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 11 Important Current Issues in Agriculture

→ Man has been practicing farming since time immemorial.

→ By using specialized genetic engineering technologies crops can be genetically modified by the transfer of genes of other plants or organisms into the crop.

→ Such improved crops are known as G.M. or transgenic crops.

→ Bt is an abbreviation for the soil bacterium Bacillus thuriengiensis.

→ A crystalline protein is produced in Bt cotton which is highly toxic for bollworms; insects pests of cotton.

→ Initially Bollguard-I hybrid had only one Bt gene and later on, Bollguard-II had two Bt genes.

→ The yield of Bt cotton is five quintal lint per acre.

→ After the introduction of Bt cotton use of insecticides has reduced a lot.

→ GM crops of Brinjal, soybean, maize, rice, etc. have been developed.

→ Some organisations, social activities consider GM crops have an adverse effect on the environment, human health, biodiversity of plants, and species of cultivated plants.

→ The government of India enacted ‘protection of plant varieties and the Farmers’ Rights Act (PPV & FR act) in 2001.

→ This act provided protection for general crops for six years and the protection period can be extended for 15 years.

→ Trees and vines were protected for 9 years and the period can be extended for 18 years.

→ One can get information about registration from the site www.plantauthority.gov.in.

→ Developed countries are using the new concept of precision farming, for this, they are using sensors, G.P.S., etc.

→ In developed countries nitrogen sensor is used to find out the requirement of nitrogen in different sections of a field.

→ We can save water by using a laser land leveler and Tensiometer.

→ In some of the developed countries, G.P.S. is used to accurately measure the fields.

→ According to reports, due to global warming earth has warmed by 0.5°C over the past 100 years.

→ Green House Gases are Carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), methane, etc.

This PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 10 Fishery will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 10 Fishery

→ Fish farming or fishery is a subsidiary occupation and is more profitable than agriculture.

→ Indian breeds of fish are Catla, Rohu, Mrigal.

→ Exotic carps – Common carp, silver carp, Grass carp.

→ The fish pond should be made in clayey land.

→ Pond size should be 1-5 acres and it should be 6-7 feet deep.

→ Keep water level in pond upto 5-6 feet.

→ The pH of the water should be 7-9. If it is less than 7 use lime water.

→ Put seed fish of 1-2 inch size at the rate of 4000 per acre.

→ Seed fish can be put in the following ratio:

• Katla 20%, Common carp 20%, Mrigal 10%, Rohu 30%, Silver carp 10%, and Grass carp 10%.
• Katla 25%, Mrigal 20%, Rohu 35%, Common carp 20%.

→ There should be 25% protein in fish feed.

→ 500-gram fish is ready for marketing.

→ One should get training before starting the occupation of the fishery.

This PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 9 Pig, Sheep, Goat and Rabbit Rearing will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 9 Pig, Sheep, Goat and Rabbit Rearing

→ Reproduction in pigs is very rapid and they also eat less.

→ Exotic breeds of pigs – White Yorkshire, Landrace.

→ A healthy female pig comes in beat at the age of 5-6 months for the first time.

→ A female pig can give birth twice a year and can produce 10-12 piglets per farrowing.

→ In a shed of 160 square feet, 20 young pigs can be reared.

→ Goat milk is valuable for patients and old persons.

→ Indigenous breeds of goat are Beetal, Jamnapari.

→ Exotic breeds of Goat are Saanen, Alpine, and Boer.

→ Breeds of sheep are Marino, Corriedale.

→ Selection of good quality goat is done on the basis of 120 days lactation milk production.

→ The gestation period of sheep and goats is the same and is 145-157 days.

→ Sheep or goat requires 10 sq. feet of space whereas young lamb needs only 4 sq. feet of space.

→ Males which are for mutton purposes should be castrated at the age of 2 months.

→ A female rabbit can become pregnant at the age of 6-9 months for the first time.

→ The average age of rabbits is 5 years.

→ Breeds of rabbit for wool – German Angora, British’ Angora, Russian Angora.

→ Breeds of rabbit for meat – Grey Giant, Soviet Chinchilla, White Giant, Newzealand White.

→ Annual wool yield from Russian, British and German Angora is respectively 215, 230, 530 grams.

→ Wool can be taken at the age of 4 months from a rabbit.

→ Before starting the rearing of sheep, goats, or rabbits, first, get training for this purpose.

This PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 8 Poultry Farming will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 8 Poultry Farming

→ ‘Poultry’ is a word that includes all types of birds that are reared to fulfill their economical needs.

→ Sutlej Layer is a type of breed of hen that gives about 255-265 eggs annually and the weight of the egg is 55 grams. A hen starts laying eggs at the age of 160 days.

→ IBL – 80 Broiler is a breed of hen which is reared for meat purposes. At the age of 6 weeks, its body weight becomes 1350-1450 grams.

→ White Leghorn is an exotic breed that lays 220-250 eggs annually.

→ Rhode Island Red gives about 180 eggs annually, the egg is of brown colors.

→ White Plymouth Rock gives 140 eggs annually and chicks’ weight at the age of two months is 1 kg.

→ Hens require about 40 feed nutrients in their feed.

→ Feed is divided into 6 parts i.e. carbohydrates, proteins, fat, minerals, vitamins, and water.

→ The device which is used to keep chicks warm is called a brooder.

→ A Hen needs 2 question foot space.

→ Birds cannot sweat because they don’t have sweat glands in the skin.

This PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 7 Milk Products and their Marketing will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 7 Milk Products and their Marketing

→ Milk is a boon to mankind. Milk is ideal and unique food for mankind.

→ Milk has high nutritive value like protein, calcium for bones, and other minerals.

→ Co-operative institutes play important role in the marketing of milk.

→ Cow milk should have at least 4% of fat in it and the value of solid-not-fat (S.N.F.) is 8.5%.

→ Buffalo milk should have 6% of fat and the value of solid not-fat (S.N.F.) should be 9%.

→ Types of milk are-Toned milk, double-toned milk, and standardized milk.

→ Raw milk can spoil easily. Therefore, milk can be processed and preserved for a long time by preparing different milk products.

→ We can earn more profit by preparing different milk products.

→ Milk products are Khoa, Paneer (Cheese), Ghee, Dahi (curd), etc.

→ We can get 200 grams of Khoa and 180 grams of Paneer from one-kilogram cow milk.

→ We can get 250 grams of Khoa and 250 grams of Paneer from one kg buffalo milk.

→ One can get information from Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, and National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (Haryana) on the preparation of milk products by adopting the latest technology.